^jkvªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 l lecfu/kr leh{kk dh llrqfr;k...
TRANSCRIPT
1
^jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ls lEcfU/kr leh{kk dh laLrqfr;ksa dk vkSfpR; ,oa budk fØ;kUo;u & ,d
v/;;u*
pkSå pj.k flag fo'ofo|ky; esjB dh f'k{kk 'kkL= esa ih&,påMhå mikf/k gsrq izLrqr
'kks/k lkjka”k
'kks/k funsZf'kdk % 'kks/kdrkZ %
MkW0 f'k[kk prqosZnh pUnzthr jhMj] f'k{kk foHkkx] ,eŒ,Œ] ,eŒ,MŒ] ,u0,0,l0 ¼ih0th0½
dkyst] esjB 'kks/k&dsUnz ,uŒ,Œ,lŒ dkyst] esjB
2013
2
“kks/k lkjka”k
izLrkouk fdlh jk"Vª dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ogk¡ ds laLdfr] jhfr&fjokt] ijEijkvksa ,oa ewY;ksa
dks lajf{kr djrh gS] mudk iks"k.k djrh gS rFkk le;kuqdwy vko';d ifjorZu]
ifjo/kZu ,oa la'kks/ku djrh gSA f'k{kkfonksa ,oa lekt'kkfL=k;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd ßlekt
f'k{kk dks tUe nsrk gS vkSj f'k{kk lekt dksÞ (Education is creature of and creator of
the society)A ,d ns'k dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh nwljs ns'k ls fHkUu gksrh gS bldk izeq[k
dkj.k ;g gS fd ogk¡ dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡] okrkoj.k] laLdfr ,oa lH;rk viuh gksrh gS
fdUrq bu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA bfrgkl bl rF; dk lk{kh
gSA yxHkx 700 o"kZ ds vklikl bl ns'k ij eqfLyeksa us jkT; fd;k rFkk Hkkjrh;
laLdfr ,oa lH;rk dks izHkkfor djrs jgsA mlds i'pkr ;gk¡ ij yxHkx 200 o"kks± rd
vaxzstksa us viuh Hkk"kk rFkk laLdfr dk izpkj&izlkj fd;kA blls izHkkfor gksdj vkt
ge fons'kh laLdfr;ksa rFkk jgu&lgu ds vf/kd djhc gks x;sA gekjh laLdfr ,oa
lH;rk ij ftruk v/;;u fons'kksa esa gks jgk gS mruk gekjs ns'k esa ugha gks jgk gSA
tcfd Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, izphu f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk fo'ks"k egRo gS ftlls ge viuh ewy
laLdfr ,oa lH;rkvksa dks le> ldsa rFkk viuh ekSfydrk dk fodkl dj ldsaA fdUrq
nqHkkZX; ls ,slk ugha gks ldk gSA
Lok/khurk ls iwoZ dh f'k{kk fons'kh 'kkldksa ls izHkkfor gksrh jgh vkSj ftlls
Hkkjrh; ekSfydrk foLer gksrh xbZA vktknh ds i'pkr lu~ 1947 esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk
iz.kkyh Hkkjrh;ksa ds gkFk esa vk xbZA mlds ckn Hkh Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk] f'k{kk vk;ksxksa
,oa lfefr;ksa ds izfrosnuksa dh laLrqfr;ksa ,oa lq>koksa ls gh izHkkfor gksrh jgh gSA
fczfV'kdkyhu f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa vkUnksyu gksrs jgs gSaA ogh fLFkfr vkt vktkn Hkkjrh;
f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa Hkh gks jgh gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ds fojks/k esa Hkh f'k{kk cpkvks
vkUnksyu (Save Education Movement) pyk;k x;k ftlds dkj.k yxkrkj rhu
lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;k] mudk Hkh dksbZ lkFkZd ifj.kke ifjyf{kr ugha gqvk gSA
3
uhfr&fu/kkZj.k ds lUnHkZ esa vk;ksx us jk"Vªh; ctV dks 6 Áfr”kr djus dk
lq>ko fn;k rFkk 20 o"kks± ds vUnj 6 ls 14 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk fu%'kqYd ,oa
vfuok;Z djus dk lq>ko fn;k rFkk ;g Hkh crk;k fd 70Áfr”kr cPpksa dks ek/;fed
Lrj ds iw.kZ bdkbZ f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djus vkSj 'ks"k 30Áfr”kr cPpksa dks mPp f'k{kk ds
fy, rS;kj djus vkSj blesa ls Hkh pqus gq, ;ksX; ,oa l{ke cPpksa dks mPp f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk djus dk lq>ko fn;kA vk;ksx us le;kuqdwy O;kid nf"Vdks.k viuk;kA mPp
f'k{kk ds foLrkj ij jksd rFkk mUu;u ij cy fn;kA df"k f'k{kk dh mfpr uhfr ,oa
O;oLFkk dk lq>ko fn;kA ekax ds vuqlkj O;kolkf;d ,oa rduhdh f'k{kk ij cy fn;k
rFkk foKku ,oa oSKkfud 'kks/kksa ij vf/kd cy fn;kA f'k{kd Lrj ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
lEcU/kh mi;qDr lq>ko fn;sA izkS<+ f'k{kk dk O;kid vkSj mfpr ;kstuk izLrqr fd;kA
'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk ij cy fn;kA fdUrq bl vk;ksx ds }kjk iz'kklu dh mfpr
O;oLFkk] nks"kiw.kZ Hkk"kk uhfr] f'k{kk ds vU; i{kksa ij fojks/kh fopkj] ofj"B fo'ofo|ky;
,oa Lok;Ùk egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dk vuko';d lq>ko] ek/;fed f'k{kk ds lEcU/k
esa fojks/kh fopkj rFkk izkFkfed Lrj ij 'kSf{kd ,oa O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku tSls vuko';d
lq>ko vk;ksx dh dfe;ksa esa fxuk tk ldrk gSA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g
f'k{kk dk fo'odks"k gS rFkk blesa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ds leLr igyqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k
gSA vk;ksx ds vius 'kCnksa esa & mlds lq>ko loZJs"B ,oa vfUre ughaA fodkl ,d
fujUrj izfØ;k gSA vk;ksx ds dqN lq>ko ,sls gSa tks ml le; Hkh mi;ksxh Fks vkSj bl
21oha 'krkCnh esa Hkh mi;ksxh gSa tSls& f'k{kk dks jk"Vªh; egRo dk fo"k; ekuuk] f'k{kk
dk ctV de ls de 6 Áfr”kr djuk] ek/;fed f'k{kk dks vius esa ,d iw.kZ bdkbZ ds
:i esa cukuk] mPp f'k{kk esa dsoy izfrHkk'kkyh Nk=ksa dks izos'k nsuk vkSj ns'k esa foKku
f'k{kk ,oa 'kks/k dk;Z ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk bR;kfnA fdUrq vk;ksx ds dqN lq>ko viw.kZ
,oa vuqi;ksxh fl) gq, gSa tSls& iwjs ns'k ds fy, leku f'k{kk lajpuk izLrqr u djuk]
ek/;fed Lrj ij fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa ds v/;;u ij cy nsuk vkSj dqN fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks
ofj"B fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ifjofrZr djuk bR;kfnA ij dqN Hkh gks] jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx us
4
f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ,d u;s ;qx dk vkjEHk fd;k ftlds vk/kkj ij f'k{kk dks jk"Vªh; egRo
dk fo"k; ekuk x;kA blds i”pkr~ Hkh orZeku esa f”k{kk jk’Vªh; Hkkouk ds vuq:i] fut
laLÑfr ds izfr vogsyuk dk Hkko rFkk ik”pkR; laLÑfr ds izfr izse Li’V ifjyf{kr
gksrk gSA orZeku “kSf{kd ifjn”; jk’Vª dh ;qok ih<+h dks ftl fn”kk esa ys tk jgh gS og
mfpr ugha tku iM+rhA ftldk eq[; vk/kkj ;g gS fd vkt dk ;qok jk’Vªh; vkn”kZ
,oa ijEijkvksa dks lajf{kr djus esa dgha uk dgha vius vkidks vleFkZ ik jgk gSA ;g
izHkko ldkjkRed gS ;k udkjkRed le;kuq:i gS ;k ckf/kr ifjorZu vFkok ek=
vU/kkuqdj.k ;g tkap iM+rky dk fo’k; gSA
'kks/k dk mís”; &
“kks/k gsrq mís”; dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS fcuk mís”; ds fdlh Hkh y{; dh izkfIr
lgh rjhds ls ugha dh tk ldrhA ;fn mís”; fu/kkZfjr u gksa rks pqukSfr;ksa dk leuk
ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj u gh lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr ds txr esa O;fDr iz;Ru”khy gks
ldrk gSA f”k{kk ds {ks= esa euq’; mís”;iw.kZ dk;Z djds gh y{; rd igq¡prk gS fcuk
mís”; ds lgh y{; dh izkfIr laHko ugha gSA jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 ls lEcfU/kr
leh{kk dh laLrqfr;ksa dk vkSfpR; ,oa budk fØ;kUo;u&,d v/;;u fo’k; ij “kks/k gsrq
“kks/kkFkhZ }kjk fuEu mís”; fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s gSa tks “kks/k dh fn”kk dks r; djrs gSa&
1- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 dk v/;;u djukA
2- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 dh leh{kk gsrq xfBr lfefr;ksa dk v/;;u djukA
3- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 esa lq/kkj gsrq xfBr leh{kk lfefr;ksa dh laLrqfr;ksa
dk fØ;kUo;u ,oa muds vkSfpR; dk v/;;u djukA
4- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 ds lEcU/k esa f”k{kd ,oa f”kf{kdkvksa ds fopkjksa dk
v/;;u djukA
5- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 esa lq/kkj gsrq dh xbZ laLrqfr;ksa ds izHkko dk v/;;u
djukA
5
leL;k dFku
izLrqr “kks/k dk fo’k; orZeku Hkkjrh; f”k{kk ds TToyar leL;k ls lEcfU/kr gS
;g Hkkjrh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 dh leh{kk gsrq cukbZ x;h lfefr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u ,oa
vkSfpR; dks bafxr djrh gS leL;k bl izdkj gS&
Þjk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 ls lEcfU/kr leh{kk dh laLrqfr;ksa dk
vkSfpR; ,oa budk fØ;kUo;u & ,d v/;;uÞ
“kks/k dk egRo@vkSfpR; %
ekuo ,d foosd”khy izk.kh gS] mlds thou esa f”k{kk dk egRo lcls vf/kd gS
blesa fdlh rjg dk la”k; ugh gSA tc ckr fdlh jk’Vª dh jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr ls
lEcfU/kr gks rks f”k{kk vkSj Hkh egRoiw.kZ fo’k; gks tkrh gSA gekjk jk’Vª cgqHkk’kh;] vusd
laLÑfr;ksa dk laxe o vusd /keksZa dk loksZRÑ’V LFky gS blfy, ;gka ij lapkfyr
jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr dk Lo:i ,slk gksuk pkfg,] ftlls ogka ds lHkh /keksZa] lEiznk;ksa]
Hkk’kk&Hkkf’k;ksa o laLÑfr;ksa dk f”k{kk }kjk lkekU; :i ls iks’k.k gks ldsA bUgha rF;ksa
dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Þjk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 ls lEcfU/kr leh{kk dh laLrqfr;ksa dk
vkSfpR; ,oa budk fØ;kUo;u&,d v/;;uÞ fo’k; esa “kks/kFkhZ }kjk fd;s tk jgs “kks/k esa
egRoiw.kZ mís”;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mDr “kks/k dk egRo jk’Vªh; ifjizs{; esa gSA
ftlls leLr jk’Vª dh fopkj/kkjk] Hkkouk o uhfr;k¡ tqMh gqbZ gSaA blh rF; dks /;ku esa
j[krs gq, bl “kks/k ds ek/;e ls fuEu ekSfyd iz”uksa dk mRrj izkIr gks ldsxkA “kks/kkFkhZ
,slh vis{kk j[krk gSA
1- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 ds egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dh tkudkjh gks ldsxhA
2- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 esa f”k{kk ds lUnZHk esa leh{kk lfefr;ksa }kjk la”kks/ku dh
tkudkjh gks ldsxhA
3- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 ls lEcfU/kr leh{kk lfefr;ksa ds vkSfpR; dh tkudkjh
gks ldsxhA
6
4- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 esa f”k{kk lfefr;ksa ds }kjk la”kks/ku ds fØ;kUo;u dk
cks/k gks ldsxkA
mDr ekSfyd iz”uksa ds mRrj ls ;g fu’d’kZ izkIr gks ldrk gS fd vkt f”k{kk esa
tks mPp Lrj âkl gks jgk gS mlds fy, dkSu ftEesnkj gS] “kk;n bldk vuqeku
cqf)thfo;ksa us mlh le; yxk fy;k Fkk tc jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr dk fuekZ.k gqvk Fkk
ftlds fy, mUgsa f”k{kk cpkvks vkUnksyu pykuk iMk FkkA jk’Vªh; f”k{kk esa ftu mís”;ksa
dks izkIr djus gsrq f”k{kk dks fn”kk nh tk jgh gS mlds ifj.kke Lo:i vkt dh ;qok
ih<+h dh ekufldrk fons”kh lksp ,oa laLÑr dks vf/kd pko ls vkRelkr djus yxh gS
vkSj mlls izHkkfor gksdj va/kkuqdj.k djus esa yxh gqbZ gSA jk’Vªh; vkn”kksZa ,oa
ijEijkvksa dks v{kq.k cukus dh nf’V ls LFkkfir f”k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks Hkh bl izofRr us
izHkkfor fd;k gS ;s izHkko ldkjkRed gSa ;k udkjkRed] le;kuq:i gSa ;k ckf/kr
ifjorZu vFkok ek= va/kkuqdj.k] ;g tkap iM+rku dk fo’k; gSA orZeku esa uSfrd ewY;ksa
dh n”kk esa c<+rh gqbZ vjktdrk] Hkz’Vkpkj o mPp Lrj ij oSpkfjd âkl bR;kfn
leL;kvksa gsrq dkSu ftEesnkj gS] bldh tkudkjh mDr “kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ls Kkr gks
ldsxhA ,slh “kks/kkFkhZ dks vis{kk gSA
“kks/k fof/k % orZeku “kks/k esa “kks/kkFkhZ us losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gS bldk vkSfpR; bl
izdkj gS vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa eq[;r% rhu izdkj ds iz'uksa dk mÙkj Kkr djus dk iz;kl
fd;k tkrk gS ftldks bl :i esa Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd iz'u esa D;k] D;ksa vkSj
dSlsA ;fn bu iz'uksa dk mÙkj lkfgR; esa miyC/k gks rks 'kks/k dh vko';drk gh u
iM+sA fdUrq ogk¡ ij bu iz'uksa ds mÙkj ugha fey ikrsA mi;qDr iz'u gh ;g fu/kkZfjr
djrs gSa fd lEcfU/kr 'kks/k dk lapkyu fdl izdkj fd;k tk,A ;fn iz'u esa D;k Kkr
djuk gks rks blds fy, ,sfrgkfld vFkok losZ{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
blds vykok D;ksa iz'u dk mÙkj Kkr djus gsrq nk'kZfud fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA tc 'kks/k esa dSls iz'u dk mÙkj izkIr fd;k tk, rks mlds fy, iz;ksxkRed 'kks/k
fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
7
tula[;k ¼Population½
izLrqr 'kks/k gsrq tula[;k ds :i esa esjB e.My ds esjB] cqyUn'kgj]
xkft;kckn] xkSre cq)uxj] ckxir tuin ds mPp f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr f'k{kdksa dks
fy;k x;k gSA
U;kn”kZ
U;kn'kZ lEiw.kZ tula[;k dk og va'k gksrk gS ftlesa viuh lef"V dh leLr
fo'ks"krkvksa dk izfrfcEc jgrk gSA U;k;n'kZ dk rkRi;Z lEiw.kZ ls v/;;u ds fy, ,slh
bdkbZ dk iFkd djuk tks lEiw.kZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS rFkk lEiw.kZ dh vis{kk gksrh
gSA
v/;;u ds fy, p;fur izfrn'kZ dk fooj.k&
izLrqr 'kks/k esa 'kks/kkFkhZ us 240 f'k{kdksa dk p;u fd;k%&
f'k{kd ¼240½
iq:"k f'k{kd ¼140½ efgyk f'k{kd ¼90½
O;fDr lEcU/kh vkUrfjd xq.kksa ds Kku ds fy;s ml xq.k fo'ks"k ls lEcfU/kr iz'u
pqudj iz'ukoyh dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS tks mudk ekiu vf/kd vPNh rjg dj
ldsaA bl fof/k esa O;fä;ksa dks iz'ukoyh ns nh tkrh gSa ftu ij funZs'k Hkh fn;s gksrs gSaA
O;fä dks funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj izfrfØ;k O;ä djuh gksrh gSA vr% cgqr de le; esa
vusd O;fä;ksa dk ekiu djus ds fy, ;g ,d mŸke fof/k gSA ;s iz'ukofy;k¡ ;k rks
O;fä dh lkaosfxd vfLFkjrk dk irk yxkus ds fy;s iz;qä gksrh gSaA ;k fdlh fof'k"V
'khy&xq.k dk irk yxkus ;k jksx dk funku djus ds fy,A iz'ukoyh ,d izdkj dh
Lo&fu/kkZj.k ekiuh (Self-Rating Scale) gh gSA O;fä fofHkUu inksa ds ek/;e ls ;g
8
fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd thou dh fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;kssa esa og fdl izdkj dk O;ogkj
djsxkA ;|fi ckgj ls ;g fof/k ljy izrhr gksrh gSA ysfdu blds fuekZ.k ds fy;s
vkSj oSKkfud :i ls blls vk¡dM+s ,df=r djus esa ,d vPNs izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA iz'ukoyh eas lgh mŸkj ,d gh gksus ls blesa oLrqfu"Brk dk xq.k ik;k tkrk
gSA iz'ukoyh Self-report Techniques ds vUrxZr vkrh gSA
iz'ukoyh fuekZ.k% “kks/kkFkhZ us “kks/k gsrw ,d iz”ukoyh dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlesa 35 inksa dks lfEefyr
fd;k x;kA
'kks/k midj.kksa dk iz'kklu iz'ukoyh 250 mPp f'k{kk ds f'k{kdksa dks nh xbZ ijUrq 240 mŸkjnkrkvksa ls iw.kZ
:i ls Hkjh gqbZ iz'ukoyh 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk Lo;a ,d= dh xbZ 'ks"k 10 mŸkjnkrkvksa }kjk nh
xbZ =qfViw.kZ ,oa viw.kZ FkhA iz'ukoyh Fkzh&IokbaV Ldsy ij 35 dFkuksa esa fufgr gSA
izR;sd dFku f'k{kdksas ds Þjk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 lEcfU/kr leh{kk dh laLrqfr;ksa dk
vkSfpR; ,oa budk fØ;kUo;u& ,d v/;;uÞ fopkjksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k esa lkaf[;dh; fof/k;k¡&
ijh{k.k ls izkIr vadksa ds vk/kkj ij fdlh fu’d"kZ ij igq¡puk vFkok mudh
O;k[;k djuk rc rd O;FkZ gS tc rd dh mudk lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k u fd;k tk;s
ijh{kk dh izdfr vkSj izkIr vadksa ds vk/kkj ij lkaf[;dh; rduhfd;ksa dk pquko djds
vkadM+ksa dks ijh{k.k djus ds i”pkr fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkrk gSA izLrqr 'kks/k esa 'kks/kkFkhZ
}kjk χ2¼dkbZ oxZ½ ds ek/;e ls vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
tgk¡ Observed vkofŸk ,oa Expected vkdfr esa rqyuk djuh gksrh gS ogka
χ2¼dkbZ oxZ½ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
χ2¼dkbZ oxZ½ = ∑ ( )
tgk¡ & fo = Observed frequency fe = Expected frequency
9
izLrqr 'kks/k esa 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk mi;qDr lw= }kjk vkadMksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA
'kks/k dk lhekadu &
1- 'kks/k v/;;u eas jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr 1990 }kjk izLrqr laLrqfr;ksa ds vkSfpR;
,oa muds fØ;kUo;u rd lhfer jgsxkA
2- tuknZu jsìh leh{kk lfefr 1992 }kjk izLrqr laLrqfr;ksa ds vkSfpR; ,oa muds
fØ;kUo;u rd lhfer jgsxkA
3- ;'kiky leh{kk lfefr 1993 }kjk izLrqr laLrqfr;ksa ds vkSfpR; ,oa muds
fØ;kUo;u rd lhfer jgsxkA
“kks/k v/;;u ls izkIr ifj.kke&
izkIr vkadM+ksa ds fo”ys’k.k ds vk/kkj ij izkIr fu"d"kks± dks izLrqr fd;k tk jgk
gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k esa mís'; dsa lUnHkZ esa bls fuEu :i esa lkjkaf'kr fd;k x;k gS&
1- vf/kdka'k f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd pkSng o’kZ rd ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk izkIr djk;h
tk jgh gSA
2- 54 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd fo|ky; esa u i<us dh lkeF;Z j[kus okys Nk=ksa ds
fy, fo|ky; [kksys tkus ds i{k esa gSA
3- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd fo|kyk;ksa esa Nk=ksa dks i<+kus gsrq f'k{kdksa dk vuqikr Nk=ksa ds
vuq:i gS dFku ls lger ugha gSA
4- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd O;olkf;d f'k{kk dk;ZØe laLFkku fd;k tk jgk gS dFku ls
lger ugha gSA
5- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd efgykvksa dks O;olkf;d f'k{kk iznku dh tk jgh gS dFku ls
lger gSA
10
6- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd mPp f'k{kk esa lq/kkj gks jgk gS dFku ls lger gSA
7- 47 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd mPp f'k{kk esa gks jgs vuqla/kku ls lekt ykHkkfUor
gks jgk gS dFku ls vlger gSaA
8- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd eqDr fo'ofo|ky; mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus dk mfpr ek/;e gS
dFku ls lger gSaA
9- yxHkx 45 izfr”kr f'k{kd xzkeh.k Nk=ksa gsrq xzkeh.k fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
gksuh pkfg, dFku ls lger gSA
10- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ds vuq:i f'k{kk iznku
dh tk jgh gS dFku ls lger gSA
11- 50 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd jkstxkj gsrq tu ijh{kk,¡ vk;ksftr djuk ,d
mfpr dne gS dFku ls lger gSA
12- vf/kadk'k f'k{kd mikf/k izkIr djuk gh jkstxkj dh xkjUVh gksuk pkfg, dFku ls
lger gSA
13- bD;kou izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd fodykax cPpksa dks O;kolkf;d f'k{kk lEcU/kh
lqfo/kk iznku dh tk jgh gS dFku ls lger gSA
14- pkSjkLlh izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd Lukrd Lrj ij 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vfuok;Z gksuh
pkfg, dFku ls lger gSA
15- vf/kadk'k f'k{kd f=Hkk’kk lw= dk izHkkoh <ax ls fØ;kUo;u fd;k x;k gS dFku
ls lger gSA
16- ipgRrj izfr”kr f'k{kd nwjn'kZu] jsfM;ksa ls 'kSf{kd izlkj.k dks lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa
foLrkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A dFku ls lger gSaA
11
17- rkfydk ua0 17 ds vk/kkj ij lkekU;hdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS fd vf/kdka'k
f'k{kd ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ls dEI;wVj f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh gS DFku ls lger
ugha gSA
18- pkSOou izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd f'k{kk ds izcU/k esa jk"Vªh; ifjizs{; dks c<+kok
nsus ds fy, Hkkjrh; f'k{kk lsok dk xBu ds i{k esa gSA
19- mPp f”k{kk dk ikB~;Øe jkstxkj iznku djus esa l{ke gS dFku ls iSrkfyl
izfr”kr ls vf/kd f”k{kd vlger gSaA tcfd 44 izfr”kr f”k{kd lger gSaA
20- 62 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 f'k{kk ds lUnHkZ esa fpUrk
O;Dr djrh gS dFku ls lger gSA
21- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd f'k{kk uhfr 1986 lHkh Lrjksa ij n{krk vkSj izHkko'khyrk dks
c<+kok nsus esa lQy jgh gS dFku ls lger gSA
22- 63 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa
i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dks ,dhÑr djrh gSA dFku ls lger gSaA
23- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vkSj [ksy ds fy,
jk’VªO;kih cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA dFku ls lger gSA
24- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd ubZ f'k{kk uhfr jk"Vªh; vkSj lkekftd fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa esa
Nk=ksa dks “kkfey gksus esa izsfjr dj ldrh gSA dFku ls lger gSA
25- 69 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 f'k{kk vf/kxe izfØ;k esa
lq/kkj ds fy, ijh[kk iz.kkyh dks lq/kkjrh gS dFku ls lger gSA
26- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd v/;kid f'k{kk ds u;s dk;ZØeksa dks bl uhfr esa lrr~ f'k{kk ij
tksj fn;k x;k gS dFku ls lger gSA
12
27- 74 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iru mPp f”k{kk ds O;olk;hdj.k
ds dkj.k gS] dFku ls lger gSA
28- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd ubZ uhfr ns'k ds iquZfuekZ.k vkSj mlds Hkfo’; dks vkdkj nsus esa
enn djrh gS dFku ls lger gSA
29- vf/kdka'k f'k{kd iwjs ns'k dh efgykvksa dh f'k{kk vkSj L=h l'kfDrdj.k dks c<+k
ldrh gS dFku ls lger gSaA
30- 65 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kd orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh Nk=ksa dks mRikn dkS'ky dh
iwfrZ djus esa foQy gks pqdh gS dFku ls lger gSaA
31- 54 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd f'k{kk cpkvks vkUnksyu f'k{kk dh
izxfr gsrq vko';d vkUnksyu FkkA
32- 58-33 izfr'kr f'k{kd bl er ls lger gSa fd jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr dk xBu
f'k{kk dh izxfr esa egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA
33- 83-33 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa dk ekuuk gS fd jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa dk
fØ;kUo;u u gksuk ,d jktuSfrd dkj.k FkkA
34- 75-41 izfr'kr f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd tuknZu jsM~Mh leh{kk lfefr dk xBu
jktuSfrd dkj.kksa ls gqvk FkkA
35- vf/kdka'k f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd tuknZu jsM~Mh leh{kk lfefr dh flQkfj'ksa f'k{kk
ds fy, vkSfpR;iw.kZ FkhA
36- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd pkSng o’kZ rd ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk izkIr djk;h tk jgh gS
dFku ls lger gSA
37- 52 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd fo|ky; esa uk i<+us dh lkeF;Z j[kus okys
Nk=ksa ds fy, eqDr fo|ky; [kksys tkus pkfg, dFku ls lger gSA
13
38- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd fo|ky; esa Nk=ksa dks i<+kus gsrq f'k{kdksa dk vuqikr Nk=k
ds vuq:i gS dFku ls lger ugha gSA
39- 46 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ls O;olkf;d f'k[kk
dk;ZØe dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gS] dFku ls lger ugha gSA
40- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd efgykvksa dks O;olkf;d f'k{kk iznku dh tk jgh gSA
dFku ls lger gSA
41- 49 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd mPp f'k{kk esa lq/kkj gks jgk gS dFku ls
lger gSA
42- vf/kdka'k iq#"k mPp f'k{kk esa gks jgs vuqla/kku ls lekt ykHkkfUor gks jgk gS
dFku ls lger ugha gSA
43- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd eqDr fo'ofo|ky; mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus ds mfpr
ek/;e gSa dFku ls lger gSA
44- 45 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd xzkeh.k Nk=ksa gsrq xzke fo'ofo|ky; dh
LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg,A dFku ls lger gSaA
45- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ds vuq:i f'k{kk iznku dh tk
jgh gS dFku ls lger gSaA
46- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd jkstxkj gsrq tu ijh{kk,¡ vk;ksftr djkuk mfpr dne gS
dFku ls lger gSaA
47- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd mikf/k izkIr djuk gh jkstxkj dh xkjUVh gksuh pkfg,
dFku ls lger gSaA
48- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd foDykax cPpksa dks O;olkf;d f'k{kk lEcU/kh lqfo/kk iznku
dh tk jgh gSA dFku ls lger gSA
14
49- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd Lukrd Lrj ij 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vfuok;Z gksuh pkfg,]
dFku ls lger gSA
50- 54 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd f=Hkk’kk lw= dk izHkkoh <ax ls fØ;kUo;u
fd;k x;k gS] dFku ls lger ugha gSA
51- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd nwjn'kZu] jsfM;ksa ds 'kSf{kd izlkj.k dks lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa
foLrkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, dFku ls lger gSA
52- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk iznku dh tk jgh
gSA
53- 52 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd f'k{kk ds izcU/k esa jk"Vªh; ifjizs{; dks c<kok
nsus ds fy, Hkkjrh; f'k{kk lsok dk xBu mfpr gS dFku ls lger gSA
54- iq#"k f'k{kdksa dk cgqer mPp f'k{kk dk ikB~;Øe jkstxkj iznku djus esa l{ke gS
dFku ls lger ugha gSA
55- 65 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 f'k{kk ds lUnHkZ esa
fpUrk O;Dr djrh gS dFku ls lger gSA
56- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 lHkh Lrjksa ij n{krk vkSj
izHkko'khyrk dks c<+kok nsus esa lQy jgh gS dFku ls lger gSA
57- 62 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd
izfØ;k esa i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dks ,dhÑr djrh gS] dFku ls lger gSA
58- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vkSj [ksy ds fy,
jk’Vª O;kih cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k djrh gS dFku ls lger gSA
59- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd ubZ f'k{kk uhfr jk"Vªh; vkSj lkekftd fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa
esa Nk=ksa dks “kkfey gksus esa izsfjr dj ldrh gS dFku ls lger gSA
15
60- 69 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 f'k{k.k vf/kxe
izfØ;k ds lq/kkj ds fy, ijh{kk iz.kkyh dks lq/kkjrh gS dFku ls lger gSA
61- 74 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd f'k{kk ds u;s dk;ZØeksa dks bl uhfr esa lrr~
f'k{kk ij tksj fn;k x;k gS dFku ls lger gSA
62- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd f'k{kk ds u;s dk;ZØeksa dks bl uhfr esa lrr~ f'k{kk ij
tksj fn;k x;k gS dFKu ls lger gSA
63- 75 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ns'k ds iquZfuekZ.k vkSj mlds
Hkfo’; dks vkdkj nsus esa enn djrh gSA
64- vf/kdka'k iq#"k f'k{kd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 lEiw.kZ ns'k dh efgykvksa dh
f'k{kk vkSj L=h l'kfDrdj.k dks c<+k ldrh gS dFku ls lger gSA
65- 68 izfr”kr ls vf/kd iq#"k f'k{kd orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh Nk=ksa dks mRikn dkS'ky
dh iwfrZ djus esa foQy gks pqdh gS dFku ls lger gSA
66- vf/kdka'k iq:"k f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd f'k{kk cpkvks vkUnksyu f'k{kk dh izxfr
gsrq vko';d vkUnksyu FkkA
67- 60-66 izfr'kr iq:"k f'k{kd bl er ls lger gSa fd jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr dk
xBu f'k{kk dh izxfr esa egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA
68- vLlh izfr'kr iq:"k f'k{kdksa dk ekuuk gS fd jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr dh
flQkfj'kksa dk fØ;kUo;u u gksuk ,d jktuSfrd dkj.k FkkA
69- ipgÙkj izfr'kr ls vf/kd iq:"k f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd tuknZu jsM~Mh leh{kk
lfefr dk xBu jktuSfrd dkj.kksa ls gqvk FkkA
70- bD;klh izfr'kr ls vf/kd iq:"k f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd tuknZu jsM~Mh leh{kk
lfefr dh flQkfj'ksa f'k{kk ds fy, vkSfpR;iw.kZ FkhA
16
71- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk 14 o’kZ rd ds lHkh cPps f'k{kk izkIr dj jgs gSa dFku
ls lger gSA
72- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk fo|ky;ksa esa uk i<us dh lkeF;Z j[kus okys Nk=ksa ds
fy, eqDr fo|ky; [kksys tkus pkfg;s dFku ls lger gSA
73- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk fo|ky; esa Nk=ksa dks i<kus gsrq f'k{kdksa dk vuqikr
Nk=ksa ds vuq:i gS dFku ls vlger gSaA
74- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk
gS dFku ls vlger gSA
75- 52 izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'kf{kdk efgykvksa dks O;kolkf;d f'k{kk iznku dh
tk jgh gS dFku ls lger gSA
76- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk mPp f'k{kk esa gks jgs vuqla/kku ls lekt ykHkkfUor gks
jgk gS dFku ls vlger gSA
77- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk mPp f'k{kk esa gks jgs vuqla/kku ls lekt ykHkkfUor gks
jgk gS dFku ls vlger gSA
78- 57 izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'kf{kdk eqDr fo'ofo|ky; mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus
ds mfpr ek/;e gS dFku ls lger gSA
79- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk xzkeh.k Nk=ksa gsrq xzke fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gksuh
pkfg, dFku ls lger gSA
80- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ds vuq:i f'k{kk iznku dh tk
jgh gS dFku ls vlger gSA
81- 52 izfr”kr ls vf/kd f'kf{kdk jkstxkj gsrq tu ijh{kk,a vk;ksftr djkuk mfpr
dne gS dFku ls lger gSA
17
82- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk mikf/k izkIr djuk gh jkstxkj dh xkjUVh gksuh pkfg,
dFku ls lger gSA
83- 53 izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'kf{kdkvksa fodykax cPpksa dks O;kolkf;d f'k{kk
lEcU/kh lqfo/kk iznku dh tk jgh gSA
84- 84 izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'kf{kdk Lukrd Lrj ij 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vfuok;Z
gksuh pkfg, dFku ls lkgr gSA
85- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk f=Hkk’kk lw= dk izHkkoh <ax ls fØ;kUo;u fd;k x;k gS
dFku ls vlger gSA
86- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk nwjn'kZu] jsfM;ks ds 'kSf{kd izlkj.k dks lHkh Hkk"kkvksa es
foLrkj fd;k x;k gS dFku ls lger gSaA
87- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk ek/;fed fo|ky; esa dEI;wVj f'k{kk iznku dh tk jgh
gS dFku ls vlger gSaA
88- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk f'k{kk ds izcU/k esa jk"Vªh; ifjizs{; dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy, Hkkjrh; f'k{kk lsok dk xBu mfpr gS dFku ls lger gSA
89- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk mPp f'k{kk ikB~;Øe jkstxkj iznku djus esa l{ke gS
dFku ls vlger gSA
90- 65 izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'kf{kdk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ds vuqlkj f'k{kk
ds lUnHkZ esa fpUrk O;Dr djrh gS dFku ls lger gSA
91- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 lHkh Lrjksa ij n{krk vkSj
izHkko'khyrk dks c<+kok nsus esa lQy jgh gS dFku ls lger gSA
92- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd izfØ;k esa
i;kZoj.k f'k{kk dks ,dhÑr djrh gS] dFku ls lger gSaA
18
93- 62 izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'kf{kdk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk
vkSj [ksy ds fy, jk’VªO;kih cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] dFku ls lge
gSaA
94- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk ubZ f'k{kk uhfr jk"Vªh; vkSj lkekftd fodkl ds
dk;ZØeksa esa Nk=ksa dks “kkfey gksus esa izsfjr dj ldrh gS] dFku ls lger gSA
95- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 f'k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k esa
lq/kkj ds fy, ijh{kk iz.kkyh dks lq/kkjrh gS] dFku ls lger gSaA
96- 74 izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'kf{kdk f'k{kk ds u;s dk;ZØeksa dks bl uhfr esa
lrr~ f'k{kk ij tksj fn;k x;k gS] dFku ls lger gSA
97- uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iru mPp f”k{kk ds O;olk;hdj.k ds dkj.k gS dFku ls 73
izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f”kf{kdk,a lger gSaA
98- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ns'k ds iquZfuekZ.k vkSj mlds Hkfo’; dks
vkdkj nsus esa enn~ djrh gSA
99- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'kf{kdk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 lEiw.kZ ns'k dh efgykvksa dh
f'k{kk vkSj L=h l'kfDrdj.k dks c<+k ldrh gS] dFku ls lger gSaA
100- 64 izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'kf{kdk orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh Nk=ksa dks mRikn
dkS'ky dh iwfrZ djus esa foQy gks pqdh gS dFku ls lger gSaA
101- ipiu izfr'kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd f'k{kk cpkvks vkUnksyu
f'k{kk dh izxfr gsrq vko';d vkUnksyu FkkA
102- lÙkkou izfr'kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'k{kd bl er ls lger gSa fd jkeewfrZ
leh{kk lfefr dk xBu f'k{kk dh izxfr esa egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA
19
103- cgÙkj izfr'kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'k{kdksa dk ekuuk gS fd jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr
dh flQkfj'kksa dk fØ;kUo;u u gksuk ,d jktuSfrd dkj.k FkkA
104- vf/kdka'k efgyk f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd tuknZu jsM~Mh leh{kk lfefr dk xBu
jktuSfrd dkj.kksa ls gqvk FkkA
105- 71 izfr”kr ls vf/kd efgyk f'k{kdksa dk er gS fd tuknZu jsM~Mh leh{kk lfefr
dh flQkfj'ksa f'k{kk ds fy, vkSfpR;iw.kZ FkhA
'kks/k fu"d"kZ % 'kks/k vkadM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds i'pkr 'kks/kkFkhZ bl fu"d"kZ ij igqapk gS fd 1986
dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr jk"Vªh; Lrj ij f'k{kk dks fn”kk nsus esa lgk;d jgh gSA bldh
'kSf{kd :ijs[kk ns'k ds vuqlkj xfBr dh xbZ FkhA 1986 dh f'k{kk uhfr }kjk izkFkfed
f'k{kk dks ¼fu%'kqYd½ eqDr vkSj vfuok;Zrk djus ds fy, vkizs'ku CySd cksMZ pyk;k x;k
ek/;fed Lrj ij isl lsfVax Ldwy ¼uoksn; fo|ky;½ [kksys x;sA mPp f'k{kk esa eqDr
fo'ofo|ky; LFkkfir fd;s x;sA rduhdh f'k{kk dk Lrj mBkus ds fy, iz;kl fd,
x;sA 1986 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ds ckn f'k{kd f'k{kk esa vusd lq/kkj fd, x;sA ;g
uhfr ,d egku miyfC/k jgh fd 556 izf'k{k.k vkSj ftyk f'k{kk laLFkku ¼Mk;V½ LFkkfir
fd;s x;sA 104 f'k{kk izf'k{k.k dkfytksa dks f'k{kd f'k{kk ds dkfyt dks izeks'ku fd;k
x;k vkSj 39 dkfytksa dks f'k{kdksa esa ,.Mokal v/;;u ds dsUnz LFkkfir fd;s x;s vkSj
buls lEcfU/kr f'k{kdksa dks mUufr iznku dh x;hA v/;kid f'k{kk ds fy, jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
ifj"kn us Hkh f'k{kd f'k{kk dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, ;kstuk fØ;kfUor dhA
lEiw.kZ ijh{kk iz.kkyh dks lq/kkjus ds fy, yxkrkj odkyr dh x;h vkSj
cks/kkRed ewY;kadu mns';] iw.kZ ijh{kk iz.kkyh dks rS;kj djus ds fy, iz;kl fd;s x;sA
;g f'k{kk uhfr jk"Vª dh izFke ,slh uhfr Fkh ftlesa vusd ;kstukvksa dks cuk;k x;k
vkSj muds fØ;kUo;u dks izLrqr fd;k x;k tcfd iwoZ dh uhfr;ksa essa flQZ ;kstuk gh
20
FkhA f'k{kdksa vkSj iz'kkldksa ds fy, vfuok;Z fd;k x;k Fkk fd mudks f'k{kk ds Lrj ds
fy, tokcnsg gksuk pkfg,A
f'k{kdksa vkSj Nk=ksa }kjk ,d uhfr dks lQy djus ds fy, ;g ,d lekdfyr
iz;kl FkkA iztkrU= esa 'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk ij cy fn;k x;kA blds fy,
vf/kdrj iz;klksa dk ikyu fd;k x;kA ,sls <ax ls ikB~;Øe dks vkdkj fn;k x;k fd
Nk= f'k{kk ds fuf'pr Lrj dks izkIr djus ds ckn vkRe fuHkZj gks ldrs gSaA f'k{kk ij
O;; lEiw.kZ vk; dk 6 izfr'kr fo|eku f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh fLFkfr ds lq/kkj ds fy, fd;k
tkuk Fkk] fdUrq ,slk ugha fd;k tk ldkA
dkexkj yksxksa ds ckydksa ds ns[kHkky gsrq izfrfnu ns[kHkky dsUnzksa vkSj vkaxuckM+h
ds }kjk iwoZ izkbejh f'k{kk dks izHkko'kkyh cuk;k x;kA ek/;fed Lrj ij jk"Vªh; eqDr
fo|ky;ksa dh LFkiuk us 'kSf{kd 'kk[kk,sa cukbZ ftlls vf/kd ls vf/kd Nk=ksa dks f'k{kk
izkIr djus ds fy, volj fey ldsA
mPp f'k{kk ds Lrj dks mBkus vkSj uohuhdj.k djus ds fy, eqDr fo'ofo|ky;ksa
us ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA vkt&dy mPp f'k{kk Nk=ksa ds fy, vlkuh ls
miyC/k gksrh tk jgh gS] tSlk iwoZ vof/k dh rqyuk esa ns'k esa f'k{kk 10$2$3 dh leku
O;oLFkk ds Lrj ij ykxw fd;s tkus dk izLrko FkkA
bl lekurk us ek/;fed f'k{kk ds Lrjksa dks mBkus ds fy, ubZ fn'kk dks tUe
fn;k gSA dk;Z vuqHko dk izR;; ifjJe dh lekurk ds fy, pyk;k x;k gSA
rduhdh f'k{kk ls ns'k ds vk/kqfudj.k esa ,d ØkfUr vkbZ gSA ftlls ;g dgk
tk ldrk gS fd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks lq/kkjus ds fy, cgqr
lgk;d gqbZ gSA
21
tcfd nwljh vksj gekjs ns'k ds vf/kdka'k yksx f'k{kk ls oafpr gSaA vR;Ur fpark
dh ckr gS fd fo'o ds fuj{kjksa esa ls 50 Áfr'kr fuj{kj gekjs ns'k esa gSa vkSj vla[;
cPps izkFkfed f'k{kk ds Lohdk;Z Lrj ls oafpr jg tkrs gSaA ljdkj nks :iksa esa vFkkZr
ekuo vf/kdkj ds :i esa rFkk vf/kd ekuoh; vkSj izcq) lekt dh vksj vxzlj gksus ds
ek/;e ds :i esa f'k{kk dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA ;g t:jh gS fd f'k{kk dks
efgykvkas rFkk fiNM+s oxZ ds yksxksa vkSj vYila[;dksa dks lekurk ds gd dks izkIr
djkus dk ,d izHkkoh lk/ku cuk;k tk;sA blds lkFk gh f'k{kk ds ifjos'k dks ml
vfHktkR; fodfr ls Hkh eqDr fd;k tk, tks mldk fo'ks"k y{k.k cu xbZ gSA 'kSf{kd
laLFkk;sa tkfrokn] lkEiznkf;drk rFkk :f<+okn ls vf/kdkf/kd izHkkfor gksrh tk jgh gSA
bu rRoksa ds fo:) la?k"kZ djus ij cy nsuk vkSj lgh lerkoknh rFkk /keZfuijis{k
lkekftd O;oLFkk dh vksj c<+uk vko';d gSA vr% jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dk iqujkoyksdu
fd;k tkuk vko';d Fkk rkfd ,slk <k¡pk rS;kj gks tk, ftlls ns'k f'k{kk ds bl
ifjizs{; dh vksj c<+ ldsA blh ds ifjizs{; esa Hkkjr ljdkj us 7 ebZ 1990 dks jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ dh leh{kk djus ds fy, jkeewfrZ lfefr fu;qDr djus dh ?kks"k.kk
dh Fkh ftlus viuh fofHkUu laLrqfr;k¡ izLrqr fd;kA
blds vfrfjDr jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ds iSjk 115 esa izR;sd ik¡p o"kZ ds
mijkUr f'k{kk uhfr ds fofHkUu ladYiksa ,oa muds fØ;kUo;u dh leh{kk dk izko/kku
fd;k x;k FkkA dsUnz ljdkj us blh ifjisz{; esa ebZ 1990 esa vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ dh
v/;{krk esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr leh{kk lfefr dk xBu fd;k Fkk ftlus fnlEcj 1990
esa viuk izfrosnu izLrqr dj fn;kA vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ lfefr ds izfrosnu dks 9 tuojh
1991 dks laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ds iVyksa ij j[kk x;kA dsUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj ifj"kn
us 8 o 9 ekpZ 1991 dks lEiUu viuh cSBd esa vkpk;Z jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr dh
fjiksVZ ij fopkj djus ds fy, viuk;s tkus okys <ax ij fopkj fd;k rFkk bl lfefr
ds lq>koksa ij fopkj foe'kZ ds fy, v/;{k dsUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj ifj"kn ds :i esa
22
dsUnzh; ekuo lalk/ku ea=h ds }kjk ,d lfefr ds xBu dh vko';drk dk fu.kZ;
fy;k x;kA bl fu.kZ; ds ifjizs{; esa dsUnzh; ekuo lalk/ku ea=kh us 31 tqykbZ 1991
dks vkU/kz izns'k ds eq[;ea=h ,oa f'k{kk eU=h tuknZu jsìh dh v/;{krk esa leh{kk lfefr
ds izfrosnu ij fopkj djus ds fy, dsUnzh; f'k{kk lykgdkj ifj"kn lfefr uked ,d
lfefr dk xBu fd;kA ;g lfefr eq[; :Ik ls Ldwyh cPpksa ds c<+rs gq, cLrs ds cks>
dks de djus ds fy, fu;qDr dh xbZ Fkh ftlus viuh fofHkUu flQkfj'k dh ijUrq bl
lfefr dh vf/kdka'k laLrqfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u ugha gqvk vkSj iqu% Hkkjr ljdkj dks ,d
rhljh lfefr dk Hkh xBu djuk iM+k tks ml le; jk"Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr esa ekStwn
fofHkUu dfe;ksa ds pyrs gq, lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa QSy jgs ^f'k{kk cpkvks* (Save Education)
vkUnksyu dks 'kkUr djus gsrq Fkk ftldk uke ;'kiky leh{kk lfefr FkkA jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk uhfr dk izeq[k i{k dk;Z*;kstuk (POA) ekuk x;kA ;'kiky lfefr us blh
^dk;Z&;kstuk* dh leh{kk djds lq>ko fn;sA bl dk;Z&;kstuk dh leh{kk esa ^Ldwy ds
cLrs* ij ,d ckj fQj fopkj fd;k x;k vkSj dgk x;k fd uxj ds fo|ky;ksa esa Nk=ksa
dks vf/kd la[;k esa iqLrdsa [kjhnus dks dgk tkrk gS] tks muds cLrs ds Hkkjr dks
c<+krh gSA Nk=ksa ds cLrksa ij Hkkj vf/kd gks tkrk gSA ;g vkj0ds0 ukjk;.k us laln esa
vkSj laln ls ckgj iz'u mBk;k FkkA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ds lEcU/k esa ,slh dkSu lh
dk;Z;kstuk izLrqr dh tk;s\ ftlls f'k{kk cpkbZ tk ldsA bl lEcU/k esa mijksDr
leh{kk lfefr;ksa us Hkh bl ij dksbZ lq>ko ugha fn;kA
2- 'kks/k dh mikns;rk %
orZeku le; esa izLrqr 'kks/k dh mikns;rk gS] pwafd Hkkjr dks Lora= gq, vkt
yxHkx 65 o"kZ O;rhr gks pqds gSa vkSj orZeku esa izpfyr jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986
ftldh rhu ckj leh{kk dh tk pqdh gS] tks vc dkykrhr gks pqdh gSA ijUrq ,slh
dksbZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr mlds ckn gekjs f'k{kkfon~ksa ds }kjk izLrqr ugha dh tk ldh gS
ftldks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh ewyHkwr Hkkouk ds vUrxZr Hkkjrh; laln esa izsf"kr fd;k
23
tk;sA ;gka ;g Hkh dguk lehphu gS fd gekjs tu izfrfuf/k vkSj ljdkj esa cSBs
ukSdj'kkg Hkh f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr dksbZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr dks Hkkjrh; laln esa fiNys
yxHkx 27 lkyksa ls ugha izLrqr dj ldsA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh rhu ckj leh{kk
djus ds fy, tks lfefr;ka xfBr gqbZa mudh Hkh vf/kdka'k laLrqfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u u
fd;s tkus ls orZeku ifjizs{; esa ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd gekjh dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa
f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ ubZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ykxw djus dh lksp ugha j[krha tks
Hkkjr ds fodkl esa ,d ck/kk Lo:i lksp dgh tk ldrh gS vkSj f'k{kk ds fujUrj
eqfDrdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myh;dj.k ds izxfr'khy fopkjksa ds foijhr gS tks
fujUrj O;olk;hdj.k dks c<+kok ns jgk gS vxj ;g flyflyk fujUrj pyrk jgk rks
fuf'pr gh f'k{kk ds Lo:i ds jFk dk ifg;k fodklhdj.k dh vksj u tkdj
fouk'khdj.k dh vksj tk;sxkA izLrqr 'kks/k dh mikns;rk ;g gS fd bl 'kks/k ds }kjk
;fn ljdkj ;k rks rhuksa leh{kk lfefr;ksa dh laLrqfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u djs ;k fQj
dksbZ ubZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr ?kksf"kr djs rks f'k{kk dk Lo:i fuf'pr gh jk"Vª dk
LokZaxh.k fodkl djus okyk gksxkA
3- Hkkoh v/;;u gsrq lq>ko orZeku 'kks/k esa Þjk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh leh{kk lfefr;ksa dh laLrqfr;ksa ds
vkSfpR; vkSj fØ;kUo;u dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSÞ tks orZeku esa vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSa
rFkk vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa uohure~ vkSj mi;ksxh gSa pwafd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 dh
?kks’k.kk ds ckn ls vc rd gq, 'kks/kksa esa ;g uohure gS vkSj blds vfrfjDr jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk uhfr vkSj mldh leh{kk lfefr;ksa dh laLrqfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds vfrfjDr f'k{kk
ds vU; igyqvksa ij Hkh 'kks/k fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlds vUrxZr fuEu izdkj ds 'kks/k
fd;s tk ldrs gSa &
1- jk’Vªh; f”k{kk uhfr 1986 ij xfBr lfefr;ksa esa ls izeq[k :i ls rhu lfefr;ksa
dh vuq”kalkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS blh izdkj dk v/;;u bl uhfr ds
24
lEcU/k esa tks f”k{kkfon~ksa ds }kjk le;≤ ij fopkj izLrqr fd;s x;s gSa rFkk
vU; leh{kk Hkh dh xbZ gS mudk Hkh v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2- Hkkjr esa xfBr vU; vk;ksx rFkk lfefr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh bl izdkj ds
v/;;u fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
1. eq[kthZ ,l0,u0 & ß,twds'ku bu bf.M;k % VwMs ,.M VqekjksÞ
vkpk;Z ifCyds'kUl cM+ksnjk] 1976
2. [kku ,u0,l0 & ß,twds'ku fjlpZÞ
3. f=kikBh vkj0,l0 & ßmís';iw.kZ f'k{kk ds fy, vk;kstuÞ
4. vkgyqokfy;k ,l0ih0 ,.M
ck;l ,p0,l0
& ß,twds'ku&b';wt ,.M psysfUtlÞ
5. xzkl th0vkj0 & ^n jksy dkfEIyDV ,.M nk Vhpj* 1971
6. ujs'k izlkn & ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa v/;kidksa dh
fLFkfr vkSj O;olkf;d izfrc)rk*
7. 'kekZ vkj0,0 ¼2005½ & ^f'k{kk vuqla/kku] vkj0yky cqd fMiks esjB
8. HkVukxj] vkj0ih0 ¼2003½ & ^f'k{kk vuqla/kku] baVjus'kuy ifCyf'kax
gkÅl] esjBA
9. lqf[k;k ,l0ih0 & ^,yhesUV~l vkQ ,twds'kuy fjlpZ*
10. uk;d ts0ih0 & ^,yhesUVªh ,twds'ku bu bf.M;k*
11. oekZ ts0,p0 & ^n dEiSjsfVo LVMh vkQ jkWy dkWuf¶yDV vkWQ esy ,.M Qhesy ,twds'ku ,MfefuLVªs'ku bu fjys'ku Vw ns;j ilZuSfyVh VªsUM~l ,.M ,MtsLVeSUV*% ih0,p0Mh0 bu ,twds'ku] pkS0 pj.k flag ;wfuoflZVh 1985