jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Jofofd
ने�पा�लमा� स्वा�स्थ्य
शि�क्षा� तथा� धु�मापा�ने निनेयन्त्रण का�य�क्रमा
२०१०
![Page 2: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
zf/Ll/s Jofofd• df+;k]zL k|
f0ffnL• /St ;+rf/• :jf:Yo ;'wf/
Aun
e G
regg
as
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df+;k]zL k|0ffnL• df+;k]zL k|0ffnLn] tkfO{sf]
z/L/sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u5{, z/L/sf] ;'/Iff u5{ / zlQm k|bfg u5{ .
• tkfO{sf] z/L/df ePsf] @)^ j6f xf8x? 4f/f lgld{t s+sfn g} z/L/sf] ;+/rgf xf]
• z/L/4f/f lgld{t rfnx?sf] pTkfbg / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd z/L/df ePsf ^$) j6f s+sfn df;+k]zLx?n] ub{5 .
Aune Greggas
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• vKk/n] lulbsf] ;''/Iff ub{5 .
• d]?b08 dfbn cfsf/sf xf8x?4f/f ag]sf x'G5g\ .
• s/·n] d'6', kmf]S;f], sn]hf], d[uf}nf / k]6sf] ;'/Iff lbG5 .
• k5f8L k'¶f] / uf]8fsf] x¸Ln] lx+8\8'n ug{ / kfv'/f / xftsf x¸Ln] ;fdfg ;fg]{ sfd ug{ ;lhnf] jgfpb5 . Skeleton has 206 bones.
http
://fi.
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iped
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iki/I
hmis
en_l
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nko
s+sfn÷xf8sf] ?k/]vf
![Page 5: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
xf8x?• s+sfn xf8x?4f/f
lgld{t x'G5 .• xf8x? xn'sf t/ alnof
x'G5g\.z/L/sf] hDdf tf}nsf] !$Ü SofN;Lod xf84f/f aGb5 .
• z/L/df hDdf ePsf] vlgh, SoflN;od / km;kmf]/;n] xf8nfO{ dha't agfpFb5 .
http
://w
ww
.ucl
.ac.
uk/~
sjjg
sca/
Mus
cleS
tria
ted.
gif
Diagram of a bone. The bones are of living material. If there is too little calcium in the food, the body begins to use the calcium in the bones.
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xf8x? lhljt tGt' x'g\ • xf8x? lhljt tGt' x'g\ .• xf8sf] a[l4 xf8sf] clGtd
efudf x'g] u5{ . s'g} s'g} xf8x?df h]nL h:t} g/d x8\8L–df;L x'G5 .
• k|To]s xf8df ljz]if k|sf/sf sf]ifLsf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ cl:6of]Anf:6;\ elgG5, h;4f/f xf8sf] agfj6 gljs/0f ub{5 .
If a bone breaks, it can be healed in a couple of months.
http
://w
ww
.foo
thea
lthfa
cts.
org/
foot
ankl
einf
o/B
one_
Hea
ling.
htm
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hf]gL{x?• xf8x? w]/}
lsl;dn] Ps cfk;df hf]8LPsf x'G5g\ .
• cfwf/e"t hf]gL{x? lo x'g\ M s'd, s'O{gf], xftsf] gfl/, k'¶f], 3'8f], uf]nLuf7f] / 9f8 .
http://www.scoi.com/sholanat.htm
http://www.scoi.com/elboanat.htm
http://www.scoi.com/handanat.htm
http
://w
ww
.sco
i.com
/spi
nana
t.htm
http
://w
ww
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i.com
/spi
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t.htm
http://www.scoi.com/hip.htm
http://www.scoi.com/kneeanat.htm
http://www.scoi.com/anklanat.htm
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:gfo' aGwg
• :gfo' eg]sf] Tof] tGt'–hfnf] xf] h;n] df+;k]zL nfO{ xf8;Fu cyjf Pp6f df+;k]zLnfO{ csf]{ df+;k]zL;Fu afFw]]sf] x'G5 . lo k|foh;f] dl;gf 8f]/L h:Tf TofGb|fsf] d'8f h:tf x'G5g\ .
• cf}nfx?sf] rfn klg log} :gfo"df e/kb{5, h;n] cf}nf / s'xgf]nfO{ Ps cfk;df afFw]sf] x"G5 .
Muscles and tendons in the hand.
http
://en
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/H
and
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cflrN; :gfo' aGwg • ;a}eGbf
d'Vo :gfo"df cflrN; :gfo' xf] . h;n] v'§fsf] k5f8L kl§sf] s's'{RrfnfO{ dfly p7fpg] sfd ub{5 .
• To:t} cuf8L kl§sf] cf}+nf j/Lk/Lsf] efu / s's'{Rrfsf] df+;k]zLnfO{ :gfo'åf/f hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
http
://en
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/A
chill
es_t
endo
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Achilles tendon
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lnufd]G6 -xf8x?nfO{ afFWg]
8f]/L_• lnufd]G6 eGgfn] To:tf dl;gf TofGb|fx? x'g\ h;n] xf8nfO{ dha"t agfpg xf8sf] hf]gL{ afFlwPsf] x'G5 .
• ltgLx? sf]nfh]g / Ps k|sf/ tlGsg] j:t', h;nfO{ Onf:6Lg elgG5, åf/f d'7f–d'7fsf] ?kdf ag]sf] x'G5 .
• lnufd]G6n] cGo w]/} c+ux?nfO{ klg ;xf/f lbPsf x'G5 h:t} sn]hf], lkQy}nL / kf7]3/ .
Ligaments connect bones to other bones to form a joint. In the picture ligaments in the knee.
http
://en
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/K
nee
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l:y/tf• ha dfgj z/L/
d/]/ hfG5, df+;k]zL :gfo" / lnufd]G6 s'lxP/ hfG5g\, dfq v's'nf xl¸x? / bfFtx? afFls /xG5g\ .
Tim
othy
D. W
hute
, Pie
ter
A. F
olke
ns, A
cade
mic
Pre
ss
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s''/s'/] xf8• s'/s'/] xf8 Ps lsl;dsf] /a8 h:tf]
kbfy{ xf] . dfgj z/L/df ltg leGg k|sf/sf s'/s'/] xf8x? x'G5g\ .
• kf/bzL{ s'/s'/] xf8M o;n] xf8x?sf] ljrsf] hf]gL{df c;/ kg{ glbgsf] nflu cf8 lbg] sfd u5{ .
• tGt'do s'/s'/] xf8M of] Pp6f nrsbf/ xf8 xf] h'g xfjf cfbfg k|bfg x'g] c+udf k|of]u x'G5 h:t} gfs / sfg .
![Page 13: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
df+;k]zL
• df+;k]zL eg]sf] ljz]if k|sf/sf tGt'x? x'g\ h'g z/L/sf ljleGg cu+x?df rfn lbg slxn] sl;g] / slxn] vs'nf] x'g] ub{5g\ .
http
://w
ww
.ucl
.ac.
uk/~
sjjg
sca/
Mus
cleS
tria
ted.
gif
Diagram of a muscle.
![Page 14: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
km\n]S;/ / PS;6]g;/ df+;k]zL
• df+;k]zLx? cfkm} v'Drg ;S5g t/ cfkm}nfO{ nDJofpg ;Sb}gg\ . To;sf/0fn] km\n]S;/ df+;k]zL hf]gL{df v'lDrPkl5, To;nfO{ km]/L km}nfpg jf l;wfkfg{ PS;6]g;/ df+;k]zLn] ;w} e'ldsf v]Nb5 .
http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2006/06/muscle%20contraction.jpg
Muscles can only shorten.
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ljleGg k|sf/sf df+;k]zLx?
• df+;k]zLx? ltg k|sf/sf 5g\ .!_ s+sfn df+;k]zL@_ lrKnf] df+;k]zL#_ d'6'sf] df+;k]zL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
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s+sfn df+;k]zL• dfgj z/L/df ^$) j6f
s+sfn df+;k]zLx? x'G5g\
• s+sfn df+;k]zLx? P]lR5s df+;k]zL x'g\ .
• k|foh;f] s+sfn df+;k]zLx? hf]8f hf]8f ldn]/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . ht
tp://
en.w
ikip
edia
.org
/wik
i/File
:Mus
cles
_ant
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r_la
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g
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s+sfnL df+;k]zL
http
://en
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uscl
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png
• s+sfn df+;k]zL wsf{ wsf{ k/]sf x'G5g\ .
• d'6'sf] df+;k]zLdf klg wsf{ x'G5g\ .
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lrKnf] df+;k]zL• lrKnf] df+;k]zLx? P]lR5s x'G5g\ . ltlgx?
:jrflnt x'G5g\ .• ;fgf] cfGb|fdf ePsf df+;k]zL lrKnf
x'G5g\ . ltlgx?n] vfgfnfO{ cuf8L ws]Ng] ub{5g\ .
• OR5f zlQmn][ klg lrKnf] df+;k]zLnfO{ c;/ ug{ ;Sb}g t/ dfgl;s tgfjn] lolgx?sf] sfdnfO{ ;':t agfpg ;S5 .
• Soflkmgn] cfGb|sf] df+;k]zLsf] sfo{nfO{ ljkl/t c;/ b]vfpg ;Sb5 .
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d'6'sf] df+;k]zL• d'6'sf] df+;k]zLdf
To:tf df+;k]zLsf sf]lifsfx? x'G5g\ h;n] gzfsf sf]lifsfn] h:t} df+;k]zL v'lDrPsf] / sf]lifsf :yfGt/0f ePsf] ;+s]t ub{5 .
• d'6'sf] df+;k]zL P]lR5s df+;k]zL xf]Og .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart
Heart
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zlQm pTkfbg• df+;k]zL tGsfpgsf] lglDt
cfjZos zlQm lgDg t/Lsf4f/f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
• cf/f]ljs cfn]S6]6 zlQm pTkfbg • cf/f]ljs nfS6]6 zlQm pTkfbg• cf/f]ljs zlQm pTkfbg
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jfo'/lxt PnfS6]6\• jfo'/lxt PnfS6]6 zlQm pTkfbg k|
s[ofdf z/L/sf] P8]gf]l;g lq–kmf];km]6 gfdsf] kbfy{ k|of]u x'G5, h'g kbfy{ df+;k]zLsf sf]ifx?df hDdf x'g] ub{5g\ .
• lt kbfy{x?åf/f dfqf, z/L/n] nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug{ k|;:t x'b}gg\ .
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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jfo'/lxt NofS6]6\• jfo'/lxt NofS6]6\ zlQm
pTkfbg ug]{ k|s[ofdf P8]gf]l;g lq–kmf];km]6 gfdsf] kbfy{, sfjf]{xfO8«]6, lUnsf]lhg cyjf Unf]sf]h4f/f pTkfbg x'G5 . o;n] z/L/df b'Uw cDn 5f]8\g] ePsf]n] o;sf] sf/0fn] z/L/ yfSg] / b'Vg] klg ub{5 .
Glycogen can storage as many as 30.000 glucose units for energy production in the body.
http
://en
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/G
lyco
gen
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P/f]ljs• P/f]ljs zlQm k|s[ofdf,
P8]gf]l;g lq= kmf];km]6 gfdsf] kbfy{, sfjf]{xfO8«]6, lrNnf] / k|f]l6gsf] sf/0fn], clS;hgsf] ;xfotfn pTkfbg x'G5 .
• of] tj;Dd nuftf/ /lx/xG5 hj;Dd zlQm ;+lrt x'G5 / clS;hg klg /xG5 . h] ePtf klg o;sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf rflx l;ldt x'G5 .
http
://en
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/W
alki
ng
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P/f]ljs Jofofd• P/f]ljs Jofofdn] /Qm ;
+rf/ / sd /QmrfknfO{ ;'wf5{ .
• o:tf] Jofofdn] d'6'nfO{ dha"t agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .d'6'df al9 /ut cfbfg k|bfg x'gfn] x'bo3ft x'g] vt/f sd x'G5 . o;n] /ftf] /Qm sf]lifsfsf] dfq a9fpFb5 .
Aerobic exercises:- Walking- Hiking- Running- Cycling- Swimming- Playing tennis
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/Qm ;+rf/
• k|To]s z/L/sf ^)) ljlnog sf]lifsfx?sf] lglDt clS;hg cfjZos kb{5 . ltlgx?n] clS;hg /utdfkm{t k|fKt ub{5g\ .
• /ut nuftf/ z/L/df /Qm glnx?4f/f ;+rf/ eO{/xG5g\ .
http
://w
ww
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tube
.com
/wat
ch?
v=A
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You can look at the video of blood circulation in YouTube by MingMingchen http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABTvNR59K5Q&NR=1
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/QmgnLx?• /QmgnLx? crDd k|
sf/n] t/ qmda4 /x]sf 9'+u|f]x? x'g\ . logLx?sf] Psfkl§5]pdf 7"nf gzf / cf6{/Lsf] ;fydf d'6' hf]l8Psf] x'G5 eg] csf]{kl§ 5]pdf ;–;fgf Soflkn/L /QmgnLx? x'G5g\ .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_system
![Page 27: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
d'6'• d'6' Ps zlQmzfnL kDk
xf] . of] df+zk];Ln] ag]sf] x'G5 .
• o;sf b'O{ kf6fx? x'G5g\ . o;sf] bfFof kf6f] sdhf]/ x'G5 eg] jfFof kf6f] dha't x'G5 .
• lo b'j} efudf b'O{j6f y}nLx? x'G5g\ ,h;nfO{ d]lG6«sn / cfl6{sn elgG5 . Heart
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![Page 28: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
kNdf]g/L cyf{t wdgL ;+rf/
• /Qm;+rfng k|0ffnLdf b'O{ efu x'G5g\ . ;fgf] lsl;dsf] /Qm ;+rfngnfO{ kNdf]g/L /Qm ;+rfng elgG5 .
• lgnf] /ªsf] /Qmgln h;n] z/L/sf ljleGg efuaf6 cfPsf] /utnfO{ bfofF e]lG6«sn / jfofF cl6«od x'b} kNdf]g/L cf6«Lhdf k7fpF5 .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation
![Page 29: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
jfo'sf] kl/jt{g• kNdf]g/L cflb|hn] /utnfO{ kmf]S;f]df
k7fpF5 . hxfF /ftf /Qmsf]ifn] sfj{G8fOcS;fO{8 jfo" aflx/ km\ofS5 / clS;hg lng] sfd ub{5 .
• sfj{G8fOcS;fO{8 UofF;, z/L/n] zlQm vkt ubf{ pTkflbt UofF; xf] .
• sfj{G8fOcS;fO{8 ePsf] /ut lgnf] /+usf] x'G5 .
• ha /utaf6 sfj{G8fOcS;fO{8 lgSnG5 / clS;hg ldl;G5, /utsf] /+u /ftf] x'G5 .
![Page 30: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
qmlds /Qm ;+rfng• 7"nf] dfqfdf x'g] /Qm ;+rfng g}
qmlds /Qm ;+rfng xf] .• o; k2lt cg';f/ 7"nf] dfqfdf clS;hg
ePsf] /ut, kmf]S;f]faf6 jfofF d]lG6«sn clg jfofF cfl6«od x'b}, 7"nf] /Qm k|jfxn] Pcf]6{ clg 7"nf] cfl6«{haf6 d'6'df, dl:tisdf, cfGb|fx?df xft v'§fx?df, x/Ps df+;k]zL / cGtdf ;a} eGbf k/ Soflkn/Lx?df k'Ug] sfd x'G5 .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary
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d'6'sf] rfn -gf8L_• d'6' Ps ldg]6df ^)–&) k6s ;Dd w8\sG5
h;nfO{ d'6'sf] rfn elgG5 .• cf};tdf, z/L/sf] k|To]s /QmgnLx?df /ut ;
+rfng x'gsf] lglDt () ;]s]G8 eGbf sd ;do nfUb5 .
• d'6'sf] rfn /f]lsPdf, ;j{k|yd dl:tissf To;kl5 z/L/sf cGo efusf sf]lifsf dg{ yfNb5g\ .
• s]lx ldg]6 k5f8L g} To:tf] dflg;nfO{ km]/L klxnfs} cjZyfdf Nofpg ;+efj x'b}g .
![Page 32: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
/ut• /ut Ps lsl;dsf] t/n
kbfy{ xf] h'g z/L/df ;+rfng x'G5 .
• o;df ljleGg k|sf/sf /Qm sf]lifsx? x'G5g\ M
• /ftf] /Qm sf]if• ;]tf] /Qm sf]if• Kn]6n]6\;
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There are three different types of cells in the blood: red cells, white cells and platelets.
![Page 33: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
/Qm sf]ifx?• /ftf] /Qm sf]ifx? clS;hg /
sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 af]Sg] el/ofx? x'g\ . o;leq kmnfdsf] dfqf klg x'G5 .
• ;]tf] /Qm sf]lifsfx? Tolt a]nf dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]Nb5g\ . h'ga]nf z/L/df ;+s/d0f eO{ z/L/n] ;+3if{ ug'{ k/]sf] x'G5 .
• Kn]6n]6\;n] /ut aUg /f]Sg] sfd ub{5 .
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Red blood cell, platelet and white blood cell.
Red blood cells.
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/Qm ;d'x• hDdf rf/
k|sf/sf /ut x'G5g\ . h'g ए, बि�, एबि�, ओ x'g\ . lo k|To]s ls t 3gfTds (+) x'G5g\ jf C0ffTds (-) x'G5g\ . kf]lhl6e jf g]u]l6e .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type
![Page 35: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
:jf:Yo ;'wf/• zfl/l/s sfd / zf/Ll/s tflndn]
z/L/nfO{ /fd|f] cj:yfdf /fVg ;xof]u ub{5 .
• zfl//Ls Jofofd / sd lrNnf] kbfy{ ePsf] vfgfn] /Qm glnx? v'Nnf /fVg ;xof]u ldN5 .
• ;fsfxf/L vfgf, ;fydf k|;:t kmnkm'n, abfd, /];fbf/ u]8fu'8Ln] /fd|f] :jf:Yo jgfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . Aune Greggas
![Page 36: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
d[To'sf d'Vo sf/0fx?
• klZrd]nL ljZjdf w]/}h;f] eO{/fVg] d[To'sf sf/0fx?df d'6' / /QmgnLsf /f]ux? x'g\ .
• df]6f]kg, lrgL/f]u / w'd|kfgn] o:tf /f]usf] ;+efjgf a9fpFb5 .
• w'd|kfg ug]{ o"jf ju{df x[bo3ftaf6 d[To' x'g]sf] ;Defjgf, w'd|kfg gug]{ o"jfsf] eGbf ltg u'0ffn] al9 x'G5 . -olb nuftf/ w'd|kfg u/L /fVof] eg]_
Mortality rate by a heart disease seen according to the age smoking started.
Less than 15 years old
15 -20 years
Over20 years
Non smoker
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w'd|kfg / /Qm ;+rfng
• tDafs'df ePsf] lgsf]6Lgn] cf6{/Lh Soflkn/L cf6{/LhnfO{ cfqmd0f ub{5 .
• w'd|kfgn] /Qm glnx?sf] leQfdf lrNnf] kbfy{ lgdf{0f ug]{ / df]6f]kg a9fpg] ub{5 .
Effect of the tobacco smoking to the temperature of the hand (red warmest, yellow middle, blue coldest; smoker to the left, nonsmoker to the right).
Hid
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g]s|f]l;;–w'd|kfgsf] k|ltkmn
• /Qmglnx?df jf];f] / lrNnf]kbfy{sf] lgdf{0f / cf6{/Lhx? v'lDrgfn] z/L/sf cln kNnf] c+u h:t} xft / v'§fdf /Qm ;~rfng k'Ug ;Sb}g, kl/0ffd :j?k To:tf c+ux?df g]s|f]l;;x'g] ;Defjgf jl9 x'G5 .
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Most of the amputations done because of the weak blood circulation in the feet are made to smokers.
![Page 39: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
5fnf rfp/Lg'• cg'xf/sf] 5fnfsf]lifsfx?
df /Qm ;~rfng sd x'g] ub{5 .
• w'd|kfg gug]{ dfG5]sf] t'ngfdf w'd|kfg ug]{ dflg; jl9 j'9f] b]lvG5 lsg eg] w'd|kfg ug]{ dflg;sf] cg'xf/df j9L rfp/L k/]sf] x'G5 .
These are 42 year old twíns? Which is a smoker and which do not smoke?
Hid
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![Page 40: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
/Qmglnx?df kl/j{tg• w'd|kfg u/]sf]
nIf0f /QmgnLx?df t'?Gt b]lvG5 .
• w'd|kfg ug]{dflg;sf] /QmgnLx?df l56} lrNnf] kbfy{ hDdf ub{5g\ . h;sf] sf/0fn] ltgLx? :jf:Yo b]lvb}gg\ .
These veins belong to persons who died in a car accident. The 32 old was a smoker, the 34 old was a nonsmoker.
![Page 41: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
pRr /Qmrfk• lrNnf] kbfy{ hDdf x'gfn], Soflkn/L
cf6{/Lh lylrG5 / kl/0ffd :j?k /Qmrfk j9\g hfG5 .
• hlt pRr /Qmrfk x'G5 z/L/n] /ut lng Tolt g} jl9 zlQm cfjZos kb{5 .
• Soflkmg / g'gn] klg /Qmrfk j9fpFb5 .• pRr /Qmrfk cfkm}df vt/gfs x'G5 o;n]
x[bo3ft tyf dl:tis3ft j9fpF5 .
![Page 42: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
pRr /Qmrfksf] jlu{s/0f
;d"x l;:6f]lns mmhg
8fOof:6f]lns mmhg
xfOkf]6]g;g\
< ९० < ६०
gd{n ९०-१२० र ६०-८० lk|–xfOk{6]g;g\
२१२-१३९ वा�८१-८९
tx !xfOk{6]g;g\
१४०-१५९ वा� ९०-९९
tx @xfOk{6]g;g\
≥१६० वा� १००≥
![Page 43: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Jofofd• Jofofd
eg]s} :jf:Yo ;'wf/ xf] .
• Jofofd u/L/x]sf] cj:yfdf /Qmrfk pRr ePdf klg Jofdsf] cGtdf, Jofod gu/]sf] j]nfdf h:t} /Qmrfk sd x'G5 . Aune Greggas
![Page 44: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
lsg w'd|kfg ug]{ JolQm eGbf gug]
{ JolQmsf] z/L/ :j:Yo x'G5 < • cfkm"nfO{ tGb'?:t kfpgsf] lglDt tkfO{sf]
kmf]S;f] / d'6'df clS;;g ePsf] /ut k'Ug' kb{5 . ha tkfO{ tDjfs' ;]jg ug'{ x'G5, tkfOn] sfj{gdf]gf]cS;fO{8 tkfOsf] z/L/df kl/lrt u/fpg' x'G5 . o;sf] sf/0fn] tkfO{sf] ef}lts z/L/df clS;hgsf] sld x'G5, h;n] ubf{ /fd|f] v]n v]Ngdfq cK7\of/f] xf]Og t/ lx8 8'n ug{ / e¥of· r9\g klg ufx|f] x'G5 .
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/healthy_living/smoking/hic_smoking_and_physical_activity.aspx
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w'd|kfgstf{ / lau|bf] :jf:Yo
• ;fwf/0f tyf cw{ Jo:s JolQmsf] zf/L/Ls :jf:Yodf lu/fj6 cfpg' / kmf]S;f]sf] s[ofsnfkdf sld cfpg'sf] cWoogdf, w'd|kfg ug]{ JolQm eGbf w'd|kfg gug]{ JolQmsf] :jf:Yo / pgLx?sf] s[ofsnfkdf pd]/s} sf/0fn] km/s b]lvb}g\ .
• hDdf hlDd cWoogdf #$& hgf w'd|kfg ug]{ dflg;sf] eGbf &(! w'd|kfg gug]{ JolQmx?sf] zf/L/Ls tGb'?:tL df lu/fj6 cfPsf] kfOof] .
• (1349/kg V 1618) h'g rfxL k|yd PS;kfO/]6f]/L en'd (3341m/v 3638ml) http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/311/7007/715
![Page 46: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
d'6' ;DjlGw /f]ux?
![Page 47: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
dl:tisdf x'g] /Qm;|fj
![Page 48: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
bdsf] /f]u
![Page 49: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
ca'{4 /f]u
![Page 50: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
ux|f}+ ;fdfg prfNg l;Sg'
• 3'F8fnfO{ tn v'DRofpg'xf]; / v'§fåf/f ef/ yfDg] sfd ug'{xf];\ t/ tkfO{sf] 9f8n] xf]Og .
http://www2.edu.fi/materiaalipankki/index.php?id=74
![Page 51: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
sd prfOdf ePsf sfd ug{ l7s t/Lsf ck\
gfpg'xf];\ . • ha tkfO{ tn
ePsf] sfd ug'{x'G5 cfkm\\gf 3'F8f tn v'DRofpg'xf]; / tn j:g'xf];\ . http://www2.edu.fi/materiaalipankki/index.php?id=74
![Page 52: Jofofd नेपालमा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा तथा धुमपान नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम २०१०](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022081419/551a6a51550346761a8b46a1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
sfd ubf{ ;lx prfO{ k|of]u ug'{
• tkfO{n] sfd ug]{ 6]jn ;lx prfO{df Joj:yf ldnfpg sf]lz; ug'{xf];\ .
http://www2.edu.fi/materiaalipankki/index.php?id=74
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tkfO{sf] z/L/ ;DjlGw hfgsf/L /fVg'xf];\
• dfgj z/L/df @)) eGbf j9L xf8x? / ^)) eGbf j9L dfFzfk]zLx? x'G5g .
• ltgLx?n] dflg;sf] nueu $)Ü tf}n cf]u6]sf] x'G5 .
• ltgLx? dWo] slt j6fsf] gfd tkfO{nfO{ yfxf 5 <
• xf8x? dfF;fk]z?x?• vKk/ 8]n6f]O8• sfvLsf] xf8 afO;]k km]df]/Lh• 5fltsf] xf8 Sjf8\8L;]k km]df]/Lh• k'7fsf] xf8 ;f]nLj;• lt3|fsf] xf8 l6jLonL; Pg\6]l/P/• glnv'§sf] xf8 l6jLonL; kf]:6]l/P/
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tkfO{sf] z/L/nfO{ tflnd
lbg'xf];\ • z/L/sf] cj:yf /fd|f] kfg{ tflndn] ;xof]u ub{5 . • tkfOn] *) dl6/ bf}8\g ;Sg] 7fFpsf] 5gf]6
ug'{xf]; . • o;sf] lglDt ;do lng'xf];\ / d'6sf] rfn yfxf
kfpg'xf];\ . • o:tf s'/f ;w} sfuhdf n]Vg'xf];\ / d'6'sf] rfn
yfxf kfpg'xf]; . • o:tf s'/f ;Fw} sfuhdf n]Vg'xf]; / x]g'{xf]; ls
s;/L tflnd rln/xbf tkfO{sf] z/L/df clS;hg k|jfx / tkfO{sf] dhj'lt slt j9\b5 .
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tflnd kfqf]• lbg Ps xKtf Ps dlxgf Ps• lbg b'O{ xKtf b'O{ dlxgf
b'O{• lbg ltg xKtf ltg dlxgf ltg• lbg rf/ xKtf rf/ dlxgf rf/• lbg kfFr xKtf kfFr dlxgf
kfFr• lbg 5 xKtf 5 dlxgf 5• lbg ;ft xKtf ;ft dlxgf ;ft
• cem /fd|f] k|ltkmn Nofpg' eg]sf] ;fwf/0f tof tflnd j9fpg' xf] .
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८० मि�टर दौ�डनला�ई अभ्या�स
तपा�ईंको$ दौ�डको$ त�लिला� पा�त्रो$ कोस्त$ दौ(खि*न्छ ? तपा�ईंको$ न�ड-को$ गत- कोस्त$ छ?
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• क्री0या�शि2ला जी-वानला( तपा�ईंला�ई अझ *5स- र स्वा�थकोर जी-वान प्रदौ�न गछ8 । तपा�ईंको$ स्वा�थ्याला�ई स5त; जीन्या पादौ�थ8 वा� ला�ग5 पादौ�थ8को$ को�रणला( ���8दौ नगन58हो$स> ।
तपा�ईंला( आफ्न$ जी-वानको$ ��र(�� आAफैC बिनण8या गन8 सक्न5हुन्छ ।
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We thank• State of Finland• ETRA–liitto ry, Finland, Aune Greggas• Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Kavre, Sundar Thapa, Pratigya Ranjit, HETIP team
• Wikipedia, Wikimedia, Red Cross (Finland), Cleveland Clinic, SCOI (Southern California Orthopedic Institute), UCL (London Global University), American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons, Scienceblogs.com, Hideo Ichiki, MingMingchen, Federal State and Territory Health Initiative, Australia (videos), T.D. Whute, P. A. Folkens (studies)