jorge hönel (cdcc-usp/sc). Órbita circular baixa - (ocb) 160 a 2000 km 35 786 km
TRANSCRIPT
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Jorge Hönel (CDCC-USP/SC)
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Órbita Circular Baixa - (OCB)
160 a 2000 km
35 786 km
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ISS
30/07/2009 – 17h17min
Órbita Circular Baixa - (OCB)
Altitude entre
338km e 358 km
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Órbita Geoestacionária – (OG)35.786 km
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Órbita de Transferência de Hohmann
Órbita de Marte
Órbita da Terra
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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky - Russo.
Hermann J. Oberth - Alemão.
Robert H. Goddard - Americano.
Werhner Von Braun - Alemão.
Sergei P. Korolev – Russo.
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Primeiras teorias sérias sobre vôos espaciais.
Equação do foguete (1903).Teórico.
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Divulgou a idéia de foguetes para vôos espaciais.
Desenvolvimento do V2.
Livro: “O Foguete no Espaço Interplanetário”.
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Construiu e testou (1926) o primeiro foguete que utilizou
combustível líquido.
Mais de 200 patentes.
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Responsável pelo desenvolvimen-to dos lançadores soviéticos e de naves espaciais.
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Aluno de Oberth.
Principal responsável pelo desenvolvimento do V2.
Desenvolvimento da série Saturno: foguetes confiáveis.
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Primeiro foguete capaz de sair da atmosfera.
Usado como arma na II Guerra.
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Bumper - WAC: 1946
V-2 com um segundo foguete acoplado.
(2 estágios)
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• em inglês: “Space Shuttle”
• lançadeira, que vai e vem
• transportador
• expressão: “Ônibus Espacial"
Discovery (2010)
Atlantis
Endeavour
Challenger (*)
Columbia(*)
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Capacidademínima: 2 pessoasmáxima: 7 pessoas
ideal: 5 pessoas
MOTORESPRINCIPAIS
MOTORESORBITAIS
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FoguetesPropulsoresSólidos (SRB) Tanque
Externo (ET)
37.2 md=3.7m
56.1 md=8.4m
32.2 m
SRB: 174 tonpropelente (SRB): 998 ton
ET: 30 tonpropelente (ET): 722 ton
ônibus: 74.8 toncarga útil (ônibus): 29/14 ton
2 027.8 ton(85% de combustível)
!
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perclorato de amônia (69.6%)alumínio ( 16%)
óxido de ferro ( 0.4%)polímeros ( 12%)
pasta ( 2%)
oxigênio líquido (comburente)hidrogênio líquido (combustível)
71.5% da força29.4 milhões de N
tanque externoconsumo: 4 000 l/s
28.5% da força11.72 milhões de N
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linha do tempo
T-20 min*computadores em Terra iniciam e monitoram a sequência de lançamento
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linha do tempo
T-31 s*inicialização dos
sistemas de bordo do ônibus espacial
T-9 min
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linha do tempo
T-6.6 s*os 3 motores principais
são ligados (em intervalo de 120 ms)
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linha do tempo
T-3 s*os 3 motores principais são direcionados
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linha do tempo
T = 0 s*os computadores
de bordo dão ignição nos SRB’s
*motores principais a 100%
*sequência de lançamento em
Terra é finalizada
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Þ virada (comunicação)
Þ em 8s, V = 161 km/h
Þ + 1min, V = 1 601 km/h
Þ consumo de 1 134 ton
Þ em 2min, separação dos SRB’s
Þ cessam os 3 motores principais
Þ em 8min, separação do tanque externo
Þ V = 28 968 km/h (9x um projétil)
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Þ altura de 48 km, V = 4 828 km/h
Þ ainda sobe 71 km (70s)
Þ abre o para-quedas a 4,5 km do mar
Þ redução de 370 para 82 km/h
Þ SRB’s caem a 257 km da costa
Þ recuperação por dois navios da NASA
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Þ manobra: 44 mini-jatos Þ acoplagens (“MIR”, ISS, satélites)Þ reparos (Telescópio Hubble )Þ experiências científicas
(biologia, física, química)Þ tempo: até 1 mês no espaço
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Þ sem combustível !
Þ avião planador (alto risco)
Þ janelas de reentrada
Þ contato com a atmosfera
Þ aquecimento em altas temperaturas
Þ Kennedy Space Center (KSC)
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Massa: 100 a 500 ton.Altura: 20 a 60 m.
Desenvolvido desde 1951.
• John Glenn (Projeto Mercury)20 de Fevereiro de 1962.
• Mariner a Vênus e Marte (Agena).
• Pioneer, Surveyor (Centauro).
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Atlas V
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Estágio Centauro
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12 de Abril de 1961
Yuri Gagarin
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Massa: 100 a 880 ton.Altura: 31 a 51m.Ínicio do projeto: 1955.
• Projeto Gemini.
• Voyagers e Vikings.
• Cassini-Huygens
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Titan IIIE
(Voyager)
9 de Setembro de 1975
(Viking)
20 de Agosto de 1975
(Helios)
10 de Dezembro de 1974
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Titan IV-B/Centauro - Sonda Cassini – Huygens (5,82 ton.)
15 de Outubro de 1997
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Carga Útil
Lunar: 1,6 ton.
Marte: 946 kg
Vênus: 1,2 ton.
Altura: 42 m
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Skynet
22 de Novembro de 1969
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Carga Útil
20 ton. Órbita circular baixa
5,4 ton. Órbita de Transferência
2,2 ton. Órbita geoestacionária
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Carga útil: 6,9 ton Órbita Circular Baixa
Altura: 49 m
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Soyuz
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Soyuz
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1979 a 1986 1987 a 1989 1984 a 1989
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DadosAriane 1
Ariane 2
Ariane 3
Altura 47.4 m 49 m 49 m
Diâmetro 3.8 m 3.8 m 3.8 m
Massa 210 ton. 219 ton. 237 ton.
Carga Útil1.83 ton.
2.27 ton.
2.65 ton.
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Ariane 4
Dados 40 42P 44P
Altura 58.72 m 58.72 58.72
Diâmetro 3.8 m 3.8 m 3.8 m
Massa 240 ton. 320 ton. 350 ton.
Carga Útil 2 ton. 2.7 ton. 3.1 ton.
Dados 42L 44LP 44L
Altura 58.72 m 58.72 m 58.72 m
Diâmetro 3.8 m 3.8 m 3.8 m
Massa 360 ton. 420 ton. 470 ton.
Carga Útil 3.3 ton. 3.8 ton. 4.3 ton.
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Buran: Ônibus Espacial
Carga útil: 30 ton. Altitude: 1000 km
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Família Energia
Vulkan Energia Energia – M Zenite
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Família Energia
Zenite
CaracterísticaMassa Inicial: 459 tonAltura: 57 mDiâmetro 3,9m
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Família Energia
Energia - M
Carga Útil
Órbita Circular Baixa: 34 ton.
Geoestacionária: 7 ton.
Órbia Lunar: 12 ton.
Para Marte ou Vênus: 9.5 ton.
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Família Energia
Vulkan
Massa Máxima: 4747 ton.Altura: 88m Altura 1ºEstágio: 46.46m Diâmetro: 3.92m Altura do 2º Estágio: 63m Diâmetro: 8m
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Ariane 5 Generic
Main Data Ariane 5G
Altura 46 to 52 m
Diâmetro 5.4 m
Massa 746 ton.
CargaÚtil 6 ton.
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Ariane 5 ECA
Dados Ariane 5 ECA
Altura 52 m
Diâmetro 5.4 m
Massa 780 ton.
Carga Útil 9.6 ton.
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Ariane 5 GS
Dados Ariane 5 GS
Altura 47 m
Diâmetro 5.4 m
Massa 750 ton.
Carga Útil 6.7 ton.
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Ariane 5 ES ATV
Dados Ariane 5 ES ATV
Altura 53 m
Diâmetro 5.4 m
Massa 760 ton.
Carga Útil 21 ton. (*)
(*) Orbita circular de 260 km a 51°.
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Ariane5ES-ATV
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• Sputnik - 4 Outubro 1957 – Primeiro Orbitador Terrestre
• Sputnik 2 - 3 Novembro 1957 – Orbitador Terrestre (LAIKA)
• Vanguard TV3 - 6 Dezembro 1957 – Falha no Lançamento -
Orbitador
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• Explorer 1 - 1 Fevereiro - Orbitador • Vanguard 1 - 17 Março - Orbitador • 8 fracassos
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• Luna 1 - 2 Janeiro - Sobrevôo Lunar
• Luna 2 - 12 de Setembro Impacto Lunar
• Fracassos
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• Sputnik 7 - 4 Fevereiro – Falhou na missão a Vênus• Venera 1 - 12 Fevereiro – Sobrevôo de Venus (contato
perdido) • Vostok 1 - 12 Abril – Yuri Gagarin
• Ranger 1 - 23 Agosto – Tentativa de vôo lunar • Ranger 2 - 18 Novembro Tentativa de vôo lunar
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Meteorológigos
Telecomunicação; Telefonia Celular
Retransmissão e Rastreamento; Radioamadores
Marítimos
Navegação
Salvamento
Landsat e Spot (Sensoriamento remoto)
Geomagnéticos
Oceonográficos
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Apollo 11 - 16 Julho 1969 – Primeiros Humanos na Superfície Lunar
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Luna 16 - 12 Setembro 1970 – Primeira sonda com retorno de amostras lunares
101 gramas de material coletado
21 Setembro.
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Salyut 1 – 19 abril de 1971 a 11 Outubro de 1971
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Skylab – 14 Maio de 1973
A 11 de julho de 1979
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Mir 20 Fevereiro de 1986
23 de Março de 2001
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ISS - 20 de Novembro de 1988
32
Missões
Para a
Montagem
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“O Homem precisa elevar-se
acima da Terra - até o topo da
atmosfera e além dela - para
assim somente, entender na
totalidade, o mundo em que ele
vive.” Sócrates 500 a.C.
"A Terra é o berço da Huma-nidade, mas ninguém pode viver no berço para sempre!"
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky