judaism, christianity, islam, hinduism, buddhism

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WORLD RELIGIONS Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

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Page 1: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

WORLD RELIGIONSJudaism, Christianity, Islam,

Hinduism, Buddhism

Page 2: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Judaism Torah: first five books of Hebrew bible

Christians consider them part of Old Testament

Abraham: father of Hebrew people Shepherd from Ur, Mesopotamia, led families

& their herds to Canaan (Palestine), the land God promised to Hebrew people

Yahweh: only Hebrew God, monotheism Covenant: Abraham promised to obey

Yahweh & he agrees to protect Abraham & his descendants

Page 3: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Jewish History

Migrated to Egypt, honored at first but eventually enslaved as Pharoah felt threatened

Exodus: fled in 1300-1200 B.C. led by Moses

Ten Commandments: brought by Moses, written by Yahweh

Important to study scriptures & live accordingly

Page 4: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Jewish homeland

Israel: united & formed under Saul, David & Solomon

Kingdom divides: Israel (No) & Judah (So.) in 922 B.C.

Attacked by Assyrians & Babylonians Jerusalem falls in 586 B.C.

Exiled to Babylon but Ezekiel urges Jews to keep religion in foreign land

Cyrus the Great returns Jews to Israel in 539 B.C.

Page 5: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Diaspora

Come under Roman rule but rebel in A.D. 66

Romans destroy Jerusalem and Jews driven from their land in exile

Dispersal of Jews throughout Europe known as Diaspora

No political state or homeland existed until Israel is created in 1948 after World War II

Page 6: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Rosh Hashanah

Day of Remembrance God judges each person individually

according to his/her deeds, and makes a decree for the following year

Page 7: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Yom Kippur Holiest day of the year Day of Atonement Through prayer and complete fasting –

abstinence from all food and drink (including water)

Bathing, wearing perfume or cologne, wearing leather shoes, sexual relations prohibited on Yom Kippur all designed to ensure attention is completely and

absolutely focused on the quest for atonement with God.

Page 8: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Hanukkah 8 day festival of lights commemorating the rededication of the

Holy Temple in Jerusalem acted as the figurative "footstool" of God’s

presence Symbolized by Menorah

Page 9: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Christianity

Jesus: born in Bethlehem in Judea~ 4-6 B.C., raised in Nazareth (northern Palestine).

Carpenter, began public ministry at 30 Teachings similar to Judaism:

Monotheistic, 10 commandments Preached good, forgiveness & personal

relationship with God Apostles: 12 disciples & followers of Jesus

Page 10: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Jesus’ Death

Becomes very popular, viewed as Messiah

Judea controlled by Romans & Roman Governor Pontius Pilate arrests Jesus Defying Roman authority Sentenced to death, body placed in tomb Appears three days later to his followers then

ascends to heaven His teachings spread after death

Page 11: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Spread of Christianity

Paul: Jew that sees vision of Jesus & spends rest of his life spreading his teachings

Romans persecute Christians They refuse to honor Roman gods Are blamed for economic & political troubles Many killed, crucified, killed by wild animals,

became known as martyrs

Page 12: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Overcomes persecution Christianity grows because:

Embraced all people Gave hope to the powerless Appealed to those who deterred imperial Rome Offered personal relationship with a loving God Promised eternal life after death

Constantinople, Roman emperor accepts Christianity & credits it in military victory Approves it as a religion Made official religion of Rome in 380 A.D. by

Theodosius

Page 13: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

New Testament Debates occur about beliefs, New

Testament created to end conflicts Contains: four Gospels, Epistles of Paul Added to the Hebrew Bible (Christians

refer to as Old Testament)

Christian LeadershipPriest: leader of the Church Bishop: Priest who supervises several

churches Pope: head of Christian Church

Page 14: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Islam Monotheistic religion that develops in Arabia

in 7th Century Mecca: location of Ka’aba, a religious shrine

Religious pilgrims came from all over to worship Many Christians & Jews live in Arabia &

Mecca and they believe in one God In Arabic, the belief in one God is called “Allah”

Page 15: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Islam Muhammad

born in Mecca At age 40 spoken to by an angel, Gabriel taught others Allah was only God, abandon

other gods Believed by Muslims to be God’s last &

greatest prophet Leads Hijrah: move from Mecca to Medina in

622 Returns to Mecca in 630, destroys idols in

Ka’aba Meccans pledge loyalty to Muhammad &

convert to Islam

Page 16: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Islam

In Arabic, Islam means “submission to the will of Allah”

Muslim means “one who has submitted” Qur’an: holy book of the Muslims.

Revelations Muhammad received from angel Gabriel

Sunna: Muhammad’s example for proper living

Imam: the worship leader of a mosque and the Muslim community.

Page 17: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

5 Pillars of Islam

1. Faith: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”

2. Prayer: 5 X a day, face towards Mecca, at mosque, Islamic house of worship or wherever

3. Alms: responsibility to support less fortunate. Give alms (money for poor) through religious tax

4. Fasting: during Ramadan, from dawn to sunset*spiritual needs greater physical needs5. Pilgrimage: hajj to Mecca all Muslims must take

Page 18: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Links to Judaism & Christianity

Allah is same God (just different name) that is worshiped

Muslims view Jesus as a prophet not son of God

All three believe in heaven and hell, and a day of judgment

All three trace ancestry to Abraham

Page 19: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Ramadan No eating, drinking, smoking or sexual

relations during sunset to sundown 9th month of Muslim calendar, when Quran

was sent down from heaven Fast ends with meal & prayer at sunset The good that is acquired through the fast

can be destroyed by a bad deed (greed, theft, slander, etc.)

2012: Began on July 20, lasted for 30 days Photos:http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/07/ramadan_2012_begins.html

Page 20: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Hinduism Cannot be traced to one founder Religion liberates the soul from

everyday difficulties Recite daily verses from the Vedas

Upanishads: teacher’s comments on the Vedic hymns

Dialogue between teacher & student about liberation

Goal is Moksha: release from cycle of birth, death and birth again (reincarnation)

Page 21: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Hinduism Deity: Brahman, personality of three gods

Brahma (creator), Vishnu (protector), Shiva (destroyer)

Caste system controls of a person’s life Who to eat or talk with, dress, what to eat,

cleanliness Birthplace was a result of karma earned

from previous life Hindus today can choose any deity or none Religious leader is Guru Place of worship is home Diwali: religious holiday, “festival of lights”

Page 22: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Buddhism Originated in India but never a significant

religion More prominent in SE Asia

Founded by Siddhartha Special at birth, kept inside palace until 29 Spends adult life searching for religious truth

& end suffering Six years in Indian forests seeking

enlightenment Became known as Buddha

After he concludes to the cause of human suffering

Page 23: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Four Noble Truths

1. Life is filled with suffering and sorrow2. The cause of all suffering is people’s

selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world

3. The way to end all suffering is to end all desires

4. The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial.

Page 24: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Eightfold Path

Right Views

Right Resolve

Right Speech

Right conduct

Right Livelihood

Right Effort

Right Mindfulness

Right Concentration

Page 25: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Eightfold Path Nirvana

• Buddhists seeking enlightenment must master one step at a time.

• This would occur over many lifetimes• Buddhists also believe in reincarnation

• By following eightfold path, you could reach Nirvana• The release from selfishness and pain

• Pray daily and follow texts from the Tripitaka

Page 26: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

BuddhismMonks & Nuns

Took vows to live a life of poverty, nonviolent and not marry

Spread Buddha’s teaching in the streets of India, carried begging bowl for daily charity offerings

Retreated to caves in rainy season These caves developed into Monasteries

Trade helped spread Buddhism to Sri Lanka,

Burma, Thailand, China, Korea, Japan

Page 27: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism

Religion Judaism Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism

Deity          

Followers          

Text          

Place of worship          

Prophet          

Religious Leader          

Sabbath          

Location Started          

Holiday          

Current Geographic Location(s)/countries where it exists

         

Additional/extra information