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8onBtr6rud DUS etogr(lp~ircf)e nlocf)enrcf)rift 3 Sa()r~ang 1935

crautlgrgeben lIon gtrillatbo5ent 7gt Stmfricb 6icbclltOP ~a((e (6aale)

-

-ant ntut t~torit itr quartiirtn l1UimafdJtuanfungtn 1)

Stlon )crmann ~ropound)n 9J1aflurg ~iirbc bic 9an3c (hbc a(6 [d)1I11ll3et ~OlpCt and~ra()(en fo ilgtarCn bic Bclt

3ic()un~CIl 3Itli[d)cn ~(ma unb Gtllll)(ung [el)l cinf(td) tn (olllpli3icrt (Ibn bir o((gcmcinc 3iltulatioll be Q(tmoipl)~rc bllI 6tlal)lun~dl)ollol)0(t Itn~cmcin illad)ft ChIlO IltId itcnbcincm 0lttnbc bi~ Goltllcncinll0()(UII9 nm citHn bcftil1lttttcn Be trag fO nittttttt Mc XCllIpcratur bct 0rbo(lcrf(M)c 3Uniid)ft 3u lInb 51lgtal ber (hI gcfto(t gcmaO Illll ltaquator mcl)t 0(0 an bCII Polcn 9nit bcl nerftaltunll bco XClllpcratulgtllbiclltcn ltaquatol - gto( nfal)rt mtd) bie ottno[pl)iirifd)c 3irtulatio1 cillc 6tcigcmng 2) 7gtic 3nna()me lIOlt stempcrotnr tntb ~inb fiH)lt olt cincl Iliilfcren ncrbunjltlllll unb biefc ltlicbemttt 3u cinet fiidcrell ~olfcnbtlbtlllll ullb au llcfcigcttcn ntbrrfd)lagclI 7gtic btd)tctc ~olfcnbcdc abct tcfrcWctt nun cincn

524 ~ctlnltlnn Slo~n

gtoi3ctCII stcil bet fuqltlcHigcn ltpoundin~ra[)luu9 IDao lnbftltlbinm ift ein neuco (5llcid)gcltlid)t im 6ttltl~lung~[)ltluol)ltllt bie stcmpcratut bct fubooetfliid)e ift gefticnett ltlbec liinMi nid)t ill bcm mltlilc tvic bic cinco fd)tvaracn Stocpcro IDic bid)tctc molfcubccle fat aocc nCld) cinc anbcrc fef) Itlecntlid)c Bcbcutung ic miijjint bie stcmpccltltutfd)tv(tlfunflCn 3ltJifd)cn stag unb 91ad)t 3tvifd)cn 60ntmcc unb mintec unb 3vifd)cn ~anb unb mcct b 1) mit gcftcigcrtcr 60nncncinftrltl~[uug Itlitb bltlO 5tlima 03canifd)ct

Su ttopifd)ett unb fUlgtttopifd)cn ~rgioncu oci gcringer lncctco[)OpoundC trctcn ltl(( bicc ltpoundt fd)cimmgcn OpoundIlC jcbc ~ompifatiCln cin 5i)urd) liiuft lt11(0 cttlla bic 60nncnftml)lung cincn M((CU 3t)ffu(l (0 fmm mltln bic mit bcm Tna)i mnm bcr 6trltl[)[nng 3u(ammcufltlcnbc )criobc

lc~cilcrter Ticbcid)lii)c al(l )llll)iaI3cit auffacn bcim 6trltlI)lung(lminimum tcitt bcmcntfptcct)cnb ciuc stroc~cn3eit aUf

mir bcttact)ten cincn oct 1)0 and) bie 60nuncrtcmpcratur bcn cfrict pmtff nid)t obcr nid)t Ivccntlid) ii(mfct)ceitet 0 bltlil cinmltl[ angcpoundiiuftc(l li(l nid)t obc faft nic~t ltlbfd)mil3t 6tcigt nun bic 60nncuj1m[)lung an 0 Itlad)cn -Sltl(m(l tcmpccltltnt uub 91icbcrfd)lltlg llcid)crmailclI mit lncid)t bie 60mmettempcrltltur ben cfricrpunft (A in ~lbb I) 0 fiim rin stcil bcr 91icberfd)liigc nid)t mcpoundt ltll(l 6d)ncc oubcrn a[(l ~cgcn lltgtn bltl ltlO llcrliiuft bie Stlttlle II (6d)ltcc) untct 1)ltllb bcr lturllc I (eamttticberfd)liigc) ~on jC)t (to llcrlincn bic angcpoundiiuftl lt 6d)ncc nnb litllltfjen nid)t mcl)t nUt btm~ ~ctbunftung onbccn ltIud) burd) ]lbfd)tI1e3cn 5i)ic Stmllc III fteigt ltllo eSunftion mit ttJad)fcnbct stcmpctltIlIC innnct lliirtcr ltIn [ltI[en Ivir biefc mit ber 6ttltI[)lullg immct lucitcr wad)cn (0 mUfj fic fid) fd)licillid) mit bcr lturllc II in B fd)ncibcn 5i)mnit [)ort blc batlCTtlbc ~n[)iiufunl lon 6d)ncc (ltntllc IV) ltluf bic ~bltapoundmc ul)ClIuicgt mit anbcrcn mortcn IIit IVltld)fcnbct 60nncltcitq1ral)lnnn mufcn Itgtel)ltlllbcne ~Ictfd)cr u(lIgt 3ucrft IVltld)fcn bi(l 3u ciltcm Dptintlltn bmm crft fd)mcl3cll fic rapib ltlb l)

mcnn bic 6tgtnncnftrltll)lung cinc I)ollftiinbigc D3i(ation bntd)[iiuft batln folgt if)r bic tnittctcmpctltltut ber gcfamtcn Itbobcrfliid)c unb bcr Ticbcrfd)ltlg in ltlbgcfd)IUii(~tettl tnltlfje genltlu tlltld) (~(bb 2) IDic ~(npoundanfttng tlon 6d)llcC ltlbcc crtci(~t j~ cin 9Jllt1rimnm tlor unb nltld) bcm 6tra~lunl(lmltlrimum 5i)ic stcmpc ratnr in ben glctfd)ecnltl~cn cbictcn luirb nltltiirlid) bnrd) bie Clitlbilbung ltluf~ 11iirf(tc becinflntjt bicfc fe funbarcn 6d)luanfungcn fonncll bic pritniitmiddotc lo[(ig llee ItJifd)cu ltpoundin 6tm[)htn103I)flu(l er3cltgt alfo 31uci Cli(l3citcn unb 3tvci Sntergla3iltl(c 1)ir oeibcu Sntcrgl13ialc finb in il)rcm mcfcn [e~t ()crfd)icbcn 5i)ltl(l cinc cntfprid)t eiucm 6trltll)htng(lminimum ift ltlIfo ttodcn nnb rdltlti() fii~l bltlO ltlnbere Sntcr gla3ial ltI()cr - tulaquol)rcnb cinc~ lna)imum(l bcr 6trltl[)lnng - ift nicbcrfd)lltlg~ reid) llntgt Illalm 6imp[on fltlfJt bicc Itgc(mifc tuie folgt 3ufammcn

1 Scbcr 3t)tru(l bcr 60nncn(trltlI)lllHg mit gCHugcnber ~mpitubc ctgibt a) in ttnl)ctglctfd)crtcH c)ictcn fcrn llon bcn llcrgletfd)crtcn cine )lullial unb cinc Sirtgtdcn3cit b) in llcrglctfd)cttcn ~cbictcn 31vci li(llorftojjc gctrctlut burd) jc ltin tvtrm fcnd)tc(l nnb cin trodcttfaltes Sntcrgla3ial

2 IDic Pluliltl13cit bce nnlletglctfd)crtcn ~cbiete (tlmmt 3eitlid) mit bcn beibcn Gie3citcn nnb bcm ba3lt)ifd)cn licgcnbctl Itlarmfcud)tcn Slltergla3ial Hbcrcill

3 5i)ic QrodcllBcit bct ullllcrglctfd)ertctl 0coicte ftitmnt 3citlidgt mit bern ttoden falten Slltcrgla3i(( uoerein

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ltZinc ncuc ~)e~tic bcr quatiitcn lelimafd)l1)(llIlnnncn 525

7gta6 finb bic runbneballlen bet 2)e~rie 6impfon folgcrt nun all6 ben ncnc~nclI 7gtatcn hali bie selilllafd)luall lungcn be6 OUartar6 i)tmiddotc tlrfad)cn finbm in 310ei gr~lien 3t)lrell ber lt5onncn j1mI)Iung biefc crocunClt in bCII r lIhgclI unb in )ol)cren ~reiten in6gcjCllnt )Ct ltZi6aeitcn mit ben 3uget)orinclI Jntct n(a3i(cn in ben nicbecn ~rcitcn bancncn 3wci PIu)ia(3citen unb 310ei Jnterphlllalc (Wgt1I 2)

~etrCld)ten wir cine searte ber ~et cifunn her Jorbl)Cl(lIlugc( fo fiillt aui bali blcfe burd)Clu6 nld)t ft)lI1mctrlfd) Ulll

ben norbpo( licnt ~1Id) bie )eutlnc 0 0bull

SaI)c6ifot)emc lient nn3 nnft)lIImetrifd) 3u il) 7gtic Ranbncllietc he6 ~tlantif luaren llie( ftiirfer oereift a(6 bie be6 Pa3ifif6 7gtamit fteI)t 1m 3ufCllllmenI)ng ba~ bic (~ta(ell Ci63clltrcn in bell lIritif fd)ell Jnjcln fid) bel bc )cntigcn ~em pcmtur mit gcftcincrtclI niebefd)liigen nid)t lIi1ben tOllntCII erft rcd)t aver nid)t vci cincr I)ol)ecn ~emperatur ~ic crUiit fid) ba6 venn luir ol)nc Pollcrfdicvllnn ) au6tommen wollcn

7)a6 ampclliet ehua norblid) llom 70 ~rcitcnnab (iegt I)cute illltcr)a(lI ber OOSa)rc6ifotl)crme eine 6teigemng ber nicbcfd)(iinc wiibe alfo )ic rafd) 3u einer lt5d)nccan()iiufulln fii)rclI tim bcn Pol [dbft abcr crfwft fid) bie ~icffec bc6 Urftifd)en ()3can~ ~uf Il)m wirb fid) )alb hie ltZi6bccfc fd)licliclt unb llon bem ul1llicgcnbcn S2allbci6 )cbiinnt dllclI ~ru(jweJ [1Id)cn ltZ6 nivt 31t)eiOffnllll~clI )011 ~ebeutung bCl6 ift cinmal blc ()rcitc IIlIb ticfc 2nccrc6ftmj3c 3luifd)clI 9~or lucgen unb ampon(CIt1b unb bClnn hic nn3 flCld)c IInb fd)lIIalc Bcrinnftraj3c mie nCI)altige ~affe bc6 arltifd)cn Padeifc6 mlljj alfo in bcn 9~orbatiantH all6lucid)cn IInb bcffen ~mpcratu ftarf felllcn 7gtabnrd) luirb bie 7gtrncfllcrtcHllnn allf bcm Jorbat(antit nrunb(cgenb geiinbcrt ma6 lI1it bcr rclati) tuarmcn ~cltperalur be6 Jorbat(CIt1tif nefoppclte stief bci J6laub luirb all Jntcnfitiit )crlieren bic ()or I)cnfd)enbcn 6iibweft~inbe lucrben abnelenft ullb mit il)nen bcr ~olfftrolll mic[c ()eibclI 1I[iid)lid) miteillallbcr ()crvunbenen 3aftorcn ltZi6 ullb 3ef)lcn be6 0lfftrotn6 fiil)ren 3u cilter fe)r ftarfen stcmperaluternicbdnulIg illl Bercid) bc6 nobCltlalttH unb bamit aud) ill JorbweftCuropa

Jm ampegenfal )ler3u lonnie burd) ble cltgc flad)e ~eringfttai3e faft nar tein Ci6 entweid)en ~utn(ll fld) )ier luenen be6 CIIftatifd)en ~Ibfillrcn(j bc6 mcetCIS [piege(6 5) elne anbbriide lIi1bcn tnllitC mc a((ncmcine stcmperaturCllq1icn ber ltZrbc 1Il1lite alfo im ei6frelen nolbpa3ifif nod) nefteinett fcin um ba6 Uv[infclI hll norbat(alltit 311 fompellfieren

~ie IUCit ba6 atlantifd)c Padei6 reid)tc Il1iffcII lui nid)t eb~n[owcnig lui[[ctl wir ob ctl fid) um einc fompafte Ci6ma[fc luie bie bCI Ro3b(lHicrc ill her ~nt arfti6 f)allbelt obe Illll cine ~tI[antmlnng rieiincr Ci6felbcl Dod) luirb mall bic ci6bebecfunn be6 nolbatlantif pICIWfd) al6 nefd)lojfcn )etrad)ten fonncn

6impfon ()cr[ud)t IIUIl ba6 selima bct norbf)alvfugel luiif)cnb eitlct Ci63cit 3u retonftwiercn )nt ~inter crgclien lid) tlur nerinJc Untclid)iebc fiil bie seontinente ba fie aud) )eutc iiber bie bantalige Ci6geIl3e )inau6 fd)nccbebecft finb ll1a3gelicnb ift

Gunl Mindel RiB Wurm

526 )crmal1n y[o~n

alfo IIUl bic gc(tcigcrtc atmofpf)arifd)c 3irfulatioll mit iljrcllt o3canifd)ctcn (poundl)araftcrma6 fibirifd)c )od) i(t ctllao abgcfd)tllad)t bagcgcn boo norbpa3ififd)c ~icf tIlcgcn bcr stclltpcratnrl)cd)altnific gc(tadt magcgcn lIlar im ucrciftcn 91Nbat(antif ber cgcllfatgt ~(111b-mcct uicl gcrillgcr algt3 f)eutc mao Solanbticf mul1te aqo (tmf IHld) Giibcn lcrfd)obcn fein ctllla 3lllifd)en bcn 40 nnb 50 ~rcitcngmb Slit mittel II(O (lanb bel gan3c 910rbatlalltif lIid)t lic l)cntc ltntCt bcm cill(luiJ bct Giibl)alftc fOllbcm bet 9orbl)iilftc bct 3t)froncn bic 1orljenfd)cnbcn ffiinbc [iub alfo llid)t fiibtpc(tlid) fonbclll norbol1lid) Gm 60llllllcr finb bic Ullterfd)icbc gegell iillcr l)etltc gcringcr ~lllf bClI (tInt CtlpanntCll Slontinentcn cnbctc Cill Ghlfclb lOll fontinclltalcm ~l1l6mafJ bic grovcn stcmpctatmgencufiltgtc cl3Cltgtcn f)Cftigc hlflllc Gtiinnc bic in Cllopa infolgc bcr ltZrbblcljllllg llri(t ano oj1lid)cr ~id)tung lllef)tcn

mic OOS[otl)ClmC bic f)ellte in Gfanbinauicn ben 70 ~rcitcngrab errcid)t IHIIVtC balllal(i lllcit [iiblll(irt(i liclldd)t hisS an bic Padci(lgrc1l3c bei ctllla 40 0 9orb blcitc l)crfd)obcn fcin Go crf(lllt fid) alld) bali in ben nUl 2000- 2500 m ljof)cu alcbirgw Gfmlbinauicn(i rid) 1I11gcf)cnrc GWma[fcn bilbcn fonntcll waf)rcnb bic Bcrglctfd)cntng in bcn l)iel l)O()crcn norbHd)cll ~odt) mollntain6 bamal(i tllic l)cutc ucrf)altlli6111ailig gcring 100 mic Bctglctfd)crung naf)ut ill bicfcn (gticbirgcn 5lvar bei 9Cl1cigcrtcn 91icbcrfd)liigcn 3n aber nur in miij3igen rcll3cn t)cgcn 1m l)ol)etl stcmpcratllrcn anf bc11t 91orbpa3ifif 6fmlbillal)icn bagcgen I)atte nid)t nur f)obC~ 91icbcrfd)liigc fonbetll aucf) lie( ticfcrc stcmperaturcn Uf)nlid) tilaI cc iUl o(tlid)cn l1orbamcri fa bic ncgathlc tcmpemtuNnornalic bce 91orbatlantil(i crUart bic Illlf(ll[(cnbc ~ltiIICf)C bali in bet ~lkj1lllinb30nc - trotgt be entgcgcn(tcf)clIbcn stopograpl)ic - - Me Itlid)tigj1cn Bcni[llngc3cntrcll 910rbmncrifac (stitolttin ullb ~abrabo) fid) illl o(tCIl bcc Stolltillcnt(i cntllliddtcn

SlI bCIl mittlcrcn ullb nicberCtl Brciten briictt fid) Ocr gcltlartigc stlhna IIlCCf)[cr 0111 tlnrtten in bcr 6cllfnng bcr UiUlatifcl)ctt Gd)nccglcll3c itt bcn cl1irgClt Iltt(i Gcl)on oft lllurbc bic iYmgc bi6luticrt llla(i i(t nun bie pri11larc Urfad)c biejn Gettlull[) lcninncrtc stc11lpcratur (PcndBliidllcr) obcr gefteigcttc 91iebcrfd)liigc

Bon 31llci cnad)bartcn stCilcm bce trallcallli mit ctttla glcid)em Gitt)llg6 gcllic gleicf)cltl 3olmcnllilb g[eid)cr Grpo[ition (primiir) glcid)er GOllllcll(traf)lunn unb 4empcratur i(t ba6 cinc bac Bilallbfifstal fa(t glctfd)etfrei llltr 3u 10- 15 00

lcrglctfc~crt lIliil)rcnb ba(i bcnac~barte iYcbtfd)cnlotal eincll 77 km langcn stal nlctfcl)cr cntf)alt Ilnb in(iHc[lIllt 311 80--90 lcrglctfd)ert i(t mac Bilanbfiftaf licV i11l Rcgcnfd)attcn bc(i riciigcll armomafil)c unb gcf)ort bcr (a(t gan3 trodclIcn )0d)(tcppcn3011c mit lt 100 mm Slll)rccnicbcrfd)lag an magcgcn em pfangt basS Ouc[(gcbict bc(i yebtfd)cnfo(l[c~ hlfolgc ciner l2agc 311 ben wintcrlidlen 2Uinbcn (tartc Gtdgllng(inicbcrfd)lagc bic lon R yin(twllalbcr aUf choa 1000 mm bcmc[fcn tl)crbcn m I) cinaig bic 9icbctfd)lagc unb ~cll)olftlllg(i1cnncl)rllng fann 0 gClllaltigc Untcrfd)icbc in cincm (0 cngriillllligclI cbiet l)cruorrufcn ltrin rC3cntc(i stroclcnflima tann nm burd) Bmncpound)ntng ber 91icbcrfd)lagc ucrcifcll niel)t bmd) ~tbfiil)lung bi~ if)rcr[cit(i fiir rid) allcillfeinc l)cnncl)rtcn 91iebcrfd)liigc 3u cl3cunclI ucrmag ltinc pcNbbriidnng bcl yimlinic nm clva 1000 m ij1 fcin ~elwi(i bafiir bali bie stel1lperaturen Illcfcntlid) lIicbrigel gCIllcfcll jillb afe l)ClltC bll bic 60l1lmcrtclI1peratl1l all bCl iYirnlinic nl11f~1 f)Ol)ct Hcg ic crgilbiger bic 91icbcrfcl)lagc (hlb t) Go fiif)rt amf) u iYidcr ben cbattfw lllcitcr -Sll bcr Gi(i3lit Illar bic Bclglctfd)Cllltlg ltllfoaud) bk 91icbcrjd)lag6lcrtciuttg uicl gfcid) miiliigcr 0110 muffett bic 91icbcrfd)ICigc 31)Clott(1 gcfallcll fcill ill cinclll cbiet b(1(i f)cute bCtl 6ubtropcn Ollgcl)ort

ffiiif)rCttb bel Gio3cit Illarmiddot bie ~tttartti(l ciner gc(teigcrtctt ~ttft3irflllatiott utttcrnlorfcl1 bir bcglcitct lllar l)Ott l)til)CrCll stc11lpclaturctt (tlirtcrer ltottbcnfatiol1 groj3crctt 91icberfd)lagett nnb gc(tcigCltcr Berbul1(tttttg 7) iYcl11cr I)at Wr5fid) iYiigliS) bcn Riitf3ug eittcs3 ttorwcgifd)Cll letfd)clc mit bett stcmpemtllrucr~iiIt

-f1pound6l l0S [OlOlllW [C(O~ P [CUJJlO( A[J)lCJI~ POPld AJCUJllCIl~ lIB lIupnp llCUII) Ppopound u()jdllll9 3) h u~6unll~wuJ1 qun 3tlJl3miJ

Jj(p(p36~6un)(p9 32nlgtu aJq quit lI1ntllHdo aUll)lm aJIgt12u)u1I()d ~Igtq IIJUlIllq)qraquo3j0JS uaqgq)IgtJS uat3J)1l laq lt)jpm a~ol6 aq (lIallnQ ~9u) JII()UMlllU J)Igt21raquou aq w(mUIlJ lnll uaaj ~J JlUJ)qOlcr a1l9puuIt a)a( IIV j(PI) ~Jllau lila Jllltll JjJlQ IIJUUllJqUV115 U3(PIUO)010mlll naqllajJtl ltula 1ajJq 1)111 lJq UOlJjnmQ Jq lItJquo lglln2alllt)l115 tJq UllnlJqUJl ttaj(pt1jlll 111 lUnlJqllllPUUll)lt1VIlS (p1 nq lJlIlJ JlIIlt1UIIIIU Jq j(PIU aquq 111 nJIG middotHJJ1I llgtq IlJvUnlUIgtU(pIgtUIli) 1131)l)lUnb lJq plIIJ)qotcr paq ttOJlUJ~QS laq 1I Hl(P)tOpound t1Juwjlllaqaq 1IJ1IJ Jjt()Jlt1)~Ullllllt11gt1)9 J(pu()jdIl19 J]Jlq ~Igtq Ojl1gt (Ill] lqlula ~~

JIII109 31q jllu IIJuIIIItJqnJl tJq Ill9 lIJlllltlld IIJq )U3)lJ( qllll 13 )UlJl1l)(PUIU3( )v() plIltmaq (PnltlmiddotloJUV)UG 11lt11 JUI ulln)lt1vl)9 Jlq Illgt a)uaIltJ)JIIlt1vqql~ tJq ~1I)II5) lIJQS uttn)lt11gtlVIIJIl1l09 taq uaullnlJqllll III UJllllllllVUl(PUlIIJ~ UJt1l)lvllb IIJ1IJ2ldlllOJ lJq J(pujm Jlq ()j)U )(Plj uo]dllll9

bull 1IJ1I1I9l IIltlj I3ctl(Pt)1 JqtlltII 31a3lffi tJ]Jq 6111l]3 lt13R JIJ()(puUn)UJq3q oj 3q )ult1 lW13l PlHlU)IIU IJq tilgt tlolq3dt~gllU taq 3q ddJI()d pa altII (plll(m 1(PI311J( UVlII (pltIq()ltII )(pulqaulw 1llllVllUqlOIG tIIJq ~IIU lIaqudtlaqopound 110( UIIII(plljallll1 alllJ a)l( IQ()lJ1P115 Jqlllltll )t3UIraquo3lqU lIa)vpoundIgtlU ltlaJllb llJIIJqJI(Pjla( 11pound qllll 11 uauOlap(1 ~3211UU ~)U J1993lpound la(llllJJ9Q-alq gvq (PJu9111I1n poundIIUU l(Pl1 pa 111 ltJoQ illoj IIpj lIJja(JU HIgtJltlIapOl) nojdlll9 (Plgt1I pIgtq )u9u)utJltlJlaquolnGlt)JqllUG 3(101( puq tI J)J1lj alj PJIl3qav JIlII9 tU3U)PJIIJUJU II a)1I3lt1 1ItJtlllJi) lI3VJq 113q 110( qlltll J)lJ31pound lJVII)Hgq J(PIJjUH Jq Jq)tJ6 UUJQ JlOJ(IJS tJq IIJtlJlcr t3quaqJ(p)UJ 1I1J 11 JUI1Ipound Jjaq 113J11gt(1 IIJJJpound)119)16t311lb 1Jq ~vjuaUJ lIJ(PIlUIIIU UJma1lJlilJ(Plj JlJm J1I31 III (pOll )lt1()UI tal)Igt 1I1jJ)dIlUlt1 3q 110 jdlllS u()( tlJq IIV VlaJl2 ~ middottU (PI] ~lllli 1I01l1mQS a(p601()a6 alQS

middotllla(pjta UlqllJltlI)Otl )(itqqagltlt J(i~IJ(plJqa~G lJq 3111lt11gttlllt alla 3q lllj IIJtllHta 119 )(PllI UlllljJtJ1 IIJ(pjl(IgtlIlqlllgtl laq UIIII) Pltlllll~ J(il)l)ltllau ()q illllul 1IM ttUJq J(JU)ltf tillgt l(P 1aqll 111 II011lgt1IlaUtn61U J]JlQS IVU 1lgtut10Il IPt lJUJ 112 Plu Um1l(1 UJIIIIIIOpq (llraquo)(pjtaqam taU)lIJUI Pl( IIJd)U Jq (PlllqOUI 1I3qll9 (pvu au02qllltlI1IJ115 lJq uUIIta(iult31 laUJ 112 1I0jdlll9 ljptU tIJt1l)1-J 112 puq ItIH 1(n1(pjaU IIJfiIlIlJ(1 taq 00 06 08 III) lIaqtJcU tlJd)U UJq U1 JUlIJ(PjlJq3(G uJ(plJlP2pa alQ J1IIJ(1 l)U 113tUltlI 13110( (PlllllJjJltl l(Pl1 lJ2 pm 1112 taqlautlpound 3q ~uq lIaj3cl(puu IIJdlU IIJq II t3lt]Igt (p] 1~1l) un~G middotuaIItIlpound to()(1 IIJIU(II11q l 3q a6l1uutl1 1It()( Uttnta(pjp)lIJ1 JlIlJ 11111 JulIau aUIIJutaatl(P9 a(pl f-pound JUJ UJdJU lIaq III gl)q uJqaUaUllu W(1 h JUII(pjucr qun IIJU02J6uut3(1 JU1l)(pjJq31IG laq (llllllJUp)S JlIa )J2Pl~ lJq uunt)UJa) t1l2 U()(pj I)lt II)W

lJatffi IIIJq IIU P)U l(l)ltdJugtlll 13(Pllltll(P quvu IUJq Jnu a(l)jUJUaUplIlQ Jlq qll alna(1 (PilIgt 113111gtJ20 mq lJg alllIlHlI(Jlapound m(l)lluIIgtq Jq tJcll Pl(PPI Il m]Jm tm IIJllallO( )J)lUVIlIP) lJq Ullllqa(pj131 JJjIltlIJ6 JUIJ (Pj tllgtII Ullv1 1(10115 lll3Q3111u3 UllltjPlJ1 JUI3 tt3PlqaiIlJpolJS IIJj3q II UIIlgtq III1IlJ al1 ljllttO(lJ(1 361l1(PjlJqJllG 1Jq 3l11gllllqit Jill a II011VlItJtt 113(pjl1lgdjoUI)Igt taq UIIIIJl)lV131 allJ IP)Jlg~()U UJq III UIIJill middot3tOJ()JS pllojduI9 112 (plIdjlaqTh utJllJlq Il lJqU UIlII I(P1l puqa(lID JUllIIJquIJ PJjalQ UJ)Jllt]gOU tJq alll(I)11 pnu HUI IIJP1l1lt3( PlllgtjUJqa (p] JU1l)(plJqJ(G Jq UOJVJIIlllt IIJlllallla(ilJll lJq UuutJ(lJ19 t3Uj3 Hili fll)q lV)J a)61J2 (nlJIIUU115 u l Jql~ laq alvlIlnl Jlq lllj UOluII1Plt uallalllaUIIU lJq (lllntJqllJl all3 ullaq lug IIJUI0pound J(ppm IIJUIgttj oj)V uaJU III lIm middot)lt1aUPllmiddotlJI2 1I()11UJltJlt UJIIJIIIJ(illl) taq 6111l(P)1l(pjqJt JlIll JIIU J2U3t6JilU(PS lJq UUIIJua9 JIU(JlJq Jq (orPIIJcr u IU(1 (PJ2t)) (pOlG middot(GJ1(Ptl3q UIU1~ paqpv (P1lu)2 up 11)2~m 1aq qtIJl()UI (pUU lIJIlraquoIgttlllat U qllll 1I])g )Nl lit ~uq tlJ6111l(plljtJ1Ull UJlJIIJU pnu (p] )qIUta t3qlgt p)ajtatJqllU

a1l0JQJS lIa(pjuojdll19 taq )1lI UllntIlUlV ltttJtJCHl a(plJ(p)Jq UIlt1l3111UI JIIa (Pj ltJIgtUt) pa 1I1(PlUtJ( mUlapound II IIJJju

524 ~ctlnltlnn Slo~n

gtoi3ctCII stcil bet fuqltlcHigcn ltpoundin~ra[)luu9 IDao lnbftltlbinm ift ein neuco (5llcid)gcltlid)t im 6ttltl~lung~[)ltluol)ltllt bie stcmpcratut bct fubooetfliid)e ift gefticnett ltlbec liinMi nid)t ill bcm mltlilc tvic bic cinco fd)tvaracn Stocpcro IDic bid)tctc molfcubccle fat aocc nCld) cinc anbcrc fef) Itlecntlid)c Bcbcutung ic miijjint bie stcmpccltltutfd)tv(tlfunflCn 3ltJifd)cn stag unb 91ad)t 3tvifd)cn 60ntmcc unb mintec unb 3vifd)cn ~anb unb mcct b 1) mit gcftcigcrtcr 60nncncinftrltl~[uug Itlitb bltlO 5tlima 03canifd)ct

Su ttopifd)ett unb fUlgtttopifd)cn ~rgioncu oci gcringer lncctco[)OpoundC trctcn ltl(( bicc ltpoundt fd)cimmgcn OpoundIlC jcbc ~ompifatiCln cin 5i)urd) liiuft lt11(0 cttlla bic 60nncnftml)lung cincn M((CU 3t)ffu(l (0 fmm mltln bic mit bcm Tna)i mnm bcr 6trltl[)[nng 3u(ammcufltlcnbc )criobc

lc~cilcrter Ticbcid)lii)c al(l )llll)iaI3cit auffacn bcim 6trltlI)lung(lminimum tcitt bcmcntfptcct)cnb ciuc stroc~cn3eit aUf

mir bcttact)ten cincn oct 1)0 and) bie 60nuncrtcmpcratur bcn cfrict pmtff nid)t obcr nid)t Ivccntlid) ii(mfct)ceitet 0 bltlil cinmltl[ angcpoundiiuftc(l li(l nid)t obc faft nic~t ltlbfd)mil3t 6tcigt nun bic 60nncuj1m[)lung an 0 Itlad)cn -Sltl(m(l tcmpccltltnt uub 91icbcrfd)lltlg llcid)crmailclI mit lncid)t bie 60mmettempcrltltur ben cfricrpunft (A in ~lbb I) 0 fiim rin stcil bcr 91icberfd)liigc nid)t mcpoundt ltll(l 6d)ncc oubcrn a[(l ~cgcn lltgtn bltl ltlO llcrliiuft bie Stlttlle II (6d)ltcc) untct 1)ltllb bcr lturllc I (eamttticberfd)liigc) ~on jC)t (to llcrlincn bic angcpoundiiuftl lt 6d)ncc nnb litllltfjen nid)t mcl)t nUt btm~ ~ctbunftung onbccn ltIud) burd) ]lbfd)tI1e3cn 5i)ic Stmllc III fteigt ltllo eSunftion mit ttJad)fcnbct stcmpctltIlIC innnct lliirtcr ltIn [ltI[en Ivir biefc mit ber 6ttltI[)lullg immct lucitcr wad)cn (0 mUfj fic fid) fd)licillid) mit bcr lturllc II in B fd)ncibcn 5i)mnit [)ort blc batlCTtlbc ~n[)iiufunl lon 6d)ncc (ltntllc IV) ltluf bic ~bltapoundmc ul)ClIuicgt mit anbcrcn mortcn IIit IVltld)fcnbct 60nncltcitq1ral)lnnn mufcn Itgtel)ltlllbcne ~Ictfd)cr u(lIgt 3ucrft IVltld)fcn bi(l 3u ciltcm Dptintlltn bmm crft fd)mcl3cll fic rapib ltlb l)

mcnn bic 6tgtnncnftrltll)lung cinc I)ollftiinbigc D3i(ation bntd)[iiuft batln folgt if)r bic tnittctcmpctltltut ber gcfamtcn Itbobcrfliid)c unb bcr Ticbcrfd)ltlg in ltlbgcfd)IUii(~tettl tnltlfje genltlu tlltld) (~(bb 2) IDic ~(npoundanfttng tlon 6d)llcC ltlbcc crtci(~t j~ cin 9Jllt1rimnm tlor unb nltld) bcm 6tra~lunl(lmltlrimum 5i)ic stcmpc ratnr in ben glctfd)ecnltl~cn cbictcn luirb nltltiirlid) bnrd) bie Clitlbilbung ltluf~ 11iirf(tc becinflntjt bicfc fe funbarcn 6d)luanfungcn fonncll bic pritniitmiddotc lo[(ig llee ItJifd)cu ltpoundin 6tm[)htn103I)flu(l er3cltgt alfo 31uci Cli(l3citcn unb 3tvci Sntergla3iltl(c 1)ir oeibcu Sntcrgl13ialc finb in il)rcm mcfcn [e~t ()crfd)icbcn 5i)ltl(l cinc cntfprid)t eiucm 6trltll)htng(lminimum ift ltlIfo ttodcn nnb rdltlti() fii~l bltlO ltlnbere Sntcr gla3ial ltI()cr - tulaquol)rcnb cinc~ lna)imum(l bcr 6trltl[)lnng - ift nicbcrfd)lltlg~ reid) llntgt Illalm 6imp[on fltlfJt bicc Itgc(mifc tuie folgt 3ufammcn

1 Scbcr 3t)tru(l bcr 60nncn(trltlI)lllHg mit gCHugcnber ~mpitubc ctgibt a) in ttnl)ctglctfd)crtcH c)ictcn fcrn llon bcn llcrgletfd)crtcn cine )lullial unb cinc Sirtgtdcn3cit b) in llcrglctfd)cttcn ~cbictcn 31vci li(llorftojjc gctrctlut burd) jc ltin tvtrm fcnd)tc(l nnb cin trodcttfaltes Sntcrgla3ial

2 IDic Pluliltl13cit bce nnlletglctfd)crtcn ~cbiete (tlmmt 3eitlid) mit bcn beibcn Gie3citcn nnb bcm ba3lt)ifd)cn licgcnbctl Itlarmfcud)tcn Slltergla3ial Hbcrcill

3 5i)ic QrodcllBcit bct ullllcrglctfd)ertctl 0coicte ftitmnt 3citlidgt mit bern ttoden falten Slltcrgla3i(( uoerein

r _

ltZinc ncuc ~)e~tic bcr quatiitcn lelimafd)l1)(llIlnnncn 525

7gta6 finb bic runbneballlen bet 2)e~rie 6impfon folgcrt nun all6 ben ncnc~nclI 7gtatcn hali bie selilllafd)luall lungcn be6 OUartar6 i)tmiddotc tlrfad)cn finbm in 310ei gr~lien 3t)lrell ber lt5onncn j1mI)Iung biefc crocunClt in bCII r lIhgclI unb in )ol)cren ~reiten in6gcjCllnt )Ct ltZi6aeitcn mit ben 3uget)orinclI Jntct n(a3i(cn in ben nicbecn ~rcitcn bancncn 3wci PIu)ia(3citen unb 310ei Jnterphlllalc (Wgt1I 2)

~etrCld)ten wir cine searte ber ~et cifunn her Jorbl)Cl(lIlugc( fo fiillt aui bali blcfe burd)Clu6 nld)t ft)lI1mctrlfd) Ulll

ben norbpo( licnt ~1Id) bie )eutlnc 0 0bull

SaI)c6ifot)emc lient nn3 nnft)lIImetrifd) 3u il) 7gtic Ranbncllietc he6 ~tlantif luaren llie( ftiirfer oereift a(6 bie be6 Pa3ifif6 7gtamit fteI)t 1m 3ufCllllmenI)ng ba~ bic (~ta(ell Ci63clltrcn in bell lIritif fd)ell Jnjcln fid) bel bc )cntigcn ~em pcmtur mit gcftcincrtclI niebefd)liigen nid)t lIi1ben tOllntCII erft rcd)t aver nid)t vci cincr I)ol)ecn ~emperatur ~ic crUiit fid) ba6 venn luir ol)nc Pollcrfdicvllnn ) au6tommen wollcn

7)a6 ampclliet ehua norblid) llom 70 ~rcitcnnab (iegt I)cute illltcr)a(lI ber OOSa)rc6ifotl)crme eine 6teigemng ber nicbcfd)(iinc wiibe alfo )ic rafd) 3u einer lt5d)nccan()iiufulln fii)rclI tim bcn Pol [dbft abcr crfwft fid) bie ~icffec bc6 Urftifd)en ()3can~ ~uf Il)m wirb fid) )alb hie ltZi6bccfc fd)licliclt unb llon bem ul1llicgcnbcn S2allbci6 )cbiinnt dllclI ~ru(jweJ [1Id)cn ltZ6 nivt 31t)eiOffnllll~clI )011 ~ebeutung bCl6 ift cinmal blc ()rcitc IIlIb ticfc 2nccrc6ftmj3c 3luifd)clI 9~or lucgen unb ampon(CIt1b unb bClnn hic nn3 flCld)c IInb fd)lIIalc Bcrinnftraj3c mie nCI)altige ~affe bc6 arltifd)cn Padeifc6 mlljj alfo in bcn 9~orbatiantH all6lucid)cn IInb bcffen ~mpcratu ftarf felllcn 7gtabnrd) luirb bie 7gtrncfllcrtcHllnn allf bcm Jorbat(antit nrunb(cgenb geiinbcrt ma6 lI1it bcr rclati) tuarmcn ~cltperalur be6 Jorbat(CIt1tif nefoppclte stief bci J6laub luirb all Jntcnfitiit )crlieren bic ()or I)cnfd)enbcn 6iibweft~inbe lucrben abnelenft ullb mit il)nen bcr ~olfftrolll mic[c ()eibclI 1I[iid)lid) miteillallbcr ()crvunbenen 3aftorcn ltZi6 ullb 3ef)lcn be6 0lfftrotn6 fiil)ren 3u cilter fe)r ftarfen stcmperaluternicbdnulIg illl Bercid) bc6 nobCltlalttH unb bamit aud) ill JorbweftCuropa

Jm ampegenfal )ler3u lonnie burd) ble cltgc flad)e ~eringfttai3e faft nar tein Ci6 entweid)en ~utn(ll fld) )ier luenen be6 CIIftatifd)en ~Ibfillrcn(j bc6 mcetCIS [piege(6 5) elne anbbriide lIi1bcn tnllitC mc a((ncmcine stcmperaturCllq1icn ber ltZrbc 1Il1lite alfo im ei6frelen nolbpa3ifif nod) nefteinett fcin um ba6 Uv[infclI hll norbat(alltit 311 fompellfieren

~ie IUCit ba6 atlantifd)c Padei6 reid)tc Il1iffcII lui nid)t eb~n[owcnig lui[[ctl wir ob ctl fid) um einc fompafte Ci6ma[fc luie bie bCI Ro3b(lHicrc ill her ~nt arfti6 f)allbelt obe Illll cine ~tI[antmlnng rieiincr Ci6felbcl Dod) luirb mall bic ci6bebecfunn be6 nolbatlantif pICIWfd) al6 nefd)lojfcn )etrad)ten fonncn

6impfon ()cr[ud)t IIUIl ba6 selima bct norbf)alvfugel luiif)cnb eitlct Ci63cit 3u retonftwiercn )nt ~inter crgclien lid) tlur nerinJc Untclid)iebc fiil bie seontinente ba fie aud) )eutc iiber bie bantalige Ci6geIl3e )inau6 fd)nccbebecft finb ll1a3gelicnb ift

Gunl Mindel RiB Wurm

526 )crmal1n y[o~n

alfo IIUl bic gc(tcigcrtc atmofpf)arifd)c 3irfulatioll mit iljrcllt o3canifd)ctcn (poundl)araftcrma6 fibirifd)c )od) i(t ctllao abgcfd)tllad)t bagcgcn boo norbpa3ififd)c ~icf tIlcgcn bcr stclltpcratnrl)cd)altnific gc(tadt magcgcn lIlar im ucrciftcn 91Nbat(antif ber cgcllfatgt ~(111b-mcct uicl gcrillgcr algt3 f)eutc mao Solanbticf mul1te aqo (tmf IHld) Giibcn lcrfd)obcn fein ctllla 3lllifd)en bcn 40 nnb 50 ~rcitcngmb Slit mittel II(O (lanb bel gan3c 910rbatlalltif lIid)t lic l)cntc ltntCt bcm cill(luiJ bct Giibl)alftc fOllbcm bet 9orbl)iilftc bct 3t)froncn bic 1orljenfd)cnbcn ffiinbc [iub alfo llid)t fiibtpc(tlid) fonbclll norbol1lid) Gm 60llllllcr finb bic Ullterfd)icbc gegell iillcr l)etltc gcringcr ~lllf bClI (tInt CtlpanntCll Slontinentcn cnbctc Cill Ghlfclb lOll fontinclltalcm ~l1l6mafJ bic grovcn stcmpctatmgencufiltgtc cl3Cltgtcn f)Cftigc hlflllc Gtiinnc bic in Cllopa infolgc bcr ltZrbblcljllllg llri(t ano oj1lid)cr ~id)tung lllef)tcn

mic OOS[otl)ClmC bic f)ellte in Gfanbinauicn ben 70 ~rcitcngrab errcid)t IHIIVtC balllal(i lllcit [iiblll(irt(i liclldd)t hisS an bic Padci(lgrc1l3c bei ctllla 40 0 9orb blcitc l)crfd)obcn fcin Go crf(lllt fid) alld) bali in ben nUl 2000- 2500 m ljof)cu alcbirgw Gfmlbinauicn(i rid) 1I11gcf)cnrc GWma[fcn bilbcn fonntcll waf)rcnb bic Bcrglctfd)cntng in bcn l)iel l)O()crcn norbHd)cll ~odt) mollntain6 bamal(i tllic l)cutc ucrf)altlli6111ailig gcring 100 mic Bctglctfd)crung naf)ut ill bicfcn (gticbirgcn 5lvar bei 9Cl1cigcrtcn 91icbcrfd)liigcn 3n aber nur in miij3igen rcll3cn t)cgcn 1m l)ol)etl stcmpcratllrcn anf bc11t 91orbpa3ifif 6fmlbillal)icn bagcgen I)atte nid)t nur f)obC~ 91icbcrfd)liigc fonbetll aucf) lie( ticfcrc stcmperaturcn Uf)nlid) tilaI cc iUl o(tlid)cn l1orbamcri fa bic ncgathlc tcmpemtuNnornalic bce 91orbatlantil(i crUart bic Illlf(ll[(cnbc ~ltiIICf)C bali in bet ~lkj1lllinb30nc - trotgt be entgcgcn(tcf)clIbcn stopograpl)ic - - Me Itlid)tigj1cn Bcni[llngc3cntrcll 910rbmncrifac (stitolttin ullb ~abrabo) fid) illl o(tCIl bcc Stolltillcnt(i cntllliddtcn

SlI bCIl mittlcrcn ullb nicberCtl Brciten briictt fid) Ocr gcltlartigc stlhna IIlCCf)[cr 0111 tlnrtten in bcr 6cllfnng bcr UiUlatifcl)ctt Gd)nccglcll3c itt bcn cl1irgClt Iltt(i Gcl)on oft lllurbc bic iYmgc bi6luticrt llla(i i(t nun bie pri11larc Urfad)c biejn Gettlull[) lcninncrtc stc11lpcratur (PcndBliidllcr) obcr gefteigcttc 91iebcrfd)liigc

Bon 31llci cnad)bartcn stCilcm bce trallcallli mit ctttla glcid)em Gitt)llg6 gcllic gleicf)cltl 3olmcnllilb g[eid)cr Grpo[ition (primiir) glcid)er GOllllcll(traf)lunn unb 4empcratur i(t ba6 cinc bac Bilallbfifstal fa(t glctfd)etfrei llltr 3u 10- 15 00

lcrglctfc~crt lIliil)rcnb ba(i bcnac~barte iYcbtfd)cnlotal eincll 77 km langcn stal nlctfcl)cr cntf)alt Ilnb in(iHc[lIllt 311 80--90 lcrglctfd)ert i(t mac Bilanbfiftaf licV i11l Rcgcnfd)attcn bc(i riciigcll armomafil)c unb gcf)ort bcr (a(t gan3 trodclIcn )0d)(tcppcn3011c mit lt 100 mm Slll)rccnicbcrfd)lag an magcgcn em pfangt basS Ouc[(gcbict bc(i yebtfd)cnfo(l[c~ hlfolgc ciner l2agc 311 ben wintcrlidlen 2Uinbcn (tartc Gtdgllng(inicbcrfd)lagc bic lon R yin(twllalbcr aUf choa 1000 mm bcmc[fcn tl)crbcn m I) cinaig bic 9icbctfd)lagc unb ~cll)olftlllg(i1cnncl)rllng fann 0 gClllaltigc Untcrfd)icbc in cincm (0 cngriillllligclI cbiet l)cruorrufcn ltrin rC3cntc(i stroclcnflima tann nm burd) Bmncpound)ntng ber 91icbcrfd)lagc ucrcifcll niel)t bmd) ~tbfiil)lung bi~ if)rcr[cit(i fiir rid) allcillfeinc l)cnncl)rtcn 91iebcrfd)liigc 3u cl3cunclI ucrmag ltinc pcNbbriidnng bcl yimlinic nm clva 1000 m ij1 fcin ~elwi(i bafiir bali bie stel1lperaturen Illcfcntlid) lIicbrigel gCIllcfcll jillb afe l)ClltC bll bic 60l1lmcrtclI1peratl1l all bCl iYirnlinic nl11f~1 f)Ol)ct Hcg ic crgilbiger bic 91icbcrfcl)lagc (hlb t) Go fiif)rt amf) u iYidcr ben cbattfw lllcitcr -Sll bcr Gi(i3lit Illar bic Bclglctfd)Cllltlg ltllfoaud) bk 91icbcrjd)lag6lcrtciuttg uicl gfcid) miiliigcr 0110 muffett bic 91icbcrfd)ICigc 31)Clott(1 gcfallcll fcill ill cinclll cbiet b(1(i f)cute bCtl 6ubtropcn Ollgcl)ort

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528

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