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Page 1: k…ža - jsi-isa.ir

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55

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1.NewReligiousMovements(NRMs) 2.Shinshukyo

»ª½k�ºBL�npAAnS�Lwº±£BUk°n»«,k½k]o~�nj»®½jºBµ¿B�»TMB�nnApBMnj³�k®Tvµ1k½k]/k®½BªJm]j±i³MAn»T®w¬B½jA¬A°o¼Q»°q�Ap°nn±�³M°²j±Mnj±i

RB�§B�«¶p±enj»~~hU·®¼«p�½¬A±®�³Mk½k]»®½jºBµyL®]³M�]AnBµ»wnoMpB�C¬B«ppA¬BǽjAS¼µB«©�ºAoMxÀUnj³§B�«¬AnAqµ°JBT�Bµk�,1970·µjnj­½j»wB®{³�«B]°»®½j¬B½jAbÀ��A/(1999,¬±T¦«)SwA²k«Cnjo½odU·T{n³M©�½°Sv¼M¬o�njBµ¬C¶±�§BMy�°k½k]/kj±ª�AkMA²k½kQ­½A³M²nB{AºAoMn±z�­½A¬BwB®{³�«B]³�SwA2»®QAr¶rA°�½·ª]oU,k½k]

3.Cult 4.AlternativeReligion

·µjnj³�k{³T�o£nB�³M3y¼�bÀ��AºAoM»®½q¢½B]¬A±®�³M»Mo�¬Ak®ªzAj�w±UuPw²rA°­½A³Ç�»BǽjA­TÇvAjS¦¼��»ÇMºAoM,­¼�§Bh«°¬AjB�·«B�°S{Aj»TvQ°q¼«Co¼�dUºB®�«1970,¬B~~hTÇ«pA»ÇioÇM/kjo�»Ç«²jB�TÇwA¬CpA,kk{»«J±vd«³AnAm£S�kMB½¤±ª�«o¼�¬Bz½Bµ²p±«Ck®®�»«²jB�TwAk½k]»®½jºBµyL®]²rA°pA,»½q]°»�o�¬B½jA�¼�±UºAoM,­½j¬BwB®{³�«B]²s½°³Mj±]°¬B]njº±®�«¬B½o]°³�o�nAqµpAy¼M¬±®�A,»¦¦ª§A­¼Mq�Ao«nB«CtBwAoM/(2001,­¢½°°oT®½A)Bµ³�o�jAk�U­½oTz¼M,»½BQ°nAºBµn±z�nj/S�B½B�½o«C¶kdT«R¿B½Anj¬A±U»«AnBµ¬C»«BªUHL½o�U³�jnAj/(1387,»®«±«)kA²k{S�B½(³�o�100BU50)kıw°u¼Ä±wnj¬C­½oTª�°,(³�o�700)¬BTv¦¢Anjxo½mÇQ°,»B«pBÇwnBTiBw,�wB®«,k½B��KveoMk½k]»®½jºBµyL®]³�­½A³MS½B®�BM°k½k]»®½jºBµyL®]pA�«B]»�½o�U·ÄAnAnj»�BªT]A ±¦�¬Ak®ªzAj,kAR°B�T«©µBM»�BªT]A²p°oÇ«A,¤Be­Ç½ABÇM/kÇA²kÇ{³Ç]A±Ç«»UÀÇ�z«BÇM,Bµ¬Cºk®M³�L�ºAoM}hz«ºBµnB¼�«­½°kU

5.NewReligion

»½Bµ²°o£�¼�±UºAoMAn»®½jyL®]B½,5k½k]­½j,4­½q¢½B]­½jRBeÀ��AÁ±ª�«¬B~~hT«nj�½nB�UpA�±°j,¤±ª�«n±�³M/(2004,BUnB�A)koM»«nB�³M,kA²k{Ak]»®½j»¦�Ao¼v«pA³�k½k]»®½jºBµyL®]­¼�§Bh«�½o�U,¤°A�±;k±{»«³T�o£nB�³Mk½k]»®½jºBµyL®]¶p±e�½o�ÇU»�®Ç«ºBµ»£sǽ°pAºA³�±ª\Ç«KveoMAnBµ¬C°²jo�²nB{A¬CºA³�o�S¼µB«³M³�SwA°R°B��¬°kM,ºnAm£xpnApA�nB�»�½o�U·ÄAnA¤BLj³M¬B¼µB¢zAj°¬B~~hT«³�»§Benj,k®®�»«

56

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/(2001,­¢½°°oT®½A)k±{²jAp,S¼d¼v«o¼�»T®w°oU²joTv£Kµm«�½­�MpASwA­�ª«©µ:SwA²jo�©¼v�U³Twj³w³MAnk½k]»®½jºBµyL®](1984)u¼§A°,k¼�«ºk®M©¼v�U�½nj>°kwBÇ�,²k®®Ç�BBÇ�nAAn»�BªTÇ]A°ºjBÇ«¬B],BµyL®]�±­½A:¬B]¶k®®�jo�ºBµyL®]/1¬±Ça»½Bµ²°o£/k®®�»«ºnAjA±µ,u�nB�A°k{o«B½k°Aki³M¬Bª½ApA°knB¢A»«»Be°no¼�¶k®®�k¼Ç½FUºBµyL®Ç]/2;k®½C»«nBª{³MBµyL®]�±­½A·±ª,k°Aki¬Akpo�°B®z½o�»µB£CB½Rnk�,»~h{�¼�±U³�k®µj»«xp±«C­¼®a°knAjjo�º±w³M°noTz¼M,BµyL®]�±­½A:¬B]Bǵ¬C¶k¼��³ÇM/jn°CSwj³ÇMyL®]»{p±«CºBµjo¢{°Bµjo�¦ª��½o�pA¬A±U»«AnºnAjn±ioM/S{AjoM¬B¼«pA¬A±U»«,jAo�Ao¼¼�UBMB®U°»�BªT]AºBµnBTiBwo¼¼�U¬°kMAn¬B]­½ARBª½À«B²k®®��¼L�UºBµyL®]/3°;jn°CnBª{³MBµyL®]­½A¶o«pnj¬A±U»«An»ª¦�Kµm«°»§B�T«·L�Ao«³]±UoTz¼M,»~h{»°nj»£kp°jo�³MB«AkAoU»T®w»Lµm«ºBµyL®],BµyL®]�±­½A:¬B]BMoMHL§B�°jnAj»ª«y�Á±ª�«»�ª]³Twj�wB®«,BµyL®]­½Anj/»�BªT]AnBTiBw³MBUknAjºBµSüǵ³Ç�k®®�»«n±~UBµyL®]�±­½A¬AnAk�o�/j±{»«k¼�FU»~h{»Lµm«·Mo\U»�±,¬±T¦¼ªµ)<knAj�AoT�A³¼��­½A³MHL§B�°²jAjSwjpAAn¬B{»£kpow,²k{S¼LXU°»T®w»Lµm«

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1.Sect

,»B�o�ºBµ�Lw°,Bµy¼�,Bµ1³�o�)k½k]¬B½jA¶o½Ajnj³�¦M,»§A°»T®w¬B½jA·�o�nj/SwA²j±ªJm]°R±�jj±iSªw³MAnº±]¤Bª�¬BL�Bh«,(ºk®µºBµ¬B�o�²s½°³M³Ç�S�Bǽ³Ç«AjABÇ]¬CBU,Jo�nj�°o�«ºBµS¼��±«pA­½j¬kAnK��³��°»Mk®½Ao�>³ÇMBÇ]¬CpA°ºjoÇ�­Ç½j³ÇMAn¬BªÇµ°joÇ�¤kÇMºjBǭǽj³ÇMAnºjB Ao�­½jH\½nkU,nBT�n°»�¦Unj»°o¼M»¦\U³±£oµ¬°kM°»UB¼§Ao¼�,»T�½o{o¼�,»~h{o¼�­½j�½Bǽ,�¦�ÇU¬°kÇMjB�TÇ�A³ÇM¬CpA¬A±U»Ç«³Ç�k¼ÇwnºA³��dzÇMHT½BÇ ,o¼Çw­½A/jAj¤q®U³M,¬CpAq¼»ioM/jo�jB½»®®�U»½Ao£¬B�o�B½,S�Ao�RB�°Aºk]¬Ak®a³ºBµ»§±�zª§j,Aki>,tBwA­½AoM/(165:1381,kp»�B\{)<kA²jo�o¼L�U,­½j·®ª¼µpA¬Bª½A¬k¼µnA°³�¦MkpBvk¼�«AnB«,¬°o¼MpA»®½j B�eA³�j±MkµA±iyhMRB\°²k®Bµn»T§BenjB®U¬C¬nk«ºB¼jnj>,��A°nj/(318:1376,S¼Q±¼�)<kpAjoPMB«S½Akµ° B§A³M,¬°njnjn±Ç«A³ÇMAnºoUj°kd«·®Q³�jnAjAnºnB£pBw­½oTz¼M,­½±·�«B]BMºnAj­½jpA»Un±�­½j/k{BM³T{Aj»µ°o£°»~h{ºBµxpnA�¼�¦U³MºoTª�nAo�A°kµj|B~TiAtk�«�±Ç­Ç½A/SwAn¿±�w¬B]BM©ÄÀT«»®½j¡®µo�ºBªpBM­½oTM,»�±~i°q¼«CnAowAAoǽp;SvMnBÇ�³ÇM²oÇ«p°n»¦�Ç{�½BÇ�°°Bµy�ÇBM�nB�U¬°kM¬A±U»«AnºnAj­½j­½oTª�,W¼e­½ApA°SwA»�BinB¼vMn±«A°Bµ¬B�«,Bµ¬B«p³Mj°kd«¬CºBµS¼§B��

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1.Victimization

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1.RoleTheory 2.OrganizationalTheory

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�MB®«/¬B£jB{RAnBzTA:¬AoU,¬Ao½Anj»«±�S½±µ¬AodM,(1382)»¦�,»½B�§Ak{nA»wB®{nB�·«B¬B½BQ,¬B½±\zAj­¼MnjºnAj­½j�A±A»wnoM,(1384)­¼«An,Aow³L�i²jApK¼Le/tnk«S¼MoU²B¢zAj:¬AoU,»wB®{³�«B]/pBMoz:¬AoU,»«ÀwA°»d¼v«·Mo\Unj¬k{»�o�,(1381)B�o¼¦�,kp»�B\{/»oz:¬AoU,gwAn///AS«Ao�·ª]oU,¬BA±]»wB®{³�«B],(1384)jnB oM,po�{·«B,<oTij¬B½±\zAj¬B¼«njºnAj­½jºBµjBª°¬B½±\zAj»®½jjo�¦ª�>,(1380)JAoU±MA,»L§B�/61Ç48RBd��,21°20¶nBª{,yµ°sQ,Bµ¡®µo�¬B¼«»¦Q;¬B�o�R¿B�«³�±ª\«,<¬B�o�³Mo�B�«¬BvAy½Ao£>,(1383)»M±�,»B«o�/59Ç39RBd��,»BvA ±¦�·�w±U°RB�¼�dU³vwÆ«:¬AoU/±bo�:¬AoU,jBz«B�­ve·ª]oU,¬Bª½AºB½nj,(1376)¬Aj,S¼Q±¼�/»oz:¬AoU,ºn±L�oa±®«,»wB®{³�«B],(1378)»±TC,qk¼£­¼ÇMnj»Ç½Ao£jB¼®ÇM°»Tv½n¿±�wºo¼£S]°»®½jRAjB�T�A»wnoM>,(1380)ºjBµk¼w,»½B]o«/143Ç129RBd��,21°20¶nBª{,yµ°sQ·«B,<»µB¢zAj¬BA±]http:\\saramomeni.persianblog.ir¬nk«¬B]nj»B�o�³L{ºBµºpBw³�o�,(1387)AnBw,»®«±«/(1388SzL½jnA:S½Bw³M³�]Ao«g½nBU)¬B¼Ç«»¦ÇQ;¬B�oÇ�R¿B�Ç«³�±ª\Ç«,<»wB®{³�«BÇ]o�®«pA¬B�o�>,(1383)B�nkªd«,²jApºk«/94Ç82RBd��,»BvA ±¦�·�w±U°RB�¼�dU·vwÆ«:¬AoU,Bµ¡®µo�/SªwRAnBzTA:¬AoU,¬B£jApCk¼zª]·ª]oU,­½j»wB®{³�«B],(1380)©¼iC±½/fA°/¬B¼LURAnBzTA:¬AoU,»µA±£©¼eo§AkL�·ª]oU,¬B½jA»wB®{³�«B],(1377)¥Q¬Ar/©¦½°/¬B¼LURAnBzTA:¬AoU,»YÀY­vd«·ª]oU,­½j»wB®{³�«B],(1381)©�¦«/¬±T¦¼ªµArwek,Elisabeth(2002),NewReligiousMovements, in:LindWoodhead,etal. (ed.)ReligioninModernWorld,London:Rutledge.

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/(¤±Ãv«¶k®v½±)/SwA¬AnkpB«²B¢zAj»�BªT]A ±¦�²°o£nB½jBTwA,»eB½n¥¼�BªwAkªd«[email protected] /SwA¬Ao½A»wB®{³�«B]k{nAtB®{nB�,ºo��]­½kMB�§A­½p

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