kdgh yd rx. l,dj - nienie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s13tim22.pdf · iii fmrjok ksmqk;d mdol úihud,dj mdi,a...

kdgH yd rx. l,dj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

w'fmd'i' W'fm<&

^2010 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

13 jk fY%aKsh

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.u

2010

kdgH yd rx. l,djw'fmd'i' Wiia fm<&


ISBN -

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqøKh 2010

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.u'

uqøKh (

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iii

fmrjok

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajd §fï ld¾hh 13 jk fYa%Ksfha .=re

ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y y÷kajd§u;a iuÕ iïmq¾K fõ' 12 jk yd 13 jk fYa%Ksj, isiq

isiqúhka úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh i|yd mj;sk oeä ;r.hg f.dÿre ùu ksid ksrka;rj u hï

;rul mSvkhlg hg;a fõ' kj úIhud,dj m%:u j;djg w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& i|yd

fhdod .efkk úg fuu mSvkh ;j;a oeä fõ' tjeks wjia:djl Tn w;g m;ajk .=re

ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh" úIh ks¾foaY ;rug u .=rejrekg jeo.;a jkafka h' fuys uq,slj

u .=rejrhd ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= me;s ;=kla we;' tkï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY úIh ks¾foaYh

yd mq¾K j .e<mS ;sîu" úIhud,dfõ wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d mdolj úIhud,dfõ o¾Ykh

yd oelau uq,afldg f.k ilid ;sîu yd 12 - 13 fYa%Ksj, orejdf.ka wfmalaIs; idOk

uÜgu fufkys fldg ilid ;sîu' tfyhska fuh fyd¢ka mßYS,kh lsÍu .=rejrhdg

w;HjYH ld¾hhla yd j.lSula jkafka h'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh by; lS lreKq ;=k u Tnf.a wjOdkhg f.k tau i|yd

13 jk fYa%Ksj, b.ekaùï lrk ish¨u .=rejrekg ta i|yd wjYH mqyqKqùï ,nd §u i|yd

o ls%hd;aul ù isà' ksrka;r j meje;afjk fuu mqyqKq ieisj,g wod< .=rejreka iyNd.s

ùu w;sYhska u wjYH lreKla jkafka fuys oelafjk bf.kqï-b.ekaùï uQ, O¾u yd

ls%hdodu jgyd .ekSug mqyqKqj fnfyúka bjy,a jk ksid h' úfYaIfhka u mdi,a mdol

we.hSï ls%hd" ksmqK;d j¾Okh i|yd bjy,a lr .ekSu wfmalaId flf¾' úIh lreKqj,g

muKla b.ekaùu hg;aùug fkd§ isiqkf.a l=i,;d Tm .ekaùfï wNs,dIh bgqlr§ug fï

ish¨ ueÈy;aùï wjYH nj wOHdmk yd we.hSï ld¾hfha kshef,k wm ish¨ u fokd

jgyd .; hq;= fõ'

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ms<sfh, lsÍfï w;sYh fjfyildÍ ld¾hh bgqlr,Sug ueÈy;a jq

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ish¨u Ydia;S%h wxYj, ks,OdÍka we;=¿ ld¾h uKav, yd ndysr

j ta i|yd odhl jq úoaj;a yeu fokdg u o udf.a úfYaI ia;+;sh ysñ fõ'

wdpd¾h Wmd,s tï' fiaorwOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iv

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fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 2010 j¾Ifha isg 13 jk fY%aKsh i|yd bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu i|yd .=re Nj;=kayg m%fhdackj;a fõ'

fuu fmd; iïmdokh lsÍug mdol lr.;a úIh ks¾foaYh fuf;la mej;s úIhks¾foaYj,g jvd fjkia jQjls' tu fjki y÷kd .ekSug fhduqjk Tng th ksmqK;dmdol úIh ks¾foaYhla nj oelsh yels h' tfy;a ksmqK;d uÜgï yd tla tla ksmqK;duÜgï hgf;a oelafjk bf.kqï M, tu fY%aKsh ;=<§ u w;am;a lr .; hq;= fõ' tneúkaTng fY%aKshg wod< mdvï ie,iqï lr .ekSfï § tu ksmqK;d uÜgï yd bf.kqï M,fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fõ' fuu bf.kqïM, bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § tla tlawruqKq ilid .ekSug fukau mka;s ldurfha § isÿ flfrk we.hSï WmlrK ilia lr.ekSfï § ks¾Kdhl f,i fhdod .ekSu flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wfmalaIdflf¾' fuu úIh yeoEÍfï § mßYS,kh l< hq;= w;sf¾l fmd;a m;a fuka u fjí wvúmss<sn| isiqka oekqj;a lsÍug o fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh Tng m%fhdackj;a fõ'

fuys fhdað; l%shdldrlï Tn ks¾udKYS,s .=rejrfhl= jYfhka l%shd lsßfï wfmalaIdiys;j wdo¾Yj;a f,i bÈßm;a l< tajd jYfhka i,lkak' tysoS .=re flakaøSh mka;s ldurl%shdj,sh fjkia lr YsIH flakaøSh njla we;s lsÍu úfYaIfhka wfmalaId flf¾' tneúkaisiqka úúO fmd;am;a mßYS,kh wka;¾cd, Ndú;h jeks .fõIKhg fhduq flfrkbf.kqï wjia:d yels yeuúg u Wod l< hq;= fõ' b.ekaùfï § iïm%odhsl f,i igykabÈßm;a lsÍu fjkqjg wdl¾IKSh f,i kj oekqu uQ,O¾u wdÈh bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' tai|yd ;dlaIKh yels;dla ÿrg fhdod.;a ikaksfõok Wml%u ks¾udKYS,S j Ndú; lsÍugkj mka;sldurh ;=< § Wkkaÿ úh hq;= fõ'

13 jk fY%aKsfha § fuu úIh b.ekaùu wrUk Tnf.a isiqkag úIh ks¾foaY ukdjmeyeÈ,s lr fokak' j¾Ih mqrd l%shd;aul lrk Tnf.a b.ekaùfï ie,eiau y÷kajd fokafkakï th isiqka ;=< fm<Uùula jkq we;' uq¿ úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lr .ekSug mdi,fj; isiqka wdl¾IKh fõ' fuu úIhud,d m%;sixialrK rgg oefkk mka;s ldurbf.kqï - be.kaùï l%shdj,sfha fjkila we;s lrkq i|yd wod< úIh ks¾foaYh fuka ufuys fhdað; l%shdj,s weiqfrka Tnf.a ks¾udKYS,s yelshd mqnqÿjd .kakd fuka b,a,ñ'

fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ieliSfï § odhl jQ úoaj;a ieug" .=reNj;=kag iy cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha ks,Odßkag udf.a ia;=;sh ysñ fõ' fï ld¾hh i|yd u`. fmkajQ wOHlaIckrd,a wdpd¾h Wmd,s tï' fiaor ue;s÷ka fuka u uqøK lghq;= isÿ lr mdi,aj,g ,nd§fïj.lSu Ndrf.k lghq;= l< wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a we;=¿ ld¾hh uKav,hguf.a úfYaI ia;=;sh mqo lrñ' fuys we;=<;a lreKq ms<sn| j ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackdwef;d;a ud fj; ,nd fokafka kï lD;{ fõ'

úu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dvúu,a ishU,df.dviyldr wOHlaI ckrd,aúIhud,d ixj¾Ok mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

f,aLl uKav,h

WmfoaYkh ( uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd uy;dwOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úu,a ishU,df.dv uy;diyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

wëlaIKh ( iqo;a iurisxy uy;dwOHlaI - fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iïnkaëlrKh ( fla'Ô' wð;a rEmfiak uy;djHdmD;s lKavdhï kdhl ^kdgH yd rx. l,dj&fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh ks¾foaY úfYaI{ Wmfoia( uydpd¾h fjda,ag¾ udrisxy uy;dY%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h ^úY%dñl&

uydpd¾h frda,kaâ wfímd, uy;dfld<U úYaj úoHd,h

uydpd¾h fla' isj;ïì uy;dhdmkh úYaj úoHd,h ^úY%dñl&

uydpd¾h tia' fu!k.=re uy;duvl,mqj úYaj úoHd,h

fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h ux.,sld ch;=x. uy;añhle,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

úchr;ak m;srdc uy;dm%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ ^úY%dñl&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

v

vi

f,aLl uKav,h (

wNHka;r ( fla'Ô' wð;a rEmfiak uy;djHdmD;s ks,OdrS" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

ndysr ( la,hsõ Ydka; uy;d.=re fiajh" Ydka; wdkd úoHd,h" l=reKe.,'

md,s; f,dl=fmda;d.u uy;d.=re fiajh" úl%uYS,d u'u'ú'" .sßW,a,'

rKisxy wêldÍ uy;dijq;a,kaâia úoHd,h" .d,a,

,,s;d chr;ak uy;añh.=re WmfoaYl fiajh" weô,smsáh l,dmh

ã'mS' iaj¾K,;d uy;añh.=re fiajh" fmdaoaosfj, u'ú'" we,amsáh

iuka lia;=ßr;ak uy;añhY%S iqkkao u'ú'" mdfoKsh

Ô' lreKdj;S uy;añhwOHdmk mßmd,k fiajh"Ydka; mdjq¿ nd,sld ú'" fld<U'

msgljr ks¾udKh ( cS'fla' .uf.a uy;añhiyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdrS";dlaIKsl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

Ñ;% ( rùkaø f;akqjr uy;diyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdrS"fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j'cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

mß.Kl ieliqu ( ldka;s talkdhl uy;añh;dlaIKsl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

mgqk

msgqj

fmrjok iii

ix{dmkh iv

f,aLl uKav,h v

ye|skaùu 1

úIhfha wruqKq 2

l%shdldrlï ika;;sh 3

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye|skaùu 227

we.hSï 229

vii

ye|skaùu

kj úIhud,d m%;sixialrK Tiafia ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkhg ux fm;a újr ù we;s

j;auka wOHdmk lafIa;%h ;=< mka;sldur b.ekqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha oS isiqkag fuka u

.=rejrekag o kj Ôjhlska msreKq m%shukdm mka;s ldurhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSug bv yir

ie,iSu ud yeÕs cd;sl l¾;jHhls'

oy;=kajk fY%aKsh i|yd 2010 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul jk mßos ilik ,o kdgH yd

rx. l,dj úIh iïnkaO kj m%;sixialrK hgf;a ieliqKq ".=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh"

tu úIh yodrK isiqkag fuka u úIh b.ekaùfï fhfok .=re Nj;=kag o uyÕ= w;aje,la

jkq ksiel h'

kj fhdjqka úfha miqjk isiqkaf.a ldhsl yd udkisl iunr nj;a wNsfhda. ch.;

yels mßos ilia úh hq;= fm!reIh;a f.dv ke.Su mrud¾: fldg.;a kdgH yd rx. l,dj"

úIhh ksmqK;d /ila isiqka ;=< f.dv kef.k mßos ilia jQjls' fiiq m%dix.sl l,djka

w;r fuu úIhhg m%uqL ia:dkhla ysñjkafka th rx.h i|yd iDcqj u n,mdk ldjHuh

idys;Hhlska o iÔù rEmKhlska yd rx. Ys,am l%uhlska o hqla; jQ m%n, l,djla jk

fyhsks'

fm%alaIl m%;spdr" úpdr" úfõpk yd riú|Sï kdgH l,dfõ m%.ukhg ,nd fokafka

m%n, odhl;ajhls' id¾:l kdgHhla keröfuka miq fm%alaIlhskaf.a m%Yia; úpdrh;a

kdgHfha wid¾:l;ajh yuqfõ kdgHlrejdg t,a, jk úfõpk;a ú| ord .ekSu i|yd

kdgHlrejd ;=< fndai;ajrhl= i;= Ydka;sjdoS .=K m%.=K lr ;sìh hq;= h'

kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhh" wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% W'fm< úIhhla f,i

f;dard.kakd isiqka ;=< o tjeks fndai;a .=K m%.=K lsÍug kï fuu úIh myiqfjka yd

i;=áka yeoEÍug Tjqkag mdi, ;=< bv lv i,id osh hq;= h' fuu úIh m%.=K lsÍfuka

,nk úIh oekqug wu;r fm< rpkh" kdgH ksIamdokh" wdkqIx.sl wx. ks¾udKlrKh"

iunr úpdrlhl= ùu" kdgH ri úkaokh ms<sn| ixfõoS yoj;la we;a;l= ùu" jD;a;Sh

kdgH Ys,amshl= ùu wdoS ksmqK;d /ila fuu.ska isiqyq Ôú;hg w;a lr .ks;s'

kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK Tiafia mq¿,a mrdihla lrd úysÿjd,Sfï oS fuf;la úIh

lreKqj,g muKla iSud jQ kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhh" l%shdldß wOHdmkhg fhduq lrkq

jia m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï /ilska o hqla; fldg isiqka ;=< ieÕ j we;s ks¾udKYS,S

l=Y,;d yd rx.k l=Y,;d u;= lr.; yels mßos kj wdlD;shlska hq;=j ilia fldg we;'

fï wkqj kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIh yodrk isiqka Y%S ,dxlSh wOHdmk lafIa;%h ;=<

fuka u fõosld kdgH lafIa;%h ;=< o m%n, ks¾udKlrejka jkq fkd wkqudk h'

1

kdgH yd rx. l,dj 13 jk fY%AKsh


úIhfha wruqKq

mßirfha we;s ish¨ u jia;+ka weiqfrka úkaokhla ,nd .ekSfï Yla;sh we;s tlu

i;a;ajhd" ñksid h' ñksid yd ñksid w;r we;s jk úúO .eàï kdgHuh oDIaá fldaKfhka

y÷kdf.k" tajd úkaokd;aul j .%yKh lr .ekSfï yelshdj YsIHhd ;=< j¾Okh lsÍu

fuys oS wfmalaId flf¾'

² ks¾udKd;aul Yla;s j¾Okh

fi!kao¾h l,djka w;r" kdgHuh ixisoaëka úkaokfha oS fuka u ks¾udKlrKfha

oS o m%n, f;audj,ska hqla; fõ' tosfkod Ôú;fha l%shdldrlï yd ñksia weiqr u.ska

,nk w;aoelSï ks¾udKd;aul j m%ldY lsÍug yels wkqN+;Ska f.dv k.d .ekSfï

yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu o fuys ;j;a wfmalaIdjls'

² m%dfhda.sl l=Y,;d j¾Okh

kdgHdkqidÍ wNHdi u.ska ks¾udKh jQ;a tfia u tosfkod Ôú;fha ld¾hhka iM,

lr .ekSug iß,kakdjQ;a" iajlSh pd,l yelshdjka fmdaIKh lsÍu i|yd wjYH jk

m%dfhda.sl wjia:d fuys oS ie,iqï flf¾'

² úpdr Yla;s j¾Okh

idys;Huh yd rx.uh jYfhka o" ckikaksfõok udOHhka Tiafia Y%jHuh yd

oDYHuh jYfhka o bosßm;a flfrk kdgHuh ixisoaëka úu¾Ykd;aul j úpdrhg

,la lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu o fuys uQ,sl wfmalaIdjls'

² úIhdkqnoaO foaYSh yd úfoaYSh wkkH;djka y÷kd .ekSu

bf.kqï ld¾hfha oS fuka u" M,odhS ffoksl Ôú;hlg jeo.;a jk ta ta úIhdkqnoaO

foaYSh wkkH;dj ms<sìUq flfrk ixialD;sl Wreuhka ms<sn|j;a" tu oekqu fmdaIKh

flfrk fjk;a úfoaYSh Wreuhka ms<sn|j;a" ksjeros Ñka;khlska hq;a pß;dhkhla

isiqka ;=< cks; lsÍu wjYH lreKls' Bg wjYH kdgH yd rx. l,d úIhdkqnoaO

oekqu yd tu.ska ukd wdl,am we;s lsÍu o fuu úIh ks¾foaYfhka wfmalaIs; h'

2



3



ksmqK;dj 01 ( l,dj ms<sn|j úuiñka kdgH yd rx. l,dj wfkl=;al,djka iu. ixikaokh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj iu. ne|s mdßNdIsl fhÿïj, uQ,sl

ixl,am ms<sn| w¾: ksrEmKh lrhs'

ld,h ( ld,Éfþo 05 hs'

bf.kqï M, (

² wOHlaIKh hk ld¾hh úia;r lrhs'

² úúO kdgH wOHlaIjreka y÷kd .kshs'

² kdgHhl jeo.;a u mqoa.,hd wOHlaI nj ms<s.kshs'

² wOHlaIjrhl= i;= .=Kdx. mqreÿ ùfuka ðjk ld¾hh iM, lr .kshs'

² iqiudys; fm!reIhlska hq;= mqoa., pß; w.h lrhs'

l%shdldrlu ( wOHlaIKh ms<sn| wOHhkh lruq'

ye|skaùu(

² wOHlaIKh hkq iuia; kdgH lD;shu rx.hla njg m;a lsÍug wjYH ie,iqï

ilia lrñka ks¾udKd;aul ld¾hh fufyhjkakd h' tfuka u kdgH fm<

w¾:l:kh lsÍu yd Ôjudk rx.hla njg m;a lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nk m%Odk

mqoa.,hd f,i o ye|skaúh yels h' ta wkqj kdgH rplhdf.a kdgH msgm;

k¿ks<shka yd wfkl=;a wdkqIx.sl Ys,amSka o iu. tla ù fõosldjg f.k tafï

ld¾hh Tyq úiska lrkq ,nhs'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( idlÉPd l%uh" .%ka: mßYS,kh

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la(

² kdgH msgm; iÔù f,i fõosldjg f.k hEu fufyhjk mqoa.,hd

f,i o Tyq ye|ska fõ'

² kdgHfha ld¾h idOkh Wfoid k¿ ks<shka fufyhjkafka wOHlaIjrhd

h' Tyq iuia; rx.khg j. lsj hq;= jkafka h'

² kdgH wOHlaIKh hkq wNsfhda.d;aul jQ o" Ndr¥r jQ o" iduqysl jQ o

ld¾hhla fõ'

² tfyhska fyd| kdgH wOHlaIjrhl= ùug kï Tyq ;=< my; wdldrfha

.=Kdx. ;sìh hq;= h'

i. kdgH l,dj ms<sn| j m%dfhda.sl" kHdhd;aul yd ft;sydisl jYfhka

Wiia oekqula ;sìh hq;= h'

ii. idys;H" k¾;kh" ix.S;h" Ñ;% jeks l,djka ms<sn| j ukd

wjfndaOhla o mej;sh hq;= h'

iii. wdkqIx.sl wx. ms<sn| j ukd jQ oekqula o wjYH fõ'

iv. ukd kdhl;ajhla iemhSfï yelshdjla ;sìh hq;= h'

4



v. ixúOdkd;aul yd l<ukdlrK yelshdj wjYHh h'

vi. nqoaêh" m%;sNdj" mßl,amkh" ffO¾hh" WfoHda.h" Yla;sh"

WmdhYS,S;ajh wdoS .=Kdx.hka mej;sh hq;= h'

vii. bjiSu" ixfõoS nj" wjxl;ajh" ohdj" iqyoYS,S j jev lsÍfï yelshdj

hkdosh;a wOHlaIjrhd i;= úh hq;= .=Kdx. fõ'

² ;uka o we;=<;a iuld,Sk iudc Ôú;h ishqï j úksúo oelsh yels" iudc

Ôú;h yd f,dalh ms<sn| uekúka weiQ msrE oekqulska fyì ixfõoS

mqoa.,hl= úh hq;= h'

² kdgH lKavdhfï úkh mj;ajd.k hdu wdosh u.ska Tyq fid÷re

wd{dodhlhl= úh hq;= nj lshefõ'

² f,dal kdgH b;sydih foi n,k úg kQ;k wOHlaIjrhdf.a N+ñldj

kdgH l,dj ;=< yuqjkafka 19 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.h jk úg h'

merKs .%Sl yd frdau kdgH fuka u fIalaiamsh¾f.a kdgH o wOHlaIKh

lrk ,oafoa lúhd u úiska fyhska ta kdgH iïm%odhkays wOHlaIf.a

N+ñldj biau;= ù fkdfmfkhs' tfy;a ixialD; kdgH iïm%odh ;=<

kï wOHlaIK N+ñldj iQ;%Odr kï jQ jD;a;sh Ys,amshl= fj; mejreKq

nj o isys ;nd .; hq;= h'

² úfYaIfhka u fuu hq.j, kdgHfha uq,sl;ajh oerefõ tys rÕmdk

m%Odk k¿ k<shka iy kdgH lKavdhu Ndr j isá fõosld md,l h'

² kQ;k wOHlaIjrhd ìys jkafka l=vd c¾udkq rdcHhl md,lhd jQ 11

jeks fcda¾Ê fyj;a ielafia - fuhsksxfcka Saxe-meiningen& 1826-1914&"

wdosmdojrhdf.a ld,fha isg h' Tyqf.a jeo.;a u ld¾hh jQfha kdgH

bosßm;a lsÍfï iEu wx.hla u Tyq úiska md,kh lrkq ,eîuhs' fma%laIlhd

weo ne| .ksñka fõosld rx.hg wod< ish¨ u oDYH wx.hka iy k¿ ks<s

rx.khka ukd j ie,iqï lr Tyqf.a wjYH;dj bgqjk wdldrhg isÿ

lrjkq ,eîuhs' ta wkqj kdgHfha iuia; ld¾hh u ;uka w;g .kakd

,oS' Bg fmr kdgH ksIamdokh iïnkaO j fujekakla oelsh fkdyels

úh' Tyqf.a bosßm;a lsÍfï oS jeä wjOdkh ,enqfKa Ñ;%d;aul ksrEmKj,g

h' tys oS Tyq kQ;k h:d¾:jdoS kdgH lD;s flfrys Wkkaÿjla oelajQfha

ke;' m%n, m%;sM, cks; lrk iuia; fõosld Ñ;%h Total Stage Picture&

yd fõosld ld¾hh taldnoaO lrkafka flfiaoe hs Tyq fmkajd ÿkafka h'

² ielafia fuhsksxcka kdgH lKavdhfï wdNdih o ,nd .ksñka reishdkq

cd;sl fldkaiagkaghska iageksia,dõials ^1865-1938& ish kdgH bosßm;a

lsÍï isÿ l< w;r tys os ndysr fõosld oDYH l%shdj,shg wu;r j k¿jkaf.a

rEmK ld¾hh u.ska kdgH fm< o jvd;a .eUqßka w¾:l:kh lrk

m%fõYhlg .uka lrkakg úh'

² ielafia fuhsksxcka uQ,sl jYfhka u ndysr fmkqu i|yd uQ,sl;ajh ÿka

w;r iageksia,dõials fuh rEmK ld¾hh olajd mq¿,a lf<a h' ta wkqj

kdgH hkq hï mqoa.,hl=f.a mQ¾K wjOdkhg yd mßl,amkhg hg;a jQ

l%shdj,shla njg m;a lrñka wOHlaIjrhd rx. l,dfõ m%uqL;u l,dlrejd

f,i ia:dms; úh'

5



^mdvu f.dv ke.Sfï oS 12 fY%aKsfha 2'1 mdvu o wdY%h lr .ksñka

rx. N+ñ md,kh" rx. N+ñ ;dlaIKh" rx. úkHdih" fm%alaIdj yd

fm%alaIlhd hk wx. wOHlaIKfha oS fhdod .kakd wdldrh meyeos,s

lrkak'&

jeäÿr wOHhkh i|yd(

1' Oscar G. Brocrett by The Theatre an Introduction

2' rxð;a O¾ulS¾;sf.a rx. l,d m%fõYh 2 fldgi

3' iqpß; .ï,;af.a ngysr kdgH yd rx. l,dj

4' iq.;md, o is,ajdf.a fidÿre wd{dodhlhd'

5' fõosld l<ukdlrKh - tÉ' i*S¾

we.ehSu(

1' wOHlaIKh hkak ú.%y lrkak'

2' kdgHhl wOHlaIf.a ld¾hNdrh ú.%y lrkak'

6



ksmqK;dj 01 ( l,dj hkak ms<sn|j úuiñka kdgH yd rx. l,djwfkl=;a l,djka iu. ixikaokh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 ( kdgH l,dj fjk;a l,djka iuÕ ixikaokh lrhs'

úIh wka;¾.;h ( iskudj" fg,skdgH" kjl;dj" flál;dj wdoS l,d wx.

iuÕ kdgH ixikaokh lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² kdgH l,dj fjk;a l,djkag jvd fjkialï iys; l,djla nj m%ldY lrhs'

² iEu l,djlg u tajdg wdfõKsl ,laIK we;s nj ms<s.kshs'

² úúO l,djka iuÕ kdgH l,dj ixikaokh lrhs'

² úúO l,djka ri úkaokhg mqreÿ fjhs'

² úúO l,djkays fjkialï ye|sk .kshs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( iskudj" fg,skdgH" kjl;dj" flál;dj wdoS l,d udOH

ms<sn| ,shejqkq fmd;am;a fyda ,sms f,aLk

ye|skaùu ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIh yeoEÍfï oS kdgH fjk;a l,djka

iuÕ ixikaokh lsÍfuka tu l,djka yd kdgH w;r fjki

y÷kd .ekSu w;HjYH lreKla fõ' iskudj" fg,s kdgHh"

kjl;dj" flál;dj wdoS l,djka iy kdgH l,dj w;r

fldf;la ÿrg ióm in|;d olajkafka o fkd tfia kï tu

l,djkaf.ka flfia fjkia jkafka o hkak fidhd ne,Su

fuu mdvfuka wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( újD; .%ka: mßYS,kh yd idlÉPd l%uh


1' kdgH l,dj" iskudj" kjl;dj" flál;dj" fg,skdgH wdoS l,djka ms<sn|

j ye|skaùu

2' kdgH l,dj tu l,djka iuÕ ixikaokh lsÍu'

* kdgH l,dj

² kdgHh hkq DRAN hk .%Sl jpkfhka ìysjQjla nj" tys w¾:h hula lsÍu

nj

² wjia:djla fyda isoaêhla mokï lrf.k i;r wNskh u.ska lrk ksrEmKh

kdgH f,i wre;a oelaúh yels nj

² kdgH l,dj oDYH udOHhla nj

7



² m<uqj idys;H lD;shla jYfhka ìys ù fojkqj Y%jH oDYH udOHhla njg

m;ajk nj

² kdgH lrejd f,dalh rx. msGh u;g f.k wd hq;= nj

² kdgH l,dfõ my; oelafjk uQ,sl ,laIK we;s nj

² fm< idys;Hhla ;sîu

² l:d úkHdihla ;sîu ^uq," ueo" w. .e<mSu&

² rEmKh i|yd u l< ks¾udKhla ùu

² ffY,shla ;sîu

² .egqï wjia:d ;sîu

² iÔù nj

² iduQysl l%shdldß;ajh

² iÔù fm%alaIl iyNd.s;ajh

* iskudj ^iskud l,dfõ wdrïNh ms<sn| flá ye|skaùula lrkak'&

² iskudj ;dlaIKsl WmlrK Ndú;h yd ne÷Kq l,djla nj

² oDYH f.dapr l,d udOHhla nj

² Ñ;%mgh ixialrKh uQ,sl lr.;a l,d ks¾udKhla nj

² iskudj .nvd lr ;eìh yels ks¾udK l,djla nj

² iDcq fm%alaIl m%;spdr iuÕ iïnkaO úh fkdyels l,djla nj

² idys;H" kdgH" Ñ;%" ix.S;h wdoS l,d udOHhkaf.a ixl,kfhka fm%alaIlhd

bosßfha os. yefrk rEmuh moaO;shla nj

² rEmKh fyda wdkqIx.sl wx. fjkia lrñka kej; kej; ks¾udKh l< yels

l,djla nj

² iskud lrejdg f,dj mqrd ieß ieÍug bvlv we;s nj

² iskudfõ oS Ndú; jk rEm" ÿr rEm" uOHu rEm" ióm rEm jYfhka Ndú; l<

yels nj

² iskudj m%n, wOHdmk udOHhla f,i o fhdod.; yels nj

* fg,s kdgH ^fg,s kdgH ms<sn| uQ,sl ye|skaùula lrkak' - wdrïNh yd úldYh&

² iÔù l,d udOHhla fkdjk nj

² .nvd lr ;eìh yels l,d udOHhla nj

² iÔù fm%alaIl in|;djla fkdue;s l,djla nj

² rEmjdysksh u.ska f,dalh mqrd f.k hd yels l,djla nj

² k¿ ks<shkaf.a rEmKh leurdjla bosßfha l< hq;= nj

² kdgH msgm; fm<& rpkd l< hq;af;a leurdfõ rem rduqjg .e<fmk whqßka

nj

² fjia fudaia;r yd wx. rpkh iajdNdúl whqßka isÿ l< hq;= nj

² ixjdo Ndú;h iajdNdúl whqßka l< yels nj

² iñm rEmhla f,iska bosßm;a fkdjk l,ayS fg,s kdgHfha k¿ ks<shkaf.a

id;a;aúl wNskh idudkH ;;a;ajfhka mej;sh yels nj

8



* kjl;dj ^kjl;dfõ wdrïNh yd úldYh ms<sn| flá ye|skaùula lrkak'&

² NdIdj udOH fldg.;a lshjd ri ú|sh yels l,d udOHhla nj

² kdgHhla fuka laIKsl fm%alaIl m%;spdrhg md;%jk udOHhla fkdjk nj

² ks¾udKlref.a mßl,amk Yla;shg wiSñ; j bv ,efnk nj

² kjl;d lrejdg ld,h" wjldYh" isÿùï" mqoa., pß; wdosh iSudjlska f;dr j

Ndú; l< yels nj

² pß; f.dvke.Sfï oS kjl;d lrejdg tu pß;j, ndysr fmkqu" yeisÍu"

wNHka;r ufkda Ndjhka iúia;r j iy ks¾udKd;aul j bosßm;a l< yels nj

² ´kE u oDIaá fldaKhla Ndú; lr jvd mq¿,a lafIa;%hl ksoyfia ieß ieÍug

kjl;d lreg bv we;s nj

* flá l;dj(

² iSñ; ksoyila we;s idys;Huh wdLHdkhla nj

² lshjd ri ú|sh yels ks¾udKhla nj

² pß; yd isÿùï iSud ùu ksid rplhdg ,efnk ksoyi iSud iys; nj

² flá l;dj yqfola ks¾ud;Df.a ;ks ks¾udKhla nj

² ks¾ud;D fkdue;s jqj o flá l;dj ri úkaokhg ndOdjla fkdjk nj

jeäÿr wOHhkh i|yd(

1' ux.,sld ch;=x. - 'm%dix.sl l,d'

we.hSu(

1' kdgH l,djg wdfõKsl jQ ,laIK úuikak'

2' kdgH l,dj fjk;a l,djka iuÕ ixikaokh lrkak'

9



ksmqK;dj 02 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul moku m%.=Klrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 ( f,dalfha úúO kdgH Í;s ms<sn| idlÉPd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² iajdNdúljdoh ms<sn| j lreKq m%ldY lrhs'

² tñ,a fida,d f.a kdgH oDIaáh jgyd .kshs'

² iajdNdúljdoh l%shd;aul jQ wdldrh ms<sn| j lreKq fidhhs'

² iajdNdúljdoh hgm;a ùug fya;= fidhhs'

² f,dalfha mj;akd úúO kdgH Í;Ska .ek lreKq fiùug fm<fUhs'

l%shdldrlu ( iajdNdúljdoS Í;sh y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( tñ,a fida,df.a PdhdrEmhla - kdgH m%fõYh .%ka:h

ye|skaùu(

iajdNdúl kdgH Í;sh" frduekaála yd h:d¾:jdoS Í;Skaf.ka fnfyúka fjkia

úh' Ôú;h ;:H iajrEmfhka u f.k yer oelaùug W;aidy lsÍu fuys uQ,sl

,laIKhhs'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( .%ka: mßYS,kh yd idlÉPd l%uh

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la((

fuu kdgH Í;sfha mqfrda.dñhd jQfha m%xY cd;sl tñ,a fida,d h' 1840 - 1902&

Tyq úiska iajdNdúl jdoh ms<sn| uQ,O¾u wkq.ukh lrñka ks¾udKh lrkq

,enQjls Therese Raquin& f;f¾ia /laúka kdgHh' fuu Í;shg wkqj ks¾udKh

jQ ;j;a kdgH lD;s /ila fõ'

² wkafø wkaf;dhska Andre Antoine& f.a taldx. kdgHhla jk The Butch-

ers ^1888& ^fuys ienEu yrla uia fõosldfõ t,a,d ;snQ nj lshefõ'&

² fykaß fnla Henri Becque& 1837-1899& f.a" o j,ap¾ia The vultures& ,d

meÍishka La Parisienne& ta w;r fõ'

fuu Í;sfhka uQ,sl jYfhka wfmalaId lf<a k¿jd fõosldj u; fm%alaIlhska

bosßfha rÕmEu fkdj Ôj;a ùuhs' ;u jia;= úIh iïnkaOfhka kdgH lrejd

ffjIhsl úh hq;= fyhska i;Hh lrd <Õd ùu i|yd M,odhS hhs isf;k ´kE

u fohla .ek ,sùug Tyqg ksoyi we;'

Ndú;fha oS iajdNdúljdoh keUqre jQfha my< mka;s Ôú;fha jvd;a .¾ys; wxY

wjOdrKh lsÍug h' fïjd fõosldjg f.k tk ,oafoa i;H lreKq mokï

10



lrf.k h' tneúka fndfyda iajdNdúljdoS kdgH ñksidg isÿjk wdmodjka

úIh fldg .;s' tajd wm%ikak jia;= yd pß; ksrEmKh lsÍug tfrys j ;snqKq

ndOl ì| fy<d we;'

k¿ ks<shkaf.a l:dnia" YdÍßl bßhõ mEï i;H Ôú;fha wdldrfhka u bosßm;a

flreKs' rx. N+ñ rpkd ie,iqï lf<a ia:dkh ms<sn| j ienE iajrEmhla u

o¾Ykh jk whqßks' fõosld NdKav ;ekam;a lrkq ,enQfha fõosld Ñ;%fha mru

iajdNdúl;ajh f.dv kef.k wkaoñks' ienE uia" jhska fnda;,a" c,h yd .Dy

NdKav jeks foaj,a Ndú; lrk ,oS'

1900 muK jk úg iajdNdúljdoh fnfyúkau wNdú; úh' fõosldj u;

iajdNdúl;ajh we;s ieáfhka u m%;s ksIamdokh l< hq;=h hk b,a,Su l%shd;aul

l< fkdyels jQ w;r h:d¾:jdofha ke.Su;a iu. u iajdNdúljdoh hgm;a úh'

* jeäÿr lshùu(

² ngysr kdgH yd rx. l,dj - iqpß; .ï,;a

² kdgH m%fõYh - úu¾Ykd;aul wOHhkhla - rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s

we.hSu(

1' iajdNdúljdoS Í;sfha m%Njh ms<sn| j lreKq úuikak'

2' iajdNdúljdoS Í;sh l%shd;aul jQ wdldrh meyeos,s lrkak'

11



ksmqK;dj 02 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul moku m%.=Klrhs'



bf.kqï M, (

² fykaßla bíika f.a h:d¾:jdoS kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| j lreKq m%ldY lrhs'

² h:d¾:jdoS kdgH ms<sn| j lreKq fidhhs'

² h:d¾:jdoS Í;sh wkq.ukh l< kdgH lrejka kï lrhs'

² h:d¾:jdoS Í;sfha mj;akd úfYaI;d fiùug fm<fUhs'

² úúO kdgH Í;Ska ms<sn| j lreKq fiùug fm<fUhs'

l%shdldrlu ( h:d¾:jdoS kdgH Í;sh y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( fykaßla bíikaf.a PdhdrEmhla" bíika .ek ,shejqKq ,sms

ye|skaùu( ² h:d¾:jdoS kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| j lreKq wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mdvfuka

wfmalaId flf¾'


² h:d¾:jdoS kdgH Í;sh ìysjkafka hqfrdamfha isÿ jQ iudc wd¾Òl

foaYmd,kuh ixisoaëkaf.a m%;sM,hla jYfhka nj" úfYaIfhka u

úoHd;aul Ñka;kh" ld¾ñl úma,jh" kj nqoaêuh m%fndaOh hk

lreKq ta i|yd bjy,a jQ nj

² m%:ufhka u m%nkaO idys;H l,dj ;=< fuu Í;sh j¾Okh ù

l%ufhka kdgHlrejka w;rg o .uka lf<a woaN+; Romantic& yd

w;skdglj,g ^melodrama& tfrys jQ m%jK;djla jYfhks'

² h:d¾:jdoh hkq" oDYHudk h:d¾:h ms<sn| yqÿ ms<sìUqjla fkdfõ'

th" ixlS¾K ukqIH iajNdjh;a" fN!;sl mßirh u; f.dvke.=Kq

tu ukqIH iajNdjh ms<sn| h:d¾:h;a ksrEmKh jk wkaoñka

pß; yd l:d úkHdih f.dv kexùuls'

² h:d¾:jdoh hkq iudc i;a;dj ms<sn| j oDYHudk h:d¾:h fkdj

fN!;sl mßir u; f.dv ke.=Kq ukqIH iajNdjh mss<sn| j

h:d¾:h;a" ixlS¾K ukqIH iajNdjh;a ksrEmKh jk wkaoñka

pß; yd l:d úkHdih f.dv kexùuhs'

12



² fï wkqj óg fmr fõosldjg f.k wd .;dkq.;sl f;audjka yd

pß; o woaN+; yd wNjH foa o w;yer ld,Sk ñksia Ôú;fha ienE

;;=" m%Yak yd .eg¨ jvd;a ;d;a;aúl f,iska fõosldj u; ksrEmKh

lsÍug fhduq úh'

² h:d¾:jdoS kdgHhl pß; yd isÿùïj, úldYkh ifya;=l fõ'

pß; me;,s núka f;dr h' l;dfõ ld,h yd wjldYh ;¾ldkql+,

j .<md ;;a;ajdkqrEmS udhdjlg hg;a lr bosßm;a lrhs'

² idudkH Ôú;fha ñksiqka Ndú; lrk wdldrfha NdId Ndú;hla

oelsh yels jqj o ldjHd;aul ,laIK o mj;S' fuu Í;sfha oS wd;au

l:k" wylg l:d" úia;r l:k jeks Wml%u idudkHfhka Ndú;

fkdfõ'

² h:d¾:jdoS kdgH l%ufha mqfrda.dñhd f,i i,lkafka fkda¾ùðhdkq

cd;sl kdgHlrejl= jk fykaßla bíika h' "iudcfha l= kq" kï

kdglfhka fuu kdgH Í;sh y÷kajd oS we;' wekagka fpfld*a"

n¾kdâ fIda" uelaisï f.da¾ls" jeks kdgHlrejka o h:d¾:jdoS

Í;sfha kdgHlrejka f,i i,lhs'

we.hSu(

1' fykaßla bíika úiska y÷kajd fokq ,enQ h:d¾:jdoS kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| j

iudf,dapkhla lrkak'

13



ksmqK;dj 02 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul moku m%.=K

lrhs'



bf.kqï M, (

² frduekaála kdgH Í;sh hkq l=ulaoe hs m%ldY lrhs'

² frduekaála Í;sfha ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lrhs'

² frduekaála Í;sh wkq.ukh l< kdgHlrejka yd Tjqka f.a lD;s y÷kd .kshs'

² frduekaála Í;sfha lD;s ri ú|Sug fm<fUhs'

² úúO kdgH Í;Ska y÷kd .ekSug leue;a; olajhs'

l%shdldrlu ( frduekaála kdgH Í;sh y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( frduekaála kdgH lD;s lSmhla

ye|skaùu( ² frduekaála kdgH Í;sh yd frduekaála kdgH lD;s ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla

,nd oSu fuu mdvñka wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( .%ka: mßYS,kh yd idlÉPd l%uh


² Romantic hk jpkfhka woaN+;" fm%aKSuh" pu;aldr jeks f;areï

,nd fok nj

² hqfrdamfha m%p,s; j ;snQ nqoaêjdohg tfrys j 18 jk ishji w.Nd.fha

oS c¾uksh" m%xYh" tx.,ka;h wdoS hqfrdamSh rgj, u;= jQ ixl,amhla

nj

² fuu m%jK;djfha iajNdjh kï l,dlrejka f.a ;¾lkhg jvd

mßl,amkhg jeä bvla we;s fya;=M, iïnkaOhg uQ,sl;ajhla ysñ

fkdjk Í;shla nj

² iajNdj fi!kao¾hh wdorfha uysuh ukqIH iajNdjfha .++V;ajh

ika;%dih wdoS úIhka uki ;=< m%y¾Ihg kexùula nj

² fyd|-krl" ùr-ÿIag" iqÿ- l¿ wdoS pß; ksrEmKhka iys;" nqoaêhg

jvd Ndjhg m%uqL;ajhla ysñjk iïm%odhla nj

² merKs l;dkaor ;=< fuu ,laIK oelsh yels jk w;r fndfyda

fihska m%N+;ajh yd neÿKq fm%auh yd woaN+;;ajh úIh fldg f.k

l:d jia;= f.dv ke.S ;sfnk nj

² kj iïNdjH jdofhka ksoyia ù b;du;a ,sys,a kdgH ikao¾Nhla

wkq.ukh l< nj

14



² c¾udkq cd;sl .¾f;a f.a Faust j,ska mgka .;a nj

² f,da m%lg m%xY idys;HOr wef,alaiekav¾ vQudf.a Henri III and His

Court iy The Tower of Nesle hk kdgH" Is,¾f.a The Robbers and

The Robbers yd Don Corlos

² fhõ.ska Iajd¾Üia f.a ulrd hk kdgH WodyrK fõ'

we.hSu(

1' frduekaála kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| j úia;rhla lrkak'

2' frduekaála Í;sh wkq.ukh l< kdgHlrejka yd Tjqka f.a lD;s we;=<;a

igykla ms<sfh, lrkak'

15



ksmqK;dj 03 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dfõ uQ,sl kHdhka weiqßka m%dfhda.sl

ks¾udK f.dv k.hs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ( wdkqIx.sl l,djkays Wmfhda.S;dj y÷kd .ksñka

ks¾udKlrKhg fhduq fjhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² kdgH ix.S;h ms<sn| j f;dr;=re .fõIKh lrhs'

² ix.S; NdKav fhdod .ksñka miqìï Yío ks¾udKh lrhs'

² kdgH .S; .hñka rx.kfha fhfohs'

² kdgH .S; ri ú|shs'

² kdgH i|yd ix.S;h ks¾udKh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 3'1'4 ( kdgH ix.S;h y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² kdgH .S; mghla

² kdgH ix.S;h iys; Y%jH oDYH mg lSmhla

² ukfï" isxyndyq jeks kdgH oDYH mghla

ye|skaùu ( ² kdgH ix.S;h hkak y÷kajhs'

² kdgH ix.S;h ks¾udKfha oS ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq

myohs'

² kdgH i|yd ix.S;h Wmfhda.S lr.kakd wdldrh meyeos,s

lrhs'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( Y%jK" idlÉPd l%u u.ska yd m%dfhda.sl l%shd u.ska


² tosfkod Ndú; jk fjk;a ix.S; wdlD;sj,ska kdgH ix.S;h

fjkia jk nj

² fjk;a ix.S; wdlD;sj, os ix.S;fha iqñysß nj ix.S;d;aul nj

fyda fjk;a ix.S;uh uQ,O¾uj,g wkql+, ùu m%Odk fldkafoaishla

jqj;a kdgH ix.S;fha m%Odk fldkafoaish jkafka tys kdgHuh

iajNdjh jk nj

² kdgHfha fm< wOHhkh lrk kdgH ix.S; ks¾udKlrejd tu

fm< msKsi b,a,d isákq ,nk ix.S;h ljrdldr úh hq;= o hkak

y÷kd .; hq;= nj

² kdgH ix.S;h úiska kdgH wOHlaIjrhd kdgH fm<g imhkq

,nk w¾:l:kh fmdaIKh lrkq ,nk nj

² y~ fiau ksy~ nj o kdgHhg m%n, w¾: imhk w;r rx.h ;=<ska

u;=jk ksy~ nj o m%n, ix.S;hla jk nj

16



² kdgHhl ix.S;h hkq jpkd¾:hkaf.ka Tífnka mj;sk .eUqre

ufkdaNdjhkag wduka;%Kh l< yels" tajd WoaoSmkh lrñka kj

wre;a iïmdokh l< yels m%n, udOHhla nj

² kdgHfha rx. ffY,shg" f;audjg" wdlD;shg yd rx. ßoauhg

.e<fmk whqßka ix.S;h ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj

² ljr úfglj;a kdgH ix.S;h kdgHh hgm;a fldg biau;= fkdúh

hq;= nj

² ixjdoj,g wjysr fkdjk whqßka iy wjia:d ixfla;j;a jk

whqßka ix.S; ks¾udKh úh hq;= nj

² kdgH O¾ó kdgHj, oS ix.S;h w;HjYH wx.hla jk nj

² wka;¾.;hkag wu;rj k¿ ks<shkaf.a .dhk yelshdjka" Y%e;s

mrdihka y~ m%lafIamK wjYH;djkao kdgH ix.S; ks¾udKfha oS

ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= nj

² T!Ñ;Hfhka hq;= miqìï ix.S;h k¿jdf.a Ndj m%ldYkhg ukd

msájy,la jk nj

² kdfgHdaÑ; fkdjk ix.S;h kdgH rihg ndOdjla fuka u kdgHfha

wid¾:l;ajhg fya;= jk nj

² kdgH wOHlaIjrhdf.a wNsu;h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=

nj

² kdgHhl oS ix.S; NdKavj,ska fuka u fjk;a WmlrKo u.ska

úúO Yío yd y~ wjia:dfjdaÑ; j fhdod .ekSu isÿ lrkq ,nk

nj

^ksoiqka - fodr wefrk jefik y~" l¾udka;Yd,djl y~" uqyqÿ

r< f>DaIdj" wYaj l=r .eàu" l=re¿ y~&

² "le,Ks md,u" kdgHh" ix.S;h Ndú; fkd l< o ckm%sh jQ

kdgHhla nj

² kq¾;s kdgHh .S; ksid u ckm%sh jQ w;r ix.S;fha taldldÍ nj

tys msßySug o fya;=jla jQ nj

² kdgH .S; .hñka rx.kfha fhoSu jdpHd¾:h okjk yqÿ k¾;khla

f,i fkdj wjia:d ksrEmKhla úh hq;= nj

² oDYH ldjHuh .=Kh ;shqKq lsÍu Wfoid kdgH ix.S;h jvd odhl

jk nj

17



.dhkh yd rx.khg jvd;a fhda.H jQ id¾:l kdgH .S; lSmhla

ld,f.da, kdv.fï ( "r;|r isßhd mrok"

"wdf, nekao"

"wms .ug huq"

moaudj;S kq¾;sfha ( "oelafld;a moaudj;S"

"fidanudk foajmqrd"

"w.kd nvq fïjd"

fjiaika;r kq¾;sfha ( "wo fjiaika;r rdcmq;d"

"uf.a ukaøs kï ìfidaf.a"

ukfï kdgHfha ( "fm%aufhka uk rxð;fõ"

",m fkdujka"

"¥,d fk;=mq,d"

"reisre <÷ks"

isxyndyq kdgHfha ( ".,af,k ì|,d"

"weig kef;a"

"j.=rg krks÷"

fnry~ kdgHfha ( "yksl huõ fld,a,fka"

uQÿmq;a;= kdgHfha ( "uqyqÿ m;=, hg b|,d"

kßnEKd kdgHfha ( "l=ug o fidnksfh"

;drdfjda b.sf,;s kdgHfha ( "fidaNdj foa fumqr"

"ufâ ,.sk ;drdjka"

"lfâg m,hx pEx pQx"

r;=yeÜgldß kdgHfha ( "oSlsß oSlsß" ^.=rejrhdg wNsu; mßos óg wu;r j

.e<fmk kdgH .S; f;dard .; yels h'&

we.hSu(

1' fõosld kdgHhl úÑ;%;ajh Wfoid ix.S;fhka ,nd .; yels odhl;ajh ms<sn|

újrKh lrkak'

2' fõosld kdgHhl ix.S;h iemhSug Tng NdrjQfha kï Tn wkq.ukh lrk

ms<sfj; ms<sfj<ska úia;r lrkak'

18



ksmqK;dj 03 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dfõ uQ,sl kHdhka weiqßka m%dfhda.sl

ks¾udK f.dvk.hs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ( wdkqIx.sl l,djkayS Wmfhda.S;dj y÷kd .ksñka

ks¾udKlrKhg fhduq fjhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² mska;+r rduq fõosldjl N+f.da,Sh iajNdjh kï lrhs'

² ;sr Ndú;fhys wjYH;dj ksÍlaIKh lrhs'

² fõosldjl myiqfjka ;sr iú lr .ekSug l%fudamdhhka w;ayod n,hs'

² ksjeros wdldrfhka ;sr iú lrhs'

² jdiia:dkh ;sr Ndú; lrñka iqkaor j ilia lr .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 3'1'1'1 ( fõosld ;sr j¾. y÷kd .ksuq'

úIh wka;¾.;h ( fõosld ;sr j¾. y÷kd .ekSu yd ;sr Ndú;h

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² fõosld ;sr ksrEmKh flfrk mska;+r

ye|skaùu ( fma%laIlhd iy fõosldj fjka flfrk m%Odk ;srh Ndú;hg

meñKsfha iajdNdúl kdgH iïm%odfha wdrïNh;a iuÕ h'

Ôú;h ;;a;ajdldrfhka ksrEmKh lsßug wjYH miqìula

fõosldj u; ks¾udKh lsßug ;sr Ndú;h bjy,a úh'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( .fõIK yd ksÍlaIK wdY%s; j fõosld ;sr ms<sn| rEm

igyka lSmhla fmkajñka mdvug msúfikak'


² ;sr Ndú;h ms<sn| j my; i|yka lreKq o we;=<;a lrf.k idlÉPdjla

f.dv k.kak'

² ;sr i|yd Ndú; jk m¾hdh jpk f,i mà" wmà" ;srialrKS"

huksld" hjksld" cjksld yd lv;=rdj hkqfjka ye|skafjk nj"

² fõosldjl Ndú; jk ;sr j¾. lsysmhla we;s nj

² fm%alaId.drh iy fõosldj fjka lsÍu i|yd m%Odk ;srh Ndú; jk

nj"

² ihslaf,drdud" wyia;srh fyj;a ..ksldj kñka y÷kajk miqmi

;srh miq;, ueùug fuka u" rx.df,dalfha oS o w.kd fufyhla

bgq lrk nj"

19



² óg wu;r j me;s ;sr" Wvq ;sr" yria ;sr hkdoS jYfhka ;sr j¾.

Ndú; lrkq ,nk nj"

² ;sr Ndú;h u.ska o¾Yk fjka lsßu yÕjk nj"

² fõosld w,xldrh we;s lsÍug fuka u wkjYH o¾Yk

fm%alaIlhdf.ka jika lsÍug o ;sr WmldÍ jk nj

² rx.k Ys,amSkag o ;sr Ndú;h u.ska úúO jQ rÕmEï i|yd iqúfYaI

odhl;ajhla ,nd .; yels nj

² kdgH ffY,sh wkqj o ;sr Ndú;fha fjkialï olakg ,efnk

nj

) tla tla ;sr j¾.j, iqúfYaIS ,laIK y÷kd .ksuq'

m%Odk ;srh

² fõosldj" fm%alaId.drfhka fjka flfrkafka m%Odk ;srfhks' iEu

rÕy,l u fuu ;srh w;ska weoSfuka fyda hka;%dkqidrfhka fomig

hjñka fõosldj újD; lsÍu;a" jeiSu;a isÿ lrhs' o¾Yk udre

lsÍug o" úfõl ld,h weÕùug o" miq;, udre lsÍug o kdgHh

wjika nj weÕùug o Ndú; lrhs'

² ihslaf,drdud" wyia;srh fyj;a ..ksldj

iqÿ meye;s fuu ;srh Wvq fõosldfõ ^miqmi& oela fõ' we;eï

wjia:dj, j¾K miqìï ;sr o fhdod .;a nj fmfka' ..ksldj"

fõosld kdgHfha os úYd, fufyhla lrkq fmfka' fõI N+IK

me<|s k¿ ks<shka wdjrKh lsÍug" me;s udre lsÍug" miq;, o¾Yk

ueùug" rx. wdf,dalh u.ska úfYaI fjkialï isÿ lsrSug yd úÑ;%

fm%alaIdjla ueùug o WmldÍ fõ'

laIs;sch jka wE;ska fmfkk lsisjla ujd fmkaùug" l=re,a,ka

b.s, hdu" j,dl=¿j, p,kh" uqyqfoa /<s ke.Su" hqouh wjia:d"

ld,h ^Woh" oyj," yekaoEj" rd;%sh& we.ùug o"

Ndjh fyda wjia:dj jvd biau;= jk fia wdf,dalh fhduq lsÍug

o ..ksldj fhdod .efka'

20



me;s ;sr

fõosldfõ o¾Yk m:fhka msg; isák k¿ ks<shka fjk;a Ys,amSka

yd Ndú; l< hq;= kdfgHdamlrK" bj;a l< NdKav fm%alaIlhdg

fkdfmfkk wdldrfhka iÕjd ;eîug WmldÍ jkafka me;s ;sr

h'

² me;s ;sr w;r fkdfmfkk fia ieÕ jQ me;s myka o iú lr we;'

² mqrdKfha we;eï úg .dhl yd jdol uKav,h o me;s ;srhlg uqjd

ù ix.S;h iemhS h'

² fõosldfõ .eUqr ujd fmkaùug uy;a fia WmldÍ jkafka me;s

;srh njhs'

² fõosldj fomiska 1" 2" 3 wdoS jYfhka me;s ;sr Ndú; lrhs'

² mska;+r rduq fõosldjl me;s ;sr iú lrkq ,nkafka l%ufhka

..ksldj fj; keUqre jk wdldrhg h'

Wvq ;sr

mska;+r rduq fõosldfõ Wv fldgi wdjrKh lsÍu fuuÕska isÿ

lrkq ,nhs' fuu ;sr w;r wdf,dal myka iy WmlrK iÕjd

;nhs' tyd fuyd l< yels mßos Wvq ;sr iú lrkq ,nhs'

yria ;srh

ueo ;srh kñka o y÷kajkq ,nhs' fuuÕska fõosld NdKav ;enQ miq

ysia wjldYh jid ;eîu isÿ fõ'

l¿ fyda l¿ ks,a meyefhka hqla; h'

fuu ;srh Ndú;hg .kakd wjia:d úr, h'

miqmi ;sr

ks;H rx. Yd,dj, ..ksldjg bosßfhka my;a lsÍug fyda fomig

weoSug yels jk mßos ilia lr we;'

jeäÿr wOhhkh i|yd( kdgH m%fõYh 11 - rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s

we.hSu((

1' mska;+r rduq fõosldjl ksjeros j ;sr ia:dk.; lrkak'

2' oDYHuh udhdj we;s lsÍu Wfoid ;sr Ndú; lsÍfï jeo.;alu ksoiqka wdY%s; j

ú.%y lrkak'

21



fm%diSkshï fõosldjl ;srh

m%Odk ^wosk& ;srh l%shd lrk wdldrh

22



b.s¨ï ;srh l%shd lrk wdldrh

Ñ;% jia;%hla Wvg hjk wdldrh

23



;djld,sl ihslaf,drdudjla ^..ksldj& iú lr.kakd wdldrh'

..ksldj uejQ miq;,hla

) rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s uy;df.a kdgH m%fõYh II .%ka:fhka wOHdmk ld¾hhka i|yd fuu rEm

igyka we;=<;a lr.kakd ,oS'

24



Choreography - rx. úkHdih

Choreography hk jok uq,ska u jHjydrhg .ekqfka kdgH lafIa;%h ;=< fkdj

k¾;k lafIa;%h iïnkaOfhka h' tu uq,a wre;g wkqj th k¾;k úkHdih úh'

^Choreograpier is an artist who designs dances for the stage& tkï k¾;khkaf.a k¾;k rgd"

ie,iqï lrñka w¾:j;a j fõosldj u; k¾;k rEmhka ks¾udKh lsÍuhs'

16 jk ishji jk úg ngysr rgj, nef,a rplfhda nef,a k¾;lhskag wkq.ukh

lsÍu i|yd ir, rEmigyka u.ska k¾;k rgd ,nd ÿkay' tfy;a nef,a k¾;kh b;d ishqï

yd ixlS¾K jkakg jQ úg tu l%uh fjkqjg k¾;k rplhd tu p,k uq,ska ksrEmKh

fldg oela jQ w;r fiiq k¾;lfhda th wkq.ukh l<y' m%xY cd;sl rdW,a *dhsfha úiska

1699 oS "Choreograpie" kï .%ka:hla rpkd lr we;'

úisjk ishjfia ueo Nd.hg wdikak j weußldfõ werUqKq Tiald yeu¾iaghska f.a

'Oklahoma' jeks .S; kdgl Music Theatre& /,a, ;=< o fuu k¾;k úkHdih ;jÿrg;a

j¾Okh úh' tu ix.S; kdglfha k¾;k úkHdih NdrjQfha we.akia ä fu,a kï

Ys,amsKshg nj oelafõ' fuys oS kj k¾;kh" cEia" gema iy ùos k¾;k hk úúO

k¾;khkaf.a ßoau rgd m%fhdackhg .ekqKs' ix.S; kdgl ;=< oS k¾;k úkHdih Ndr

Ys,amshd wOHlaI iuÕ tla j fuu k¾;lhka fõosldj u; ks¾udKd;aul j f.dkq lsÍu

^Blocking& isÿ flf¾' j¾;udkfha oS f,dj m%lg wNsjdylfhl= ^Performer& jQ uhsl,a

celaika ;ukaf.a ix.S; m%ix. l,dj ;=< oS k¾;k úkHdih fndfyda úg ;ukau ks¾udKh

lr.;a w.%.KH m%ix. l,d lrefjls' ;jÿrg;a yskaos Ñ;%mgj, .S;j,g wkqrEm j

k¾;kh uqiq lsÍfï oS fuu k¾;k úkHdih meyeos,sj u oel .; yels h'

Choreography hk ixl,amh nef,a jeks k¾;k úê yd ix.S; kdgl iuÕ jHjydrhg

meñKsh o fuu jok f,dalfha merKs u .%Sl kdgHj, tk fldarih fyj;a .dhk jDkaoh

^Chorous& úiska bosßm;a lrkq ,enQ k¾;k ,S,djka hk wre;ska o .uH jQjla nj lsj yels

h' ta wkqj f,dj kdgH l,dj ìys jQ od isg ixp,kh Movement& mokï fldgf.k k¿

ks<shka f.dkq lrñka o" wdkqIx.sl l,djka Bg ixfhdackh lrñka o ks¾udKh lrkq

,nk fõosld Ñ;%h rx. úkHdih Theatre choreography& f,i ie,lsh yels h' weßiafgdag,a

f.a ldjH Ydia;%h kï .%ka:fha g%ecä kdglfha ih úO wx. w;r fm%alaIdj ^Spectacle&

kñka y÷kajd we;af;a fõosldj u; ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk fuu fõosld mska;+rhhs' fuu

fm%alaIdj fm%alaIl wdl¾Ykh i|yd wjYH nj ms<s.kakd kuq;a weßiafgdag,a Bg m%Odk

;ekla oS ke;' th wdkqIx.sl Ys,amsfhl= f.a ld¾hhla f,i olajd we;'

25



k¾;k úkHdih fyj;a Choreography rx. úkHdih fyj;a Theatre Choreography

njg meyeos,s j m;aùu isÿjkafka kdgH l,dj ;=< h:d¾:jdoh ìys jQ 19 jk ishjfiaoS

h' m<uqjrg kdgH wOHlaIjrfhl= f.a ìysùu0 isÿ ùh' fojk fcda¾Ê fyj;a ielaia-

fuhsksxcka ^1826-1914& kQ;k kdgH l,dfõ m<uq wOHlaIjrhd f,i ie,lsh yels h'

fuu kj m%fõYfhys jeo.;a wx. jQfha o¾Yk Ñ;%" rx.d jia;%dNrK fuka u k¿ ks<s wx.

p,k Tyq úiska ie,iqï lsÍuhs' fõosldj u; fudfyd;ska fudfyd; uefjk iuia;

fõosld rEmh Tyq w;ska w;sYh ie,ls,af,ka hq;= j ks¾udKh úh' Choreography hkqfjka

kdgHj,g k¾;kh ixfhdackh lsÍula fuys oS woyia fkdflfrk w;r rx. úkHdih

hkqfjka meyeos,s j woyia lrkqfha rx.h yd rx.hg wod< ish¨ u p,k fuka u p,k

fkdjk wjia:d" md;% j¾.hka yd jia;+ka fõosldj u; rx.fha wre;g wkqj WÑ; j fm<

.eiaùuhs' .e<mSuhs' kdgHhl wdrïNfha isg wjidkh olajd lsishï rEm rgd moaO;shla

rx. N+ñh u; ks¾udKh jk w;r fuu rEm w¾:dkaú; j yd wmQ¾j;ajfhka fm< .eiaùfï

l,dj meyeos,s j u rx. úkHdih f,i oelaúh yels h'

Choreography hkafka wre; k¾;k úkHdihg muKla iSud l<fyd;a th fõosld

kdgH lafIa;%fha oS kdgHO¾ó ffY,shg Stylised plays& wh;a kdgH flfrys muKla fhdod

.efkk njg woyila we;s fõ' th iïmQ¾K i;Hhla fkdfõ' Y%S ,xldfõ o 50" 60 hk

oYlj, oS tkï ukfï kdgHhg miq j wd ffY,s.; kdgH ;=< Bg WÑ; k¾;k rgdjka

ie,iqï lr ks¾udKh lsÍu olakg ,enqKs' fidlß" flda,ï yd kdv.ï jeks .eñ kdglj,

k¾;k ú,dYhka yd .uka ;d," fuu ffY,s.; kdgH i|yd fhdod .ekqKs' tf,dj .syska

fuf,dj wdjd ksoiqkls' fuf,i k¾;kh kdgH i|yd WÑ; f,i fhdod .ksñka lrkq

,enQ rx. úkHdih ms<sn| hï w.ehSula 1983 kjl kdgH Wf<f,a nqoaê iy Nla;s hk

kdgHfha ir;a l=udrisxyg ,nd fok ,oS'

Y%S ,xldfõ oS 80 oYlh jk úg kdgH ;=< iDcq k¾;k rgd úkHdi.; lsÍu olakg

fkd,efnk w;r k¿ ks<shka iuQy jYfhka ßoauhdkql+, rx.kj, fhoSu rx. úkHdih

f,i y÷kd .efka' ñka woyia lrkafka ksrEmK ld¾hfha oS l,d;aul yd ßoauhdkql+,

núka hq;= j wx. p,k iuqodhla ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' 1986 j¾Ifha oS urdidoa kdgHh i|yd

m%:u jrg rx. úkHdih hk YS¾Ih hgf;a iq.;md, o is,ajdg iïudk ysñ úh' fuu

kdgHH ;=< wmQ¾j iuQy rx. ld¾hhla olakg ,enqKs' ch,;a ufkdar;akhka f.a .=re ;rej

kdgHfha rx. úkHdih i|yd o iïudk ,enqKs' tfy;a fuu kdgHh ;=< hï k¾;k

rgdjka fuka u k¾;k fkdjk p,k rgdjka o osia úh'

26



rx. úkHdih hk ixl,amh yqfola fõosld kdgH i|yd k¾;k rgdjka WÑ; j

fhdod .ekSug muKla iSud fkdjkakls' tfia u th kdgH O¾ó kdgHj,g muKla

fkdj f,dalO¾ó ^Realistic plays& kdgH i|yd o fhdod .efkkakls' ta ksid j¾;udk

kdgH l,dj wrNhd rx. úkHdih hkak mq¿,a wre;la iys; ixl,amhls' n¾fgda,aÜ

fn%IaÜf.a kdgHhla jQ 'hlaId.ukh' ks¾udKh l< O¾uisß nKavdrkdhlg 1995 rdcH

kdgH Wf<f,a fyd| u rx. úkHdih i|yd iïudk ,enqKs' tf,i hlaId.ukh" ulrd

jeks kdgHj, rx. úkHdih ks¾udKh lr we;af;a yqÿ k¾;k p,k weiqfrka fkdj pß;

úiska u lrkq ,nk l%shdjka Action& weiqfrka h' 2000 rdcH kdgH Wf<f,a oS fyd| u rx.

úkHdih i|yd O¾uisß nKavdrkdhlf.a fg%dacka ldka;dfjda kdgHfha fcfrdï o is,ajdg

iïudk ,enqKs' tfy;a tu kdgHfha k¾;k p,k úiska kdgHfha wre; hgm;a l< njg

úfõpkhla o Bg t,a, úh'

by; lreKq ie,ls,a,g .ekSfï oS rx. úkHdih hkq yqÿ k¿ ks<s k¾;k ú,dihka

fõosldj u; rxf.daÑ; j ilia lrkq ,eîulg jvd kdgHO¾ó iy f,dalO¾ó hk ´kE

u iïm%odhlg wh;a kdgHhl ñksia l%shdjka ixp,kh ^Movement& mokï fldgf.k

fõosldfõ wjldYh ukd f,i Ndú; lrñka fiiq wdkqIx.sl l,djka o wmQ¾j;ajfhka

hq;= j iqixfhdackh lrñka bgq lrkq ,nk ks¾udKd;aul l%shdj,shls' fuys oS ixp,kh

^Movement& fuka u tfia .;sl fkdjk wjia:d o wh;a fõ' ksoiqkla f,i fõosldj u;

p,kh fkdjk mqoa.,fhl= fuka u jia;=jla jqj o Bg wh;a f,i ie,lsh hq;= h' geíf,da

fyj;a ksi, rE ksoiqka h' k¿ ks<shka úYd, ixLHdjla isá f,dalO¾ó yd kdgHO¾ó hk

ffY,Ska fol u fhdod .;a "W;a;udù" kdgHfha le,Ej ueùu i|yd k¿jka Wmfhda.S

lrf.k .ia ks¾udKh lrk w;r u .ia fuka isák k¿jkaf.a uqúka l=re¨ Yío ksl=;a

flf¾' fuu kdgHfha u ÿïßh kej;=ï fmd< f,dal O¾ó ffY,shg wkqj miq;,

ks¾udKhlska bosßm;a lr we;'

j¾;udk kdgHj, rx. úkHdih fndfyda úg isÿjkqfha kdgH wOHlaI w;ska h'

iuyr kdgHj, oS th Ndrj fjk u Ys,amSyq isáhy' W;a;udù yd fg%dacka .eyekq kdgHhkays

rx. úkHdih Ndr jQfha iqúkS;d iqnisxy iy fcfrdï o is,ajd hk Ys,amSkag h' rx.

ffY,shg wkqj rx. úkHdih ks¾udKh l< hq;= fõ' fõosldj u; iuQyhla isák úg

muKla fkdj tla wfhl= yd fo;=ka fofkl= isák úg o rx. úkHdih ks¾udKh lsÍfuka

w¾:mQ¾K yd ri mQ¾K fõosld oiqkla fm%alaIlhdf.a fk;g yd is;g fhduq l< yels jkq

we;' fpfldma f.a kdgHhl b;d oeä f,i wdorfha .s Kq ;reKfhla Tyq urd.;a ,iaik

iqÿmdg uqyqÿ ,sysKsfhl= lsis f;areula ke;s j Tyq wdorh lrk <|f.a fomd uq, ouk

wjia:dj ks¾udKh lsßu tys rx. úkHdifha tla wjia:djls' iq.;md, o is,ajd ksIamdokh

27



l< urdidoa kdgHfha rx. úkHdih hkq l=ulaoe hs wjfndaO lr.; yels wjia:djla

fuf,i olajuq'

^wNsrEmK fmryer úYd, fjhs' th udrl k¿jla njg m;afjhs' taldldr ßoauhlska

ix.S;h wefia' froaola fmdrjd .;a frda.Ska fofofkl= f.ka yÕjkafka wYajfhls' Tjqyq

lr;a;hla weof.k t;s' tys urK jOhg lem jQfjla fjhs' mQclfhla Tyqg wjika

wd.ñl j;dj;a ,nd fohs' lr;a;h iuÕ tk frda.Syq l=,au;a j úldr md;s' we;efula

ikakshlska fuka weo jefg;s' hgm;a lr.;a iskd iy fl|sß,s wefia' ix.S;h wkqj md

kÕk y~ o wefia'&

ñka fmkS hkafka k¿ ks<shka fm< .eiau muKlska rx. úkHdih ks¾udKh l<

fkdyels njhs'

wjika jYfhka by; lreKq iudf,dapkh lsÍfï oS rx. úkHdih Theatre choreog-

raphy& hkq kdgH fõosldj u; isÿ lrkq ,nk iuia; ixfhdackhhs' Overall composition&

fuys oS ixfhdackh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha fõosldj u; ñksia l%shdjka ^Human action&

ixp,kh flakaøfldgf.k wjOdkh" ia:djr nj" wkqms<sfj<" iu;=,kh u;=jk whqßka

fuka u wmQ¾j;ajfhka hq;= j fm< .eiaùuhs' fuys oS kdgH uQ, O¾u jk p,k" yev;,"

j¾K" Yío hk ish,a, u wh;a fõ' tkï wdkqIx.sl l,djkaf.a iqixfhdackhhs' kdgHfha

wre;g noaO j tys ßoauhg wkql+, j rx. úkHdih f.dvke.Su w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' ukao

h;a th fõosldj ;=< wjldYh ks¾udKd;aul j Ndú; lrñka fm%alaIlhd yuqfõ fudfyd;ska

fudfyd; uefjk iÔù rEmdj,sh neúka h' yqfola k¿ ks<shka fm< .eiaùu hk mgq

ixl,amhg jvd fõosldj u; ñksia l%shdjka flakaø fldgf.k tys ishqï wre;a okjk

wdldrhg fiiq wdkqIx.sl wx. o ukdj iqixfhdackh lrñka bgq lrkq ,nk rx. úkHdih

kdgH ks¾udKh ;=< iuia; ixfhdackhhs' th kdgHfha .eUqr" wmQ¾j;ajh fuka u

úúO;ajh" úÑ;%;ajh yd ksrEmKh ;Sj% lrhs'

tï'fÊ' la,hsõ Ydka;

ks' úÿy,am;s - Ydka; wdkd úoHd,h

l=reKe.,'

28



rx.N+ñ w,xlrKh

kdgH l,dj wka ish¨ l,djka w;=ßka iqúfYaIS jkafka Y%jH oDYH iÔù úkaok

udOHhla jk fyhsks' tfia u oDYH ldjH f,i o kdgH l,dj ye|skafjk neúka fuu

wmQ¾j l,d udOHh iïnkaO j oDYH md¾Yjfha úfYaI jeo.;alula we;s nj y÷kd .;

yels h'

iduQysl m%h;akhla f,iska fm%alaIlhd yuqjg tk kdgH l,dfõ k¿jd f.a ld¾hNdrh

jeo.;a u idOlhhs' fiiq wdkqIx.sl wx.hka f.ka isÿ flfrkqfha k¿jd biau;= lr

oelaùu yd Tyqf.a rEmK ld¾hh i|yd w;aje,la ùu h'

ta w;rg wx. rpkh" wdf,dallrKh" fjiafudaia;r rpkh" ix.S;h yd rx.N+ñ

w,xlrKh hkdoS wdkqIx.sl wx. ish,a,;a wh;a fõ'

lsishï rplhl= w;ska ks¾udKh jQ kdgH fm<la Y%jH oDYH iÔù w;aoelSula f,i

fm%alaIlhd fj; muqKqjkafka wOHlaIjrhd h' ta i|yd Tyq k¿ ks<shka yd wdkqIx.sl

Ys,amSka f.a iyh ,nd .kakd w;r ufkdarEm fm<la f,i ;u ukfiys rx. .; jQ kdgHh

ms<sn| fiiq Ys,amSka oekqj;a lr Tjqka u.ska tu ufkdarEmh h:d¾:hla lr .ekSug W;aidy

.kS' fï wdldrhg ;uka kdgHh bosßm;a lsÍug woyia lrk rx. ffY,sh yd msg;g fokq

,nk w¾:l:kh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka rx.N+ñ w,xlrKhka ms<sn| wfmalaIdjka bgqlr

.ekSug wOHlaIjrhdg iydh jkafka rx.N+ñ w,xlrK Ys,amshd h'

fuf;la f,dalfha ìys j we;s úúO kdgH m%fNao wOHhkfha oS meyeos,s jkafka

rx.N+ñ w,xlrKh ms<sn| j tla úiañ; l%ufõohla fkdue;s nj;a ta ta ffY,Skag wkqj

kdgHlrejd úúO ks¾udKd;aul l%ufõohka Tiafia rx.N+ñ w,xlrKh ms<sn| wjYH;djh

bgq lrf.k we;s nj;a h'

29

kdg

H y

d rx.

l,dj

13 jk

fY

%AKsh

.=re u

d¾f.

damfoaY

ix.

%yh

úúO kdgH m%fNao

ksIamdos; ffY,sh wkqj

f,dalO¾ó

iajNdúl jdoh

tñ,afida,d fykaßlawekagka fpfld*a

keröfuka fm%alaIlhdgoefkk yeÕSï wkqj

uOHld,SkkdgH

wN+;rEmS tmsla ùos kdgH <ud kdgH

ñiagß ñ/l,a fud/,sá

iqLdka; m%yikfYdaldka;

.%SlY%S ,dxflah

fidlßflda<ïkdv.ï

ffY,s.; kdgH^ukfï$isxyndyq&

.S; kdgluqød kdgl

ld,Sk iudc fjkiaùï mdol lr.;a

Ök cmka hqfrdamSh ixialD;kdgH

fYalaIamsh¾kdgH

Tfmrd fkdalnqls

nef,aTfmrdg%ecä

flduä

kdgH O¾ó

30



by; igyk mßos f,dalfha fuf;la ìys j we;s úúO ffY,Ska yd wdlD;Skaf.ka hq;=

kdgHhka i|yd wjia:dfjdaÑ; mßirh fyda fõosld w,xlrKhka fm%alaIlhd fj; bosßm;a

l< wdldr lsysmhla my; wdldrhg y÷kd .; yels h'

01' øjHuh - ;%sudK fõosld WmlrK" mqjre" Wmfõosld" rx.NdKav yd

Ñ;%s; jia;% wdosh u.ska fõosld w,xlrKhka isÿ lsÍu fndfyda

úg ;d;aúl;ajhg ióm j kdfgHdaÑ; mßirh ueùug fuu

l%ufõoh Ndú; lrhs'

02' ixl,amrEmuh - ;u ukfiys Ñ;a;rEm fyj;a ixl,am rEm ujd .ekSfï

fm%alaIlhd i;= yelshdj Ndú; lrñka .oH ixjdo moH fyda

.S; u.ska mßir j¾Kkhka isÿ lsÍu fuys oS isÿ fõ' ta wkqj

ysia fõosldj u; fm%alaIlhd ukiska kdgHhg wod< mßirh

ujdf.k kdgH ri ú|Su fuys oS isÿ fõ'

03' ixfla;d;aul - hï hï ixfla; weiqßka woyia f;areï .ekSug fm%alaIlhd

;d;a;aúl oEjeka; miq;, fyda rx.NdKav fjkqjg fõosldjg

f.fkk l=vd ixfla;d;aul WmlrK wdY%s; j mßirh ujd

.ekSu fuys oS isÿ fõ' mqgqjla u.ska rdc iNdjla ixfla;j;a

lsßu" l=reishla u.ska lk;a;la ixfla;j;a lsÍu wdoS jYfhks'

04' wf,dal Wml%u - j¾K úksúol" äðg,a m%lafIamk hka;% yd lgjqÜ ^yev;,

iy bj;a l< ;yvq yryd wdf,dalh hjk Wml%u& wdoS u.ska

fõosldfõ ..ksldj u; o¾Yk ueùu'

05' ñksia isrer u.ska - Ôjudk ñksia isrer u.ska fõosldj u; úúO yev;, yd

o¾Yk ueùfuka wjia:djg WÑ; mßirh ueùu <ud kdgHhl

oS .ia f,i oE;a úys¥ bßhõfjka <uqka fõosldfõ isg

jkdka;rhla ksrEmKh tjka wjia:djls'

06' bÕs yd wNsrEmK u.ska - ysia wjldYhg ðjh foñka k¿jl= wdx.sl yd

id;a;aúl Ndú; lrk wdldrh u.ska úúO WmlrK yd

mßirhka ueùu fuys oS isÿ fõ'

31



by; oelajQ l%ufõohkag wu;r j ks¾udKlrKfha oS ;u mßl,amkd yd ks¾udK

yelshdjka u; kj;u l%ufõohka Tiafia kdgHhg wjYH fõosld w,xlrKhka ueùug

wjia:dj fõosld kdgH l,dj ;=< mj;S'

Nr;uqks jrhdg wkqj kdgH l,dj f,dalO¾ó yd kdgH O¾ó f,i m%Odk fldgia

folla jk w;r f,dalO¾ó fyj;a iajdNdúl f,dalh ta whqßka ks¾udKh lrk kdgH

i|yd rx.N+ñ w,xlrKh mq¿,a f,i Ndú; lrhs' fõosldj u; isÿjkafka ienE u isÿùula

h hkak fm%alaIlhd fj; ta;a;= .ekaùu i|yd ";;a;ajdkqrEmS udhdj" Ndú; lrk iajdNdúl

fyj;a ;d;a;aúljdoS kdgHlrejd ta i|yd úYd, iydhla ,nd .kafka rx.N+ñ w,xlrKhka

f.ks' 17 jk ishji jkúg w;s oEjeka; fuka u úÑ;%j;a rx.N+ñ w,xlrKhka u.ska

fm%alaIlhd wdl¾Ykh lr .ekSug oerE W;aidyh fud,sh¾ wdoS kdgHlrejka f.a kdgH

ms<sn| i|yka f;dr;=rej,ska fy<s fõ'

19 jk ishji jk úg o we;eï kdgHlrefjda wuq wuqfõ iajdNdúl;ajh fõosldj

u; ksrEmKhg W;aidy .;ay' fojeks fcda¾Ê kï wdosmdojrhd jkdka;rhla fõosldj u;

ksrEmKh i|yd ienE .iaje,a fõosld .; l< njg we;s i|yk Bg ksoiqkls'

fï ;;a;ajfhys we;s kqiqÿiq nj f;areï.;a wekagka fpfld*a yd fykarsla bíika

jeks h:d¾:jdoS kdgHlrefjda kdgH msgm; u.ska wfmalaIs; mrsirh" b;d ie,ls,af,ka

f;dard fírd .;a wx.hka fhdod .ksñka kdgHfha iuqohd¾:h ixfla;j;a jk mßos fhoSug

W;aidy .;ay' jrla wekagka fpfld*a mjid we;af;a "fõosldj u; ;=jlal=jla ;snqfKd;a"

kdgHfha lsishï wjia:djl th m;a;= fjkakg kE" hkqfjks' fõosldj iajdNdúl;ajhg

ióm f,i w,xlrKh l< o ta u.ska kdgHh yd iïnkaO ixfla;d;aul m%ldYkhla isÿ

lsßug fuu kdgHlrefjda W;aidy .;ay'

"fj,a t<shla - fndfyda l,l isg .rd ye¿Kq foajia:dkhla" ta wi< <s|la iy merKs

wdikhla - merKs fidfydka.,a jeks úYd, .,a len,s - .x.d jf.a j;a; foig

mdrla jeà we;' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' wE;ska úÿ,s lïì lKq fm<la we;' wE; laIs;scfha

fkdmeyeos<s j fmfkk k.rhl igyka we;' ' ' ' '

hkdoS jYfhka wekagka fpfld*a f.a "fpßj;a;" Cherry Orchard& kdgHfha fojeks wxlh

wdrïNfha oS ;sìh hq;= fõosld ieleiau ms<sn| olajd we;s úia;rhg wkqj" kdgHfhka

bosßm;a jQ jevjiï iudc l%ufha mßydksh;a" OkjdoS wd¾Òl l%ufha ke.S isàu;a ixfla;j;a

lr we;s njg olajk úpdrl woyia by; lreKg losu ksoiqkls'

32



33



;j;a we;eï kdgHlrejka kdgHfha miqìï w,xlrKhkag fhdok j¾K wkqj o

ixfla;d;aul ksrEmKhla lsßug W;aidy .;a wjia:d olakg ,efí'

'mSg¾ fyda,a' kï iqm%lg bx.%Sis kdgH ksIamdoljrhd 'uelan;a' kdgHh ks¾udKh

lsÍfï oS r;= iy m,d meyeh fõosldfõ Ndú; l< w;r" mSg¾ nDla kï kdgH ksIamdoljrhd

'Bämia' kdgHh ksIamdokh lsÍfï oS l¿ yd rka meyeh fõosldjg fhoS h' rka meye

miqìul l¿ we|.;a k¿ ks<shka iqkaor oel=ula jQ nj Tyqf.a woyihs'

20 jeks ishjfiys kdgH l,dfõ kj fmr<shla isÿ l< kdgHlrejl= jQ 'n¾fgda,aÜ

fn%IaÜ' ish kdgHhka ys m%ldYkh ;Sj% lsßu i|yd;a" ;j;a wjia:djl fm%alaIlhd fj;ska

;od;aólrKh LKavkh lr ;uka n,kqfha kdgHhla h hkak ta;a;= .ekaùu i|yd;a rx.

miq;, yd úúO ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú; lr we;' iskud yd ia,hsâ o¾Yk" úúO m%ldY

we;=<;a mqjre wdosh ta w;r fõ'

"ñiag¾ mqka;s,d wekaä ysia uEka u;a;s" kdglh

34



rx.N+ñ w,xlrKh ms<sn| ld¾hNdrh ;uka fj; mjrd .kakd rx.N+ñ w,xlrK

Ys,amshd t;eka isg iuia; kdgHfha b;d j.lSï iy.; ld¾h Ndrhlg Wrfohs' m%:ufhka

u wOHlaIjrhd f.a is;eÕs ukd f,i jgyd .ekSu" woyia yqjudre lr .ekSfuka we;s

lr.kakd ukd wjfndaOh fuu ld¾hfha id¾:l;ajhg n,mdhs' bka wk;=re j kdgH

msgm; weiqßka fudyq .fõIK yd wOHhk ld¾hhl ksr; úh hq;= fõ' ta wkqj kdgH

msgm; u.ska bosßm;a flfrk foaYh" ld,h" hq.h wdoS lreKq fuka u kdgH bosßm;a lrk

rx. ffY,sh" bka u;=jk pß; iajNdjhka wdosh rx.N+ñ w,xlrK Ys,amshd f.a .fõIKhg

f.dapr úh hq;= h' kdgHh jQl,S iduQysl m%h;akhla jk fyhska u" rx. md;%hka yd fiiq

wdkqIx.sl Ys,amSka jk wdf,dallrK Ys,amshd" rx.jia;% ks¾udK Ys,amshd" iy rx. úkHdi

ks¾udK Ys,amshd wdoSka iu. o iïnkaO fjñka ks¾udKh ms<sn| woyia yqjudrej yd fmdÿ

iïuq;Skag t<öu isÿ l< hq;= h'

by; ish¨ wdldrhkaf.ka ;u ks¾udK ld¾hh i|yd oekqñka yd wjfndaOfhka

ikakoaO jk rx.N+ñ w,xlrK Ys,amshd ;u w,xlrKhka m%dfhda.sl j fõosldj i|yd

ieliSfï oS úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= ;j;a jeo.;a lreKq /ils'

) rEmK rgdjg .e<fmk mßos fuka u k¿ ld¾hh biau;= jk mßos fõosld w,xlrK

ielish hq;= ùu bka m<uq jekakhs' tfia u ks¾ñ; w,xlrKh;a k¿ ks<shkag

ndOdjla fkdúh hq;= ùu w;HjYH h' fõosldfõ we;s iSñ; bvlv ukdj

l<ukdlrKh lr .ksñka" rEmK Ys,amSkag ksoyfia fõosldfõ ießieÍug wjldY

ie,iSug o fuys oS j. n,d.; hq;= fõ' fuys oS fõosldfõ mßudKh yd Ndú; lrk

WmlrK yd mqjre wdosfhys m%udKhka ms<sn| ksjeros oekqula w,xlrK Ys,amshdg

;sìh hq;= h'

tfia fkdjqjfyd;a l=vd bvlvla ;=< rx. ieris,s yd WmlrK /ila uOHfha ysrjQ

fyda w;rux jQjl= njg rEmK Ys,amshd m;a fõ' tneúka ksrjq,a f,i os. m<, Wi wdoS

m%udKhka y÷kd .ekSug l%ufõohka ielish hq;=jdla fuka u ta ta ;;a;ajhkag .e<fmk

mßos ;u boslsßï fyda wegùï isÿ l< hq;= h' ksoiqkla f,i tfia fkdjqjfyd;a "1 rEmh"

mßos fõosld ie,eiaula wfmalaIs; kdgHlrejl= bvlv yd m%udKhka fkdie,lSu u; "2

rEmh" mßos bvlv fkdue;s fõosld mßirhla ms<sn| w;aoelSï yd wkjYH lrorj,g uqyqK

fokq we;'

"

35



1 rEmh

2 rEmh

kdgHhla ri ú|Sfï wfmalaIdfjka fm%alaId.drfha /|S isák fm%alaIlhd fj; idOdrK

fm%alaIdjla ,nd oSfï j.lSu kdgHlrejdg oeßug isÿ fõ' fuys oS rx.N+ñ w,xlrK

Ys,amshd o hï iSudjka yd j.lSïj,g k;= úh hq;= h' fm%diSkshï fyj;a y;/ia wdrelal=j

úksúo fõosldj foi n,k fm%alaIlhdg fmdÿfõ fõosldfõ iEu ;ek u tlfia o¾Ykh

fkdfõ' tfyhska fhfokakd jQ fõosld w,xlrKhka my; 3 rEmh mßos iEu fm%alaIlhl=g

u o¾Ykh jkakd jQ iSudj ie,ls,a,g .ksñka fhoSu fma%laIlhdg fuka u rEmK Ys,amshdg

o uy;a rel=,la fjhs'

3 rEmh3 rEmh3 rEmh3 rEmh3 rEmh

36



kdgHh i|yd odhl jk ish¨ Ys,amSkag u myiqjla ie,fik mßos fõosld w,xlrKh

ieliSu o jeo.;a jQ wjYH;djls' tfyhska fõosldj u; /|ùu" p,kh yd laIKsl j

fjkia lsÍï wdoS kdgHfha wjYH;djkag .e<fmk f,i ir, fuka u ieye,a¨ wdldrhg

ieris,s yd WmlrK wdosh f.dvke.sh hq;= h' ir, fuka u ieye,a jQ muKska Yla;sh fyda

ia:djria:fhys W!k;djla fkdjk f,i fuu ks¾udKhka ieliSu o w;HjYH h' ta ukao

h;a" rEmK Ys,amshdg ukd úYajikSh;ajhlska fuka u wmyiq;djlska f;dr j fuu ieris,s

yd .kqfokq lsÍug wjldY ie,iSu m%uqL j.lSula jk fyhsks'

) fõosld w,xlrK ks¾udKfha oS j¾K yd yev;, ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

w;HjYH h' rx.jia;% yd miq;,fha tl u j¾Khla jqjfyd;a k¿jka miq;,

w,xlrK bosßfha biau;= fkdjkq we;' we;eï f¾Ld fyda yev;, fuka u wkjYH

ixlS¾K foa fya;=fjka o w,xlrKhka ;=< rEmK Ys,amshd hgm;a fjhs'

) ,xldfõ kdgH l,dj i|yd fjka j we;s fõosldjka ms<sn| úuiSfï oS ta tla tla

fõosldjka úúO bvlv yd m%udKhkaf.ka hq;= nj jegfya' tfyhska úYd, m%udKhla

o¾Yk jdr meje;aùu wfmalaIdj kï osjhsfka kE u rx. Yd,djl rÕ oelaúh yels

kdgHhla ks¾udKh l< hq;= h' fuu wjYH;djh o imqrd,Sfï yelshdj w,xlrK

Ys,amshd i;= úh hq;= h'

fï ;;a;ajhka fkdi,ld ks¾udKh lrk ,o we;eï kdgH o¾Yk jdr tlla fyda

lSmhla muKla rÕ olajd mßydkshg m;ajk w;r ;j;a wjia:djl k.rfhka msg; bvlv

myiqlï wju fõosldjl kdgH krUk fm%alaIl msßila fj; bosßm;a lsÍfï oS olakg

,efnkqfha rx. N+ñ w,xlrKhkaf.ka fldgila muKs' fiiq fldgia fõosldfõ bvlv

wmyiq;djh u; rx. Yd,dj msgqmi f.dv.id ;eîug isÿ jQ wjia:d o we;'

) ,xldfõ kdgH ksIamdokh lsÍfï oS kdgHlrejd uqyqK fok m%n, u wNsfhda.h kï

wd¾Òl wmyiq;djhs' fuu wNsfhda.hg id¾:l j uqyqK oSfï oS fõosld w,xlrK

ks¾udKlrejdg o úYd, odhl;ajhla oelaùug yelshdj we;' wju uqo,la jehlr

Wmßu M, kdgHhg w;a lr oSfï oS ks¾udKd;aul Wml%u yd wdfoaYl Ndú;h u.ska

fuka u wvq úhoï ;dlaIKsl l%ufõohka kdgHh i|yd odhl lr .ekSug W;aidy

.; hq;= h'

) tfia u rg mqrd o¾Yk jdr mj;ajñka kdgHhla mj;ajdf.k hdfï oS m%jdyk myiqj

o ks¾udKlrejdf.a ie,ls,a,g fhduq úh hq;= lreKls' wju fhÿï" fuka u tl u

ieris,a,la u.ska wjYH;djka lsysmhla bgqjk mßos nyqld¾h WmlrKhka ieliSu"

37



fõosldj u; úYd, f,i fmkqk o l=vdjg yels<Sug yels mßos yd iSñ; bvlvla ;=<

weisÍug yelsjk mßos miq;, boslsÍfuka m%jdyk myiqjla ie,fia' Yla;sh yd l,a

meje;au fuka u ieye,a f,i ks¾udKh" laIKsl j .e,ùu" yels<Su" iúlsÍu wdosh

isÿ lsÍug yels jkafka kï th jvd m%dfhda.sl jkq we;'

by; ish¨ lreKq ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñka fõosld miq;, yd ieris,s fuka u

fõosld WmlrK ks¾udKh lrk fõosld w,xlrK Ys,amshd tlajr u ;u ks¾udKh kshñ;

wuqøjH fhdod ks¾udKhg fhduq fkdúh hq;= h' kdgH mqyqKqùï ld,h ;=< ish ks¾udK

lghq;= l%shd;aul lrñka" jßkajr ks¾udKh lr.;a o< is;=jï igyka wdY%h lr.ksñka

wjika woyilg t<öu l< hq;= h' bka wk;=re j fhdað; ieris,s yd WmlrKhka ys

mßudKfhka l=vd wdlD;s Dummi& ilid fhdað; j¾Khka wdf,am lr kdgH lKavdhug

bosßm;a lsÍu jvd m%dfhda.sl lghq;a;ls' tu.ska rEmK Ys,amshd ;ud rÕmEug kshñ;

fõosld mßirh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nkjdla fuka u fiiq fjkialï yd kj tla lsßï

wdosh ms<sn| tlÕ;djhkag t<eöug o yelshdj ,efí'

fï ish,a,g miq wjidk mqyqKqùï wjia:djkag" úfYaIfhka ifõY mqyqKqj jk úg

ukd f,i ksud l< fõosld w,xlrKhka fõosldjg f.k tau u.ska rEmK Ys,amSkag fuka

u fõosld mßmd,lg o ukd myiqjla ie,fia' tfia u ux., o¾Ykh jkúg ish¨ .eg¨

uÕ yer jvd m%dfhda.sl jQ;a id¾:l jQ;a ks¾udKhla bosßm;a lsÍug fuu l%shdj,s rel=,la

jkq we;'

úúO fõosld WmlrK ieliSfï oS Ndú; lrk ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï l=vd mßudK

wdlD;s ilik wdldrh ms<sn| is;=jï fuka u fõosld WmlrK yd miq;, o¾Yk lsysmhla

ir, j ks¾udKh lrkafka flfia o hkak ms<sn| is;=jï fm<la my; olajd we;'

38



39



uKavmh fyj;a Wm fõosld ks¾udKh lsÍu

m<uq woshr

fojk woshr

f;jk woshr

40



mäfm< ilia lsÍu

m<uq woshr

fojk woshr

41



rx.df,dalh ' ' ' ' ' '

"kdgH jkdyS flfkl=f.a isf;ys my< jkakd jQ ks¾udK m%mxphls' th jpkh

Tiafia ixjdo njg fmr<S k¿ ks<shka yd fiiq l,d udOHj, ixl,kfhka rx. N+ñhla

u; Ôjh ,nhs" hkqfjka uydpd¾h we,vhsia ksfld,a mjihs' fuys i|yka jk fiiq l,d

udOH w;r rx.N+ñ wdf,dallrKhg j¾;udkfha ysñjkafka iqúfYaIS ia:dkhls' fõosldj

u; m%;sks¾udKh jk rx.h i|yd fhdok wdf,dalh rx.df,dalh hkqfjka ir, j ye|skaúh

yels h' wdyd¾h wNskh hg;g wh;ajk rx.N+ñ wdf,dallrKh Stage Lighting& j¾;udkfha

fm%diSkshï fõosldfõ fmkajk kdgH i|yd w;HjYH idOlhla njg m;a j we;' ta u.ska

jvd;a hym;a fm%laIdjla ^Spectacle& fm%alaIlhd ^Audience& yuqfõ oelaúh yels ùu thg

fya;=jhs'

19 jk ishjfiys w. Nd.fhys kQ¾;s l,dj w. k.rh wdY%s; j jHdma; ùu foaYSh

kdgH l,dfõ úldYkfhys jeo.;a ixêia:dkhla úh' fï ksid fm%alaId.drhla ;=< rÕ

oelaúh yels kdgH l,djla ìys ù wo olajd u úldYkh fjñka mj;S' wm fuys oS rx.N+ñ

wdf,dallrKh hgf;a l;d lrkq ,nkafka tjeks fm%diSkshï fõosldjla iys; kdgHd.drhla

;=< Ndú; lrkq ,nk wdf,dal myka j¾. ms<sn|jhs' msx;+r rduq fõosldj ^Picture frame

stage& fm%diSkshï wdÉ Proscenium Arch& fndlaia ;shg¾ Box Theater& y;rjeks ì;a;sfhka

,efnk m%;sM,h Fouth wall effect& wdoS úúO kïj,ska fm%diSkshï fõosldj ye|skafõ' fuu

fõosldj ms<sn| ksjeros oekqula ,nd .ekSu wdf,dallrKfha oS jeo.;a fõ' fuys oS fõosld

N+f.da,h ^Stage Geography& b;d jeo.;a fõ' fmÜáhl yevh we;s fuu fõosldfõ tla

ì;a;shla ^m%Odk ;srh we;s me;a;& bj;a lsÍfuka fm%alaIlhdg rx.h oDYHudk fõ' fiiq

ì;a;sj,ska rx.h fkdfmfkk ksid tajd wkaO ì;a;s Blind wall& kñka ye|skafõ' kdgHhla

n,k úg meh 2 la fyda wdikak fõ,djla wm olskafka tl u rduqjls' kdgHfha tk

cjksld wkqms<sfj<lg tl u k¿ le, iðù f,i fhdod .ksñka tl u ;ek msysá iaÒr

fõosldfõ ;ks rduqjla Tiafia fm%alaIlhd fj; bosßm;a l< hq;= h' tu ksid rduqj ;=<

oDYHudk jkakd jQ fõosld miq;, fuka u rEmK Ys,amSkaf.a yev;, ms<sn|j o fõosld

kdgHhl oS ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' fï i|yd w¾:j;a f,i fõosldj Ndú; lsÍug fõosld

N+f.da,h ms<sn| j wjfndaOfhka hq;= j k¿ ks<shka iy fiiq wdkqIx.sl l,djka ukdj

fufyhúh hq;= h'

UR UC UL

DR DC DL

UR UC UL

CR C CL

DR DC DL

Wv$by<

ol=K

Wv$by<

ju

ueo

ol=K

ueo

ueo

ueo

ju

há$my<

ol=K

há$my<

ueo

há$my<

ju

Wv$by<

ueo

42



fõosldj fldgiaj,g fnod we;s wdldrh

fm%diSkshï fõosldj Wvq fõosldj Up stage& yd há fõosldj Down stage& hkqfjka

m%Odk fldgia follg fnod we;' miq j tu rx. N+ñh fldgia 6 lg fyda 9 lg fnod

.; yels h' fldgia 15 lg fnod olajk wjia:d o we;' fuu fnoSïj,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;=

jk wruqKq lsysmhla u we;' wOHlaIjrhdf.a ld¾hh i|yd myiqjla f,i rx.df,dal

wOHlaIjrhd f.a ld¾hh myiq lsÍu i|yd fyda fõosldj u; .=Kd;aul fm%alaIdjla

m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu hk úúO fya;+ka oelaúh yels h' kdgH fm< rpkfha oS u we;eï

rplhska fõosldj u; kj rEm moaO;sh fm< .iajk wdldrh ms<sn|j o i,ld n,k nj

mjihs' by; rEm igyfka oelafjk fõosld N+f.da,h fyd|ska wjfndaO lr.;a miq j

wdf,dal myka ms<sn| j wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq lruq'

wdf,dal myka j¾. ' ' ' '

j¾;udkfha mska;+r rduq fõosldfõ Ndú; lrkq ,nk wdf,dal myka j¾. rdYshla

y÷kd .; yels jqj;a tajd m%Odk fldgia follg j¾. l< yels h'

1' tla ia:dkhlg muKla wdf,dal Odrdj fhduq lrjk myka' fïjd fhduq

myka hkqfjka kï lrhs' Spot Lights hkqfjka bx.%Sis NdIdfjka y÷kajhs'

2' fõosldj mqrd úisr me;sÍ hk wdf,dal loïnhla ksl=;a lrjk myka' fïjd

Odrdf,dal myka hkqfjka y÷kajhs' bx.%Sis NdIdfjka Flood Lights fyda Fresnel

Lights hkqfjka kï lrhs'

) fhduq myka Spot Lights&

idudkHfhka wdf,dal myka j¾. y÷kajkafka thg kshñ; ixfla; wxlhlsks'

Wod( meÜka kïn¾ 23 myk = PATT23

meÜka kïn¾ 123 myk = PATT123

myka j¾. .Kkdjla we;s ksid wmg wdf,dal mykla ñ, oS .ekSug wjYH kï wm

l< hq;af;a kshñ; ixfla; wxlh mjid th fjf<| fmdf<ka b,a,d isàuhs'

43



PATT 23 myk

fuh fõosldfõ nyq, j Ndú; lrk fhduq mykls'

fuu myfka yevfhka fhduq mykla hkqfjka ye|skaúh

yels jqj;a j¾;udkfha myfka yevh n,d th l=uk

mykla o hkak ksYaÑ;j u lsj fkdyel' ula ksido

j¾;udkfha ;dlaIKfha oshqKqj;a iuÕ úúO yevfha

fhduq myka j¾. fjf<| fmd<g meñK ;sîuhs' b;d

os. y;/ia yevfha fhduq myka wo fõosldfõ Ndú;

lrkq oelsh yels h' tfia u fuf;la l,a Ndú; l<

tla W;a;, ldphla iys; fhduq myka fjkqjg W;a;,

ldp folla iys; fhduq myka oelsh yels h' fhduq

mykl idudkHfhka 500W isg 2000W olajd muK

Odß;djlska hq;a n,an we;' n,anh iy ldph w;rg

Gobo fyda Diafram kñka ye|skafjk WmlrK fhdod miq;srh ^Cyclorama& u; ksYap,

PdhdrEmhla ,nd .; yels h' tfuka u ldphg msgqmiska Ig¾ia ^Shaters& tyd fuyd

lsÍfuka my; oelafjk mßos úúO yev;, miq;srh u; ,nd .; yels fõ'

úYd, wdf,dal ljhla fyda l=vd wdf,dal ljhla tfia fkdue;s kï fjk;a yev;,hla

by; rEm igykaj, we;s wdldrhg Ig¾ia yiqrjñka ,nd .; yels h' fuhg wu;r j

l,ska i|yka l< "gobo" oud wjYH rEmh o ,nd .; yels h' fhduq mykl we;af;a W;a;,

ldphls' n,anh r|jd we;s miq;,fhys we;s mrdj¾;lh u.ska wdf,dal lsrK W;a;,

ldph yryd kdNs .; ù wdf,dal ljhla ks¾udKh fõ' fhduq myka fõosldfõ r|jd we;s

ia:dkh wkqj;a úúO kïj,ska y÷kajhs' my< fõosldfõ ol=Kq mi by< r|jd we;s úg

Right Spot = R.S. jï mi by< r|jd we;s úg Left Spot = L.S. tam%kfha fomi by< me;sj,

r|jd we;s úg ^Side Apron Lights& me;s ;sr w;r r|jd we;s úg ^Profile Spot& hkqfjka

wdf,dal Ys,amSyq fïjd y÷kaj;s'

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44



PATT 765 Follow Sport

by; rEmfha oelafjkafka *f,da iafmdÜ hkqfjka

y÷kajk fhduq mykhs' fuh k¿jd miqmi .uka

lrhs' oshqKq rgj, fõosldj, fuh ¥ria:

md,lhlska yiqrejk w;r wm rfÜ fndfyda úg

isÿ jkafka fujeks wjia:d we;s úg fuu myk

i|yd fjkuu mqoa.,fhl= fhdod w;ska yeisrùuhs'

WodyrKhla f,i fõosldfõ ol=fKa isg k¿jd

jïmig .uka lrhs kï k¿jd hk foig myk

w;ska yerùu isÿ fõ' isxy, NdIdfjka wkq.dó

myka" mekakqï myka hkqfjka ye|skaùug we;eï wh yqre ù isá;s' kuq;a miq.dó myka

hkafkka ye|skaùu lsisfia;a u iqÿiq fkdfõ'

fhduq myka ";s;aa" myka hkqfjka ye|skajqj o th o .e<fmkafka ke;'

Odrdf,dal myka

fuu myfka úfYaI;ajh jkafka wdf,dal loïnh iSudjlska hqla; fkdjQ úYd,

mrdihl b;d blaukska p,kh l< yels ùuhs' fuh b;d ld¾hlaIu mykls' mq¿,a

fldaKhlska wdf,dal loïnhla m;s; lrjd .; yels fõ' fuu myfka uqyqK; fuka u

n| fldgi o úYd, h' ldph /,s iys; iu;, tlls' ldpfha úIalïNh idudkHfhka

wÕ,a 7 la muK fõ' kuq;a j¾;udkfha úúOdldrfha fm%iak,a ,hsÜia olakg we;'

y;/ia yevhla iys; b;d l=vd Odrd myka we;' tfuka u tajdfha ldph /,s iys; fkdfõ'

b;d wE;g wdf,dalh úysÿjd,sh yels w;s kùk Odrd myka we;' tajdfha w¾O W;a;,

ldphla we;s ksid fhduq mykla ,i o Ndú; l< yels fõ' fï ksid tl u myklska fhduq

myfka ld¾hh o Odrd myfka ld¾hh o isÿ fõ' rx.df,dal myka ksIamdolhskaf.a

;r.ldß; ajh ksid fuf;la ; sn Q

idïm%odhsl myka fjkqjg w;s kùk

;dlaIKhla iys; úúO yev;, iys;

myka j¾. rdYshla olakg we;' tu ksid

ndysr j n,d yevh wkqj fuh fhduq

mykla o Odrd mykla o hkak bosßfha oS

lsj fkdyels jkq we;'

45



j¾K pl%h ^Colour Wheel&&&&&

fuh ieneúka u wdf,dal mykla fkdfõ' wdf,dal WmlrKhls' j¾K mylska hq;a

lj myla iys; úYd, jD;a;dldr WmlrKhla j¾Kdf,dal pl%h hkqfjka y÷kajhs' ks,a"

r;=" ly" fld<" iqÿ hk j¾Khkaf.ka tu l=vd lj iukaú; fõ' isfkduhsâ fmam¾ia kï

jQ úfYaI j¾K lvodis tu l=vd lj i|yd fhdodf.k we;' tla ljhla u; lsisÿ j¾K

fld,hla r|jd ke;' fuu WmlrKh fhduq mykla fyda Odrdf,dal mykla bosßfhka iú

lrkq ,nhs' th msgqmi we;s l=vd fudagrhlska fuu j¾K pl%h lrlefõ' wmg wjYH

fõ.hlska lrljd .; yels h' wdf,dal myfka uqyqK tla tla j¾Khla miq lr hk úg

wod< wdf,dal j¾Kh fõosldjg m;s; fõ' j¾K fld,hla r|jd ke;s ysia ljh myfka

uqyqK; miq lrk úg ,efnkafka wdf,dal myfka we;s iqÿ j¾Khhs' idudkHfhka

rÕy,l j¾K pl% y;rla muK m%Odk /|jqufuys olakg we;' fhduq mykla

bosßfhka j¾K fmrkhla ^Colour Filters& fhoSfuka o wjYH j¾K ljhla fõosldjg

,nd.; yels h'

fhduq myk bosßfhka r|jk

j¾K fmrkhla Colour Filters&

wdf,dal nqnq¿ fm< ^Batten Light&

´kEu mska;+r rduq fõosldjl oelsh yels fuu myk wdf,dal nqnq¿ jeg hkqfjka o

y÷kajhs' Batten lights hkqfjka o ye|skafjk wjia:d we;' ..ksldj ^Cyclorama&

wdf,dalj;a lrkafka fuu myk u.sks' tys by< iy my< fuu myka lsysmhla u r|jd

we;' tl <Õska msysá úÿ,s nqnq¿ wglska muK iukaú; fuu myfkys rEmigykla my;ska

ks,amdg

;eô,smdg

46



Cyclorama

B.L. B.L.

B.L. B.L.

Batten Light

B.L.

oela fõ' 150w muK Odrs;djlska hq;a úÿ,s nqnq¿ fufia tl fm<g ;nd we;' idudkHfhka

fujeks myka ;=kla muK ..Ksldj by<ska iy my<ska r|jd we;' l,ska i|yka l<

isfkduhsâ fmam¾ia ^j¾K lvodis& tla tla n,an bosßfhka r|jd we;' ^Cyclorama&

..ksldj ks,a fyda ;eô,s ^Ember& meyeh .ekaùug wjYH jQ úg wod< wdf,dal myka

muKla o,ajd .; yels h' miq ;srfha r;= wdf,dalh muKla wjYH kï l< hq;af;a wdf,dal

nqnq¿ jefÜ we;s wod< r;= n,an muKla oe,aùuhs'

iafg%daí myk ^Strobe Light&&&&&

fuu myk laIK myk fyda mßN%uKudk myk f,i

y÷kajhs' fuu myk oelafjk úg fõosldfõ wka ish¨

myka ksjd oeñh hq;= h' fuu mykska ksl=;a jk wê

oSma;su;a wdf,dalh laIKsl j ksù ksù oe,afjkakd jQ tlls'

oS¾> fõ,djla fuu myk oe,ajqjfyd;a fm%alaIlhdf.a weig

th hï wmyiq;djla f.k fokq we;' ksù oe,afjk jdr

.Kk fyda fõ.h myfka msgqmi we;s iaúphlska md,kh

l< yels fõ'

47



w,ag%djh,Ü myk Ultra Violet Lamp&

fuu myk b;d ;o w÷re ks,amdg fyda ;o oïmdáka hq;a tlls' mdrcïnq, lsrK

^Ultra Violet Rays& fuu myka oelafjk úg ksl=;a lrk ksid tu kñka y÷kajhs'

idudkHfhka wm ksfjiaj, Ndú; lrkq ,nk áhqí ,hsÜia Tube light& hkqfjka y÷kajk

myklg iudk yevfhka hq;a w,ag%d jh,Ü myka nyq,j u olakg we;' fuu mykska

Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug kï fõosldfõ wfkla ish¨ myka ksjd oeñh hq;= h' fuys

wdf,dalhg m%;spdr olajkafka iqÿ j¾Kh muKs' tu ksid fõosldfõ w÷r ;=< we;s iqÿ

meye øjH muKla fm%alaIlhdg oDYHudk fõ' wx. rpkd" we÷ï" miq;, hk wxYhka ys

we;s iqÿ j¾Kh muKla w÷f¾ osiajk ksid fm%alaIlhd ;=< úiauhckl njla" fyda woaN+;

njla we;s lsÍug fuu myk iu;a fõ'

wm fuys oS i|yka lf<a mska;+r rduq fõosldfõ Ndú; lrkakd jQ m%Odk wdf,dal

myka j¾. ms<sn|jhs' fïjdg wu;r j fõosld kdgH i|yd t;rï Ndú;d fkdlrk tfy;a

fjk;a fõosld m%ix. i|yd Ndú;d lrk wdf,dal myka j¾. lsysmhla u we;' tajd

lsysmhl kï fufia h' ye,cka myk ^Halajon Lamp&" l,¾fjdIa ^Color W ash&" f,ai¾

myka ^Lesar Lamp& fpdm¾ ,hsÜia ^Chopper Lights&" äiafld ,hsÜia ^Disco Lights&" ñr¾

fnda,a Mirror Ball&' fuu we;eï mykaj, ñ, .Kka b;d wêl fõ' WodyrK f,i Color

W ash kñka ye|skafjk myk remsh,a 1"50"000 la muK fõ'

w,ag%d jh,Ü wdf,dalOdrd u.ska we;eï wjia:d ;Sj% l<

O¾uð;a mqk¾Ôj wOHlaIKh l< <sysKs

48



Dimmers$äu¾ wdf,dal ;sõr;d md,lh&

fï kñka y÷kajkafka fõosldfõ we;s ish¨ u wdf,dal mykaj, oSma;sh md,kh

lrkakd jQ WmlrKhhs' ;dlaIKfha oshqKqj;a iuÕ u b;d ishqï f,i yeisrúh yels äu¾

hka;% olakg we;' rx.df,dal wOHlaIjrhdg wjYH kï fõosld kdgHfha wdf,dal

ie,iqu ;=<ska u ie,iqï ^Programme& lr.; yels fõ' tfuka u tla iaúphla u.ska

wdf,dal myka úYd, .Kkla tljr md,kh lr .; yels ùu o iqúfYaI h' ;dlaIKh

t;rï fkdoshqKq hq.fha olakg ,enqfKa tla mykla md,kh lsÍug tla iaúphla ne.sks'

kuq;a j¾;udkfha rx.df,dalh yeisrùu b;d myiq lghq;a;la ù we;' mß.Kl ;dlaIKh

fï i|yd fhdod .ekSu úfYaI ,laIKhls' äðg,a ,hsÜ isiagï Digital System& hkqfjka

y÷kajkafka o tla;rd ;dlaIKsl Wml%uhls'

m%fhda. iy o¾Yl m%lafIamlh ^ ^ ^Effect and Scene Projection&&&&&

úfYaI m%fhda. m%lafIamlh hkq w;s kùk wdf,dal myka j¾.hls' kùk ;dlaIKfha

m%;sM,hla f,i jeä oshqKq jQ wdf,dal mykls' mdfjk j,dl=¿" fi,fjk .sksoe,a" ysu

jeàu hkdos fkdfhla o¾Yk iÔù f,i fmkaùug fuu mykska mq¿jk' ldph iy

n,anh w;rg l=vd fudagrhla lrleùug i,iajd p,kh jk rEm igykl o¾Ykhla ,nd

.kS' ixlS¾K úia;dßl ldp iys; oDYH úê l%uhla Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu fuys oS isÿ fõ'

2000w la muK Odß;djla fuys we;'

rx.N+ñ wdf,dallrKh yd iïnkaO ixl,am lsysmhla ' ' ' ' '

fijKe,s ks¾ñ; myka Shadow Lights&&&&&

fõosldfõ miqìfuys we;s Cyclorama& iqÿ ;srh u;g k¿jdf.a fyda fjk;a jia;=jl

úYd, m%;sìïnhla ^fijKe,a,la& ,nd .ekSu we;eï kdgHj, oelsh yels h' fuys oS

lrkqfha my< fõosldfõ ^Down Stage& ìu fhduq mykla ;nd th bosßhg rEmK Ys,amshd

meñKSuhs' fuu myk muKla o,ajd fõosldfõ wfkla ish¨ myka ksjd oeñh hq;= h' túg

Tyqf.a úYd, m%;sìïnhla ..Ksldj u;g jefÜ' fuys oS isÿ jkafka wdf,dal loïNh

k¿jdf.a YÍrh u; m;s; ùu ksid wdf,dal lsrK bka tyd .uka fkdlsÍuhs' ula ksido

YÍrh mdroDYH fkdjk udOHhla jk fyhsks' tu ksid YÍrh yd idfmalaI j thg jvd

úYd, w÷re fijKe,a,la miqìfuys ks¾udKh fõ' k¿jd wdf,dal mykg l%u l%ufhka

<xj;a u m%;sìïnh úYd, jkafka lsrK wdjrKh lrk mrdih jeä fyhsks' Shadow

49



Lights hkqfjka fjkuu wdf,dal myka j¾.hla ke;'

we;eï kdgHhkays fõosldj bosßfha ^m%Odk ;srhg wdikak j fyda Bg u|la miq

miska& úYd, iqÿ ;srhla r|jd ta u;g úYd, fijKe,a,la ,nd .kq oelsh yels h' fuys

oS isÿjkafka fõosldj msgqmi fhduq mykla ;nd th bosßfha k¿jd rx.kfha fhoSuhs' túg

Tyqf.a l%shdldrlu fijKe,a,la fia ;srh u; fm%alaIlhdg oDYHudk fõ' fuh losu

kdgHuh Wml%uhls' fykaß chfiak uy;df.a "wmg mqf;a uÕla kef;a" kdgHfha WmdêOdÍ

;reKhd ish osú ydks lr .ekSug iQodkï jk o¾Ykh fmkajkafka Shadow lights uÕsks'

my; rEm igykska th meyeos,s lr .; yels h'

) f.kao.ï Whk kdgHfha oS fuu Wml%uh Ndú; lr ;sìKs'

í,eljqÜ Black-out&

fï kñka y÷kajkafka fõosldj iïmQ¾Kfhka u w÷re lsÍuhs' tla o¾Ykhla

^cjksldjla& wjidkfha fõosldj w÷re fldg miq;, wdosh fjkia lr B<Õ cjksldj

i|yd iQodkï lsÍu f,dalO¾ó kdgH iïm%odfha oS fndfyda úg isÿ fõ' fufia fõosldj

u; oe,afjk ish¨ u wdf,dal myka úikaê lsÍu "í,eljqÜ" kñka y÷kajhs'

is¿jÜ Siluwat Effect&

fõosldfõ ish¨ u wdf,dal myka ksjd oud ..ksldj Cyclorama& muKla wdf,dalj;a

lrhs' miq j thg bosßfhka fõosldfõ by< ^Up stage& fldgfia rEmK Ys,amsfhl= fyda

lsysm fofkl= rx.kfha fhfok úg Tjqkaf.a yev;, muKla fma%laIlhdg osia fõ' tu

pß;h yßyeá y÷kd .kakg neß jqj;a Tyqf.a yev;, muKla fuys oS y÷kd.; yels fõ'

50



fuh "is¿jÜ" tlla hkqfjka y÷kajhs' Shadow Light j, oS k¿jd wdf,dal myfka

bosßfhka isáh o fuys oS isÿ jkafka k¿jdg msgqmiska ..ksldj foig wdf,dalh fhduq

ùuhs'

G.L ^idudkH wdf,dalh&

General Lights - G.L. hkqfjka flá kdufhka y÷kajhs' Odrd myka lsysmhla Wmfhda.S

lr .ekSfuka iïmQ¾K fõosldj u wdf,dalj;a lrk úg th y÷kajkafka G.L. Lights

hkqfjks' fï u.ska lsisÿ w¾:hla fõosld kdgHhg ,nd fokafka ke;' fn%IaÜ f.a rx.

ffY,shg wkqj kdgH mqrd u fndfyda úg Ndú; lrkafka G.L. wdf,dalh muKs'

Beam Lights - îï ,hsÜia

fï kñka y÷kajk úfYaI wdf,dal myka j¾.hla ke;' îï ,hsÜia hkq iDcqj u

fõosldjg m;s; lrjk wdf,dal loïnhls' ^Lights source& idudkHfhka fhduq mykl

wdf,dal loïnh fma%laIlhdg fmfkkafka ke;' wdf,dal ljh muKla fõosldj u; oel

.; yels h' kuq;a îï ,hsÜia wdf,dal loïNh oel.; yels fõ' th by< isg my<g

is,skavrdldr yevhla iys; j úysfok wdf,dal Odrdjls' fufia wdf,dal Odrdjla m;s;

lrjd .ekSu msh,a ldßhjiïf.a fldka;rd;a;=j yd nqoaêl ouhka;f.a mdovhd kdgHfha

oel.; yels úh'

ye,cka - Halogen Lamp

fuu myk fõosld kdgH i|yd t;rï WÑ; fkdfõ' 2000W muK wêl wdf,dalhla

fuu.ska ,nd .; yels h' w¾:hla m%ldY lrk f,i fuu wdf,dalh Ndú; l< yels

fkdfõ' úYd, f.dvke.s,s wjg fyda m%o¾Yk N+ñ wdf,dalj;a lsÍug fuu myka Ndú;

lrhs' fõosldfõ Ndú; l<fyd;a th rEmK Ys,amSkaf.a weiaj,g o uy;a wmyiq;djla we;s

fõ' kuq;a we;eï kdgHj, w÷r m,jd yer .ekSfï wruqKska muKla 1000W muK ye,cka

Ndú; lrkq ,efí' tu ksid fõosld wdf,dal myka j¾. foll kï ,shkakg lS úg fuu

myk kï lrhs kï th ksjeros fkdfõ'

rx.df,dalh yd wfkla wdkqIx.sl l,djka

rx.df,dalh ms<sn| j l;d lrk úg ta yd iïnkaO jk wfkla wdkqIx.sl l,djka

51



ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug isÿ fõ' kdgHfhys fma%laIdj ueùfuys,d odhl jkakd jQ

fjk;a l,dx.hka yd rx.df,dalh w;r we;s in|;djh

l=ula o hkak u|la úuid ne,Su fuys oS isÿ fõ'

kdgHhlg wdf,dalh ie,iqï lrk úg rx.df,dal

wOHlaIjrhd fïjd ms<sn| j ;u úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq

lrhs'

1' rx.df,dalh yd we÷ï ks¾udKh

2' rx.df,dalh yd wx. rpkh

3' rx.df,dalh yd miq;,

4' rx.df,dalh yd ix.S;h

rx.df,dalh yd we÷ï ks¾udKh

rx.df,dalh ksid kdgHfha rEmK Ys,amSka f.a rx. jia;%j, j¾Kh fjkia úh yels

h' tu ksid rx.df,dalh ie,iqï lsÍfï oS l=uk j¾Kfha rx. jia;% Ndú; lrkafka o

hkak ms<sn|j o wdf,dal ie,iqïlrKfha oS is;d ne,sh hq;= h' my; igykska oelafjkafka

wdf,dalfha j¾Kh yd we÷ïj, j¾Kh w;r we;s in|;djhhs'

fuys oS oelsh yels úfYaI;ajh kï Ñ;% úIhfhys oS j¾K ixl,kh lsÍfuka ,efnk

m%;sM, fuys oS wod< fkdjk njhs' r;= iy ly j¾Kh ñY% l< úg ,efnkafka rU j¾Kh

fõosld rx.df,dalh fldïmshqgrh yryd kj udj;lg'''''O¾uisß nKavdrkdhlf.a fg%dacka ldka;dfjda'

wfkdacd ùrisxy we;=¿ msßi

52



jqj;a fõosldfõ th fjkia fõ' tkï r;= j¾K we÷ula ye| isák k¿jd fj; ly

j¾Kfha wdf,dalhla m;s; jqj;a j¾Kh fjkia fkdù r;= j¾Kfhka u osia ùuhs' kuq;a

fndfyda wjia:dj, by; i|yka igyfka mßos j¾K fjkia fjkq oelsh yels h' os<sfik

j¾K iys; we÷ï fõosldjg t;rï WÑ; fkdfõ' ula ksid o ta u.ska wdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh

jk ksid h' j¾K pl% Ndú; lrkafka kï tys oS tu j¾Khla hgg meñfKk k¿jd f.a

we÷ïj, j¾Kh ms<sn|j o úfYaIfhka is;d ne,sh hq;= fõ' iafg%daí myfka wdf,dalhg o

j¾K lsisjla yßhdldr j fmfkkafka ke;' tu ksid tu wdf,dalhg ;rula fyda

fmfkk j¾K we÷ï ks¾udK Ys,amshd f;dard .; hq;= h' iqÿ j¾K fõosldfõ b;d wvqfjka

Ndú; flfrkafka o th mrdj¾;kh jk j¾Khla jk neúks' ckla fm%au,d,a f.a

wnqoaoiai flda,u yd rdclmqre hk kdgHj, fndfyda pß; i|yd iqÿ j¾Kh fjkqjg ,d

fld< meyeh Ndú; lf<a fuu fya;=j ksid nj rx. jia;% ks¾udKh l< wdßhmd, .uf.a

uy;d mjihs' ch,;a ufkdar;akhka f.a ".=re ;rej" kdgHfha mdi,a isiqka i|yd Ndú;

lrkafka iqÿ j¾K we÷ï fjkqjg ,d w¿ meye;s j¾Khhs' fï wkqj wmg lsj yelafla

we÷ï ks¾udK Ys,amshdg wdf,dalh ms<sn|j;a rx.df,dal Ys,amshdg rx. jia;% ms<sn|j;a ukd

wjfndaOhla ;sîu jeo.;a njhs'

rx.df,dalh yd wx. rpkh

fõosldfõ Ndú; lrkakd jQ 500W fyda 1000W Odß;djhlska hq;a wdf,dal myka ksid

rEmK Ys,amshdf.a uqyqfKa ;%sudK nj uelS f.dia me;,s iajrEmhla .kS' fuu ke;s ù .sh

;%sudK yev;, u;= lr .ekSu i|yd wx. rpkh w;HjYH ldrKdjla njg m;a fõ' thg

wu;r j wx. rpkd iy rx.df,dalh w;r we;s in|;djh u|la úuid n,uq' foaYSh kdgH

l,dfõ úldYkh foi ne,Sfï oS oywg ikaksh fyda flda,ï kdgl jeks fjiauqyqKq me<|

lrk k¾;kfha oS .eñ kdgHlrejd Ndú; lf<a fmd,a mkaoï fyda fldmamrd mkaoï jeks

wdf,dal m%Njhka h' tys oS o ks¾udKlrejd wx. rpkd iy wdf,dalh ms<sn| j úfYaI

wjOdkh fhduq lr we;s nj meyeos,sj u fmfka' ;%sudK yev;, we;s j fjia uqyqKq lmd

we;s ksid tajd u;g mkaoï t<sh jeàfuka .eUqre nj yd .=ma; nj u;= ù fmfka' iqÿ" l¿"

ly jeks j¾Khkaf.ka fjia uqyqKq j¾K fldg we;af;a o mkaoïj, wdf,dalh ms<sn| j

i,ld n,d h' jkpdÍ ñksid ovhï lr.;a foh .sks ue,hl oud ms<siafik ;=re tu .sks

53



ue,h jgd fkdfhla wNsrEmKd;aul k¾;khka olajd we;' tys oS Tyq tlajr u ms<siafik

i;df.a reêrh weÕs,af,ka f.k tajdhska ;u uqyqfKys f¾Ldjla we|f.k we;' túg

.skaor t<sfhka uqyqfKys - f¾Ldjka úis;=re f,i oDYHudk ù we;' fï wkqj j¾;udkfha

oS o fõosldfõ Ndú; lrkakd jQ wdf,dalh ksid wx. rpkd jvd;a biau;= fldg oelaúh

yels h' irÉpkaøhka f.a ukfï kdgHfha jeoaod f.a wx. rpkd m%n, j fmkSug kï ta

i|yd iqÿiq wdf,dal ;;a;ajhla fhosh hq;= nj m%ùK rx.df,dal Ys,amS Wmd,s ùrisxy uy;d

mjihs' ffY,sh l=ula jqj o wx. rpkd .=Kd;aul núka hq;= j fm%alaIlhdg oDYHudk

ùug kï rx.df,dalh wjYH idOlhla njg m;a ù we;'

rx.df,dalh yd miq;,

fõosld kdgHhl rx.N+ñ wdf,dallrKh hkafkka woyia lrkafka kdgHfha fm<

u.ska b,a,d isákq ,nk miqìu" mßir ;;a;ajh fõosldj u; ujd mEu i|yd miq;, Stage

set& ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' miq;, u.ska lrkafka ia:dk.; iudfrdamh we;s lsrSuhs' wm

idudkH Ôú;fha olsk ia:dkhka yd øjH ta whqßka u fõosldfõ oelsh fkdyels h' tu

ksid jvd;a WÑ; jkafka fõosldjg wjYH wdldrhlg tu ia:dk fyda øjH m%;sks¾udKh

lr .ekSuhs' wd¾'wd¾' iurfldaka f.a le,Ks md,u kdgHfha md,u" m%ikak chfldäf.a

fijKe,s iy ñksiaiq kdgHfha fmÜg.u iy wÜgd, fol" rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s f.a fudaor

fuda, kdgHfha fuda, we;=<; o¾Yk" nqoaêl ouhka;f.a mdovhd kdgHfha os. mqgqj iy

úYd, .i" we.fuïfkdka kdgHfha ud<s.dj oelafjk miq;,h WodyrK f,i oelaúh

yels h' fuu miq;, ksid fõosldj u; w.kd Ñ;%hla uefõ' ta i|yd rx.df,dalh

w;HjYH idOlhla fõ' fõosldj u; m¾hdjf,dal ^Perspective& ,laIKh we;s jkafka

wdf,dalh u.ska we;s lrkq ,nk t<sh iy w÷r ;=<sks' lsishï jia;=jl Wi" os." m<, wmg

oefkkafka wdf,dalh u.ska we;s lrkq ,nk ;%sudK ,laIK ksid h' fõosldfõ .eUqr

wmg oefkkafka fï ksid h' miq;, j¾K lsÍfï oS úfYaIfhka u rx.df,dalh ms<sn|j

is;d n,hs' kdgH i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk wdf,dal myka j¾. ljf¾ o iy ta u.ska ksl=;a

lrk wdf,dalh iy miq;,j, j¾Kh yd .e<fmao hkak úuid ne,Su tys oS isÿ fõ'

fndfyda miq;, ks¾udK Ys,amSka ;u miq;, i|yd fhdod .kakd j¾Khka jkafka l¿"

ÿUqre" w¿" iqÿ jeks j¾K lsysmhla ñY% lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd j¾Khls' b;d oSma;su;a j¾K

fï i|yd fhÿjfyd;a wdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh ù fm%alaIl weig th wmyiq;djhla jkq we;'

kuq;a hï lsis úfYaI ldrKdjla ksid we;eï wjia:dj, iqÿ j¾Kh iïmQ¾K miq;,h

i|yd Ndú; lsÍug kdgHlrejdg jqjukd jkakg mq¿jk' tys oS rx.df,dalh u.ska úúO

j¾K Ndú; lrñka th l,d;aul j m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug j. n,d .kshs' fï ksid ks;r

u fkdos,sfik bu,aika Emulsion& jeks ;Ska; miq;, j¾K lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lsÍu b;d

54



iqÿi h'

rx.df,dalfha mrud¾: yd wruqKq

j¾;udk fm%diSkshï fõosldfõ Ndú; lrkakd jQ rx.df,dalfha wruqK jkafka yqÿ

w÷r m<jd yeÍu muKla u fkdfõ' fõosld kdgHhlg rx.df,dalfhka ie,fik fufyh

l=ula o@ tfia ke;fyd;a rx.df,dalfhka we;s m%fhdack fudkjd o@ hkak úuid ne,Sfï

oS ta i|yd fm< .eiaúh yels ldrKd fndfyduhla we;s nj lsj hq;= h' tajd tlska tl f.k

ú.%y lr n,uq'

1' w÷r m,jd yer rx.h fyd|ska o¾Ykh lrùu

2' kdgHh cjksldj,g fyda wxlj,g fnod fjka lsÍu

3' NdIdjla f,i l%shd lsÍu

4' m¾hdjf,dal ,laIKh we;s lr,Su

5' ;;ajdkqrEmS udhdj we;s lr,Su

6' k¿ ld¾h myiq lrùu

7' kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d ;sõr lsÍu

8' ld,h yeÕùu

9' w;S;dj¾ckhlg hdug

10' .=Kd;aul fm%alaIdjla we;s lr,Su

j¾;udkfha iEu kdgHhla u rx..; jkafka rx. Yd,djla ;=< fm%diSkshï fõosldjl

h' rx.h rÕy,la ;=<g msúiSu;a iuÕ u w÷r m,jd yeÍug wdf,dalh wjYH úh' l=uk

w¾:hlska kdgHh i|yd wdf,dalh fhdod .;a; o tys uQ,sl u ld¾hh jkqfha w÷r m,jd

yer rislhdg rx.h fyd|ska o¾Ykh lrùuhs' wm kdgHhla krUñka isák úg tlajr u

úÿ,sh weK ysáhfyd;a w÷f¾ isàug isÿ úh yels h' tu ksid j¾;udkfha mj;ajk iEu

kdgH Wf<,loS u úYd, uqo,la jeh fldg úÿ,s W;amdol hka;% ^fckf¾g¾& iQodkï lr

;sfnkq oelsh yels h'

fõosld kdgHhlg wdf,dalfhka ,efnk ;j tla fufyhla kï kdgHh cjksldj,g

fnod fjka lsÍug iydh ùuhs' tla cjksldjla wjika jQ miq j fõosldj iïmQ¾Kfhka

u w÷re fldg tys ;snQ ish¨ miq;, bj;a lr B<Õ cjksldjg wjYH miq;, fyda fjk;a

foa f.keú;a ;eîu isÿ fõ' fuh fm%laIlhdg fkdfmfkk f,i isÿ lsßug kï fõosldj

w÷re l< hq;= fõ'

55



idudkH Ôú;fha oS wdf,dalh NdIdjla fia l%shd lrkq wmg oelsh yels h' WodyrK

f,i wm mdr f;dfÜ .uka lrk úg yuqjk ud¾. ix{d mqjre Colour Light& fmkajd osh

yels h' ta ta wdf,dalfhka ksl=;a lrk w¾: ßheÿfrda fyd|ska oks;s' bosßfhka hk jdykh

ol=Kg fyda jug yrjkjd o hkak lshkafka wdf,dalh u.sks' fufia jpk fkdue;s j

wdf,dalh u.ska woyia m%ldY lsÍug yels nj fuhska wmg meyeos,s fõ' fï wdldrhg

fõosld kdgHhl o wdf,dalh NdIdjla fia Ndú; lrkq wmg oelsh yels h' l,n,ldÍ

wjia:djla" br nei hk mßirhla" rd;%S ld,hla fyda ysñosß mdkaor" iqkaor wjia:djla"

Nhdkl miqìula hkd oS fkdfhla ;;a;ajhka jpkfhka fkdlshd wod< ;;a;ajhla wdf,dalh

u.ska m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug rx.df,dal wOHlaIjrhd iu;a fõ'

fõosldfõ ysia wjldYh rEmK Ys,amSkaf.ka iy miq;,j,ska msreKq miq Tjqkaf.a

;%sudK ,laIK ke;fyd;a m¾hdjf,dal ,laIKh we;s lrjkafka ta i|yd fhdok

rx.df,dalh u.sks' fõosldfõ .eUqr rislhdg oelSug kï wksjd¾hfhka u rx.df,dalh

fhosh hq;= h' rx.df,dalh u.ska we;s lrjk w÷r iy wdf,dalh u.ska fï ish¨ foaj,a isÿ

l< yels h'

f,dalO¾ó kdgHlrejdg wjYH jkafka fõosldj u; ;;a;ajdkqrEmS udhdjla we;s

lr,Suhs' iSkqj f;jrla kdo lr fm%alaIld.drh w÷re fldg rÕyf,a ish¨ fodrgq jid oud

rislhdj iQodkï lrjkafka ;;a;ajdkqrEmS udhdjlg yiqlr .ekSughs' l,ska i|yka l<

mßos cjksldjla wjidkfha fõosldj w÷re fldg miq;, bj;a lrkafka" f.k tkafka

;;a;ajdkqrEmS udhdj îf|k ksid h' fõosldj u; isÿ jk foa ienEjlah hkak fm%alaIlhdg

weÕùu i|yd rx.df,dalh u.ska úYd, fufyhla bgq flf¾'

k¿ ld¾hh myiq lr,Sug o rx.df,dalh bjy,a fõ' fhduq mykla ;=<g k¿jd

.ekSfuka fm%alaIld.drfha ish¨ fokdf.a u wjOdkh ksrdhdifhka u ta fj; fhduq

lrjd.; yels h' fuh k¿jdg uy;a jdishls' rdð; osidkdhl f.a "wdmiq yefrkak neye"

kdgHfha rÕk iEu pß;hla u fõosldfõ my< ueo ^Down center& fj; meñK fhduq

mykla ;=< oS tal, NdIKhl fhfoa' fuys oS ish¨ rislhka f.a wjOdkh fhduq jkafka

tu rEmK Ys,amshdg iy Tyq lshkd ixjdo flfrys h' tfia lsÍu ksid tu fudfydf;a

miqìfuys isÿ lrkakd jQ miq;, fjkia lsÍu flfrys fm%alaIl wjOdkh fhduq fkdfõ'

ch,;a ufkdar;akf.a '.=re;rej' kdgHfha .=rejrhdg uerhka úiska myr fok wjia:dfõ

fhdok Strober myk ^laIK myk& ksid k¿ ld¾hh lsysm .=Khlska jeä lr fmkajhs'

th tu rEmK Ys,amSkag uy;a myiqjls'

56



fõosld kdgHhl kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:djla hkq b;d jeo.;a u fudfyd;ls' rislhd

kdgHh flfrys jvd;a wdl¾Ykh jkafka fujeks wjia:djkays oS h' .=Kfiak .,mam;a;sh

"uQÿ mq;a;=" kdgHfha f;a.sßia úiska f;dá,af,a isák ì<s|df.a f., ñßld urd ouk

wjia:dj tu kdgHfha WÉp;u wjia:djhs' fuys oS f;dá,a, fj; fhduq mykla t,a, jk

w;r miqìfuys iqÿ ;srh ^Cyclorama& r;= j¾Kfhka wdf,dalu;a fõ' fuu wdf,dal

;;a;ajhka ksid tu wjia:dj jvd;a ;Sj% lr fm%alaIl yoj;a lïmkhg m;a lsÍug iu;a

jQ nj rx.df,dal Ys,amS Wmd,s úSrisxy uy;d m%ldY lrhs' ckla fm%au,d,af.a rdclmqre

kdgHfha ck iïu;hg wkqj rc jkafka mUfhls' l,a h;a u tlajr u mUhdg mK

tkakg mgka .kS' Tyq hdka;%sl j fuka p,kh fjhs' fuh wmQ¾j wjia:djls' fuys oS

fhdok j¾Kdf,dal pl% lsysmh ksid wjia:dj jvd;a úÑ;% njg m;a fõ' ta iuÕ u

fhdok fõ. ßoau ix.S; ks¾udKh iuÕ wdf,dalh o iu.dó j hñka losu kdfgHdaÑ;

wjia:djla ksrEmKh lrhs'

by; i|yka ldrKd lsysmh jqj o i,ld ne,Sfuka wmg meyeos,s jkafka rx.h i|yd

fhdok wdf,dalh u.ska j;auka kdgHlrejd fndfyda wruqKq yd mrud¾: bgqlr .kakd

njhs' fld;rï msßila kdgHh i|yd iyNd.s jqj o fm%alaIl riúkaokhg wdikak;u

idOlh jkafka k¿ ld¾hh hkqfjka lSj o k¿ ld¾h fyda iuia; fm%alaIdj u fõosldj

u; oDYH - l,djla njg m;a lr,Sug rx.df,dalh w;HjYH nj lsj hq;= j we;'

kQ;k wdf,dal myka

57



Fresnels Spots Lights and PC Spots Lights

58



Profile Spots Lights

Flood Lights

kj ;dlaIKh wkqj ksmojQ Flood Lights fldgia 2 ls'

i. Symmetric Flood Lights

ii. Asymmetric Flood Lights

59



uE; ld,fha oS b;du;a oshqKq ;dlaIKfhka ksIamdos; wdf,dal WmlrK

Coolbeam Spotlights

575w-600w

60



ksmqK;dj 04 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhh yd ne|s foaYSh yd úfoaYSh

ixialD;sl yd idudðl miqìu .fõIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 (( ukfï kdgHfha isg 21 jeks ishji f;la foaYSh kdgH

l,dfõ m%jK;djka úuid n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² 1956-1999 olajd ld, mrdih ;=< ìys jQ kdgH yd kdgHlrejka ms<sn| j m%ldY

lrhs'

² Tjqka f.a kdgHj, olakg ,efnk úfYaI;ajh úuihs'

² kdgH Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka iudc ixj¾Okh i|yd bgq flfrk kdgHlrejl=

f.a l¾;jHh w.h lrhs'

² fõosld kdgH ri ú|shs'

² iudc wfmalaIdjka wruqKq fldg .;a kdgH ksIamdokh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 4'1'1 ( isxy, kdgH l,dj ^ukfï kdgHfhys isg 21 ishji olajd&

ms<sn| ixlaIsma; b;sydih úuiuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² úIhh ms<sn| j ,shejqKq fmd;a" iÕrd

² 9 fY%aKsfha kdgH yd rx.l,dj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%h

² kdgH msgm;a" kdgHlrejkaf.a yd kdgH o¾Ykj,

PdhdrEm

² ixhqla; ;eá

ye|skaùu ( 1956 isg 1999 olajd ld,h ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH l,dfõ

jeo.;a ikaêia:dk jYfhka oelaúh yels wjia:d" iqúfYaI

kdgHlrejka yd Tjqkaf.a kdgH lD;s ms<sn| j ieflúka

y÷kajd oSula fuu mdvfï oS isÿ flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( .%ka: mßYS,kh iy idlÉPd lsÍu'

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsÍug w;aje,la((

² uydpd¾h tosßùr irÉpkaøhka úiska oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia ilia lrk

,o m¾fhaIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1956 oS "ukfï" ìys jQ nj yd

wdorh" wd;audNsudkh" ukqIH;ajh wdosh ms<sn| j kdgH lrejd kj

oDIaá fldaKhlska neÆ wjia:djla f,i th kdgH b;sydifha iksgqyka

jk nj

² fuh isxy, kdgH b;sydifha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jYfhka ye|skaúh

yels nj

61



² merKs isxy, .eñ kdv.fuys idOkSh ,laIK Wlydf.k iuld,Sk

fm%alaIlhdg rihla ,efnk wdldrfha rx. ffY,shla ks¾udKh lsßu

iy cd;l l;djg kj w¾:l:khla iemhSu ukfï kdglfhka bgq jQ

jeo.;a fufyhla nj

² "ffY,s.; kdgHh" hk jpkh Ndú;hg meñKsfha fuu m%jK;dj

iu. nj

² "ffY,s.; kdgHfhka merKs l;dkaor lSug ñi w¨;a w;aoelSï lsj

fkd yelsh" hk u;hg ms<s;=rla jYfhka 1961 oS "isxyndyq" kdgHh ìys

jQ nj iy iod;ksl jQ mdrïmßl .egqu fuhska m%lg jk nj

² 1957 oS ksIamdokh l< .=Kfiak .,mam;a;s f.a "i| ls÷re" kdgHfhys

lú kdv.ï ,laIK wka;¾.; j we;s nj ukfï yd isxyndyq kdgHj,

we;af;a iskaÿ kdv.fï ,laIKhhs'&

² kdgHO¾ó ffY,sh yd f,dal O¾ó ffY,sh tla fldg .;a kdgH úfYaIh

"w¾O ffY,s.;" jYfhka ye|ska jQ nj yd "tf,dj .syska fuf,dj wdjd""

"r;a;rx"" "kßnEKd"" wdoS kdgHj, fuu ffY,Ska f.a ñY%Khla olakg

,efnk nj

² iq.;md, o is,ajd f.a "fndaäxldrfhda" ^1961&" ";Ügq f.j,a" ^1963&hk

kdgH iu. f,dalO¾ó l%uh h<s;a biau;= jQ nj

² iuld,Sk iudc f;dr;=re yd iudc m%Yak tu kdgHj,g jia;= úIh jQ

w;r" fuh o foaYSh kdgH lafIa;%fha ;j;a m%jK;djla jYfhka ye|skaúh

yels nj

² úfoaYSh kdgHj, wdNdih ,nd .ksñka wkqj¾;k ^fyf,a ke.a. fvdax

mq;d& yd mßj¾;k ^yqKqjgfha l;dj& kdgH ìysùu kdgH l,dfõ

j¾Okhg fya;= jQ nj" ta wkqj we;s jQ ixialD;sl >Ügk fya;=fjka

úo.aO úpdr l,djla ìys jQ nj

² kdgH l,dj .ï uÜgug f.k hdug iqn iy hi ^1974& iu;a jQ nj"

hi,d,l ;siai rcq yd iïnkaO l;d mqj;g kj w¾: l:khla foñka

rpkd jQ nj"

fuys iqn jkdys yqfola fodrgq md,lhl= muKla fkdj u,h foaYfha

ler,s kdhlfhl= f,i o olajd we;s nj" is;a .kakd iq¨" fomsg lefmk

- jHx.Hd¾:j;a NdId ú,dihla Ndú; fldg we;s nj

² W;am%di ckl f;audjla jQ fuhg úYd, jYfhka fm%alaIl m%;spdr ,enqK

w;r th foaYSh kdgH l,dfõ j¾OkSh wjia:djla f,i oelaúh yels nj

² kßhd iy flacq" tald wêm;s" bvu jeks kdgHj,ska m%n,j u foaYmd,k

f;aud fõosldjg meñKs w;r" fõosldfõ foaYmd,kh idlÉPd ùu fuhska

wdrïN jq nj

² fuu kdgHh "ck;djdoS kdgH" kñka ye|skajqKq nj" fïjd "mmvï

kdgH" hkqfjka we;eï úpdrlhka f.a fodaI o¾Ykhg md;% jQ nj

62



² fidau,;d iqnisxy f.a "úlD;s" ^1983& foaYSh kdgH b;sydifha

ikaêia:dkhla h<s iksgqyka lrk nj yd YsIH m%Yak fõosldfõ idlÉPdjg

n÷ka jQ fuu kdgHfhka kj fhdjqka k¿ ks<shka fndfyda fokl= ìys jQ

nj

² ydiHh uq,a fldg.;a "fkhskf. iqÿj" b;d ckm%sh lD;shla jQ w;r th

yd wkqj hñka "idcka k,a,;ïì" jeks ydfiHda;amdol kdgH miq hq.fha

ìys jQ nj

² iqm%lg úcd;sl pß; uQ,sl fldg .;a iaj;ka;% ks¾udK fï>" fidl%àia

jeks& foaYSh kdgH lafIa;%hg kj w;aoelSula jQ nj

² "jd¾;d rx.h" kue;s rx. l%uh y÷kajd foñka ohdkkao .=Kj¾Okhka

f.a .cuka mqj;" uOqr cjksld yd wdkkao cjksld fõosld .; jQ nj

² ch,;a ufkdar;ak f.a ".=re;rej" jeks kdgH w¾O jd¾;d rx. f,i

úpdrlhka y÷kajd we;s nj

² j¾;udk kdgH l,dfõ úfYaI;d jYfhka my; i|yka lreKq y÷kajd

osh yels nj

i. wiïu; rx.h fõosldjg meñKSu ^yia;s rdc uy;a;hd" ljqrej;a

tkafk kE wdoS kdgH& yd l=ßre rx.h y÷kajd oSu u<jqka ke.sàu&

ii. ;reK kdgHlrejka f.a kdgH fnfyúka fõosldjg meñKSu foda¾

oKavd" fijKe,s yd ñksiaiq jeks& ch,;a ufkdar;ak" kdgHfha

ffY,sh ms<sn| úúO w;ayod ne,Sï lr we;s w;r ;,u, msms,d"

.=re;rej" wkaof¾,d jeks kdgHj, fuu ñY%ùu olakg we;s nj

kq¾;sj, oS wid¾:l jQ fuh" fuu hq.fha oS kdgH l,dfõ wNHqohg

fya;= ù we;s nj

"frdauh .sks .kS" wkqj¾;khla yeáhg o" ;drdfjda b.sf,;s ydiH

yd Wmydih uq,a lr.;a wkqj¾;k kdgHhla f,i o ckm%sh;ajhg

m;a jQ nj

iii. flá kdgH ms<sn| j Wkkaÿjla we;s ùu fya;=fldg f.k

wdOqkslhka úYd, ixLHdjla flá kdgHlrKhg msúi we;s nj"

iv. "iqn iy hi" kdgHfha ;j;a j¾OkSh wjia:djla f,i "fodak

l;sßkd" yd "fojeks uyskao" jeks kdgH ìys ùu yd b;sydi l;dfõ

háka osfjk h:d¾:h fuu kdgHj,ska meyeos,s jk nj"

v. w;ayod ne,Sï nyq," m%ùKhka yd kjl ;reKhka w;r ;r.ldÍ

njla olakg ,efnk wjia:djla j¾;udkfha olakg ,efnk nj

² my; i|yka kdgHlrejka yd Tjqka f.a lD;s ms<sn| j ieflúka y÷kajd

fokak' 9 jeks fY%aKsfha kdgH yd rx. l,dj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha

4 jeks ksmqK;dj ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'&

63



uydpd¾h tosßùr irÉpkaøhkaf.a kdgH ks¾udK

² 1954 oS .=jka úÿ,s kdgHhla f,iska m%pdrh flreKq "r;a;rx" 1958 oS

fõosld kdgHhla f,i ksIamdokh flrekq w;r foaYSh f;dú,a iïm%odh

wdY%h lrf.k ksIamdos; fuh ñksia ÿn,;d úksúo oelSfï .=Kfhka hq;a"

;DIaKdj yd ffjrh ñksid úkdYh lrd fufyhjk wdldrh m%lg

lrk" .eñ l;djla weiqßka rÑ; ydfiHda;amdol kdgHhla nj

² 1958 oS fiaßjdKsc cd;lh weiqßka ks¾udKh flreKq "lodj<¨" kdgHh

o uq,ska "rka;,sfha l;dj" kñka .=jka úÿ,s kdgHhla f,i bosßm;a jQ

nj yd th kdv.ï iïm%odhfhka neyer j fjkia wdldrhlg ks¾udKh

ù we;s nj

² 1959 oS ckY%e;sfhka fmdaIKh jQ "tf,dj .ssyska fuf,dj wdjd" kdgHh

uq, isg u .dhkd iïm%odhlg wkql+, j" tfy;a kdgHuh wjia:d WoaoSmkh

lsÍu i|yd "k¾;kh" flf¾ úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l< .eñ ckrx.fhka

wdNdih ,enQ" ydiHh yd Wmydih uqLH rih lr .;a .eñ ck ú{dkh

ksrEmKh flfrk kdgHhla nj

² 1960 oS .eñ ck rx.fhka wdNdih ,nd ìys l< "fj,a,jeyqï" kdgHfhka

fidlß yd f;dú,a iïm%odh olakg ,efnk w;r" "tf,dj .syska fudf,dj

wdjd" fuka u "fj,a, jeyqï" o foaYSh kdgH l,djla ;yjqre lsÍfï

jeo.;a m%h;ak f,i ye|skaúh yels nj yd ck l;djla Wmfhda.S lrf.k

W;am%dih l=¿.kajñka Ôú;h ms<sn| .eñhka f.a WfmalaId iy.;

wdl,amh fuhska úoHudk jk nj

² 1960 oS isxy, kdgH l,dfõ m¾fhaIK hq.fha kj iaj;ka;% ks¾udKhla

f,i ìys jk "yia;s ldka; uka;f¾" kdgHh md,lhka f.a m%Yakj,g

;uka f.a WmfoaYlhka f.ka ,efnk ms<s;=re rdclSh nqoaêhg wjudkhla

h hk i¾jld,Sk f;audjl msysgd ks¾udKh lr we;s nj iy ydiHh

iu. bka Tíng èjks; jk Wmydih fuys id¾:l;ajhg fya;= ù we;s

nj

² 1961 oS Wïu.a. cd;lfha tk ld,f.da, l;d jia;=j weiqßka ffY,sh

i|yd ckl;d wdr fhdod .ksñka o" ishqï f,i yd ydiHh oekfjk

f,i úßÿ .dhkd fhdod .ksñka o" "talg ug yskd yskd" kdgHh ksIamdokh

lr we;s nj

² 1961 oS "isxyndyq" kdgHh ìysùu;a iu. "ukfï" ksIamdokfhka miq

isxy, kdgH b;sydifha ikaëh wjia:djla iksgqyka jk w;r" kdgHO¾ó

iïm%odhfha úYsIag;u ks¾udKhla f,i o" rislhkag Wiia u ldjHuh

yd ix.S;uh wdiajdohla ,nd ÿka oDYH ldjHhla f,i o" kdv.ï ffY,sfha

;j;a w;ayod ne,Sula f,i o" "isxyndyq" ksIamdokh lr we;s nj

² úYaj jákdlula we;s l;d jia;=jla f;dard .ksñka msh-mq;= .egqu fyj;a

mrïmrd foll is;=ï me;=ï" woyia Woyia w;r mj;akd mriamr nj

l,d;aul yd ufkda úoHd;aul oDIaá fldaKhlska ú.%y l< wjia:djla

f,i "isxyndyq" kdgHh jeo.;a jk nj

64



² msh-mq;= fifkyi" wUq-ieñ fifkyi wdoS udkj iïnkaO;d biau;=

lrñka ish¨ u pß;j, wkkH;dj f.dv k.d we;s w;r" ffu;%sh

lreKdj wdoS mú;% Ñ;a; iajNdjhka yuqfõ mj;akd wp, Yla;sh" fl%daOh

ffjrh jeks ¥Is; Ñ;a; iajNdjhka yuqfõ foord hk whqre "isxyndyq"

kdgHfhka ;yjqre lr we;s nj

² 1968 oS ia;%S Ñ;a; iajNdjh ms<sn| j tla me;a;lska újrKh lrñka o

i;a;aj ixy;sfha fmdÿ ÿ¾j,;d .ek i|yka lrñka o "uydidr" kdgHh

ksIamdokh lr we;s nj

² 1969 oS uydpd¾h tosßùr irÉpkaøhka .S; kdgl l,dj flfrys fhduq

ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i ìysjk "fmauf;da cdh;S fidaflda" foaYSh ix.S;hg

ydks fkdjk fia Tfmrd jeks kdgH úfYaIhla foaYSh W!rejg .e<fmk

fia ilia lsÍug .;a W;aidyhla fia ye|skaúh yels w;r" fm%auh kï jQ

;DIaKdj je<|.;a úg we;s jkakd jQ udkisl;ajh yd th iqKq úiqKq jQ

úg we;s jk úm%,ïNh ms<sn| j lreKq olajd we;s nj

² 1980 fjiaika;r .S;dx. kdglh - hq.fhys wjYH;djla jYfhka tosßùr

irÉpkaøhka w;ska ks¾udKh jQ w;r kj iudc mßj¾;kh ksid msßyqKq

ñksia p¾hdjka fya;= fldg f.k ;ud ;=< we;s jQ ixfõ.h fuu kdgHh

weiqßka m%ldY fldg we;s nj

² rdcH md,kfha oS ;ks ;SrK .ksñka" fmdÿ jia;+ka mßyrKh lsÍfï

fya;=fjka u;=jk .eg¨j" rdcH md,kfhka bj;a ùu olajd osfjk uy

ck le<öulg fya;= jk whqre fjiaika;r .S; kdglh ;=<ska ksrEms;

nj iy mrudo¾YS rdc pß;hla bosßm;a lrñka foaYmd,kfha foìä pß;

iroug ,la lr we;s nj

² 1985 ìys jq " f,dauyxi" jhia.; ù ;reK ìß|l mdjd .ekSfuka isÿ jk

jHikh lshdmdkakla nj

² 1989 rÕ olajk ,o "nj lv;=rdj" iaj¾K yxi cd;lh weiqßka ksmojd

we;s w;r tu.ska wm Ôj;a jk iudcfha wr.,h m%n, ixl,am rEm

ud,djlska bosßm;a lr we;s nj

² wmf.a ixialD;sfha we;s wmsia nj" ,o fohska i;=gq ùu" mfrdamldrh"

ohdj" lreKdj wdoS W;=ï mqreId¾: fN!;sl iïm;a flfrys olajk

,eoshdj fya;= lrf.k fjkiajk wdldrh fuhska ksrEmKh jk nj

.=Kfiak .,mam;a;s f.a kdgH

² .=Kfiak .,mam;a;s lú kdv.ula f,i ksIamdokh l< i| ls÷re

^1957& m;sj%;dfõ n,uysuh m%lg lrjkakla nj

lú kdv.fuys wkkH;dj /flk whqßka idïm%odhsl f;audj /lf.k

foaYSh úß;a yd ;d,j,ska fmdaIs; .dhkd ffY,shla Wmfhda.S lr .;a

fuu ks¾udKh ukfï kdgH ;rï u m%Yia; ks¾udKhla fkdjqK;a"

kdv.ï iïm%odh ms<sn| kj w;ayod ne,Sula f,i ye|skaúh yels nj

65



² iamd[a[ cd;sl f*âßla .d¾Ishd f,da¾ld f.a "fh¾ud" lD;sh weiqßka

ksIamdos; "uQÿ mq;a;=" foaYSh kdgH b;sydifha tldldÍ wdlD;sh uq¿ukska

u fjkia u.lg fhduq l< nj" wkqj¾;k kdgH l,dj foaYSh kdgH

l,dfõ fmdaIKh i|yd m%Yia; wkaoñka fhdod .; yels wdldrh tu.ska

meyeos,s jk nj "uQÿ mq;a;=" kdgHh ms<sn| úfYaI úu¾Ykhla 4'4 ksmqK;d

uÜgu hgf;a olajd we;'&

² fldkaia;ka;ska iageksia,dõials f.a rx. Í;sh wkqj hñka n¾fgda,a fn%IaÜ

f.a ".=â jquka T*a fiÜiqjdka" kï m%lg kdgH lD;sh weiqßka ksIamdokh

l< "foaj;d t<s" ^1963& fn%IaÜ f.a kdgH m%:u jrg furg fm%alaIlhdg

y÷kajd oSula nj

² m%xi cd;sl fIdaka fmda,a idf;%af.a "f,audif,a" Dirty hand& wkqj¾;khla

f,i ìys jQ foaYmd,k kdgHhla fia ye|skafjk ",sh;Urd" kdgHh

foaYSh kdgH fõosldfõ ;j;a kejqï m%fõYhla nj"

m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI folla w;r we;s jk n, wr.,h yd n,h yuqfõ

ñksiqka yeisfrk .=ma; iajNdjhla fuys ishqï f,i ú.%y lr we;s nj

ohdkkao .=Kj¾Ok f.a kdgH ks¾udK

² f,dalO¾ó yd kdgHO¾ó iïm%odhka ñY% lr .ksñka ksIamdos; "kß nEKd"

^1961& kdgHh b;d ckm%sh;ajhg m;a jQ;a" ck jyr ks¾udKd;aul j

fhdod.;a;d jQ;a kdgHhla nj

² foaYSh kdgH l,dfõ fõosld ;dlaIKfha kj w;ayod ne,Sula jYfhka

"lerflk fõosldj" Ndú; lrñka "nla uy wl=Kq" kdgHh ksIamdokh

flreKq nj

² merKs flda,ï iïm%odhg kj uqyqKqjrla foñka "cihd yd f,kaÑkd"

^1965& o kQ¾;s kdgHhla f,i "moaudj;S" o ^1968& ksIamdokh l< fudyq

mßj¾;k" wkqj¾;k" iaj;ka;% hk ish¨ wxYfhka u kdgH ks¾udK

l< nj

² "jd¾;d rx.h" y÷kajd oSu u.ska foaYSh kdgH l,dfõ kj m%fõYhla

y÷kajd ÿka nj yd ".cuka mqj;" kdgHfha iqúfYaI;ajh

fykaß chfiak f.a kdgH ks¾udK

² iajdNdúl kdgH ms<sn| j fm%alaIl wjOdkh .s<sfyñka mej;s hq.hl"

fykaß chfiak úiska tn÷ kdgH ksIamdokh flreKq nj

² iajdNdúl yd ffY,s.; iïm%odhka f.a iïñY%Khla f,i m¾fhaIKd;aul

lD;shla f,i ìys jqKq "cfka,h" 1961& wka;¾.;h" wdlD;sh" fm%alaIlhka

r|jd .ekSug fhdod.;a Wml%u wdosfhka úYsIag;ajhla fmkajd we;s nj"

ffY,s.; iïm%odfhka idudkH ck Ôú;h kdgHhg kexùu ÿIalr

njg m< ù ;snQ u;h ch.ksñka "cfka,h" ksmojd we;s nj

66



² mqrdjD;a;hlg kj w¾: l:khla foñka o" fuf;la lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,

w.%M,h jYfhka o" ldka;djl uqyqK fok ÿ#Ldka;hla wmQ¾j;ahlska

bosßm;a lsÍula f,i o l=fõKs ^1963& ksIamdokh jq nj

² c¾uka cd;sl n¾fgda,a fn%IaÜ f.a "fldflaishka fpdala i¾l,a" kï

lD;sh wkqj ìys jQ "yqKqjgfha l;dj" ^1967& foaYSh kdgH b;sydifha

iqúfYaI ikaêia:dkhla jQ nj

² foaYmd,k w;aoelSula f;aud fldg .;a" jevj¾ckhla m%:u jrg fõosldjg

f.k wd "ukrxck jevj¾ck" ^1966&" foaYSh kdgH lafIa;%fha úma,ùh

f;audjla f.k yer mE fndfyda fokdf.a idlÉPdjg ;=vqÿka "wmg mqf;a

u.la kef;a" ^1968& "osßh uj iy wef.a orefjda"" "ulrd" wdoS kdgH o

foaYSh kdgH lafIa;%fha lemS fmkk wjia:d nj

iq.;md, o is,ajd f.a kdgH ks¾udK

² iajdNdúl kdgH iïm%odh wkqj kdgH rpkd l< fudyq iuld,Sk iudc

m%Yak f;aud fldg .ksñka fndaäxldrfhda ^1962&" ñksiqka yd .eyekqka

w;r we;sjk ixlS¾K m%Yak f;aud fldg .ksñka ";Ügq f.j,a" ^1964&"

fm%alaIld.drh yd k¿ ks<shka iïnkaO lr .ksñka "yßu nvq yhla"

^1966&" "fyf,a ke.a. fvdax mq;d" ^1966&" "ys; fyd| wïuKaä" ^1969&"

Okm;s mka;sh yd ks¾Ok mka;sfha .egqu b;d id¾:l j ksrEmKh

lrñka "ÿkak ÿkq .uqfõ" 1972&" "oEjeoafoda" 1979&" "urdidoa" wdoS kdgH

Tyq úiska ksIamdokh lrk ,o nj

rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s f.a kdgH ks¾udK

² "tl jy, hg" 1964&" "kex.=rï" 1965&" "uyf.or" 1966 fpßj;a; weiqßka&"

wiïu; rx.h ms<sn| w;a yod ne,Sula jQ "yia;srdc uy;a;hd" ^1973&"

reishdkq lD;shla jQ "ysre ke;s f,dj" 1974&" wx.drd .Õ .,d niS 1977&

wdoS kdgH Tyqf.a ks¾udK nj

² iaj;ka;% kdgH l,dj msßfyñka ;snQ hq.hl iudc" wd¾Òl m%Yak mqoa.,hdg

n,mdk wdldrh ms<sìUq lrñka ,shejqKq "fudaor fuda," ^1982& Wiia

ks¾udKhla nj

² "fpß Whk" 1986& wkqj¾;khla jQ "wdç/f,a kdv.u" 1987& iy 1991 os

fyd| u iaj;ka;% kdgHhg ysñ iïudkh oskd.;a" fodiaf;%dõials f.a

pß;h ms<sìUq flfrk "fï>" wdoS kdgH Tyqf.a wfkl=;a ksIamdok nj

ihsuka kj.;af;a.u f.a kdgH ks¾udK

² ".x.djla" im;a;= ln,la iy urKhla" 1970&" "mqiaf,davx" 1972&" "ia;%S

^1976&" "..k irK l=re,af,da" ^1978&" "iqÿ iy l¿ fyj;a j¾K" ^1979&

hk kdgH Tyqf.a ks¾udK nj

² foaYSh kdgH b;sydifha úYsIag ks¾udK lSmh w;rg tla jQ "iqn iy hi"

Tyqf.a id¾:l u ks¾udKh nj" iÔù nia jyr yd iuld,Sk rdcH

67



;dka;%sl i;H f;dr;=re o fuu úYsIag;ajhg fya;= jQ nj" Ôú;fha Y=kH

nj" iudcfha mj;akd fndrej" foaYmd,kfha we;s .dïNSr;ajh yd ne|s

fkdfmfkk f.dryeä nj" mqoa.,dNHka;rh l%shd lrk wdldrh" wdoSh

fuu kdgH ;=<ska biau;= jk nj" i¾jld,Sk f;audjla u; f.dv kef.k

fuh fm%alaIlhd ;=< uyd nqoaê l,ïnkhla fldg kdgHh wjika lrk

nj ^fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha 5'2 ksmqK;d uÜgu n,kak'&

wd¾'wd¾ iurfldaka f.a kdgH ks¾udK

² mSä; mka;sfha oefjk m%Yak fõosldjg f.k wd fudyq ix.S;h kdgHhg

w;HjYH u wx.hla fldg fkd.;a nj" foaYmd,kfha we;s .=ma; nj yd

cq.=mais; nj Tyqf.a kdgHj,ska m%Yak flfrk nj

² fomsg lefmk ;shqKq ixjdo Ndú;h Tyqf.a úfYaI yelshdjla nj

² "f,vla ke;s f,fvla" ^1967&" "wyiska jegqKq ñksiaiq" uqvqlal= Ôú;

ms<sn| újrKhla nj

² lSr fldgqfõ ðjk wr.,fha fYdaldka;h ms<sìUq flfrk "le,Ks md,u"

kdgHh foaYSh fõosld kdgH b;sydifha Wiia u lD;s lsmh w;=ßka tlla

nj

² W;=f¾ rdyq," ¥ú,s wdoS iudc úu¾Yk kdgH Tyq w;ska ìys jQ nj

fla'î' fyar;a f.a kdgH ks¾udK

² merKs ju yd w¨;a ju ksrEms; iqÿ mrúfhda ^1981& újD; wd¾Òlfha

.eg¨ ksrEms; "isßfnda ;Ügqj" ^1983& iodpdr mßydksh ksrEms; "udhd

foaú" 1984&" NSIKfha iajNdjh ksrEms; "kdkl foaYh 1990&" b;sydifha

l;djlg kj w¾:l:khla imhñka foaYmd,k n,h fjkqfjka

ldka;djl fhdod .;a wdldrh ms<sn| fYdaldka;h ksrEms; "fodak l;sßkd"

^1992& m%Odk rch yd m%dka; wdKavqj w;r we;s jk n,h fnod .ekSfï

.eg¨j ksrEms; "fojeks uyskao" ^1998& wdoS lD;s fla'î' fyar;a úiska

ks¾udKh lrk ,o nj

² ñg wu;r j pkaøfiak oikdhl f.a "rkal|"" O¾uisß nKavdrkdhl

f.a iuld,Sk foaYmd,k ì| jeàu ksrEms; "tald wêm;s"" mßj¾;khla

jQ "ulrdlaIhd"" "Oj, NSIK" ^1988& hlaId.ukh ^1993& wdoS kdgH

ksIamdok jeo.;a jk nj" O¾uisß nKavdrkdhl jQ l,S fõosldj fuka

u iskudj o b;d olaI f,i Ndú; l<" iïudk,dNS l,dlrejl= nj

² lms, l=udr ld,sx." chka; pkaøisß" wdoSka f.a kdgH lD;s o fuu ld,

jljdkqfõ olakg ,efnk jeo.;a ks¾udK nj

68



* jeäÿr lshùu(

1' tosßùr irÉpkaøhkaf.a kdgH oDIaáh

ir;a úfÊiQßh - 1997

2' isxy, kdgH l,dfõ iuld,Sk m%jK;d - 1995

3' tosßùr irÉpkaø kdgH hq.h - 1947-1997 fojk Nd.h

r;akmdo o is,ajd - 1997

4' isxy, kdgH jxYh

úfÊr;ak m;srdc - 2007

5' uydpd¾h tosßùr irÉpkaø kdgHdj,sh - iqks,a ñysÿl=,

6' wdf,dalh hg yuqùu - .dñKs ch,;a

we.hSu((

1' ukfï kdglfha isg 21 jk ishji f;la isxy, kdgH l,dfõ jeo.;a

ikaêia:dk ms<sn| újrKhla lrkak'

2' uydpd¾h tosßùr irÉpkaø f.a kdgH ms<sn| iudf,dapkhla lrkak'

69



ksmqK;dj 04 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIh yd ne|s foaYSh yd úfoaYSh ixialD;sl

yd idudðl miqìu .fõIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2 (( Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,dfõ miqìu yd úldYh fidhd

n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² fou< ckhd f.a wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl Ôú;h ms<sn| j woyia m%ldY lrhs'

² tys oS olakg ,efnk kdgHuh wjia:d ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrhs'

² tn÷ ixialD;sldx. keröfï wjYH;dj fmkakqï lrhs'

² iudka;r ixialD;shl wkkH;dj w.h lrhs'

² fjk;a wd.ñl u;jdo yd ne÷Kq pdß;% úê ms<sn| j uOHia: j olshs'

l%shdldrlu 4'2'1 ( fou< ckhdf.a wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl Ôú;h yd ne|s kdgH

l,dj y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² fou< wd.ñl W;aij ms<sìUq flfrk rEm igyka

² iïm;a odhlhl= fou< wd.ñl yd ixialD;s ms<sn| j

uekúka okakd& fhdod .; yels kï b;d uekú

ye|skaùu ( fou< ck;dj f.a ck Ôú;h yd ne÷Kq wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl

W;aijj, olakg ,efnk kdgHuh ,laIK ms<sn| j lreKq

fidhd ne,Su fuu mdvfuka wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( úIhhg wod< .%ka: mßYS,kh yd idlÉPd lsÍu


² fou< ckhdf.a wd.ñl Ôú;h yd ne|s mQcd l¾uj, o" ixialD;sl

Ôú;h yd ne|s úúO W;aijj, o kdgHuh ,laIK olakg we;s nj

² fou< ckhdf.a yskaÿ wd.u woyk wh yd lf;da,sl wd.u woyk wh

mdol fldg f.k fjka fjka j mQcd l¾u j¾Okh jk nj yd yskaÿ mQcd

l¾uj, kdgHuh wjia:d jeä jYfhka olakg ,efnk nj

² fou< mQcd l¾uj, iy W;aijj, olakg ,efnk fmdÿ kdgHuh ,laIK

my; i|yka mßos oelaúh yels nj

² iEu mQcd l¾uhl u lsishï wjia:d ksrEmKhla ;sîu

² mQcd l¾u i|yd iqúfYaI ia:dkhla fhdod .ekSu

² mQcd l¾u mj;ajk msßila isàu

² mQcd l¾u keröu i|yd iyNd.s jk msßila isàu

70



² kdgHuh ,laIK jk iudfrdamh" l;d mqj;la" wkqlrKh" ixjdo

Ndú;h" rx.k" fõI N+IK wdosh olakg ,eîu

² øúv ck;djf.a wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl W;aij

1' ff;fmdx.,a

² ff;fmdx.,a hkq m<uq jk udihg lsß b;srúu hk wre; iys;

jpkhla nj

² kj wjqreÿ Wodfõ ysre foúhkag lD; .=K ie,lSfï mQcdjla f,i

o" iY%Sl;ajh yd iïnkaO lDIs ux.,Hhla f,i o fuh ye|skaúh

yels nj ^W,j¾;srekd,a&

² fuys oS lsß n; ms<sfh, lsÍu wmQ¾j rx.k wjia:dj,ska hqla;

jQjla nj

² osh kd" ly ñY% c,fhka msßisÿ jk uj fuu ld¾hfha oS uQ,sl;ajh

.kakd w;r weh foajodiS wdfõYhla iys; j fuu ld¾hfhys ksr;

jk nj

² lsß b;srùu i|yd fhdod .efkk úfYaI ia:dkh wuq f.du msßueo

ilia lrkq ,nkafka o" bka miq j l=ïnï ;nd ^l=vd l<hla$

uqÜáhla u; fmd,af.ähla o flfi,a f.dnhl ly$ f.du yd

;DK j¾.hla ;nd lrk mQcdjls& wk;=re j flda,ï hkqfjka

ye|skafjk rgdjla ìu we|" ta u; ,sma ne| lsß W;=rjkq ,nkafka

o n; ms<sfh, lrkafka o uj úiska nj

² fufia ilia lr.;a lsßn; foúhkag mQcd lsßu .Dydêm;s úiska

isÿ flfrk w;r" tys oS Tyq foajodihl= f,i iudfrdamh jk nj

² foaj m%;sudj bosßfha idïm%odhsl isß;a wkqj mQcdj ;nk wjia:dfõ

jdÑl wNskh mquqL j flfrk wfkl=;a ksrEmKhka fj;ska

kdgHuh ,laIK fmkakqï flfrk nj

² ksjfia ish,a,kag u fuosk kshu jQ N+ñld we;s nj

2' udvq fmdx.,a ^udgq&

² fuh ff;fmdx.,a oskhg miq od meje;afjk nj

² yskaÿ" foúhka úiska fok ,o odhdohla fia o" mQckSh i;a;ajhl=

f,i o i,lkq ,nk .jhd fuu W;aijfha m%uqLia:dkh .kakd

nj

² fldaú, wdY%s; j meje;afjk fuu W;aijfha oS" fyd|ska jevqKq

.jhl= f;dard" kdjd mú;% fldg" u,a ud,d m<ojd w,xldr f,i

fuu W;aijhg fhdod .efkk nj

² fï iEu pdß;%hla u wkqlrKd;aul p¾hdjkaf.ka yd úúO ufkdauh

pß;j,g wdfõY jQ msßila úiska bgq lrkq ,nk nj

71



² ijia ld,fha oS fuu .jhka iïnkaO fldgf.k .j Odjk ;r.

yd lr;a; Odjk ;r. meje;afjk nj

² we;eï úg ;reKhkaf.a cjh yd Yla;sh Wr.d nef,k wjia:djla

f,i" ;reKhl= úiska .jhd fu,a, fldg foajdYs¾jdoh ,nd .kakd

wjia:djla ksrEmKh lrk w;r th "c,a,shla lÜgq" kñka

ye|skafjk nj yd Ndr;fha olakg ,efnk fuu l%Svdj Y%S ,xldfõ

ÿ¾,N l%Svdjla f,i ye|skaúh yels nj

03' yskaÿ w¨;a wjqreÿ W;aijh

² isxy, wjqreÿ W;aijhg fndfyda fia iudk j yskaÿ w¨;a wjqreÿ

W;aijh o meje;afjk nj

² foajd,fhka f.k tkq ,nk T!Iëh c,h o Ndú; lrñka iakdkh

lsÍfuka Wf<, wdrïN lrk nj

² úÑ;% w,q;a jia;%dNrKfhka ieriS" lsßn;a" ri leú,s fnod pdß;%

bgq lrk fuu W;aijfha oS kj ysre Wodj ieuÍu i|yd úfYaI

j;dj;a meje;afjk nj

4' oSmdj,S W;aijh

² wdf,dal je, fyj;a myka jegla hk w¾:h "oSmdj,S" hkafkys

we;s nj

² fuu Wf<f,a os ft;sydisl ckY%e;shla wdY%fhka flfrk

ksrEmKhla olalg ,efnk nj

² ñksiqkag whym; f.kÿka "krldiqrka" ^krl wiqr& f.a urKh

ksrEmKh lsÍu fuys úfYaI ,laIKh nj

² Tyq iu. igka joskafka úIaKq foúhka nj

² fuys m%Odk pß; jkafka úIaKq foúhka yd krldiqr nj iy

Tjqkaf.a m%;sud w;e;s j tu pß; ksrEmKh lrk k¿jka tu

m%;sudjkag wod< wjia:d yd pß; ksrEmKh lrk nj

² wjidkfha fï fofokd w;r we;s jk igk ksrEmKh jk cjksldj

w;sYhska u kdgHuh ,laIKj,ska wkQk nj

² igkska ch.;a úIaKq foúhka f,dalhg fi!Nd.Hh Wod l< nj

ixfla;j;a lrñka oSmjd,S W;aijh meje;afjk nj

² fuu l;d mqjf;a ixjdo" .dhk" jdok" m%n, pß; ksrEmK wdoS

kdgH ,laIK wka;¾.; nj

72



5' uyd Ysj rd;%S W;aijh

² fuh rd;%S ld,fha meje;afjk W;aijhla nj

² WoEik iakdkh fldg úroï w,a,d ^lEfuka îfuka iSud ùu&

W;aijh wdrïN lrk nj

² fuu Wf<,g mdol jkafka my; i|yka wd.ñl ckY%e;sh nj

^úIaKq yd n%yau w;r jdohla we;s fjhs' tkï fofokdf.ka jvd

Wiia mqoa.,hd ljqre o hkakhs' fuu m%Yakh ksrdlrKh lr

.ekSu i|yd Tjqyq Ysj foúhka <Õg h;s' ;udf.a wä uqä ysi yd

mdoh& fidhd .kakd mqoa.,hd jvd n,j;a jk nj Ysj foúhda

mji;s' úIaKq W!rl= fia fmdf<dj ydrd f.k mdoh fidhd hk

w;r" n%yau yxihl= ù by<g mshdUd hhs' Ysj wdf,dalhla njg m;a

ù fmkS isáhs' Ysjf.a ysi uqÿkska my<g jefgk ";d,ïmQ¾" kue;s

uf,ka lreKq úuid n%yau Ysjf.a ysia uqÿk oek .kshs' idlaIs

lrejl= ùug u, m%;s{d fohs' u, yd n%yauf.a jxpdj yiq ùu ksid

n%yau fjkqfjka foajd, fkdiEoSugla" n%yau mQcdjg u,a

fkd.ekSug;a" Ysj kshu lrhs' mdoh fidhd .; fkdyels jQ úIaKq

;ud n,j;d fkdjk nj jgyd .kshs' tod Ysj foúhka wdf,dalh

fia fmkS isá fyhska tosk isg uyd Ysj rd;%s Wf<, meje;afjhs'&

² fuosk flfrk Wmjdih ksjeros j l<fyd;a m%d¾:kd bIag jk

njg úYajdihla we;s nj

² miqod mykajk ;=re mQcdjka mj;ajkq ,nk w;r" fuu Wmjdi

mQcdfjka ,nd .;a m%;sM, .ek t<sjk ;=rd l;dkaor jYfhka

lshkq ,efí' ^Ncka .S jeks&

² WodyrK jYfhka ú,ajï ;=,is fn,sfld, yd ;=,is fld,& wdosfhka

mQcd l< jeoaol= fldáhl=f.ka fíreKq mqj; oelaúh yels nj

6' kj rd;%S ux.,Hh

² fuh m%Odk jYfhka ldka;djka Wfoid meje;afjk mQcdjla nj

² uyd mrdYla;as Ysj foúhka f.a ìß|& f.ka mej; tk ÿ¾.d ld,s&"

,laIaó yd iriaj;S fjkqfjka osk 3 ne.ska mqrd osk 9 la fuu mQcdj

meje;afjk nj

² ÿ¾.d fjkqfjka Yla;sh" n,h" ùr;ajh ,nd .eksu i|yd osk 03 la

o" iriaj;S fjkqfjka wOHdmk jrï ,nd .ekSu i|yd osk 03 la o"

,laIaó fjkqfjka hi biqre ,nd .ekSu i|yd osk 03 la o jYfhka

fuu mQcdj meje;afjk nj

² my; oelafjkafka ta yd iïnkaO mqrdjD;a;hhs'

^kdro uqksjrhd ÿ¾.d" ,laIaó yd iriaj;S w;r wr.,hla we;s

lrhs' ;sfokdf.ka jvd Wiia jkafka ljqrekao hkqfjks' Tjqyq

;u ieñhka iu. ^Ysj" úIaKq" n%yau& iajlSh yelshdjka m%o¾Ykh

73



lrk nj mji;s' ta wkqj ,laIañh ysÕkakshl hi biqßka msß

/ðkl njg m;a lrhs' iriaj;sh ckau f.d¿jl= w;s olaI lúhl=

njg m;a lrhs' ÿ¾.d ìh .=,a,l= ùfrdaodr fikam;shl= njg m;a

lrhs' fuu wr.,h fl<jr jkafka f,dalfha meje;au Wfoid fï

;sfokd u wjYH njg Ysj foúhka m%ldY lsÍfuks'&

² osk kjhla mqrd fï ;sfokd fjkqfjka flfrk mQcdj fl<jr

jkafka oi jeks oskfha ch.%yKh iurñka flfrk "úch;iñ"

kï uyd W;aijfhka nj

² Ysj foúhka yd iïnkaO j flfrk tla;rd wNspdr úêhl oS

w¿hï ld,fhys iaf;da;% .S;sld .hñka foúhka kskafoka ke.sgqjd

m%;sudj kyjd úÑ;%dldrfhka irid" fmryßka fldaú, jgd

/f.k hdu o" rd;%S mQcdj wjia:dfõ Ysj md¾j;S yuqjg muqKqjd"

fofokd TxÑ,a,djla u; jvd ys÷jd iaf;da;% .dhkd lsÍu o olakg

,efnk nj

² iqrka fmda - ialkao l=udrhd ^l;r.u foúhka& ish m%;sjdoshd jk

"iqrka" iu. flfrk hqoaOh fuhska ksrEmKh jk nj" fuys oS

ialkao l=udr m%;sudj /.;a msßila tla mfilskq;a" iqrkaf.a m%;sudj

/.;a msßi wfkla miskq;a fldaú, jgd hk w;r" u. oS fomsßi yuq

ù igka lrk whqre ksrEmKh lrk nj" tys oS mrdchg m;a jk

iqrka ialkao foúhka f.a myßka len,s follg leã l=l=<l= yd

fldähla njg m;a jk nj" l;ru." uv l,mqj jeks m%foaYj, wo

o rÕ oelafjk fuu "iqrka fmda" ^SURAN PO& cjksldj oSmdj,S

isoaêh u;lhg kxjkafka jqj o fuys ksrEmK l%shdj,sh oSmdj,sfha

ksrEmKh wNsNjd hdula fia ie,lsh yels nj

² mdkavj¾ jkjdiï hkq mxp mdKav rcjrekaf.ka isõ fofkl= øjqmê

kï l=ußhl iu. j¾I 14 la jkdka;rfha w;rux j isàu ms<sn| l;d

mqj;la nj

² kdgHuh ,laIK iys; "j¾Üfghs;a ;srej,d" kñka ye|skafjk ovhï

W;aijhla o ;sfnk nj

² óg wu;r j øúv ft;sydisl l;d mokï lr.;a mqrdjD;a;" wd.ñl

W;aij wjia:dj, oS kdgHdkqidrfhka bosßm;a flfrk nj yd fndfyda

úg tys oS rx. N+ñh jYfhka fhdod .kafka yskaÿ fldaú,a N+ñh fyda

lf;da,sl m,a,s N+ñh fyda nj

^ie,lsh hq;=hs'

fuys olajd we;s mqrdjD;a; yd isoaê m%foaY wkqj fjkia úh yels h'

m%dfoaYSh jYfhka fuu wd.ñl mQcd l¾u isÿ jk wdldrh yd mj;akd

u;su;dka;r ms<sn| j ;j ÿrg;a wOHhkh lrkafka kï uekú'&

74



² by; olajd we;s ish¨ u wjia:djka ms<sn| j fmdÿfõ i,ld n,k l,ays

) i;r wNskh ) iudfrdamh ) wkqlrKh

) rx. N+ñh ) pß; ksrEmK ) fõI N+IK

) ixjdo ) .dhk ) jdok

) k¾;k ) fm%alaIdj ) fm%alaIlhka

wdoS kdglSh ,laIK wvq jeä jYfhka tu wd.ñl W;aijj, oS olakg

,efnk nj

* w;sf¾l lshùï i|yd(

1' wNskh iÕrdj - 2 ^ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh& 1998

2' iriú mqj;am;a ,sms fm< ^71-77& úfÊr;ak m;srdc - 1998

75






n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,dj m%p,s; j mej;s l,dm m%ldY lrhs'

² tu l,dmj, m%p,s; fou< kdgH udos,s ksßlaIKh lrhs'

² kdgH l,dm yd kdgH udos,s Y%S ,xldj ;=< m%p,s; ù we;s wdldrh wOHhkh

lrhs'

² fou< kdgH udos,s ms<sn| lreKq fiùug fm<fUhs'

² foaYSh kdgH l,dfõ fou< kdgHh m%p,s; j we;s wdldrh y÷kd .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 4'2'2 ( fou< kdgH udos,s m%p,s; j ;snQ rx. l,dm y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² rx. l,dm i|yka l< yels Y%S ,xldfõ is;shula" rx.

l,dmj, kï i|yka l=vd m;%sld

² fou< kdgH udos,sj, kï i|yka l=vd m;%sld

ye|skaùu ( fou< kdgH udos,s m%p,s; j mej;s rx. l,dm y÷kajd oSu

fuu mdvfuka wfmalaId flf¾'



² idïm%odhsl fou< kdgH l,dj m%p,s; j mj;akd m%foaY jYfhka

ie,flkafka uvl,mqj" jkaksh" hdmkh" y,dj;" Wvrg hk l,dm nj

² uvl,mqj l,dmfha m%p,s; fou< kdgH udos,s jkafka jvfudaä" f;kafudaä"

ulSä" ú,diï ^mrhsfï, l+;a;= jkjdiï& iy fõ;d¾mdß nj

² jkaks l,dmfha fldaj,ka" lkakys l+;a;= hk kdgH mej;s nj jõkshd"

uq,;sõ&

² hdmkh l,dmfha jvfudaä" f;kafudaä" frdaudkq lf;da,sl l=;a;=" ú,diï"

kd;a;hs iy ldka;jrdjka l+;a;= m%p,s; j mej;s nj

² ukakdru l,dmfha hd,amdk mdlal=" f;kamdlal=" frdaudkq lf;da,sl

l+;a;= jdilmam fyj;a l+;a;= .dhkd m%p,s; j mej;s nj

² y,dj; l,dmfha ud¾lka;ka" jd,ùuka l+;a;=& mej;s nj yd tajd mq;a;,u

osia;%slalhg wdikak y,dj; m%foaYfha jHdma; j ;snQ nj

76



² Wvrg l,dmfha ldukal=;a;=" wßl=kka ;dmiq w¾cqkka ;miq& hk kdgH

j¾. mej;s nj yd fïjdhska jeä yßhla úúO j¾.fha l+;a;= nj

^idlÉPd lrk w;r" Y%S ,xld is;shfuys l,dm yd tu l,dmj, m%p,s; j

mj;akd fou< kdgH udos,s i|yka l=vd m;%sld wod< ia:dkj, r|jkak'&

we.hSu(

1' idïm%odhsl fou< kdgH l,dj m%p,s; j mej;s m%foaY kï fldg" tla tla

m%foaYhkays mj;sk kdgH udos,s j.= .; lrkak'

77






n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² kdÜgq l+;a;= iïm%odh hkq l=ulaoe hs m%ldY lrhs'

² tu iïm%odhg wh;a kdgH m%fNao ms<sn| j f;dr;=re idlÉPd lrhs'

² tu m%fNaoj, olakg ,efnk kdgHuh ,laIK úuihs'

² úúO ixialD;sldx.j, ;sfnk úfYaI;aj ms<sn| j fidhd n,hs'

² tn÷ ixialD;sldx.j, olakg ,efnk kdgHuh .=Kh w.h lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 4'2'3 ( kdÜgql+;a;= iïm%odhfha olakg ,efnk úúO m%fNao y÷kd

.ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² mdvug wod< j ilia lr .;a rEm igyka

ye|skaùu ( kdÜgql+;a;= iïm%odhfha olakg ,efnk úúO m%fNao

ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mdvfuka wfmalaId flf¾'



² l+;a;= hkafkys w¾:h "kgkjd" hkak nj

^uyd n%yau kdgHfõoh - Nr;uqKsg ,nd oSfï oS tys ,diH k¾;kh

md¾j;shg yd ;dKavj k¾;kh - Ysjg Ndrÿka nj o" Ysj" kÜrdc" Ysj

;s,aff, ^l+;a;ka& hk kïj,ska ye|skajqKq nj o" fï ksid ;dKavj

k¾;k ú,difhka iukaú; fou< ckkdgHj,g l+;a;= hk ku fhÿKq

njg o u;hla we;'&

² l=os ^l=;s& "mekSu" ^msñ& hk fou< jpkfhka "l+;a;=" ì|S wd nj

l=os;a;,a

l+;a;,a

l+;a;=

² kgkjd" l;djla kgñka rÕmd fmkajkjd hk w¾:h o fuys .uHudk

jk nj

78



² "l+;a;=" hkq merKs hq.j, Ndú;fha mej;s fou< .eñ kdgH udos,s

ye|skaùug fhdod .ekqKq mohla nj

² m%Odk jYfhka .S;hla miqìï lr.;a k¾;kh Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka

fuys k¿ ks<shka pß; bosßhg f.k hk nj

² l+;a;=fõ úúO pß; Wfoid tajdg u wdfõKsl jQ fõI N+IK we;s nj

² ta ta pß;hg wdfõKsl" úfYaI wdldrhlg tys k¾;k ú,dihka yev

.iajd we;s nj

² l+;a;=j,g ksñ;a; ù we;af;a uyd Ndr;fha yd rdudhkfha tk l;dkaor

yd isoaëka o" ol=Kq bkaoshdfõ merKs m%nkaOj,ska Wmqgd .;a l;d wdosh

o nj

² Y%S ,xldfõ iïm%odhg wkqj"

i. foajd,hla wdY%s; N+ñhla

ii. wiajekak fk<d wjika l< l=Uqrla fyda

iii. mia mqrjd Wiaik ,o jD;a;dldr t<suyka fõosldjla - l+;a;=

rÕoelaùu i|yd fhdod .kakd nj

² .=rekakdkafia fyj;a " wkakdúh¾" ish jdok jDkaoh o iu. fõosldjg

meñK rx.h wdrïN lrk w;r" fm%alaIlhka rx. N+ñh jgd ys| rx.h

krUk nj

² Y%S ,xldfõ idïm%odhsl fou< kdgl bkaoshdfõ " kdÜgql+;a;=" kï .eñ

kdgl iïm%odhfha ,laIKj,ska hqla; nj

² my; oelafjk whqßka kdÜgql+;a;=fõ m%fNao oelaúh yels nj

kdkagql+;a;=

jvfudaä jvmdx. w¾cqkka fmdkakq ulSâ

;miq ixl¾

f;kafudaä f;kamdx. fldaj,ka lduka jika;ka

l+;a;=

² fïjd wd.ñl Ydka;sl¾u uQ,h fldg f.k wdrïN ù" ixúê; kQ;k

ck kdgH olajd meñK we;s nj

4'2'3'2jvfudaä l+;a;=

² rx. ú,dih wkqj jvfudaä yd f;kafudaä hkqfjka "kdÜgql+;a;=" m%Odk

m%fNao follg fnfok nj

² fuh ffY,sh fjka lsÍug fhdod f.k we;s w;r "jvfudaä" hkq "W;a;r

ffY,sh" nj

² rÕ oelafjk m%foaYh wkqj tys l;d f;dard .ekSfï úfYaI;d we;s nj

^Wod( ëjrhka isá m%foaYj, uqyqÿ foúhka yd ne÷Kq l;d&

79



² rÕ oelafjk ld,h m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia jk nj ^ù f.dú;eka

lrk m%foaYj, wiajkq fk<Sfuka miq j" ëjr .ïudkj, udß wïudka

fldaú,a W;aij wdY%s; j ;sreú,d W;aij meje;afjk ld,fha wdoS jYfhka&

² "fjkand" kï wdlD;shg fuys .S; rpkd lr we;s nj

² jvfudaä ;shqKq k¾;kuh p,khkaf.ka iy lkal¿ .dhkj,ska o

hqla; jk nj

² uQ,sl moku l¾Kdgl ix.S;h jqj o" ck ix.S;h jeämqr fhdod .ekSu

jvfudaäfha olakg ,efnk nj

² fõI N+IK f;kafudaä l+;a;=fõ fõIN+IK ;rï ieye,a¨ fkdjk nj

jvfudaäfhys fõI N+IK

² jD;a;dldr Wia jQ fõosldj "l,ß" kï jQ w;r" tys "fj,a, lÜgr" kñka

úhkla ne| ;snqKq nj

² wdf,dalh ú,lal=j,ska iemhqKq nj" ^flfi,a l|l uq÷k ydrd" ta u;

fmd,a nEhla ;nd" fmd,af;,a fmÕjQ mdkalv msrùfuka fuu ú,lal=j

idod .kakd ,oS'&

80



4'2'3'3 f;kafudaä l+;a;=

² kdÜgql+;a;= iïm%odhfha wfkla m%n, udos,sh jk f;kafudaä ,xldfõ

oshqKq u fou< ckkdgH úfYaI foflka tlla nj

² "f;ka" hkafkys w¾:h "ol=K" nj yd ol=Kq ffY,sh ye|skaùï jia

f;kafudaä hkak Ndú; lr we;s nj

² f;kafudaä yd jvfudaä w;r lemS fmfkk fjki jkafka ix.S; kdo

rgdj, yd k¾;k ks¾udKj, we;s úúO;ajh nj

^l¾Kdgl ix.S;h weiqre fldg f;kafudaäh jevqKq nj&

² fuys k¾;k ú,dih b;d ishqï ,laIKj,ska hqla; nj

² m%dfoaYSh ckl;d yd b;sydi l;d fuhg mdol fldgf.k we;s nj

^Wod(lÜg fndïuka, fjä wrika - ^ol=Kq bkaoSh l;d mqj;ls'&

mQo;ïì, lKaä wrika - ^,xldfõ W;=f¾ rcjreka .ek l;d&

² "úre;a;ï" kï wdlD;shg fuys .S; rpkd lr we;s nj

² fõosld ks¾udKh" rx. úkHdih" rd;%S t<sjk ;=re rÕ oelaùu" isß;a úß;a

yd weoys,s" ldka;d pß; o msßñka úiska rÕmEu wdoS lreKqj,ska fndfyda

úg f;kafudaä yd jvfudaä iduHhla ork nj

4'2'3'4ulSä uysä&

² ulsä hkq bkaøcd,$ weianekaÿï ^hka;% uka;% l%Svdj& hk w¾:h we;s

ckkdgH j¾.hla nj

² ckjd¾.sl ixl%uKh ms<sn| ñ:Hdjla ksñ;s fldg.;a l;d ikao¾Nhla

iys; ulSäfhka" lKavdhï folla w;r we;s jk >Ügkhla ksrEmKh

flfrk w;r" fuys iqúfYaI ,laIKh jkafka m%foaYhl ðj;a jQ uq,a

mosxÑlrejka yd idxl%uKslhka w;r isÿ jk .eàu u.ska mdrïmßlhka

yd kj mosxÑ lrejka w;r .ï ìï fnod .ekSu ms<sn| j we;s jQ .eg¿j

ms<sìUq lsÍu nj

² bkaøcd,sl isoaëka u.ska igk ksrEmKh jk nj

² fuh hdmkh" jõkshdj" uq,;sõ" uq;a;+¾" uvl,mqj hk m%foaYj, rÕ

olajd we;s nj

² fidlß kdglfha l;d mqj; iu. ulSä rx.kfha l;d ikao¾Nh uekúka

ieif|k nj

² tla wjia:djl u,hd,s ckj¾.h o" ;j;a wjia:djl iqÿ cd;slhka o"

;j;a wjia:djl uqia,sïjreka o fuys oS ksfhdackh úh yels nj

² fuh o kdÜgql+;a;= rx. iïm%odhg wh;a rx. udos,shla nj

² ixjdo" kegqï yd .ehqï u.ska m%Yafkda;a;r ú,difhka rx.h úldYh jk

w;r" fuh .eyekq" msßñ ^k¿ ks<shka& tla j flfrk rx.hla nj

² osjd ld,fha y;/ia ìï lfvl ulSã rÕ oelafjk nj

² k¿jka ks;r fma%laIlhka yd l;d nia lsÍu fuys úfYaI;ajhla nj

81



² ysájk fonia yd úys¿ ;y¿ fuys fndfyda úg olakg ,efnk nj

² w,sÅ; j mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk neúka l;dj leu;s foilg f.k

hdug mQ¾K ksoyi we;s nj

² hka;% uka;% yd weianekaÿï olakg ,efnk w;r" fõosldj ;=ka me;a;la

újD; j ;nd weia nekaÿï i|yd tla me;a;la wdjrKh lr we;s nj Wod(

fõosld ìu we;srE je,s háka ,Kq weo fõosldj ueo fiïnqjla kgjk

nj&

4'2'3'5 ldka;jrdhka l+;a;=

² fuh úfYaIfhka u hdmkh m%foaYfha olakg ,efnk nj

² udß wïudka foaj;dúh iy wehf.a mq;%hd ms<sn| wNspdrd;aul rx.hla

jk fuh Nla;s mQ¾K rx.hla fia ye|skaúh yels nj

² thg u wdfõKsl iqúfYaIS .S; rgd ksid fuys tk .dhkd l%u wfkl=;a

l+;a;=j, tk .dhkdj,ska meyeos,s j u fjkia jk nj

² fuh fnfyúka u wdLHdk ,laIK iys; rx.hla nj

² md;%hd l;dj lSfï oS m<uqj pß; m%:u mqreIfhka bosßm;a lsÍu;a"

wjidkfha W;a;u mqreIhg wj;S¾K ùu;a fuys iqúfYaIS ,laIKhla nj

² ;=ka me;a;lska wdjrKh l< Wia jQ p;=ri%dldr fõosldjla fuys Ndú;

jk w;r" kdÜgql+;a;= iïm%odfha uq,a j;djg y;/ia fõosldjla olakg

,efnkafka fuys nj

² Ysj foúhkag odj udß wïudka l=iska ìysjk wjcd;l ld;a;ka l=ure

wdßh mQudff, rc l=ußhg fmï ne|s l;d mqj; fuys ksrEmKh jk nj

² uDox.h" fvd,elalsh yd yd¾fudakshï ix.S; NdKav jYfhka Ndú;

flreK nj iy ´fia fhdod .;a .S; yd fõ.j;a .S; fuys olakg

,efnk nj

² l=vd mekSï iys; ir, .uka ;d,h ksid ";=,a¨ l+;a;=" ku o fuhg

Ndú; jk nj

4'2'3'6 jika;ka l+;a;=

² fuh lDIsld¾ñl ck ðú;h yd iïnkaO nj

² ,S fl<s kegqug iudk yqÿ k¾;khla fuys olakg ,efnk nj

² jD;a;dldr N+ñhl rx.h bosßm;a flfrk nj

² 6-12 lKavdhï rx.khg tl;= jk nj

² fï i|yd "flda,a" kñka ye|skafjk ,S úfYaIhla Ndú; lrk nj

² f.dú;efkys úúO wjia:d fuys oS ksrEmKh flfrk nj

² fï i|yd iyNd.S jkafka msßñka muKla nj

² uoao,h yd ;d,ïfmdg jdoH NdKav jYfhka Ndú; lrk w;r" úúO

.uka ú,di fuys olakg ,efnk nj

82



² merKs b;sydi l;d" pQ, yd uyd foajl;d" foaj iaf;da;%" .S;sld yd mQcd

kegqï fuhg uqiq ù we;s nj

4'2'3'7 ú,diï

² ú,diï hkak ixialD; idys;Hfha olakg ,efnk "ú,di" hk mofhka

ì|S wdjla úh yels nj

² k¾;k ud¾.fhka neyer jQ" kdgHuh ,laIKj,g jvd nr jQ ksrEmK

fuys olakg ,efnk nj

² wNskh l%u fuys Ndú; flfrk nj

² ú,diï ys ix.S;hg jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ jk nj

² rplhka w;ska ,shejqKq msgm;la wkqj flfrk ú,diï" .%dóh uÜgfï

kdgHj,g jvd oshqKq ;;a;ajhl mj;sk nj

² m%isoaO ú,diï jYfhka "tia;dlalsh¾ ú,diï" iy "wßpkaød ú,diï"

kdgH y÷kajd osh yels nj

² hdmkh" uvl,mqj" ukakdru hk m%foaYj, idïm%odhsl j ú,diï rÕ

olajk nj

² 19 ishji ueo Nd.fha wdrïN jQ kdgl úfYaIhla f,i ú,diï ye|skaúh

yels nj

² fuh kdÜgql+ka;= iïm%odhfha bosß mshjrla f,i oelaúh yels nj

² fuys iqúfYAIs ,laIKh jkafka ;d;a;aúl ksrEmK l%uhla ;sîu nj

jeäÿr lshùu(

1' wNskh iÕrdj - 2 ^ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh& 1998'

2' iriú mqj;am;a ,sms fm< ^71-76 olajd& - úfÊr;ak m;srdc 1998

3' jvfudaä - úidflai pkaøfialrï ^2005&

we.hSu(

1' l+;a;= hkak fláfhka y÷kajkak'

2' kdÜgql+;a;= iïm%odhfha olakg ,efnk úúO m%fNao ieflúka olajkak'

83






n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² Wvrg m%foaYfha olakg ,efnk l=;a;= m%fNao kï lrhs'

² tu m%fNaoj, olakg ,efnk kdgHuh ,laIK úia;r lrhs'

² lduka l=;a;= l;d mqj; rÕ olajhs'

² úúO ixialD;sldx.j, pu;aldrh w;a ú|shs'

² tajd iajlSh w;aoelSï yd .<mñka w.h lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 4'2'2 ( Wvrg fou< ck;djf.a l+=;a;= y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² l+;a;=j, ,laIK wvx.= Ñ;%

ye|skaùu ( Wvrg fou< ck;dj w;r m%p,s; l+=;a;= m%fNao ms<sn| j

wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mdvñka wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( úIhhg wod< .%ka: mßYS,kh iy idlÉPd lsÍu'

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsÍug w;aje,la(

² l÷lrfha l+;a;= 18-19 ishjiaj, bkaoSh iïNjhla we;s j;= lïlrejka úiska

f.k tk ,oehs ie,flk nj

² fmdkakq ixl¾ l+;a;=" w¾cqkka ;miq" lduka l+;a;= hk kïj,ska ye|skafjk

l+;a;= Wvrg m%foaYfha mej;s nj

² fuhska l÷lrfha fou< ck;dj w;r jvd;a ckm%sh l+;a;=j jQfha lduka

l+;a;= nj

4'2'4'1 lduka l+;a;=

² l÷lrfha yskaÿ fldaú,aj, ud¾;=" wfm%a,a ld,h ;=< meje;afjk ;sreú,d kï

fldaú,a W;aijh wdY%s; j lduka l+;a;= rÕ oelafjk nj

² .fï fldaúf,a újdy ùfï W;aijfha wx.hla f,i j;=lrfha fou< ck;dj

w;r fuh m%p,s; nj

² ukauoka wkx.& foúhdf.a urKh ms<sn| ckm%jdoh ksrEmKh flfrk fuys

Ysj úiska lduka ^ukauoka& ojd y¿ lsÍu" r;sf.a úry ú,dmh ldukag h<s

YÍrhla fkdue;s j Ôjh ,eîu hk lreKq fmkakqï flfrk nj

84



² Ysjf.a oshKsh jQ r;S újdy lr .kakd lduka" Ysj ldu nkaOkhg yiq lsrSug

;e;a lsÍu ksid we;s jk .egqu lduka" Ysj" r;S" ùrm;a;srka hk pß; we;=<;a

ù kdgHhla olajd j¾Okh ù we;s nj

lduka l+;a;= bosßm;a flfrk ms<sfj,

1' i<U .eg .eiSu

2' lduka ixfla;j;a lrñka fldaú, bosßmsg u,a .ila isgqùu

3' lduka yd r;S osk lSmhla .u mqrd .S .hñka o" kgñka o ixpdrh lsÍu" yd ;mamq"

;d,ïmg jdolhka yd .dhlhka Tjqka iu. .uka lsÍu

4' W;aijh wjika jk osk l;dj rÕ oelaùu

² lduka yd r;Sf.a ux.,Hh

² rd;%sfha r;Sf.a welfha ksok lduka Nhxlr n,fõ.hla úiska ;ud

úkdY lrk whqre isysfkka oelSu

² Ysj foúhka ;ud úkdY lr;shs hk ielh ksid lduka r;S yd wr.,

lsÍu

² wys.=KaÎl wdys;=Kaäl& hqj<la meñK lduka f.a úkdYh .ek wkdjels

lSu yd kej; jrla r;S yd lduka l<y lsÍu

² Ndjkdkqfhda.S j isák Ysjg úoSug lduka Wlao~q ÿkak o /f.k hdu

² Ysj ish f;jk wefiys n,fhka lduka y¿ lr oeóu iy l¿ we|.;a

udrhd meñK ldukaf.a m%dKh /f.k hdu

² r;S ldukaf.a Niau wi< je<mSu

² ùrm;a;srka Ysj foúhkag lreKq meyeos,s lr oSu

² fldaú, wi, we,la fj; f.k hk ldukaf.a isrerg meka biSfuka miq

kej; m%dKh ,eîu

² lduka l+;a;= rÕ oelaùfï oS fldaú, wi, ìïlvla" fldaú, ;=< iy .fï

oshmyr wi, wdoS jYfhka úáka úg rÕ olajk ia:dk fjkia jk nj

² ta wkqj fm%alaIlhka o jfrl ìu ys| .ksñka o" jfrl k¿jka miqmi weúosñka

o" ;j;a jfrl .x bjqrg frdlafjñka o fuhg iyNd.s jk nj

² ta wkqj uq¿ .u u fõosldjla njg m;a jk nj

² lduka l+;a;= - kdÜglal+;a;= iïm%odhfhka fjka jQ ol=Kq bkaoSh ;ñ,akdvq

.ïudkj, mj;sk wiajekak yd iïnkaO jQ wNspdr rx. l%uhla f,i ye|skaúh

yels nj

* we.hSu(

1' Wvrg fou< ck;dj f.a l+;a;= kï lr lduka l+;a;=jg mokï jQ l;d mqj;

fláfhka ,shkak'

2' Wvrg l+;a;=j, olakg ,efnk kdgHuh ,laIK ms<sn| flá igykla ,shkak'

85






n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² úYajúoHd,h ;=< fou< kdgH úldYh jQ wdldrh m%ldY lrhs'

² tu kdgHj, f;audj ú.%y lrhs'

² iudc yd foaYmd,k kdgH iudch flfrys n,mE wdldrh meyeos,s lrhs'

² úfoaYSh n,mEï foaYSh jYfhka úúO lafIa;%j, lrk ,o úm¾hdi úuihs'

² kdgH l,dj hkq mgq iSudj,ska fldgq fkdjqKq úIhhla nj wjOdrKh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 4'2'1 ( úYaj úoHd,hSh fou< kdgH ms<sn| j fidhd n,uq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² fou< kdgH l,dj ms<sn| j ,shejqKq .%ka: yd ,sms

ye|skaùu ( 1940-1950 oYlj, úYajúoHd,hfha fou< kdgH l,dj

j¾Okh fjñka wd wdldrh iy th fjk;a wdh;kj,g yd

fmdÿ ck;dj w;rg .sh wdldrh ixlaIsma; j wOHhkh

lsÍu fuhska wfmalaIs; h'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( úIhhg wod< .%ka: mßYS,kh iy idlÉPd lsÍu


² fou< kdgH l,dfõ j¾Okh i|yd úYaj úoHd,hSh kdgHj,ska úYd, fiajhla

isÿ jQ nj

² kQ;k fou< kdgHfha mrdih mq¿,a lrñka il%Sh újrKhla lsÍug iy idudkH

ck;dj w;rg kdgHh f.k hdug úYaj úoHd,h kdgH iu;a jQ nj

² iuld,Sk isxy, kdgH l,dfõ foaYSh wdlD;sh wkqj hñka foaYSh fou< kdgH

iïm%odhla úYaj úoHd,h ;=< f.dv ke.=Kq nj iy lf;da,sl l+;a;= kdgHfha

n,mEï o we;s j fuu iïm%odh úldYh jQ nj

² uq,a hq.fha oS idudkH fou< ck;dj f.a is;=ï me;=ï" m%Yak .eg¨ ms<sn| j

idlÉPd mej;s fyhska hdmkh m%foaYfha jHjydrfha mej;s fou< NdIdj

Ndú; lrñka kdgH rpkd fldg ;sîu" idudkH ck cSú;fha olakg ,efnk

pß; Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu" l=, wd.ï wdoS iudc m%Yak f;aud fldg .ekSu wdosh

fuu úYaj úoHd,h kdgHj, olakg ,efnk nj

² idys;H ridiajdohg jvd ck;djdoS kdgH l,djla f,i fuu kdgH f.dv

ke.=Kq nj

86



² úfYaIfhka u md,k ;ka;%h úfõpkh flreKq m%yik kdgH úYaj úoHd,fhys

w;sYhska ckm%sh jQ nj ^Wod( 1940 Wvhd¾ ñvqlal= wdvïnr rfÜ uy;a;hd&

² úYajúoHd,h fou< kdgH ix.uh u.ska meje;ajQ ;r. yd jd¾Isl kdgH

W;aij fuu kdgH m%fndaOhg fya;= jQ nj

² úYaj úoHd,h fou< kdgH l,dj fmardfoKshg iSud fkdù fjk;a úYaj

úoHd,j,g yd wdh;kj,g o fmdÿfõ iudchg o jHdma; ú .sh nj

² 1960 oYlfha Y%S ,xld l,d uKav,h hgf;a fou< kdgH wkquKav,hla

msysgqùu;a" tys iNdm;s f,i uydpd¾h tia' úoHdkkaoka yd f,alï f,i

uydpd¾h fla' isj;ïì m;a ùu;a" tu.ska úYaj úoHd,h kdgH Ñka;kh úúO

ud¾. Tiafia iudchg me;sr hdu;a fuu jHdma;shg m%n, fya;=jla jQ nj

² 1940 oYlfha w. Nd.fha yd 1950 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha oS iudc" foaYmd,k

f;audjkag keUqre isoaê mokï fldg f.k uÿrdisfha jD;a;Sh kdgH lKavdhï

kdgH ksIamdokh l< nj" úis;=re fõosld ieris,s" frdueka;sl jdoS" w;skdgl

úkHdihla iys; iajdNdúljdoS rx. udos,shla tu kdgHj, mej;s nj"

uÿrdisfhka fuys meñKs à'tia'fla' ifydaorfhda" tï'wd¾'rdOd" ufkdayd¾ wdoS

lKavdhï fuys oS iqúfYaI fldg oelaúh yels nj" Ñ;%mg l,dfõ o wdNdih

,nñka j¾Okh jQ" miqj fld<Ug meñKs fuu lKavdhï fou< ;reK fldgia

w;f¾ fnfyúka ckm%sh fjñka fou< kj kdgHfha j¾Okhg n,mEula l<

nj

² uÿrdisfha iS'tka' wkakdfodfrhsf.a øúv uqkafka;% lid.ï l,yï& ixúOdkh

fufyh jQ kdgH ;=< foaYmd,k wruqKla ;snQ nj" wk;=re j" 1949 oS l,yï

mlaIfha ìysùu;a iu. foaYmd,k ikaksfõok Wml%uhla f,i Tjqka fõosldj

Ndú; l< nj" wd.ñl wdjrKhlg uqjd ù Ôj;a jQ idïm%odhsl Okm;s mka;sfha

Ôjk rgdj fuu kdgHj,ska ikaksfõokh flreKq nj iy iudc m%Yakj,ska

fyïn;a jQ ;reK fldgia fuu kdgH idorfhka je<|.;a nj

² fuu m%jK;dj Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,dj flfrys o n,mEula we;s l<

nj

* we.hSu(

1' fou< kdgH m%fndaOfhys ,d úYaj úoHd,h kdgHj,ska ,enqK odhl;ajh

fláfhka olajkak'

2' úYaj úoHd,hh flakaø fldg f.k ìys jQ fou< kdgHj, úfYaI ,laIK

meyeos,s lrkak'

* w;sf¾l lshùu i|yd((

1' wNskh iÕrdj - 2 - 1998

2' iriú mqj;am;a ,sms fm< ^71-77 olajd&

úfÊr;ak m;srdc - 1998'

87






n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² fou< kdgH l,dfõ ixj¾Okhg uydpd¾h fla' lKm;sms,af,a f.ka isÿ jQ

fiajh m%ldY lrhs'

² lKm;sms,af,a f.ka fou< kdgH l,djg iy fmdÿfõ Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH

lafIa;%hg ,enqK odhl;ajh w.h lrhs'

² fou< kdgHh ms<sn| jeäÿr lreKq fidhhs'

² iudka;r kdgH iïm%odhka folla wfkHdakH wkkH;dj /l .ksñka f.dv

kef.k whqre ksÍlaIKh lrhs'

² foaYSh iïm%odhka foi kj oDIaá fldaKhlska n,hs'

l%shdldrlu ( fla' lKm;sms,af,a f.a rx. lghq;= wOHhkh lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² fla' lKm;sms,af,a f.a PdhdrEmhla

² úIh lreKq i|yka .%ka: - ,sms wdosh

ye|skaùu ( úYajúoHd,hh ;=< uydpd¾h fla' lKm;sms,af,a fou< kdgH

l,dj fjkqfjka lrk ,o lghq;= ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu

fuu mdvñka wfmalaId flf¾'



² kQ;k fou< kdgH l,dfõ j¾Okh i|yd lghq;= l< kdgHlrejka w;r"

,xld úYajúoHd,hfha fou< udydpd¾hjrhd jQ fla' lKm;sms,af,a 1903-1968&

f.a odhl;ajh iqúfYaIS tlla jk nj

² fou< iudcfha m%Yak .ek fuka u ksoyi ,nd .;a uq,a jljdkqfõ iudc

.eg¨j,g o fyf;u ish ks¾udKhka ;=<ska m%;spdr oelaùu tu iqúfYaI;ajhg

fya;= jq nj

² Tyq iaj;ka;% kdgH rplhl= jYfhka ckm%sh j isá nj

² n¾kdâ fIda jdoS wdl,am wkqj hñka iuld,Sk bx.%Sis W.;=kaf.a lD;%su Ôjk

ms<sfj;a yd yr moaO;sh Tyq ish kdgHj,ska ydiHhg ,la l< nj

² Tyqf.a fuu wdl,am úYaj úoHd,hfha fou< kdgH rislhka yd Ys,amSka flfrys

88



o" úYajúoHd,hh ;=< ksIamdokh jQ fou< kdgH flfrys o n,mEula we;s l<

nj

² l=, fNaoh" wd.ï fNaoh yd fjk;a iudc m%Yak f;aud fldg .;a" idudkH ck

Ôú;fhka Wlyd.;a pß; fuu kdgHj,g miqìï ùu ksid" hdmkh m%foaYfha

jHjydrfha mej;s fou< NdIdfjka Tyq fuu kdgH ,shQ nj

² Tyqf.a uq,a ksIamdok úYajúoHd,j, m%cdjg muKla iSud ù ;snQ nj

² tajd w;ßka biau;= jQ "Wvhd¾ ñvqlal=" jeks ks¾udK úYajúoHd, m%cdj w;r

muKla fkdj idudkH ck;dj w;r o fnfyúka ckm%sh jQ nj

² tu kdgH fl;rï ckm%sh jQfha o h;a" fpd¾K,sx.ï f.a kdgH lKavdhï mjd

fudyq f.a msgm;a ksIamdokh l< nj

² Tyq f.a kdgH m%n, f;audjla hgf;a ks¾udKh jQ fyhska úYajúoHd,hfhka

msgia;r kdgHfõoSka o tu fm< mokï lr f.k kdgH ksIamdokh l< w;r"

tu.ska lKm;sms,af,a f.a kdgH ndysr f,dalhg o jHdma; jQ nj

² Tyq úYajúoHd,hh ;=< fou< kdgH l,dj il%sh l,djla njg m;a l< nj

² Tyq f.a msgm;a iudch ms<sn| od¾Yksl újrKhla l< kdgH fia ms<s .efkk

nj

² kQ;k fou< fõosldfõ m%:u foaYmd,k kdgH rplhd ùfï f.!rjh ysñjkafka

o uydpd¾h lKm;sms,af,ag nj

² 1956 oS lKm;sms,af,a ksIamdok l< "fødayshd" kï m%n, foaYmd,k kdgHh"

.eUqre foaYmd,k yd idudðl f;audjla m%ia;=; lrf.k" ùfrdaOdl,am

iajrEmfhka ksIamdos;" cd;sjdofha iajrEmh úksúo oela jQ kdgHhla f,i

ye|skaúh yels nj

² Tyq ish kdgH ck;dj w;rg /f.k hdu kdgH l,dj ms<sn| j fou< ckhd

w;r" wdiajdohla yd Woafhda.hla we;s lsÍug fnfyúka n,mE nj

we.hSu(

1' fla' lKm;sms,af,af.ka Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,djg isÿ jQ fiajh úia;r

lrkak'

89






n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² fou< kdgH l,dfõ j¾Okh i|yd lghq;= l< úúO jHdmdr ms<sn| j lreKq

olajhs'

² tys oS fpd¾K,sx.ï f.a odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'

² fpd¾K,sx.ï hgf;a j¾Okh jQ iajdNdúl kdgH Í;sh úNd. lrhs'

² iajdNdúljdoS kdgH ms<sn| j f;dr;=re tla /ia lrhs'

² fou< kdgH l,dj yeoEÍug wdYdjla olajhs'

l%shdldrlu ( fpd¾K,sx.ïf.a rx. lghq;= y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² úIhhg wod< mqj;am;a iÕrd wdosh

ye|skaùu ( kQ;k fou< kdgH l,djg fpd ¾K,sx.ïf.ka bgq jQ fiajh

ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( úIhg wod< ,sms f,aLk mßYS,kh yd idlÉPd lsÍu


² kQ;k fou< kdgH l,dfõ j¾Okh i|yd odhl jQ jeo.;a u mqoa.,hka lSm

fofkl= isák w;r" fpd¾K,sx.ï o thska tla wfhla nj

² bx.%Sis W.;a uOHu mdka;slhka i|yd h:d¾:jdoS kdgH ksIamdokh lrñka

fudyq rx. lghq;=j,g wj;S¾K jQ nj

² hdmkfha ðj;a jQ whl= jk fpd¾K,sx.ï" fYalaiamsh¾ f.a kdgH fou< NdIdjg

mßj¾;kh lrñka kdgH ksIamdokfhys fhÿK ;ñ,akdvqfõ kS;S{hl= jk

fidaunkaÿ uqoa,shd¾ f.a wdNdih ,nñka kdgH ksIamdokh l< nj

² 1913 oS fld<U msysgqjk ,o ",xld iqfndaO ú,di iNd" kñka y÷kajk ,oafoa

fpd¾K,sx.ï úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o fou< kdgH lKavdhu nj

² fld<U yd hdmkh uOHia:dkh lr .;a" miq j uvl,mqfõ o jHdma; jQ fulS

kdgH jHdmdrfha iNdm;s jQfha jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,fha ksfhdað;hl= jQ

i¾' ta' lkliNd uy;d nj

² "kdÜglal+;a;=" j,ska b÷rd u ¥ria: jQ iajdNdúl kdgH l%uhla Tjqka úiska

l%shd;aul flreKq nj

90



² tu l%uh fou< md¾is kdgH l,dfjka o fjkia jQ nj

² fou< kdgH l,dfõ kQ;k j¾Okhg uQ,sl moku jkafka fpd ¾K,sx.ï

úiska osh;a lrk ,o fuu rx. lghq;= nj

² fï jkúg hqfrdamfha jHdma; fjñka mej;s uOHu mdka;sl jQ;a" kQ;k h:d¾:jdoS

,laIKj,ska iukaú; jQ;a iudc m%jK;d mdol fldg.;a" kj fou< kdgH

/,a, ìysùug fpd¾K,sx.ï f.a fuu odhl;ajh fnfyúka bjy,a jQ nj

² fï jk úg úYajúoHd, ;=<g o fuu kdgH m%jK;dj me;sr ;snQ nj

² Y%S ,xldfõ kQ;k fou< kdgH l,dfjys j¾Okhg n,mE uQ,sl m%jK;d my;

i|yka whqßka fnod oelaúh yels nj

1' 1850-1950 olajd ld,fha jQ j¾Okh

2' 1950-1980 olajd ld,fha jQ j¾Okh

3' 1980 ka miq fou< kdgH l,dfõ isÿ jQ j¾Okh

² fuhska 1850-1950 w;r ld,h ;=< md¾is kdgHj,ska miq j wdrïN jk j¾OkSh

wjia:djg wdrïNl odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka fou< kdgH lrejl= jYfhka fou<

kdgH yd rx. l,d b;sydifha fpd ¾K,sx.ïg ysñ jkafka b;d jeo.;a ia:dkhla

nj

we.hSu(

1' fou< kdgH l,dfõ j¾Okhg lghq;= l< fpda¾K,sx.ï f.ka tu kdgH

l,djg isÿ jQ fiajh ms<sn| j mka;sh bosßfha l:djla lrkak'

jeäÿr lshùu i|yd(

1' iriú ,sms fm< ^71-77 olajd& - 1998 - úfÊr;ak m;srdc

2' wNskh - fojk l,dmh - isxy, kdgH wkq uKav,h

91






n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² fou< kdgH l,dfõ ixj¾Okh i|yd uydpd¾h tia' úoHdkkaoka f.ka isÿ jQ

fiajh m%ldY lrhs'

² úoHdkkaoka f.ka fou< kdgH l,djg iy fmdÿfõ Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH l,djg

,enqK odhl;ajh w.h lrhs'

² fou< kdgHh ms<sn| jeäÿrg;a lreKq fidhhs'




l%shdldrlu ( úYajúoHd,hSh fou< kdgH iy uydpd¾h tia' úoHdkkaoka

f.a rx. lghq;= wOHhkh lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² 9 fY%aKsfha .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha kdgH yd rx.

l,dj& 4 ksmqK;dj

² Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,dj ms<sn| iriúh mqj;amf;a

,sms fm< - ^71-77 olajd& 1998

ye|skaùu ( úYajúoHd,hh mdol fldg .ksñka uydpd¾h tia'

úoHdkkaoka f.ka foaYSh kdgH l,djg bgq jQ fiajh ms<sn|

j fuu mdvñka wOHhkh flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( .%ka: mßYS,kh yd idlÉPd lsÍu


^uydpd¾h úoHdkkaoka ms<sn| j 9 fY%aKsfha kdgH yd rx. l,dj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY

ix.%yfha 4 ksmqK;dfõ i|yka lreKq wdY%h lr .kak'&

² 1956 foaYSh isxy, kdgH lafIa;%fha .eñ kdgl wdY%s; j we;s jQ fmr<sh;a iuÕ

ld,hla ;siafia fkdi,ld yer ;snQ f;kafudaä" jvfudaä l+;a;= iïm%odhka

ms<sn| j kej;;a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug" fou< W.;=ka W;aidy l< nj"

² fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,hfha fou< wxYfha uydpd¾h j isá tia' úoHdkkaoka

tys uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= l< nj

92



² foaYSh isxy, kdgH b;sydifha ikaêia:dkhla jYfhka uydpd¾h irÉpkaøhka

w;ska "ukfï" ^1956& ìys jQjd fia u 1964 oS uydpd¾h úoHdkkaoka w;ska

"rdjfkaika" kdgH ìys jQ nj

² "rdjfkaika" hkq fou< kdgH iïm%odh kej; fidhd .ekSula f,i;a" ta wkqj

fou< kdgHfha .uka u. kj udj;lg msúis nj;a fou< úoaj;=ka úYajdi

lrk nj

² "l¾Kka fmdffr"" fkdKaä kdv.u jeks idïm%odhsl jvfudaä wkqj ksIamdokh

jQ ksIamdok wOHhkh lrñka ìys jQ "rdjfkaika" idïm%odhsl msgm;la fkd

fhdod .ksñka ,shejqKq uq,a u iaj;ka;% kdglh nj

² ;udg tfrys j hqo jeoSu i|yd rdu ykqudka f.a yuqodj o iu. meñKs nj

rdjK oek.kakd w;r" tla tla wh meñK hqoaOh je<elaùug ork W;aidyh

yd rdjK ;u yuqodfõ tla tla wxY hqoaOhg hjd wjidkfha oS ;ud u bosßm;a

ù rdu w;ska mrdchg m;a jk wdldrh "rdjfkaika" kdgHfhka ksrEmKh jk

nj

² iS;d f.a pß;h we;=<;a fkd jk wdldrfhka kdgH wjia:d f;dard .ekSu;a"

idïm%odhsl l+;a;= .S ;kq Wmßu jYfhka T!Ñ;Hh fkdflf,fik mßos fhdod

.ekSu;a fuys úfYaI;ajh nj

² "rdjfkaika" jQ l,S iaj;ka;% msgm;la" l+;a;= iïm%odh wdY%h lr .ksñka"

mska;+r rduq fõosldjg WÑ; f,i ilia fldg meh fol yudrl muK ld,hla

;=< oS fõosld.; lsÍula f,i ye|skaúh yels jqj;a" iudc h:d¾:h ms<sìUq

flfrk kdgHhla jYfhka ms<s.; fkd yels nj

² fou< l+;a;= b;sydifha ldka;d pß; i|yd ldka;djka uq,a jrg fhdod .kafka

o fuu wjêfha oS nj

² fou< .eñ kdglh ixj¾Okh lsÍfï m¾fhaIKd;aul jev ms<sfj<la osh;a

l< úoHdkkaoka tu kdgH ksIamdokhg;a" tajd iudch ;=< jHdma; lsÍug;a"

jev ms<sfj<la ilia l< nj

² uydpd¾h lKm;sms,af,a jeks lD;yia; úoaj;=ka f.a msgm;a o ksIamdokh l<

fudyq iajdNdúljdoS iïm%odfhka neyer j foaYSh iïm%odhg wkq.; ffY,s.;

l%uhla kdgH ks¾udK i|yd Ndú; l< nj

² md,k ;ka;%h úfõpkh flfrk foaYmd,k m%yik wdosh ìys jQ fuu hq.fha

oS tys m%;sM, jYfhka fu rg uOHu mdka;sl fou< úoaj;=ka w;r kj kdgH

l,dj ms<sn| j Wkkaÿjla yd Woafhda.hla we;s jQ nj

93



we.hSu(

1' uydpd¾h tia' úoHdkkaoka f.ka Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH l,djg isÿ jQ fiajh

meyeos,s lrkak'

2' "rdjfkaika" kdgHh ms<sn| flá ye|skaùula lrkak'


1' 13 merKs ks¾foaYfha .=re w;afmd;

2' kdgH iriúh - Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,dj 6-7 ,sms

3' jvfudaä - Y%S ,xldfõ kdÜglal+;a;=

fou< ck kdgH - úidflai pkaøfialrï - ^2005&

4' 9 fY%aKsh kdgH yd rx. l,dj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

94






n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² fou< kdgH l,dfõ ixj¾Okh i|yd uydpd¾h tia' fu!k.=re f.ka isÿ jq

fiajh m%ldY lrhs'

² fu!k.=re f.ka fou< kdgH l,djg iy fmdÿfõ Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH l,djg

,enqKq odhl;ajh w.h lrhs'

² fou< kdgH yd kdgHlrejka ms<sn| j jeäÿrg;a lreKq fidhhs'




l%shdldrlu ( uydpd¾h tia' fu!k.=re f.a rx. lghq;= wOHhkh lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² 9 fY%aKsfha kdgH yd rx. l,dj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY

ix.%yh

² Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,dj ms<sn| j iriúh

mqj;amf;a m< jQ - kdgH iriúh - ,sms fm<

² ^PdhdrEm" ixhqla; ;eá iy iïm;a mqoa.,hka fhdod

.; yels kï&

ye|skaùu ( uydpd¾h fu!k.=re f.ka fou< kdgH l,djg yd fmdÿfõ

foaYSh kdgH l,djg bgq jQ fiajh ms<sn| j fuu mdvñka

wOHhkh flf¾'



uydpd¾h fu!k.=re ms<sn| j 9 fY%aKsfha kdgH yd rx. l,dj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY

ix.%yfha 4 ksmqK;dfõ i|yka lreKq wdY%h lr .kak'

² 1960 oYlfha oS fmardfoKsh" fld<U" lgqneoao úYajúoHd,hkays ffjoH yd

bxðfkare úoHd mSGj, isiqka w;r o kdgH l,dj jHdma; jQ w;r" tu isiqka

úkaok ud¾.hla jYfhka kdgH l,djg tla ùu kdgH l,dfõ iSudjka mq¿,a

lsÍug fya;= jQ nj

95



² fykaßla bíika" wekagka fpfld*a jeks kjh:d¾:jdoS kdgHlrejka f.a

Ñka;kh yd wdlD;sh Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH lafIa;%hg y÷kajd oSfuys m%;sM,hla

jYfhka tu kdgH fou< NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍu;a" tu wdlD;s wkqj iaj;ka;%

ks¾udK ìys lsÍu;a isÿ jQ nj

² 1950-1960 oYlj, fou< kdgH l,dfõ we;s jQ fuu kj m%fndaOh;a iu.

úYajúoHd,fhys lemS fmkqK YsIHhl= jq tia' fu!k.=re kdgH lafIa;%hg

m%úIag jQ nj

² ish .uka u. kdgH l,dj yd noaO lr .ksñka Tyq úiska .kq ,enQ

m¾fhaIKd;aul yd Ydia;%Sh mshjr j¾;udk fou< kdgHfha úldYhg n, md

we;s nj

² úYajúoHd,hh ;=< kdgH l,dj ixj¾Okh lsÍfïoS;a" idïm%odhsl fou< kdgH

j¾. ms<sn| j m¾fhaIK lsÍfïoS;a" ngysr kj kdgH m%jK;d Wlyd .ekSfïoS;a

th fou< ixialD;shg ydkslr fkdjk whqßka yd fmdaIKhg bjy,a lr .;

yels jk whqßka fhdod.; hq;= h hk u;fhys Tyq oeä j isáhl= nj

² iuld,Sk iudc .eg¨ f;aud lr.;a Tyq úiska ksIamdokh flreKq "ixlrï"

^1974& Tyq f.a Ñka;kh uekúka ms<sìUq lrkakla nj

² iudc m%Yak ixfõoS j úu¾Ykh l< hq;= wdldrh yd idïm%odhsl l+;a;= rx.h

tu ks¾udK i|yd fhdod.; hq;= wdldrh újrKh l< lD;shla f,i tu

kdgHh jeo.;a jk nj

² 1975 oS fld<U úYajúoHd,fha wOHdmk mSGh" .=rejreka yg kdgHlrKh

ms<sn| j mYapd;a Wmdê ämaf,daudjla wdrïN l< w;r isxy, .=rejrekag fuka

u fou< .=rejrekag o fuu ämaf,daudj ,nd .ekSug wjldY ,enqKq nj iy

tia' fu!k.=re o tu ämaf,daudj ,nd .;a whl= nj

² 1978 oS ìys jQ "kdgl wrxlka l,a¨ß" wdh;kh" kQ;k fou< kdgH l,dfõ

j¾OkSh wjia:djla we;s ùug n, mE w;r" thg fu!k.=re f.a odhl;ajh o

,enqKq nj

² W;=re iy kef.kysr m<d;aj, hdmkh iy uvl,mqj m%foaYj,& kdgH l,dj

kxjd,Sug;a" jHdma; lsÍug;a úYsIag odhl;ajhla iemhQ fudyq uvl,mqj

úYajúoHd,hfha kdgH wxYfha m%Odkshd jYfhka fiajh l< nj


1' kdgH iriúh - Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,dj - 6-7 ,sms

2' 9 fY%aKsh - kdgH yd rx. l,dj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

we.hSu(

1' uydpd¾h tia' fu!k.=re fou< kdgH l,dj ngysr kj kdgH m%jK;d wkqj

hñka kj .uka u.lg fhduq l< whqre Tyq f.a ld¾hhka weiqre fldg f.k

úuiqug ,la lrkak'

96






n,hs'


bf.kqï M, (

² fou< kdgH l,dfõ ixj¾Okh i|yd tï' Ykauq.,sx.ïf.ka isÿ jQ fiajh

m%ldY lrhs'

² Ykauq.,sx.ï f.ka fou< kdgH l,djg iy fmdÿfõ Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH l,djg

,enqK odhl;ajh w.h lrhs'

² fou< kdgH yd kdgHlrejka ms<sn| j jeä ÿrg;a lreKq fidhhs'

² wmQ¾j;ajh yd wdlD;sh kdgHj, .eí ù we;s whqre ksÍlaIKh lrhs'

² foaYSh kdgH iïm%odhka foi kj oDIaá fldaKhlska n,hs'

l%shdldrlu ( tï' Ykauq.,sx.ï ^l=,kaohs Ykauq.,sx.ï& f.a rx. lghq;=

ms<sn| j wOHhkh lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH yd rx. l,dj ms<sn| - "kdgH

iriúh" kñka m< jQ mqj;am;a ,sms fm< - 7 fldgi

² ^PdhdrEm" ixhqla; ;eá iy iïm;a mqo.,hka fidhd

.; yels kï&

² 13 fY%aKsfha merKs ks¾foaYh& kdgH yd rx. l,dj .=re

w;a fmd;

ye|skaùu ( Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,dfõ j¾;udk ;;a;ajh f.dv

ke.Su i|yd tï' Ykauq.,sx.ï f.a l%shdldß;ajh n, mE wdldrh

ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsrSu fuu mdvfï oS isÿ flf¾'



² fou< kdgH l,dfõ nyqúO m%j¾Okhg odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka "kdgl wrxlka

l,a¨ß" kï jQ kdgH wdh;kh ^1978& hdmkfha oS msysgqùu Y%S ,xldfõ fou<

kdgH l,d b;sydifha iqúfYaIS ikaêia:dkhla jYfhka ye|skaúh yels nj

² fuu wdh;kh msysgqùu i|yd uQ,sl ú lghq;= lf<a fld<U úYajúoHd,hfhys

kdgH yd rx.l,dj ms<sn| mYapd;a WmdêOrhl= jQ tï' Ykauq.,sx.ï nj

² 1980 oYlfha olakg ,efnk kdgH m%fndaOh fudyq f.a Wla; fiajdfõ m%;sM,hla

f,i oelaúh yels nj

97



² w¾nqoldÍ iudc jd;djrKh ;=< uyck o¾Yk meje;aùu wmyiq jq fyhska

mdi,a fõosldj kdgH i|yd fhdod .ekSug fu!k.=re" Ykauq.,sx.ï jeks

kdgHfõoSka lghq;= l< nj

² 1980 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha we;s jQ w¾nqoldÍ iudc jd;djrKh ksid fld<U

we;=¿ Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk k.rj,ska fou< kdgH ksIamdok .s,syS f.dia tajd

hdmkhg muKla iSud jQ nj

² 80 oYlfha hdmkfha we;s jQ fuu kdgH m%fndaOfhys M,hla jYfhka flá

kdgH ckm%sh ùu;a" m¾fhaIK kdgH l%shdj,shla j¾Okh ùu;a oelaúh yels

nj

² 1984 oS hdmkh úYaj úoHd,hfha YsIH ix.uh fjkqfjka kdgH ksIamdokh

lrñka tï' Ykauq.,sx.ï kue;s kdgHfõoshd kdgHlrKhg wj;S¾K jQ nj

² 1978 oS Ykauq.,sx.ï f.a uQ,sl;ajfhka ìys jQ "kdgl wrxlka l,a¨ß" kue;s

kdgH úoHdh;kfha n,mEu ksid iuld,Sk iudc wia:djr;ajh yd iudc

widOdrKh kdgH udOHfhka bosßm;a lsrSug úYaj úoHd,h YsIHhka Wkkaÿ jQ

w;r" tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka Tjqka iu. tla jQ Ykauq.,sx.ï my; i|yka

kdgH fuu hq.fha oS ksIamdokh lr we;s nj

² ukaiquka; fïkshd¾ ^^1984 - uv iy ¥ú,s jel=Kq Wrysia& wia:djr iudc

Ôú;fha ñksidg uqyqK mEug isÿ ù we;s fÄockl ;;a;ajh fuhg f;aud úh'

f;audj fuka u kdgHfha wdlD;sh o wmQ¾j;ajhlska hqla; úh' l+;a;=" fn%IaÜ

f.a wN+;rEmS iïm%odh" mSg¾ nDDla" nvd,a i¾ld¾ kdgH l%u tla fldg ilia jQ

wmQ¾j;u jQ;a" m%n, jQ;a ks¾udKhla f,i fuh ye|skaúh yels h' tys uqLH

m%ldYk udOHh ù we;af;a .S;h yd k¾;khhs' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgHh

ish ienE iajrEmh fidhd .;a wjia:djla f,i úpdrlfhda u; m< lr;s' fuu

kdgHh wOHlaIKh lrkq ,enqfõ isoïmrkdoka úisks'

² 1990 j¾Ifha ksIamdos; wkakhs bÜg ;S uj .sks oe,ajQjd h'& iy 1992 oS ksIamdos;

tka;hshqï ;dhqï ^wfma uõjre iy mshjre& hk kdgH iDcqj u iudc me;slv

ksrEmKh l< kdgH fõ' hqoaOh yd bka we;sjk udkisl jHikh fïjdg

fhdod.;a m%n, f;audj úh'

² 1980 yd 1990 oYlh ;=< hdmkh úYajúoHd,hfha kdgH" Y%S ,dxlsl fou<

kdgHfha lvbu iksgqyka lrkakg iu;a jq nj uydpd¾h ld¾;sf.aiq isj;ïì

f.a u;h jQ nj

² idïm%odhsl fou< kdgH úúO l%u Tiafia fmdaIKh lrñka woH;k iudc

wjYH;d i|yd th yev .eiaùug iqúi,a odhl;ajhla iemhq fou< kdgHlrejka

w;r tï' Ykauq.,sx.ï kdgHfõoshd o uq,a;kays ,d ie,flk nj

we.hSu(

1' fou< kdgH l,dfjys ixj¾Okh Wfoid tï' Ykauq.,sx.ï f.ka isÿ jQ fiajh

úia;r lrkak'

2' Ykauq.,sx.ï f.a ks¾udKj, olakg ,efnk iqúfYaI ,laIK meyeos,s lrkak'

98



tï' Ykauq.,sx.ï f.a kdgH lD;s(

1' ixjdo kdgH - wrefuhs kkam¾ 1957

2' ft;sydisl kdgH - jhsh;a;=,a f;hajï 1961

3' l;dkaor kdgH - Wrjqy,a 1982

4' jD;a;dka; kdgH - kevqï mhKï 1979

5' ixfla; kdgH - jd¾fma;a;hs 1996

;dhqudhs kdhqudkd¾ 1986

6' pß;dx. kdgH - tka;hshqï ;dhqï 1992

W,a,la lu,uoS 1992

wdfrdgq fkdaflaka 1993

kSfi.a; kdgl fï 1994

7' ufkda úoHd;aul kdgH- wkakhs hsÜg;S 1992

8' <ud kdgH - l+ä ú,hshdvq mdmd

^<ud kdgH ;rÕdj,sh m%:u ia:dkh&

bvqlalka jrxld,a 1998

9' mßj¾;k kdgH - ukakka Bämia 1996

Tre mdjhs ùvq 1966

fõ;d,ï 1987

10' Modern Drama - fõ,aú;a;S 1994

^fuh Ykauq.,sx.ï f.a ffY,sh fia ie,fla'&

99





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3 ( Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH l,dfõ miqìu yd úldYh úuid n,hs'

ld,h ( ld,Éfþo hs'

bf.kqï M, (

² bx.%Sis kdgH l,dfõ b;sydih ms<sn| f;dr;=re úia;r lrhs'

² bx.%Sis kdgH l,dfõ m%.ukhg odhl jQjka ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'

² Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK w.h lrhs'

² bx.%Sis kdgH krUd ri ú|shs'

² kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIh Wkak;shg bx.%Sis kdgHfhka isÿ jq fufyjr w.h

lrhs'

l%shdldrlu ( Y%S ,xldfõ bx.%Sis kdgH l,dj ms<sn| b;sydih ieflúka

yodruq'


² ft;sydisl f;dr;=re

² ì%;dkH md,k iuh;a iuÕ bx.%Sis kdgH wdrïN ùu ^l%s'j' 1800 isg&

² ì%;dkH rdcH wdrlaIl yuqod úiska uq,ska u bx.%Sis kdgH ,xldjg

y÷kajd fok ,oS' Tjqka w;r kdgH lKavdhï isá ksid úúO bx.%Sis

kdgH ksIamdokh lr m%o¾Yk l,djla f,i bx.%Sis udOHfhka bosßm;a

flßKs'

² fmd,sia wdOqksl kdgH lKavdhula o kdgH ksIamdokfha kshe¨Ks' úúO

iudc ix.ï u.ska kdgH ksIamdokh l< w;r l%ufhka isú,a msßia

w;f¾ o kdgH jHdma; jkakg úh'

² úfoaY kdgH lKavdhï o meñK ful, kdgH bosßm;a lr we;' fï

i|yd fhdod f.k we;af;a iuld,Sk m%isoaO bx.%Sis kdgHlrejkaf.a

rpkhka h' úfYaIfhka ngysr uOHu mdka;sl .eg¿ iys; h:d¾:jdoS

kdgHhka h'

² wdrlaIl yuqod u.ska furg rÕmE kdgl fndfyduhla iuld,Sk

hqfrdamfha rÕ oelajQ ckm%sh kdgl úh' m%yik kdgl o úfYaIfhka u

bosßm;a lrk ,oS' bx.%Sisfhka bosßm;a l< fuu kdglj, rx. ffY,sh

f,dalO¾ó l%uhg fnfyúka u wkq.; úh' ful, ,xldfõ kdgHj,

ldka;djka rÕ fkdmEj o furgg meñKs ixpdrl bx.%Sis kdglj,

ldka;d pß; rÕmEug ldka;djka u fhdod .;a njg jd¾;d fõ' weußldj"

tx.,ka;h" ´iafÜ%,shdj jeks rgj,ska fuu lKavdhï meñK we;'

ì%;dkH wdrlaIl yuqod bosßm;a l< kdglj,g wu;r j iuld,Sk

kdgH lKavdhï bosßm;a l< kdgH /ila o fld<U uykqjr wdoS k.rj,

rÕ olajd we;'

100



² furg Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kj," úYaj úoHd,j, o kdgH ksIamdokh

úh' bx.%Sis udOHfhka kdgH ksIamdokh ms<sn| fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

m%uqL ;ekla .kS' 19 jk Y; j¾Ih w. Nd.fha bx.%Sis udOHfhka

b.ekaùï l< mdi,a lSmhla o bx.%Sis kdgH ksIamdokh l< nj jd¾;d

fõ'

ksoiqka( .,alsiai Ydka; f;dauia

fld<U fjia,s úoHd,h

fld<U rdclSh úoHd,h

fld<U wdkkao úoHd,h

fuu mdi,aj, bx.%Sis kdgH ix.ï msysgqjd kdgH l,dj m%n, j flreKq

njg idOl we;' jir wjidkfha ksjdvqjg fmr bx.%Sis kdgHhla

ksIamdokh lrùu fuu mdi,aj, isß;la úh'

Wod( 1874 Ydka; f;dauia fld,Sðfha ksIamdokh l< ú,shï fYalaIamsh¾f.a

ñâ iu¾ khsÜia ã%ï Mid summer nights dreem - .sïydkh ueo w÷re

/hl ÿgq isyskh& b;d id¾:l ks¾udKhla úh'

² 20 jk ishjfia bx.%Sis kdgHh

20 jk ishji jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda mdi,aj, bx.%Sis kdgH ix.ï"

kdgH fmd;am;a jHdma; úh' fï u.ska bx.%Sis kdgH ixialD;shla we;s

úh' ta wkqj bx.%Sis kdgH úYd, ixLHdjla ìys ù we;s nj fmkS hhs'

² 20 jk ishji jk úg bx.%Sis iaj;ka;% kdgH rpkd lsßu Y%S ,xldfõ

wdrïN úh'

1927 oS tï'ví' fcdaIma yd tÉ'iS'tka' ,ekfrda,a l< kdgH ks¾udK

fuys,d b;d jeo.;a fõ'

Wod( rd<ydñ

The return of Ralahamy, Fifty Fifty, The Senetor.

² óg iudka;r j fld<U ,xld úYaj úoHd,fha bx.%Sis kdgH wxYfha

kdgH ksIamdok l%shdj,shla o 1933 isg B't*a'iS' ¨fvdafjdhsla

wdpd¾hjrhdf.a m%Odk;ajfhka wdrïN ù ;snqKs'

² 1939 oS Y%S ksYaYxlf.a "wj¾ ,xld" kdgH isxy, jxY l:d mokï

lr.;a bx.%Sis kdgHhla f,i b;sydihg tla j we;'

² 1950 ka miq bx.%Sis kdgH lafIa;%fha úYd, fjkila olakg ,eìKs'

fuu fjki kï foaYmd,kh yd iudch ksfhdackh lsÍula

kdgHj, olakg ,eîuhs' fï i|yd WodyrK f,i 1956 ÆIka o

fidhsidf.a Fortress in the sky, 1957 Prince of the lonely days. 1958

Fine and strong wind, 1964 Put out the light b;d jeo.;a fõ'

.dñKS .=Kj¾Ok yd ù' wdßhr;akï o bx.%Sis kdgH rpkd l< wh

w;r fõ' .dñKs .=Kj¾Okf.a Rama and Sita, ù' wdßhr;akï f.a

The Sigiriya King, Christoper Colombus jeo.;a kdgH .Kfha ,d

.efka'

101



² 1970 oYlh bx.%Sis kdgH l,dfõ j¾Okhla olakg ,enqKq hq.hls'

jvd úpdrd;aul kdgH l,djla ìysjQfha fuu oYlfha h' w¾kiaÜ

uelskag¾ fuys mqfrda.dñhd úh' kj Ñka;khla kdgH l,djg

we;=¿ úh' WodyrK f,i( "Let us give them curry, Loneliness of the

short distance traveller", Ôú;fha idudkH isoaëka f;aud lrf.k

;sîu fuys úfYaIhls'

² Æfvdajhsla úfoaY.; jq miq j t;=udf.a ys;j;=ka iy YsIH msßi

tu ld¾h os.g u lrf.k .sfha h' tys oS y¾nÜ wurisxy" wEIa,s

y,afma" ,laIaó o is,ajd" laf,davd chiQßh" w¾kiaÜ uelskagh¾"

rkað;a Tfífialr" frÔ isßj¾Ok" Tiaukaâ chr;ak" .dñKs

y;af;dgqfõ.u fï w;r úh'

frÔ isßj¾Ok fï w;r m%Odk fõ' fudyqf.a kdgH w;r TheAlmsgiving, The bus to Mulleriyawa, The Manneguin, The Tempta-

tions of Paradise úfYaI ks¾udK fõ'

The Alms giving kdgHhg mdol jQfha uOHu mka;sl iudcfha úúO

.eg¿ h' frÔ isßj¾Ok rpkd l< Long days task kdgH ksIamdokh

lf<a ßpâ o fidhsid úisks'

uydpd¾h wEIa,s y,afma úYaj úoHd, kdgH l%shdj,sh Tiafia m%úIag

jQ Wiia kdgHlrefjla úh'

iamd[a[ cd;sl .d¾Ishd f,da¾ld f.a "o ´,aâ fjäka"

uelaisï f.da¾lS f.a "o fmá n%¾Iajd"

´.iaÜ iaà%kan¾.a f.a "o mdo¾" hk kdgH ksIamdok lrk ,oS'

² fn,aðhï cd;sl rEä fldrkaia jvd;a m%lg jQfha rElv Ys,amsfhl=

jYfhka jqj o uE; hq.fha wksjd¾hfhka u m%Yia; uÜgfï bx.%Sis

kdgH /ila ksIamdokh lf<a h'

1985 oS we,afnhd leuQf.a Coligula ksIamdokh lf<a isxy, fõosldfõ

yd fg,s kdgHj, o rÕmE k¿ ks<shka lsysm fofkl= iïnkaO

lrf.k h'

² 1989 oS yer,aâ mskag¾ f.a flá kdgH 4 la ksIamdokh lrk

,oS'

² rElv l,d Wmfhda.S lrf.k Tyq ks¾udKh l< kdgHhls'

The nephew form Angoda

² 1990 oS The triks of Arleccnino

² The human voice

² Sonata and three gentlemen

Tyq ksIamdokh lrk ,o m%n, u ks¾udKh jkafka 1987 ksIamdokh

l< Bials,ia f.a The libation Rearors lD;shhs' fuys ßpâ o fidhsid

iy Tyqf.a uEKshka jQ ffjoHdpdrsKS ufkdardKs irjkuq;a;= o

rÕmdk ,oS'

102



² 1990 bkaÿ O¾ufiakf.a "uoE b;ska vqndhs .shd" kdgHh o iuld,Sk

iudc f;audjla /.;a ckm%sh bx.%Sis kdgHhla úh' Tyq úfYaIfhka

u m%yik kdgHh ks¾udKh lrk wfhl= jYfhka o m%isoaO h'

1992 fld<U Ydka; mSg¾ia úÿyf,a isiqka lKavdhula iïnkaO

lrf.k mj;ajk ,o kdgH jevuq¿jla u.ska kdgH ksIamdokhg

t<ô fcfrdï o is,ajd j¾;udkfha bx.%Sis fõosldfõ isák m%ùK;u

yd ckm%sh u kdgHlrejd fõ' úYd, msßila iïnkaO lrf.k

oejeka; kdgH ksIamdokhka bosßm;a lsÍu Tyq úiska isÿ lrk ,oS'

úfoaYSh kdgH jevuq¿ /ilg o iyNd.s ù we;s Tyq m%lg hqfrdamSh

kdgHlrejka /ila fj;ska kdgH wOHdmkh ,eîug o jdikdjka;

ù we;'

"Whorkshop Players" kñka kdgH ixúOdkhla msysgqjd f.k isák

fcfrdï o is,ajd fï jk úg Les miserables, The Royal hunt of the

sun, West side story, The lion ning, middle of silence hk wdoS jQ bx.%Sis

kdgH /ila ks¾udKh lr we;'

fcfrdï o is,ajd uy;d ks¾udK olajd we;af;a bx.%Sis fõosldfõ

muKla fkdfõ' isxy, fõosld kdgH lsysmhla u fï jk úg

ksIamdokh lr we;' uelan;a" wdfh;a tkafka kE" fjf<kaodf.a

urKh ta w;r fõ' tfuka rx. úkHdilrefjl= jYfhka o

olaI;d m%lg lrk fcfrdï udki ú, yd fg%dacka ldka;dfjda

kdgHj, rx. úkHdih isÿ lr we;' fg%dacka ldka;dfjda kdgHfha

rx. úkHdih i|yd rdcH iïudk o oskd .kakd ,oS'

Tyq bx.%Sis fõosldfõ kdgH ksIamdolhl= rx. úkHdilrefjl=

jYfhka muKla fkdj k¿fjl= jYfhka o lghq;= lrhs'

kQ;k bx.%Sis fõosldfõ olaI ;reK kdgHlrejka /ila oelsh

yels w;r thska bx.%Sis kdgH l,dj cd;Hka;r ;,hg o /f.k

hñka úúO jQ m¾fhaIKd;aul ux Tiafia bx.%Sis kdgH l,dj

yiqrejk m%lgu ks¾udK Ys,amskshls rejka;s ã' Ñflard' weh

kdgH rpkh" ;sr kdgl rpkh iy kdgH wOHlaIKh hk

lafIa;%j,ska l=i,;d m%lg lrhs' rejka;s ã' Ñflardf.a kdgH

ksIamdok Y%S ,xldj" tlai;a rdcOdksh" cmdkh" bkaoshdj"

´iafÜ%,shdj" ms,smSkh hk rgj, m%o¾Ykh lr we;'

² weh ksIamdokh l< kdgH lsysmhla u wiïu; rx. iïm%odfha

wdNdih ,nd we;

Two times Two is Two - fï kdgH u.ska jhil ñksil=f.a Ôú;fha

yqol,d nj yd ;reKhl=f.a Ôú;fha yqol,d nj w;r we;s mr;rh

wiïu; rx. Í;sfhka bosßm;a lrhs'

Chack Point - fuh o wiïu; j¾.fha kdgHhla jk w;r hqoaOh

fld<U k.rh ;=< fou< ck;djg n,mdk whqre m%ldY lrkakls'

103



Her streets - fuh o lshfjkafka fld<U k.rfha oeä wdrlaIl

mßlaId lsßï iys; mßirhl ðj;a jQ ;reK fou< ldka;djla

uqyqK fok fÄojdplhls'

Filling the Blanks - fuh ,xldfõ hqoaOh mdol lr .;a jia;= úIhla

hgf;a rpkd jQ kdgHhls'

Middle of Silence -fuu kdgH 1997 oS ì%;dkH ljqkai,h u.ska

mj;ajk ,o kj kdgH msgm;a rpkd ;r.fha iïudk oskd .;a

rpkhls' fcfrdï o is,ajd 1999 oS fuh wOHlaIKh lf<a h'

² rejka;s ã Ñflard" bx.%Sis idys;H ms<sn| j fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha

WmdêOdßkshla jk w;r uekafpiag¾ úYaj úoHd,fhka jHjydßl

Wmdêh ,nd we;' ,xldfõ cd;sl kdgH wkquKav,fha idudðldjla

jYfhka o weh lghq;= lr we;s w;r fi!kao¾h úYaj úoHd,fha

ndysr lÒldpdßkshla jYfhka o fiajh lrhs'

² úYaj úoHd,fhka ìys jQ bx.%Sis kdgH(

uydpd¾h B't*a'iS' ¨fvdajhsla mqfrda.dó jQfhka" 1932 isg 1956

olajd úYaj úoHd,h ;=<" tjlg hqfrdamfha m%p,s; jQ bx.%Sis kdgH

ksIamdokh úh' ^jirlg tla kdgHhlaj;a&

fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha bx.%Sis kdgH ix.uh u.ska fuu ld¾h

flßKs' t u.ska uydpd¾h ¨fvdajhslaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka bosßm;a

jQ kdgH lD;s fufia h'

1932 - f.df.d,a f.a The Marriage m<uq ksIamdokh&

1933 - iamd[a[ cd;sl l=úkagfrda ifydaorhska úiska rÑ; "

fjhd¾ úfuka rE,a"

1934 - whsßIa cd;sl ßp¾â ì%kaia,s fIÍvka f.a " o rhsj,aia"

1934 - hqßmsäiaf.a ihslaf,damia ^.%Sl kdgH&

1935 - m%xY cd;sl fud,sh¾ ,shQ "o bueðkß bkaje,sâ" bfí

fjod&

1936 - laúkagfrda ifydaorhska f.a "o f,aãia f*%dï -

w,amlsjqlsjq"

1937 - b;d,s cd;sl ldf,da f.da,afvdaks f.a "o i¾jkaÜ T*a gQ

udiag¾ia"

1938 - bx.%Sis cd;sl fcda¾Ê n¾kdâ fIda f.a "o wdïia wekaâ o

uEka"

1939 - Ök cd;sl yisWka f.a "f,aä fm%Isia iaà%ï"

1940 - ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ f.a "o fuß jhsõia T*a úkaâi¾"

1941 - laúkagfrda ifydaorhska f.a "mSia wekaâ lajhsÜ"

1942 - bhqðka Tks,a f.a "udflda ñ,shkaia"

1943 - fcda¾Ê n¾kdâ fIda f.a "o isïmaf,gka T*a o

wkatlaiafmlagâ whs,aia" iy whs,aia Idka Tldis f.a

"o iagd¾ g¾kaia frâ"

104



945 - b;d,s cd;sl ¨hsð msrekavf,da f.a "rhsÜ hQ wd b*a hQ

;skala fida"

1946 - fkdaùðhdkq cd;sl fykaßla bíikaf.a "o ms,¾ia T*a o

fidihsá"

1947 - msfkafrda f.a "o filkaâ ñisia gekalajf¾"

1948 - frdaudkq kdgH lrejl= jQ maf,dagia f.a "o Üúkaia"

1949 - n¾ä f.a "o fgdaìhia wekaâ o takac,a"

fÊ'fÊ' n¾kdâ f.a "o i,als *h¾"

n¾fgda,aâ fn%IaÜ f.a "o .=â jquka T*a fiÜiqjdka"

1950 - Isfhdka wkshq f.a "wekaá.ks"

Y=øl f.a uDÉPláld weiqßka wd;¾ ú,shï rhsv¾ úiska

mßj¾;kh l< "o ,sÜ,a laf,a ldÜ"

1951 - ms/kavf,da f.a "fkalâ"

1956 - fcda¾Ê n¾kdâ fIda f.a "wekafv%dala,Sia wekaâ o ,hka"

Y%S ,xldfõ bx.%Sis kdgH b;sydifha ¨fvdajhsla hq.fha oS úYaj

kdgl bosßm;a lsÍug iu;a foaYSh k¿ ks<s msßila" Wiia l,d

risl;ajhla we;s fm%alaIl fuka u úpdrl msßila ìys jQy'

² frdnÜ mS' ksõgka iy kshqudka cqnd,a f.ka Y%S ,xld bx.%Sis kdgH

úldYkhg ,enqKq odhl;ajh(

fudjqkaf.a ksIamdok

ksõgka ksIamdokh l< ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ f.a "o gqfj,ama;a

khsÜ"

kshqudka cqnd,a ksIamdokh l< fmrkaia fuda,ak¾ f.a

",s,sfhdï" yd n¾kdâ fIda f.a " fïc¾ nd¾nrd"

² 1956 oS ¨fvdajhsla tx.,ka;hg hdfuka miq úYaj úoHd,h ;=< ta

uÜgug bx.%Sis kdgH ksIamdokh fkdjqKs' 1960 .Kkaj, isg

fjk;a úYaj úoHd, lSmhla ìys jqKs' tod ;ks úYaj úoHd,fhka

ks¾udKh jqKq kdgH Odrdj wo mq¿,a wkaoug jHdma; ù we;'

tfy;a 1956 miq bx.%Sis nig ;snQ ;;a;ajh weo jegqKs' 1970 oYlfhka

miq we;s jQ ixialD;sl m%fndaOh úYaj úoHd,hg n,mEj;a" bx.%Sis

kdgH l,dj iïnkaOfhka lemS fmkqk m%.;shla isÿ fkdjqKs' wo

úYaj úoHd, ;=< tla;rd uÜgulska úúO j¾.fha bx.%Sis kdgH

ks¾udKh flfrk nj o i|yka l< hq;= h'

we.hSu((

1' Y%S ,xldfõ bx.%Sis kdgHj, b;sydih yd úldYkh ms<sn| fláfhka úia;r

lrkak'

2' Y%S ,xldfõ bx.%Sis kdgHlrejka ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd l=vd fmd;la f,i

ilia lrkak'

3' Y%S ,xldfõ bx.%Sis niska ksIamdokh jQ kdgHj, f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'

105





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'4 (( Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH yd rx. l,dfõ m%.;sh i|yd bjy,a jQ

úfoaYSh kdgH ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² The Marriage lD;sh yd "lmqjd lfmda;s" lD;sh ii|hs'

² lmqjd lfmda;s kdgHh ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkh lrhs'

² tys tk pß; ú.%y lrhs'

² úfoaYSh kdgH ms<sn| j lreKq .fõIKh lrhs'

² úYaj idOdrK pß;dx. ksÍlaIKh lsÍug fm<fò'

l%shdldrlu ( "lmqjd lfmda;s" kdgHh ms<sn| flá úu¾Ykhla lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² lmqjd lfmda;s kdgH fm<

² tu kdgHfha PdhdrEm

ye|skaùu ( Y%S ,xldfõ ksIamdokh jQ m%lg úfoaYSh kdgHhla jk "lmqjd

lfmda;s" wkqj¾;k kdgHh ms<sn| j flá úu¾Ykhla lsÍu

fuu mdvñka wfmalaIs; h'



² Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH l,dfõ j¾Okh i|yd úfoaYSh kdgH bjy,a jQ nj isiqkag

meyeos,s lrkak'

² tn÷ kdgH w;r "lmqjd lfmda;s" kdgHhg ysñ jkafka jeo.;a ia:dkhla nj

meyeos,s lrñka my; i|yka lafIa;% hgf;a "lmqjd lfmda;s" kdgHh ms<sn| j

idlÉPdjla lrkak'

4'4'1 lmqjd lfmda;s kdgHh ye|skaùu

² "lmqjd lfmda;s" kdgHh ,xld úYajúoHd,hfha ksIamdos; iajdNdúl

kdgHhla nj

² reishdkq cd;sl ksfld,dhs f.df.d,af.a "The Marriage" lD;sh weiqßka

1945 "lmqjd lfmda;s" kdgHh ksIamdokh lr we;s nj

² B'wd¾' irÉpkaø" ã'fÊ' úfÊr;ak iy ta'mS' .=Kr;ak hk wh úiska fuu

lD;sh isxy,hg k.d we;s nj

106



² fuu kdgHh tjlg ,xld úYaj úoHd,hfha bx.%Sis wxYfha uydpd¾hjrhl=

jq B't*a'iS' Æfvdjhsla úiska ksIamdokh flreKq m%yikhla nj

² isxy, iajdNdúl kdgHfha úldYh iïnkaO j jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla

fia fuh ie,lsh yels nj

² újdy ðú;hg leu;s tfy;a újdy ùug l=,Eálula olajk ;kslvhl=

újdy lrùu i|yd Tyq f.a ñ;=rd ork mßY%uh fuu kdgHhg f;aud ù

we;s nj

4'4'2 isxy, kdgH b;sydifha ikaêia:dkhla f,i "lmqjd lfmda;s" kdgHh jeo.;a

jk wdldrh

² isxy, kdgH b;sydifha foaYSh Ydka;s l¾uj, olakg ,efnk kdgHuh

,laIK" fidlß" flda,ï" kdv.ï jeks foaYSh .eñ kdgl" úfoaYfhka

wd.ukh jQ kjdx.hla f,i oelaúh yels kq¾;s wdoS wjia:djka miqlrñka

iajdNdúl kdgH olajd meñKs .uka u. isiqkag fláfhka y÷kajd

fokak'

² ,xld úYaj úoHd,hfhys isxy, ix.uh tl, ngysr m%p,s; j mej;s

iajdNdúl rx. ffY,shg wkq.; j ksIamdokh l< "hka;ï .e,jqKd""

"uÕ=,a m%ia;dj"" "ryia flduidßia"" "lmqjd lfmda;s" jeks kdgH

fm%alaIlhka f.a wjOdkh oskd .ekSug fya;= jQ wdldrh meyeos,s lrkak'

² "lmqjd lfmda;s" isxy, kdgH b;sydifha ikaêia:dkhla f,i oelaùug

fya;= my; i|yka lreKq hgf;a meyeos,s lrkak'

i. iajdNdúl rx. ffY,shg wod< jk whqßka ixjdo i|yd jHjydr

NdIdj fhdod .ekSu" jHjydr NdIdfõ èjks;d¾: we;=<;a ùu

ksid kdgH NdIdj .;dkq.;sl;ajfhka ñoSu

("lmqjd lfmda;s kdgHfhys lsis jákdlula we;akï th r|d

mj;skafka tys NdId ú,difhys iajdNdúl;ajh Wv h" hkqfjka

B't*a'iS' ¨fvdjhsla mjid we;'

- lmqjd lfmda;s - 7 uqøKh - 1986 - 20 msgqj&

ii. rx. Ys,amh ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska hqla; j ksIamdokh lr

;sìu

^kdgHhla ksIamdokh lsÍu hkq md;%hka ,jd ixjdo lshùu fkdj

iqlaIau jq;a" ks¾udKd;aul jQ;a" l¾;jHhla nj fuu kdgHfhka

meyeos,s jQ nj wdpd¾h úu,a osidkdhl ish ".sßl=, yd i|uv,"

lD;sfhka i|yka fldg we;'&

iii. kdgHfha flakaøSh ,laIKh jk .egqu mdol fldg f.k kdgHuh

l%shdj úldYkh lsrSu'

iv. ri ckkh ms<sn| j m%:u jrg wjfndaOhla we;s lsÍu kdfgHdaÑ;

wjia:d yd kdgHfha m%Odk rih noaO ù ;sîu

v. pß; yeisrùu u.ska kdgHfha l%shd úldYh f.dv ke.Su

107



vi. isxy, fm%alaIlhkag w¨;a w;aoelSula jQ iajdNdúl rx. ffY,sh

ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla fm%alaIlhd ;=< we;s lsÍu

vii. úYd, fm%alaIl iyNd.s;ajhla yd m%;spdrhla ,nd .ekSu

4'4'3 lmqjd lfmda;s kdgHfha úldYh

² wxl 2 la iy o¾Yk 3 la we;'

² m%:u wxlfha o¾Yk 2la o" fojeks wxlfha tla o¾Ykhla o fõ'

² m<uq jeks o¾Ykfha oS .=K;s,l" Tyq f.a fiajlhd jk f;mdksia" u.=,a

lmqjd jk kfodaßia wmamq" ñ;%hd jk mSg¾ lreKdr;ak hk pß; y;rla

olakg ,efnk nj

² uOHu mdka;sl iudc Ôú;h ksfhdackh lrk ;kslvhl= jk .=K;s,l

újdyh ms<sn| j olajk wdYdj" ìh" pls;h" l=,Eálu wdoS .;s ,laIK;a"

Tyq f.a ñ;%hd jk lreKdr;ak Tyq újdy lrùu i|yd .kakd oeä

W;aidyh;a fuu fldgfia ksrEmKh lr we;s nj ksoiqka iys; j úia;r

lrkak'&

² m<uqjk wxlfha fojk o¾Ykfha oS fiamd,sld iurfialr yd wehf.a

kekaoKsh jk úfÊisxy ydñfka flakaøh yd újdyh ms<sn| j idlÉPd

lsÍu;a kfodaßia wmamq f.k tk fhdackd yd ta ms<sn| j;f.d; úuiSu;a"

ukd,hka tlsfkld meñKSu;a" Tjqka w;r we;s jk l;d ny;a olajd

we;s nj ^ksoiqka iys; j úia;r lrkak'&

² fojeks wxlfha oS ukd,hka tlsfkld meñKSu" lreKdr;ak f.a ueosy;a

ùu" kfodaßia wmamq yd we;s jk .egqu" fiamd,sld yd .=K;s,l w;r we;s

jk ixjdoh" .=K;s,l cfka,fhka mek hdu iy lreKdr;ak wjidkfha

fiamd,sld újdy lr .ekSu hk lreKq olajd we;s nj

4'4'4 pß; ksrEmKh

² újdyhg wdYdjla we;s Bg ffO¾hhla ke;s" ,Êcdj" l=,Eálu yd

wúksYaÑ;Ndjh úiska fufyhjk ,ÿ j ks;r ks;r woyia fjkia lr

.kakd fndfyda úg uk#l,ams; f,dalhl w;rux jk" Wvq is; yd há

is; w;r ksrka;r wr.,hlg ueos jQ" jHjydßl f,dalh ms<sn| j we;s

wkjfndaOh u.ska fufyhjk pxp, yd úisreKq ukilska hq;a" újdyh

ms<sn| j .;dkq.;sl u;su;dka;rj,ska neyer j hd fkdyels wjidkfha

m%Yakfhka ksjg f,i mek hk uOHu mdka;sl iudc yr moaO;sh

úiska fufyhjkq ,nk ;kslvhl= f.a pß;hla f,i .=K;s,l f.a

pß;h ksremKh lr we;s nj ^ksoiqka iys; j&

² .=K;s,l f.a wúksYaÑ; udkisl;ajh yd p¾hdj fjkia lsÍug buy;a

mßY%uhla ork" Tyq f.a .;s iajNdjh ms<sn| j ukd jegySula we;s" ñ;=rd

f.a udkisl w¾nqohg ms<shï fhdoñka újdyh i|yd úúO me;sj,ska Tyq

fmd<Ujk" iglmg" wjia:dfjka m%fhdck .kakd" flfia fyda ;u

wNsu;d¾: idOkhg wjYH miq ìu ilia lr .ekSug ;e;a lrk -

108



wjidkfha m%Yakhg iDcq j uqyqK fok mqoa.,hl= f,i lreKdr;ak f.a

pß;h úldYh fldg we;s nj ^ksoiqka iys; j&

² u;=msáka oelafjk ksjg" kshd¨Ndjhg háka osfjk iglmg nj Wmfhda.S

lr .ksñka ;u wruqK uqÿka m;a lr .ekSu i|yd wjidkh f;la u l%shd

lrk" ienE u.=,a lmqjl= f.a iajrEmfhka odhdo yd wksl=;a f;dr;=re

ms<sn| j w;sYfhdala;sfhka woyia m< lrk" mrys;ldó;ajh Wfoid ish

Y%uh lem lrk njg ;¾l bosßm;a lrñka wNsm%dh ch .ekSug ;e;a

lrk kshu u.=,a lmqjl= f.a pß;h kfodaßia wmamq ;=<ska f.dv kef.k

nj ^ksoiqka iys; j&

² uOHu mdka;sl iudcfha yeoS jevqKq ;reKshl f.a iDcq pß; iajNdjh

we;s ;u iylrejd ;ud úiska u f;dard .; hq;=h hk wdl,amfhys msysá"

fkdìh j m%Yakj,g uqyqK fok" ish is;eÕs fkdiÕjd fy<s lrk"

iaj;ka;% f,i is;k" m;k" tfy;a mSvkhl oS le<fUk" uOHu mdka;sl

;reKshl f,i fiamd,sld f.a pß;h ksrEmKh lr we;s nj ^ksoiqka

iys; j&

² udksia fmf¾rd" úu,Ôj" úfÊisxy ydñfka" fyar;a hk whf.a pß;

ms<sn| j o fláfhka idlÉPd lrkak'

4'4'5 lmqjd lfmda;s kdgHfha olakg ,efnk my; i|yka ,laIK flfrys o

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

i. uqLH rih jk ydiH rihg háka osfjk udkisl ix>gkhla we;s w;r

th fl<jr jkafka ukd,hd cfka,fhka mek hdfuka nj

ii. .=K;s,l újdyhg l=,Eá ùu;a" lreKdr;ak újdyh i|yd ñ;=rd

fm<Uùu;a hk jHdmdr foflys >Ügkh fm%alaIlhd f.a l=;=y,h we;s

lrñka wjidkh olajd u .uka lrk nj

iii. .=K;s,l ;=< mj;akd wúksYaÑ;Ndjh udOHh fldg f.k fuu l=;=y,h

mj;ajd f.k hk nj

iv. uOHu mdka;sl cSú;h fj<d mj;akd iudc mqreId¾:j, w¾:Y=kH nj

fuka u jHdc;ajh o biau;= lr we;s nj

4'4'6 lmqjd lfmda;s yd The Marriage lD;sh ieflúka ii|kak'

² iudc miqìu - f.df.d,a fmkajk reishdkq iudc miqìu ,xldfõ

uOHu mka;shg iudk lr we;'

² ydiH rifhka wkqk f.df.d,a f.a kdgHh yd fuh ñksia mej;=ï yd

yeisÍï újrKh lrhs' wNjH jQ isÿùula ydiHcklhla f,i bosßm;a

lr we;s whqre jeo.;a h'

² l;d jia;=j" wjia:d ksrEmKh" l%shd úldYkh" pß; ks¾udKh w;ska

lD;s fol w;r nrm;, fjkila olakg ke;'

² ixjdo fndfyda ÿrg iudk h'

109



² kdgH fol w;r lemS fmfkk fjki jkafka wjidkhhs' f.df.d,a

f.a kdgHfha "fmdâfld,sfhdiska" cfka,fhka mek hdfuka miq

"fldÉld¾fhdma" Tyq fiùug msg;a jk w;r lmqjd lfmda;s kdgHfha oS

.=K;s,l mek .sh miq lreKdr;ak" fiamd,sld újdy lr .kshs'

² wjia:d ksrEmKh fndfyda ÿrg iudk h' fjkilg we;af;a ydiHh

w;sYfhdala;sfhka oelaùuhs'

² pß; ks¾udKh fndfyda ÿrg iudk h' fjkia jkafka f.df.d,af.a

kdgHfha ia;%shl jk u.=,a lmqjd fuys os mqreIhl= ùu;a" we.mahd

;syfkdõkd wfmalaId l< idmamqldrhd fjkqjg fiamd,sld rcfha

fiajlhl= wfmalaId lsÍu;a h'

^kdgH fm< wdY%s; j Wla; lreKq idOkh lsÍu i|yd ksoiqka f.k yer

olajkak'&


1' lmqjd lfmda;s - tosßùr irÉpkaø" ã'fÊ' úchr;ak" ta'mS' .=Kr;ak

2' lmqjd lfmda;s kdgH úu¾Ykh - wdpd¾h l=,;s,l l=udrisxy

3' isxy, kdgH jxYh - úfÊr;ak m;srdc

we.hSu(

1' isxy, kdgH b;sydifha ikaêia:dkhla f,i lmqjd lfmda;s kdgHh jeo.;a

jk wdldrh meyeos,s lrkak'

2' The Marriage lD;sh yd lmqjd lfmda;s kdgHh w;r mj;akd iudklï yd

wiudklï ms<sn| iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'

110








bf.kqï M, (

² uQÿ mq;a;= kdgHh ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkh lrhs'

² tys tk pß; ú.%y lrhs'

² "Yerma" lD;sh yd "uQÿ mq;a;=" kdgH fm< ii|hs'

² úfoaYSh kdgH ms<sn| j lreKq .fõIKh lrhs'

² úYaj idOdrK pß;dx. ksÍlaIKh lsÍug fm<fUhs'

l%shdldrlu ( "uQÿ mq;a;=" kdgHh ms<sn| flá úu¾Ykhla'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² uQÿ mq;a;= kdgHfha .S; we;=<;a ixhqla; ;eá

² tu kdgHfha PdhdrEm

² uQÿ mq;a;= yd fh¾ud kdgH fm<

ye|skaùu ( Y%S ,xldfõ ksIamdokh jQ m%lg úfoaYSh kdgHhl wkqj¾;khla

jk "uQÿ mq;a;=" kdgHh ms<sn| j flá úu¾Ykhla lsÍu

fuys oS isÿ flf¾'



4'4'1 uqÿ mq;a;= kdgHh ye|skaùu

² iamd[a[ cd;sl f*âßla .d¾Ishd f,da¾ld f.a Yerma kdgHfha

wkqj¾;khla f,i "uqÿ mq;a;=" kdgHh ìys jQ nj

² 1962 j¾Ifha oS .=Kfiak .,mam;a;s úiska "uQÿ mq;a;=" kdgHh ksIamdokh

flreKq nj

² úYajúoHd,hfha wOHdmkh ,nk iufha kdgH l,djg msúis .,mam;a;s

iageksia,dõials rx. Ys,amh yodrd "uqÿ mq;a;=" jeks fY%aIaG ks¾udKhla

l< nj

² isxy, kdgH b;sydifha úYsIag ks¾udK lSmhla w;r lemS fmfkk

ks¾udKhla jYfhka fuu lD;sh ye|skaúh yels nj

² cjksld ;=klska hq;a fõosld rx.hla f,i th ksIamdokh ù we;s nj

111



² j| ldka;djla f,i iudcfha .¾ydjg ,la jQ ldka;djla ish ieñhdf.ka

fkd,o Nd.Hh Tyqf.a ifydaorhdg odj orejl= ,nd .ekSu;a" wjidkfha

,o orejd ieñhd w;ska ñh hdu;a ms<sn| fÄojdplh "uQÿ mq;a;=" kdgHhg

f;aud ù we;s nj

² Ôú;h ms<sn| .eUqre wjfndaOhla ,nd fok lD;shla jYfhka "uQÿ mq;a;="

fiiq iuld,Sk kdgH w;r lemS fmkqKq nj

² m%;sNdmQ¾K lú;ajh yd kdgH l,dj ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOh fuu lD;sh

;=<ska biau;= jk nj

² "fh¾ud" kdgHh wdY%h lr f.k rpkd jqj o" wmf.a foaYSh mßirhg

ukdj .e<fmk whqßka uQÿ mq;a;= rpkd ù we;s nj

² i¾j fN!ñl w.hla we;s fuu wkqj¾;kh .=Kfiak .,mam;a;s f.a

úpdr nqoaêh yd mßK; ks¾udK fl!Y,Hh uekúka m%lg lrkakla jQ

nj iy ;;a ld,Sk fõosldfõ fm%alaIl úYajdih oskQ úYsIag lD;shla

jYfhka uqÿ mq;a;= w.h l< yels nj

² isxy, fõosldjg kj w;aoelSula jQ kdgH iïm%odhla ^fldkaia;ka;Ska

iageksia,dõials f.a rx. iïm%odh& y÷kajd foñka rÑ; fuu kdgHh

ñksid - f,dalh - Ôú;h iïnkaO O¾u;djla wdY%fhka .eUqre o¾Ykhla

u;= fldg we;s nj

² w¾: m%ldYkh i|yd wjYH jk iEu rxf.daml%uhla u .,mam;a;s ish

kdgH i|yd Ndú; fldg we;s nj

² ngysr iajdNdúl kdgH iïm%odfha;a" fmros. ffY,s.; kdgH iïm%odfha;a

,laIK ñY% fldg ìys lr .;a kj kdgH iïm%odhla "uqÿ mq;a;=" ksIamdokh

i|yd fhdod .;a nj

² kdgH rpkh fuka u ksIamdokh o b;d Wiia ;,hl msysá w;r" Ys,amSh

ksmqK;ajh" kdgHuh tald.%;dj" ixjdohkays we;s tluq;= Ndjh" ldjHuh

cSj .=Kh" ix.S;h wNskh" ixfla; Ndú;h wdoS ,laIK uQÿ mq;a;= kdgHfha

id¾:l j ksrEmKh jk nj

² "uQÿ mq;a;=" kdgHh jql,S idys;Huh jYfhka fuka u kdgHuh jYfhka

o fnfyúka id¾:l jq ks¾udKhla nj

4'4'2 "uQÿ mq;a;=" kdgHfha jia;= îch ieflúka olajkak'

² ird orejl= ,nd .ekSfï wiSñ; wdYdfjka fmf<k ldka;djls' újdy

ù i;a wjqreoaola blau .sh o wehg orefjla fkd,efí' j| ia;%shla f,i

.¾ydjg ,la ùu ksid weh oeä udkisl mSvdjlg m;a fjhs' iajlSh

kekaoïud f.a fuka u wjg iudcfha o wekqïmoj,g ird b,lalhla

fõ' fuhska oeä fõokdjg m;a jk weh ish n,dfmdfrd;a;= bIag lr

.ekSfï wosgkska miq fõ'

orejl= ,nd .ekSug ndr ydr ùug l;r.u hdug ird iqodkï jk kuq;a

f;a.sßia tu b,a,su m%;slafIam lrhs' lsishï wúksYaÑ; njlska fmf<k

Tyq f.a fï oeä nj ird ;=< lsishï úm¾hdihla we;s lsÍug fya;= fjhs'

112



ird újdy lr .ekSug f;a.sßia Ndú; lf<a ish u,Kqjka jk osfhdaksia

f.a ckau m;%hg iudk ckau m;%hls' fï y|yka jxpdj ms<sn| j bfida

u.ska ird oek .kshs' th irdf.a is; ;j ;j;a jHdl+, ùug fya;= fjhs'

ird f.a fõokdj olsk osfhdaksia wehg wkqlïmd lrhs' l;r.u oS ird

yd osfhdaksia w;r we;s jk iïnkaOfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka irdg orejl=

,efí' iudcfhka t,a, jk iroï ksid úhre jQ f;a.sßia w;ska orejd

urKhg m;a fõ' ird" f;a.sßia" osfhdaksia" orejd hk fï ish,a, uyd

jHikhlg m;ajk fÄodka;hlska uQÿ mq;a;= iudma; fjhs'

4'4'3 Wla; jia;= îch úldYkh fldg mßiudma; kdgHhla njg m;a lsÍfï oS kdgH

lrejd olajd we;s m%Yia; nj my; lreKq o mokï lr .ksñka idlÉPd lrkak'

² ñksia i;Hh èjks; lsÍug yels jk whqßka kdgHlrejd ird" f;a.sßia

yd osfhdaksia f.a l%shd oduhka Wmfhda.S lr f.k we;s nj

² Wla; pß; fufyh jQ fÉ;kd yd ndysr n,fõ. losug ú.%y fldg we;s

nj

² kdgH úldYfha os id¾:l j isoaê .<md we;s nj

² iudch ;=< isÿ úh yelshhs is;k mqj;la mßl,amkh fufyhjd

úYajikSh;ajh /flk mßos bosßm;a fldg we;s nj

² kdgHfha Wiia nj;a" id¾:l nj;a /lS we;af;a Tyqf.a fuu i¾j idOdrK

oDIaáh u; nj

² pß; yeisrùfï oS wNHka;r yd ndysr n,fõ. ;¾ldkql+, j tlsfkl

.<mñka kdgHfha tald.%;dj /lf.k we;s nj

² tu ksid uq¿ kdgHh mqrd u kdgHlrejd wfmalaId l< oDIaáh olakg

,efnk nj

² uQÿ mq;a;= úYaj kdgH yd ;=,kh l< yels fY%aIaG idys;H lD;shla fuka

u kdgH ks¾udKhla jkqfha o Wla; fya;+ka yd isoaê .e<mSfïoS;a pß;

ksrEmKh lsÍfïoS;a olajd we;s fuu m%Yia; Ndjh nj

² ird újdyl ieñhd isáh oS osfhdaksia f.ka orejl= ,nd .kafka ldhsl

wjYH;d ksid fkdj udkisl wjYH;dj ksid jk w;r wehf.a yeisÍï

;=<ska th ikd: flfrk nj iy weh osfhdaksia wu;d .eyekshlg

orejl= ms<sn| j we;s wfmalaIdj .ek lshk úg fm%alaIlhd f.a isf;ys

o wkqlïmdjla Wmosk nj

² ird f.a l%shdj idOdrKSlrKh lsÍu i|yd y|yka jxpdj j| nj ms<sn|

j iudch olajk wdl,amh úiska weh fufyhjkq ,nk wdldrh olajd

we;s w;r ia;%S Ñka;kh ukd f,i úÉfþokh lsÍula fuys olakg

,efnk nj

113



² ird ore iqr;,a ne,Sug olajk wdYdj .dhkd u.ska Ñ;a; rEm ujk mßos

bosßm;a fldg we;s nj

^"i;r uy id.rh m;=f,ka -

jreK foõ rc ÿkakq" mq;=fka ' ' ' "

"ì<s÷ f;d,l lsß iqj| Wrkakhs

<ueo fo;k mqvq Wvg yefrkafka ' ' '"&

² iudc yrj,g tfrys j hd fkdyS isák ird" y|yka mg,eú,a, ksid

úlaIsma; Ndjhg m;a ùu;a" l;r.u oS isÿjk iajdNdúl n,fõ.hkag

f.dÿre ùu;a ksid fuu wjia:djg fmd<Ujk wdldrh uekúka olajd

we;s nj

² kdgHh fÄojdplhlska fl<jr jk w;r "tmd mq;=fka uQÿ hkakg"

.S;h iuÕ ñh .sh orejd fj; f.dia ird y~k yeéug fm%alaIlhd o

tl;= lr .kakd nj

4'4'4 fh¾ud iy uQÿ mq;a;=

² fh¾ud" f.dúìï ysñ mßirhl hqjka iu. újdy ù ksoyfia fojirla

.; l< o ore iïm;a fkd,o neúka wfmalaId Nx.;ajhg m;a ldka;djla

jk w;r uqÿ mq;a;= kdgHfha ird ëjr mßirhl fjfik iudc yrhka

úiska iy iyc ore fmu úiska fufyhjkq ,nk ldka;djla fõ'

² f,d¾ld f.a kdgHfha f.dúfmd< wiajekafkka m%S;sjk hqjka fh¾udg

orejl= ,nd fkdfokafka ys;d u;d u fyhska weh md,kh lr .;

fkdyels wdldrfha udkisl úhrejlg m;a jk w;r j| Ndjh ksid

iudc iuÉp,hg ,lajk ird f.a is;=ï me;=ï f;a.sßia úiska fkdi,ld

yeÍu ksid flfia fyda wNs,dIh bIag lr .ekSfï oeä udkisl;ajhla

ms<sìUq lrk nj

² id.rh;a" Ôú;h;a iïnkaO lrñka uQÿ mq;a;= kdgHfha u;= lrk oDIaáh"

fn!oaO o¾Ykhg kdgH f;audj iñm lrùfï mrud¾:h we;s j fh¾ud

kdgHfhka Tíng .sh rihla cks; lrk nj iy f;aud .S;fhka tu

kdgH oDIaáh m%lg flfrk nj

² fh¾ud kdgHfha hqjka orejl=g wdYd fkdl< o f;a.sßia orejl=g wdYd

lrk nj" yskaksydñ ore iïm;a ,o mqj; wik iS,skd l;r.u hdug

ird fmd<Ujk nj yd l;r.u oS osfhdaksia ksid irdg ore iïm;a

,efnk nj

² fh¾ud kdgHfha wdfõ.fhka úhre jk fh¾ud hqjka f.a f., ñßld

urd oeófuka kdgHh fl<jr jk w;r" uQÿ mq;a;= kdgHfha oS wiSñ;

>Ügk ueo ird ,nd .kakd orejd f;a.sßia w;ska urKhg m;a jk nj

114



² fh¾ud ys i|yka uQ,sl f;audj foaYSh iudc mßirhg .e<fmk wdldrfhka

foaYSh ck ú[a[dKh yd .<mñka o .efgñka o .,d f.dia wjidkfha

fÄockl wjidkhlg <x lrk ukqIH;ajh úksúo olsk kdgHhla

f,i fuu kdgHh ikd;k w.hlska hqla; jk nj


1' isxy, kdgH jxYh - úfÊr;ak m;srdc

2' uQÿ mq;a;= - kdgH fm<

3' fh¾ud - tosßùr irÉpkaø" iqks,a wdßhr;ak mßj¾;kh

4' tosßùr irÉpkaø kdgH hq.h - 2 Nd.h - 1947-1997 - r;akmd, o is,ajd

we.hSu(

1' uQÿ mq;a;= kdgHfha jia;= îch ieflúka olajd" th mßiudma; kdgHhla njg

m;a lsÍfï oS kdgH lrejd olajd we;s m%Yia; nj meyeos,s lrkak'

2' fuys tk irdf.a pß;h iuÕ Tn fldf;la ÿrg tlÕ jkafka o@ uQÿ mq;a;=

kdgHh wjidkfha isÿ jk fÄojdplhg ird j. lsj hq;= o@ Tfí woyia

ksoiqka iys; j olajkak'

115








bf.kqï M, (

² yqKqjgfha l;dj ms<sn| j woyia m%ldY lrhs'

² yqKqjgfha l;dfõ pß; ks¾udKh ms<sn| j ú.%yhl fhfohs'

² uqLHd¾: idOkhg wod< jk mßos l;dj úldYh fldg we;s wdldrh wOHhkh

lrhs'

² iudch ms<sn| j kdgH lrejdf.a oDIaáh iajlSh w;aoelSula lr .kshs'

² iudc ixlS¾K;ajh .eUqßka wOHhkh lsÍug fm<fUhs'

l%shdldrlu ( "yqKqjgfha l;dj" kdgHh ms<sn| flá úu¾Ykhla lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgH fm<

² úpdr .%ka:

² n¾fgda,a fn%IaÜ yd fykaß chfiak f.a PdhdrEm

² yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgHfha ixhqla; ;eáhla

² o¾Yk we;=<;a PdhdrEm

ye|skaùu ( Y%S ,xldfõ ksIamdokh jQ iqm%lg úfoaYSh kdgHhla jk

"yqKqjgfha l;dj" mßj¾;k kdgHh ms<sn| j flá

úu¾Ykhla lsÍu fuu mdvñka wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( .%ka: mßYS,kh" kdgHh keröu yd idlÉPd lsÍu


Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH l,dfõ j¾Okh i|yd bjy,a jQ kdgH w;r "yqKqjgfha

l;dj" kdgHhg ysñ jkafka b;d jeo.;a ;ekla nj meyeos,s lrñka my;

i|yka lafIa;%hka hgf;a "yqKqjgfha l;dj" kdgHh ms<sn| ú.%yhla lrkak'

4'4'1 yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgHh ye|skaùu

² yqKqjgfha l;dj - fykaß chfiak kue;s kdgH lrejd úiska ksIamdokh

lrk ,oaola nj

² c¾uka cd;sl n¾fgda,a fn%IaÜ f.a The Cokesian Chalk Circle lD;sfha

mßj¾;khla f,i fuu kdgHh ksIamdokh jq nj

116



² yqKqjgh jpkfhka jpkh f.k l< mßj¾;khla fyda meyeos,s

wkqj¾;khla fyda fkdjk mßj¾;lhl= f.a iSudj blaujd isxy,

fõosldjg WÑ; mßos ilia lr.kakd ,o" rplhd úiska u mjik mßos

"mßj¾;khla fia ie,lSu jvd;a WÑ;" lD;shla nj

² yqKqjgfha l;dj m%:u jrg rÕ oelajQfha 1967 j¾Ifha oS nj

² isxy, kdgH b;sydifha fnfyúka u id¾:l jQ;a" ckm%sh jQ;a kdgHhla

jYfhka yqKqjgfha l;dj ye|skaúh yels nj

² fidaúhÜ fldñhqk foll ckhd hqoaOfhka jekiqK .ul oS uqK .eiS

tla;rd ñáhdj;l whs;sh ms<sn| j l< idlÉPdfõ oS t¿jka we;s

krkakkag fkdj" m<;=re jjkakkag ksïkfha whs;sh ;SrKh jq nj iy

Ñk Wmud l;djl tk yqKqjgh ms<sn| l;dj tys oS isysm;a lrk w;r"

lsisjl whs;sh we;af;a tys M,h kshudldrfhka ,nk whg ñi Wÿrd

.kakjqkag fkdjk nj mjid tu l;dj kdgHdkqidrfhka fmkaúh hq;=

hhs m%ldY lsÍu u.ska fuu kdgHhg wjYH miqìu ilia lr we;s nj

² Ökfha mqrdfKdala;sj, fuka u" Wïu.a. cd;lfha ore m%Yakfha o" nhsn,fha

fid,uka f.a úi÷ïj, o fuu l;dj olakg ,efnk w;r" yqKqjgfha

l;dfõ oS thg kj w¾:l:khla oS we;s nj

² kdgHO¾ó yd f,dal O¾ó hk ffY,Ska foflys u ,laIK fuu kdgHfha

olakg ,efnk nj

4'4'2 yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgHfha úldYkh

² mQ¾úldj w;S;djf,dalkhl iajrEmh .kakd nj

² jvd idOdrK iudc l%uhla Wfoid merKs mdrïmßl iudch yd ;reK

kj u;OdÍ iudch tlaúh hq;= nj iy tla jk nj mQ¾úldfjka úia;r

fldg we;s nj

² hqoaOh" hqoaOh ksid we;s jq ydksh" hqoaOfhka W.; hq;= mdvï yd h<s f.dv

ke.Su i|yd l< hq;af;a l=ula o hkak idlÉPd lrñka kdgHfha jeo.;alu

;yjqre lsÍug mQ¾úldj fya;= jk nj

² fldgia follska yd wxl mylska hqla; j yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgH úldYh

jk nj

² I fldgfia I wxlfha oS" liafnla" kgd,shd" hqjrc" .DDId" ihsuka iIdjd"

ffjoHjreka fofokd hk pß; bosßm;a fldg we;s w;r" mQcdjg hk

fcda¾ð wnIaú,a,s hqjrcqg bosßm;a jk ld,Sk iudc m%Yak" ck;djg

Tgqkak ysñ l=udrhd ÿgq úg m%Yak wu;l ùu" ffjoHjreka f.a ld¾hNdrh"

hqoaOh .ek Wlg,S jk hqjrcq ks¾udKYs,amSka ,jd kj f.dvke.s,a,la

;ekSug l%shd lsÍu" ler,s lrejka hqjrc hoñka ne| msgqjy,a lsÍu" orejd

.ek fkd;lñka" wdNrK ms<sn| j Wkkaÿ jk kgd,shd îij orejd oud

m,d hdu" ihsuka iIdjd iy .DDId w;r we;s jk .súiqu" .DDId orejd

/f.k wdrlaIl ia:dkhla fidhd m,dhdu hk lreKq tu fldgiska

bosßm;a jk nj

117



² I fldgfia II wxlfha oS .DDId orejd /f.k l÷lrhg m,dhdu" lsß ,nd

.ekSug .kakd W;aidyh" orejd f.ms,l ;nd hk w;r .DDIdg

fid,aodÿjka yuq ùu iy kej; orejd fj; osj tk .DDId fid,aodÿjl=g

fmd¨ myrla oS Ôú;h mrÿg ;nd je,a md,fuka tf;r ù l÷lrhg

m,dhdu hk lreKq úia;r jk nj iy .egqu W.%jk wjia:djla f,i

fuu wjia:dj oelaúh yels nj

² I fldgfia III wxlfha oS .DDId ish fidfydhqre ,õfrka;s fidhd hdu"

weh f.oßka msg lsßug udk n,k Tyq fhdackd lrk mßos .DDId urK

uxplfha isák ñksil= yd újdy ùu" tfy;a újdyfhka miq j Tyq

ksfrda.S ùu ksid wfmalaId fkdl< ;;a;ajhlg uqyqK mdk .DDId fros

fidaoñka isáh oS wehg ihsuka iIdjd uqK .eiSu" fyajdhka meñK

uhsl,a l=urd legqj hoaoS .DDId ta miqmi osj hdu hk lreKq úia;r jk

nj iy fuu fldgfia oS fõ.j;a fjkiaùï /ila isÿ jk nj

² II fldgfia I wxlfha oS wivla y÷kajd oSu" wdosmdojrhd ksoyia lsÍfï

jrog o~qjï b,a,d wivla wêlrKh fj; hdu" wivla úksYaph lrejd

jYfhka m;a ùu" wivla úiska úi|kq ,nk kvq" kgd,shd yd Iõjd

meñK orejd ms<sn| kvqj wivlag oekqï oSu hk lreKq bosßm;a jk nj

² II fldgfia II wxlfha oS m%Odk pß; w;r we;s jk ish¨ u .egqï fl<jr

ù ish,a, iqnodhl f,i ksrdlrKh jk w;r" wivla o we;=¿ j iEu

pß;hla u fuu fldgfia oS oreKq wkaoñka úpdrhg ,la jk nj" .DDId

yd kgd,shd kvqjg iqodkï jk wdldrh" wivla rc wKska úksiqre

OQrfhys iaÒr ùu iy orejd ms<sn| kvq úNd.h fuu fldgfia úia;r

jk nj

² fmdf;a .=re úiska .hk "fohla fõ kï hï - iqÿiqidg u whs;s úh hq;="

hk m%ldYfhka yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgHfha f;audj fyj;a iuia:d¾:h

u iïmsKavkh fldg olajñka kdgHfha wjidkh igyka lrk nj

4'4'3 kdgHfha NdId Ndú;fha olakg ,efnk úfYaI;d

² tlsfklg fjkia iudc n,fõ. lSmhla yeisrùfï oS NdIdj fhdod

f.k we;s wdldrh b;d úYsIag nj

² pß; ú.%y lsÍug iy biau;= lsÍug iu;a jk wdldrfhka ni yiqrejd

we;s nj

² ydiHh" Wmydih" èjks;d¾:" jHx.Hd¾: u;= jk mßos ni fhdod f.k

we;s nj

² Wmud weiqre fldg f.k isoaê bosßm;a lsßu ^Widúh& pß;j,g wkqj

NdIdj yeisrùu fjoeÿre f.a .dïNSr Ndjh" fmïj;=ka f.a fnd<| wdorKSh

nj" .DDId" kgd,shd" wksflda" kekaoksh wdoS ia;%S pß;j, úúO nj" yuqod

ks,Odßhd f.a NdId ú,dih wdosh& wjia:d ksrEmKh i|yd NdIdj uekúka

fhdod .ekSu wdosh ksoiqka u.ska olajkak'

4'4'4 yqKajgfha l;dfõ pß; ksrEmKh

118



² ksYaÑ; msßñ pß; 29 la" ksYaÑ; .eyeKq pß; 8 la iy ksYaÑ; fkdjk

pß; o we;=¿ j fuys tk pß; ixLHdj 50 lg wdikak nj

fïjd w;ßka m%Odk pß; lSmh jvd;a oS¾> jYfhka úldYh jk nj

² fmdf;a .=re f.a pß;h my; oelafjk lreKq o Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka

ksoiqka iys; j úia;r lrkak'

² fmdf;a .=re kdgHfha wdrïNh yd wjika lsÍu o isÿ lr we;s nj

² pß; yªkajd oSu yd isoaê y÷kajd oSu o fmdf;a .=re úiska bgq lrkq ,en

we;s nj

² fõosldfõ rÕ oelaúh fkdyels wjia:d fm%alaIlhdg bosßm;a lrkq

,nkafka fmdf;a .=re úiska nj

² bosßfha isÿ ùug kshñ; oE iïmsKavkh fldg bosßm;a lsÍu Tyq w;ska

isÿ j we;s nj

² l;d úkHdih .e<mSfï oS tlsfkl w;r iïnkaO;dj /l .ekSu isÿ lr

we;af;a fmdf;a .=re u.ska nj

² we;eï wjia:dj, pß; úldYh i|yd Tyq fõosldfõ rÕk pß; iu.

ixjdofha fhfok nj

² prs; wNHka;rh ms<sn| j fy<s lsrSu o l;d mqj;g wod< úúO o¾Yk yd

miq;, fõosldj u; jpk u.ska ujd fmkaùu o fmdf;a .=re úiska bgq

lr we;s nj

² pß; yd fm%alaIlhd tla lrk fid÷re w;rueoshd f,i o" m%Yak yd

.eg¨j, oS od¾Ykslhl= f,i o" ixfla;dkqidÍ l,d;aul bosßm;a lrkakl=

f,i o iqúfYaI ld¾hNdrhla fmdf;a .=re w;ska bgqjk nj

² kgd,shd f.a pß;h my; i|yka lreKq o Wmfhda.S lr f.k ksoiqka iys; j

úia;r lrkak'

² yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgHfha m%Odk pß;hla jQ kgd,shd fm%alaIlhd yuqjg

meñfKkafka wjia:d ;=kl oS muKla nj

² Okm;s mka;sh yd Tjqka f.a jHdc p¾hd O¾u kgd,shd flfrka biau;=

jk nj

² hqjrcqf.a ìß| jk weh iajlSh iqj myiqj ms<sn| j is;k" hqoaOh ,>q

fldg is;k fN!;sl iïm;aj,g oeä j wdYd lrk ;eke;a;shl nj

² wyxldr mrjY jQ;a" wd;aud¾:ldó jQ;a" wrefudaiï w.h lrkakd jQ;a"

;eke;a;shl jYfhka kgd,shd f.a pß;h úldYh jk nj

² weh uhsl,a l=ure ,nd .ekSug ;e;a lrkafka ore fifkyi ksid fkdj

ke;s ù .sh whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSfï l+g Wml%uhla jYfhka nj

² wyxldr nfõ wka;hg u .sh" wldreKsl" .¾jh yd B¾IHdj úiska

fufyhjkq ,nk" fmdÿ ck;dj .ek ;=Ügqjlgj;a udhsï fkdlrk

OkjdoS udkisl;ajh kgd,shd f.a pß;h flfrka úoHudk jk nj

119



² .DDId f.a pß;h my; i|yka lreKq o Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ksoiqka iys; j

úia;r lrkak'

² .DDId jQl,S wjxl;ajh yd wysxil;ajh msß pß;hla nj

² oÕldr" fl<sf,d,a ieye,a¨ ;reKshla jYfhka weh uq, oS bosßm;a jk

w;r" uqyqK fok úúO ye, yemamSï wkqj wef.a pß;h ixlS¾K;ajh lrd

fhduq jk nj

² ihsuka iIdjd yd we;s lr .;a wdorh" .súiqu yd ne|Su;a" orejd wdrlaId

lr .ekSu;a hk ne|Sï w;r YdId f.a pß;h foda,kh jk nj

² ore fifkyi yd fidfydhqrd f.a iudc ;;a;ajh wdrlaId lsÍfï

wjYH;dj úiska weh .súiqu lvd fjk;a újdyhlg fmd<Ujkq ,nk

nj

² .DDId wNHka;r >Ügkj,g o" fiiq pß; yd .eàug o i,iajñka

wkqkaf.a orejl= ;uka f.a lr f.k wmuK ÿla ú|sk" ore fifkyi

fjkqfjka ;ud i;= ish¨ jákdlï lem lrkq ,nk pß;hla njg

.DDId m;alr we;s nj

² .eñlu iuÕ tla jQ ks¾jHdc;ajh" f,ka.;= nj" mrd¾:ldñ;ajh"

ohdkqlïmdj .DDId f.a pß;h ;=<ska bia u;= jk nj

² wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK oSug we;s wm%;sy; ffO¾hh yd tä;r nj o" wd;au

Yla;sh o" wd;au úYajdih o" wd;au wNsudkh o msßmqka l¾lY iudcfha

weoysh fkdyels W;a;Í;r ,laIKfhka msß pß;hla f,i kdgHfha weh

f.a pß;h úldYh jk nj

² uq¿ f,dj u f,hska l÷,ska keyejqKq" ìysiqKq wjêhl l,d;=rlska yuq

jk ldreKsl yoj;la ysñ W;a;udjl f,i YDDId y÷kajd oS we;s nj

² wivla f.a pß;h my; i|yka lreKq o Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ksoiqka iys; j

úia;r lrkak'

² kdgHfha fojk fldgfia flakaø.; pß;h jk wivla fnfyúka u

ixlS¾K pß;hla nj

² úfgl fydfrla" ;laläfhla" fínoafola" jxpdldrfhla jk Tyq ;j;a

úfgl ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{dfjka hq;a" ukd nqoaêu;a" ld¾hY+r" ukqIH;ajhg

wdorh lrk mqoa.,hl= jYfhka ks¾udKh fldg we;s nj

² ñksia yeÕSï ms<sn| mßK; nqoaêh iy ukqIH;ajh ms<sn| idkqlïmsl

oDIaáh wivla f.a pß;h ;=< .eí ù we;s nj

² Okm;s mka;shg ffjr lrk" ks¾Ok mka;shg fm%au lrk" kS;sh /lSug

kS;sh lvk" ixlS¾K pß;hla f,i wivla ye|skaúh yels nj

² hqla;sh yd idOdrKh bIag ùu ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍug l;=jrhd wivla

f.a pß;h fhdod f.k we;s nj

² iaÒr mokula ke;s" /já,s nia lshk" is;k foag jvd fjkia j l%shd

120



lrk" uqLß" kS;sh fkdokakd" jdis me;a;g kS;sh f.k hk" w,a,fiys

jákdlug kS;sh yiqrejk" jrfoa iajNdjh fkdj pQos;hd f.a iajNdjh

i,lk" tksid u wjidk ;SrKh .ek fm%alaIlhd ;=< wúksYaÑ;Ndjhla

we;s lrk pß;hla wivla ;=<ska .uHudk jk nj

² ;¾lk Yla;sh" fflrdál lu" olaI;djh" {dkjka;lu" leá l<

.=ma; pß;hla f,i wivla ye|skaúh yels nj

² whqla;sh" widOdrKh ÿgq ;ek msgq oelSug;a" ld,Sk iudc ixia:djkays

mej;s jxpksl nj yd l=yl;ajh mßNjhg ,la lsÍug;a l;=jrhd wivla

f.a pß;h fhdod f.k we;s nj

² óg wu;r j" mq;dg wdorhla ke;s" odhdohg f,d,a l< .DDId f.a kekaoksh

iudcfha l=ßre iajNdjh m%;HlaI lr .;a whl= jk mQclhd" wd;aud¾:ldó

mqoa.,hl= jQ ,õfrka;s uq¿ rg mqrd mej;s iudc widOdrKh ms<sìUq lrk

fldam%,a ñksiqka f.a l¾lY iajNdjh fmkakqï flfrk f.dú f.or uy,a,d

wdoS pß; ms<sn|j o ieflúka isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

² fï ish¨ ye, yemamSï w;r ihsuka iIdjd yd .DDId w;r we;s wjxl" wysxil

wdorh m%ldY jk wdldrh ms<sn| j ksoiqka iys; j ú.%yhl fhfokak'


1' yqKqjgfha l;dj úpdrh iy ú.%yh - frda,kaâ wfímd, - 1993'

2' isxy, kdgH l,dj iy yqKqjgfha l;dj - kkaofiak iQßhwdrÉÑ'

3' yqKqjgfha l;dj - wdo¾Y m%Yafkda;a;r - nkaÿfiak .=Kfialr - 1981'

4' tosßùr irÉpkaø kdgH hq.h - 1947-1997 - fojk Nd.h - r;akmd, o is,ajd

- 1997'

we.hSu(

1' yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgHh úldih ù we;s whqre úia;r lrkak'

2' .DDId f.a fyda wivla f.a pß;h ms<sn| ;=,kd;aul ú.%yhla lrkak'

121





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'5 ( fmros. yd wmros. kdgH l,dj ms<sn| wjfndaOh m%lg lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² osfhdkSiia foúhka fjkqfjka mj;ajk mqo mQcd weiqßka .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ

m%Njh isÿ jQ nj m%ldY lrhs'

² ä;s/ïnh ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkh lrhs'

² rEmKh ms<sn| uq,a u woyi f;iamSia weiqßka ìys jQ nj ms<s.kshs'

² .%Sl kdgH l,dj ms<sn| lreKq fiùug fm<fò'

² fjk;a kdgH l,djkaf.a m%Njh i|yd wd.ñl mqo mQcd bjy,a jQ wdldrh .ek

.fõIKh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu ( .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh yd úldYh ms<sn| ;;= úuiuq'

ye|skaùu ( .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ wdrïNh yd úldYh ms<sn| lreKq

.fõIKh lsÍula fuu mdvfuka woyia flf¾'



² iEu YsIagdpdrhl u mdfya kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh i|yd ck weoys,s yd

úYajdi uq,ajk nj

² .%Sl kdgH l,dj ìysjkafka o iY%Sl;ajhg uOHidrhg yd idm,H;djhg

wêm;s osfhdkSiia foúhd fjkqfjka meje;a jQ mqo mQcd uq,a lrf.k nj

² ños m,odj fk<k ld,hg osfhdkSiia foúhka Wfoid W;aij mje;afjk

nj yd th kegqï .ehqïj,ska iukaú; l%shdj,shla nj

² osfhdkSiia foúhka yg Wmydr msKsi bosßm;a l< ä;s/ïn hkqfjka

y÷kajk .dhkd fï i|yd uq,a jQ nj

50 fofkl=f.ka muK iukaú; jDkaohla u.ska osfhdkSiia fofjd,

bosßmsg fuu .dhkd bosßm;a l< nj

² fuu ä;s/ïn úfYaIh m%:u jrg l,d;aul jákdlula iys; .dhkd

l%uhla njg wßfhdka lúhd úiska m;a lrk ,o nj yd Tyq ksid .dhk

jDkaoh ;=< jDkao .dhk kdhlhd iy .dhlhka w;r ixjdohla we;s jQ

nj

² .dhlhska 50 la igQrhka f,i we|f.k ä;s/ïn .dhkh bosßm;a lsÍu;a

tys kdhlhd msßfika fjka ù msßfika m%Yak weiSu;a túg Tjqka kdhlhdg

ms<s;=re oSu;a" fï u.ska kdgHfha ixjdoh wdrïN ùu;a isÿ ù we;s nj

122



² ä;s/ïn .dhkh fujeks iajrEmhl mj;soaoS f;iamSia jDkao .dhkh

i|yd iïnkaO jk nj iy kdgHuh ixjdoh ta jk úg ilia ù ;snqK

w;r f;iamSia tys oS úúO pß; ;kshu rÕmd fmkaùug fhduq ùfuka

kdgHuh l%shdj,sh wdrïN jk nj

² fï wkqj f,dalhg rEmKh uq,a jrg y÷kajd ÿka mqoa.,hd f;iamSia jk

neúka j¾;udkfha k¿jka ye|skaùu i|yd f;iamshdkqjka hkqfjka

m¾hdh mohla Ndú; lrk nj

we.hSu(

1' ä;s/ïnh hkq l=ulaoe hs flá ye|skaùula lrkak'

2' .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh ms<sn| j flá meyeos,s lsÍula lrkak'

123





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'5 ( .%Sl kdgH ms<sn| úuihs'


bf.kqï M, (

² .%Sl fYdal ckl kdgHhl ^g%ecähl& ,laIK m%ldY lrhs'

² .%Sl iqLckl kdgHhl ^flduä& úfYaI;d y÷kd .kshs'

² .%Sl ieg¾ kdgHhl úfYaI ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lrhs'

² .%Sl kdgH m%fNao ms<sn| lreKq .fõIKh lsßug fm<fUhs'

² ;ud okakd úúO kdgH Wla; m%fNao yd iei|Sug leue;a; m< lrhs'

l%shdldrlu ( .%Sl kdgH j¾.$ m%fNao y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² Wla; m%fNaoj,g wh;a kdgH lD;s

² tu kdgHj, o¾Yk we;=<;a ixhqla; ;eá

ye|skaùu ( .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ olakg ,efnk m%fNao;%h ms<sn| j

fláfhka y÷kajd oSula fuu mdvfï oS wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( .%ka: mßYS,kh iy idlÉPd l%uh


² f;iamSiaf.ka wdrïN jQ .%Sl kdgH iïm%odh ;=< kdgH m%fNao lsysmhla

u we;s jQ nj

th fYdalckl ^Tragedy& iqLdka; ^Comedy& ieg¾ ^Satyer& jYfhka

ye|skajQ nj

² fYdaldka; fyj;a fÄockl hkqfjka ye|skafjk g%ecäh .%sl kdgH

l,dfõ uqLH;u kdgH m%fNaoh f,i ie,fla'

g%ecäh l:dkdhlhdf.a ffofjdam.; brKu fyda w;ajrola fya;=fldg

f.k ÿ¾Nd.H iïmkak wjidkhlg uqyqK fok ùrhl=f.a ðú;h w<,d

rpkdjk kdgH úfYaIhla nj" kdgH mqrd me;sr mj;akd îh yd fYdalh

hk Ndj uq,a lrf.k fm%alaIlhd ;=< Ndj úfYdaOkhla isÿ jk nj

² fldafudia kñka y÷kajkq ,nk fjia uqyqKq me<| lrk kegqï uq,a

lrf.k ìys jQ kdgH úfYaIhls flduä kdgH' fuh osfhdakSiiaa foúhka

Wfoid meje;a jQ .%duH W;aijhl oS fhdod .;a ,sx. mQcd .S;fhka Wm;

,o nj úYajdi flf¾' fldafudia kñka .%Sljreka w;r m%p,s; fuu

W;aij yd iïnkaO fmryerj,g .S;h" k¾;kh" fjk;a fkdoeuqKq

wkqlrKd;aul wx.hkaf.ka iukaú; jQjla úh' flduäj,g tu kduh

124



,enqfKa fldafudia kñka y÷kajkq ,nk fjia uqyqKq me<| lrk

k¾;khlska wdrïN ùu fya;=fjks'

² ieg¾ hkq ydiHckl kdgH úfYaIhls' .%Sl mqrd l:dj, tk w¾Okr"

w¾O i;a;aj iajrEmhla .;a igqrhka iïnkaO l:d fï i|yd mokï úh'

ä;s/ïn osfhdaksiia mqo mQcdj,g wka;¾.%yKh lsÍfuka miq tu .dhkd

jDkao igqrhka f,i fjia j,d f.k fofjd, jgd .uka lrñka k¾;kfha

fhoS we;' fujeks .dhk jDkao wdY%fhka ieg¾ kdgH ìys ù we;' ieg¾

kdgHhla bosßm;a lrk ,oafoa .%Sl kdfgHda;aijhl Ü/cä ;=kla

wjidkfha fm%alaIlhdg yqÿ úfkdaodiajdohla ,nd oSu i|yd h'

we.hSu(

1' .%Sl kdgH m%fNao fláfhka y÷kajkak'

2' .%Sl g%ecähl yd flduähl úfYaI ,laIK fudkjdoe hs úia;r lrkak'

125





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'5'2 ( .%Sl kdgH ms<sn| úuihs'


bf.kqï M, (

² .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ úldYh ms<sn| j lreKq wOHhkh lrhs'

² iqm%lg .%Sl kdgHlrejka y÷kd .kshs'

² Tjqka f.a lD;s mss<sn| j woyia m%ldY lrhs'

² .%Sl kdgHlrejka ;=< mej;s úfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .kshs'

² .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ id¾:l ks¾udK w.h lrhs'

l%shdldrlu ( .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ úldYh yd .%Sl kdgHlrejka ms<sn| j

wOHhkh lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² .%Sl kdgHlrejka úiska rÑ; lD;s

² .%Sl kdgHlrejka ms<sn| j ,shejqKq lD;s

ye|skaùu ( .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ úldYh ms<sn| j iy iqm%lg .%Sl kdgH

lrejka yd Tjqka f.a ks¾udK ms<sn| j lreKq wOHhkh

lsÍu fuu mdvñka wfmalaId flf¾'



.%Sl .dhk jDkao lKavdhul kdhlhdj isá f;iamSia keue;a;d osfhdakSiia

foúhkaf.a Ôú;h w<,d rÑ; úúO l;d mqj;a ish .dhk jDkaoh o

iydh fldg f.k ixjdoh yd iudfrdamh Ndú;fhka tal mqoa., j

rÕmd fmkaùu u.ska .%Sl kdgHfha wdrïNh isÿ úh'

wk;=re j f;iamSia wkqj hñka ;j;a .dhk jDkao kdhlhka kdgH

rpkfha o rx.kfha o fhÿk y' Tjqka w;r *arEksfLdia" fLdhsßf,dia

m%ákia wdoS f;iamSia f.ka miq j ìys jQ kdgHlrefjda lsysm fofkla

fj;s' tfy;a wo jk úg Tjqkaf.a lD;s mQ¾K jYfhka oel .;

fkdyels h'

Tjqkaf.ka miq j .%Sish ;=< ìys jQ m%:u úYsIag .Kfha kdgHlre jkafka

Bials,ia h' ^l%s'mQ' 525-456& kdgH ;r.j, oS 13 jdrhla u m%:u ia:dkh

oskd .;a Bials,ia ðj;a j isá ld,h ;=< kdgH lD;s 70 la muK rpkd

fldg we;'

126



bka wojk úg fYaI j we;af;a

(1) Suppliantas, (2) Persians, (3) The seven againat - Thebes, (4) The

Prometheus Bound.

Agamemnon

Choephoroe Oresteia Trilogy

Eumenides

osfhdakSiia mQcd úêhla f,i werUqKq .%Sl Ü/cä kdgHh Bials,ia

kdgHlrKhg meñfKk úg fnfyúka m%d:ñl ;;a;ajhl mej;sfha h'

Tyq th wdlD;sh yd wka;¾.;h w;ska j¾OkSh ;;a;ajhla njg m;a

lf<a h' tla k¿fjl=g iSud ù ;snQ g%ecähg fojk k¿fjl= o tl;=

lf<a h'

fidf*dla,Sia ^l%s'j' 496-406& .%Sl kdgH hq.fha muKla fkdj úYaj

kdgH idys;Hfha o lemS fmfkk w.%.KH kdgHlrejl= jYfhka

f,dj ms<s .eksKs' kdgH lD;s 123 la muK rpkd fldg we;s Tyq 18

j;djla muK kdgH ;rÕj, oS ch.%yKh ,nd we;' wo jk úg Tyqf.a

kdgH lD;sj,ska b;sß j we;af;a g%ecä 07 la yd ieg¾ kdgHhla muKs'

1. Ajax 5. Electra

2. Oedipus the king 6. Philoctetes

3. Antigone 7. W omen of Thrace

4. Oedipus at Colonus 8. Trackers - ieg¾ kdgH

fidf*dla,sia .%Sl kdgH iïm%odh j¾Okh lsßu i|yd úúO wxYj,ska

odhl jQfha h' ;=ka jk k¿fjl= y÷kajd ÿkafka h' kdgHuh l%shdj

ixlS¾K njg m;a lsßu" .dhk jDkaoh 15 olajd jeä lsÍu lf<a o Tyq h'

jia;= úIhfha fjkialï muKla fkdj ialSkh bosßfha Ñ;% jia;%h

t,a,ñka kdgHhg fõosld w,xlrK o tla lf<a h'

yuq ù we;s f;dr;=re wkqj .%Sl g%ecä kdgHlrejka w;r wjidk kdgH

lrejd f,i ie,eflkafka hqÍmSäia ^l%s'mQ' 480-406& fõ' jhi wjqreÿ 18

oS muK kdgH rpkhg msúis Tyq cSú; ld,h ;=< kdgH 90 la muK

rpkd lr we;s w;r wo jk úg lD;s 19 la muK b;sß ù we;'

hqÍmSäia wksl=;a g%ecä kdgHlrejkag jvd fjkia wdl,am iys;

mqoa.,fhla jQfha h' .%Sisfha cSj;a jQ ú;kavjdoSka Sophists& f.a od¾Yksl

u;jdoj,g keUqre jQ Tyq ;u lD;sj,ska tl, iudcfha mej;s ÿ¾j,;d

yd we;eï úYajdihka úfõpkh lf<a h' wdlD;sh w;ska fiiq

kdgHlrejkag iudk jqj o Ñka;kuh jYfhka fjkia úh' Tyqf.a

g%ecä ;=<ska wd.ñl ia:djrhka ks¾oh f,i úfõpkh lrñka tajdfha

127



lsisÿ yrhla" i;Hhla fkdue;s nj fmkajd ÿkafka h' Tyqf.a wkqlïmdj"

wjOdkh yeu úg u fhduq jQfha f.dúhka" odihka yd idudkH mqoa.,hka

fj; h' Tyq .%Sl kdgH ufÕys h:d¾:jdoS msúiqu f,i;a jia;= úIhfha

ys meyeos,s fjkialï oelajQ kdgHlrejd f,i;a ye|skaúh yel' hqßmSäia

rpkd l< kdgH lD;sj,ska lsysmhla my; oela fõ'

1. Medea

2. Alcestis

3. Hippolytus

4. The Trojan women

5. The Baccnae

g%ecä kdgH wdrïN ù jeä ld,hla .; úug fmr flduä kdgH rpkh

yd ksIamdokh wdrïN úh' fY%aIaG;u .%Sl flduä rplhd f,i

ie,flkafka we;ekaiays úiQ weßiafgd*dkSia h' l%s'mQ' 445 oS Wm; ,o Tyq

úis yeúßos jk úg flduä rplhl= f,i ckm%sh j isáfha h' ,shk ,o

iïmQ¾K kdgH lD;s .Kk 44 la jk w;r thska wo jk úg b;sß j

we;af;a lD;s 11 la muKs'

1. The Acharnians 7. Lysistrata

2. The knights 8. Thesmo Phoriazusae

3. The clouds 9. The Frogs

4. The wasps 10. Ecclesiazusae

5. Peace 11. Plutus

6. The Birds

fuu flduäj, mrud¾:h úfkdaodiajdoh úh' kdgH rpkd jQfha l,ams;

jia;+ka mokï lrf.k h' tfia u iudcfha ÿ¾j, ;eka muKla fkdj

foaYmd,k kdhlhka jeks iuld,Sk m%isoaO mqoa.,hka o ks¾oh f,i

ydiHhg yd Wmydihg ,la jk wdldrhg kdgH rpkd lf<a h' pß;

idudkH mqoa.,fhda jQy' i;a;aj pß; yd fjk;a mßl,amkSh pß; o úh'

we÷ï me<÷ï Ü/cähg jvd ;d;a;aúl úh' fjia uqyqKq Ndú; lr we;'

.dhk jDkaoh 24 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; úh' kdgH fndfyda úg kï

lrk ,oafoa .dhk jDkaofha pß; kdufhks' Tyqf.a jvd;a Wiia lD;sh

f,i ie,flkafka l=re,af,da kdgHhhs'

we.hSu(

1' .%Sl kdgH l,dfõ úldYh fláfhka y÷kajkak'

2' iqm%lg .%Sl kdgHlrejka isõ fokd iy Tjqka f.a lD;s wvx.= f,aLkhla

ms<sfh, lrkak'

128





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'5'3 ( .%Sl kdgH ms<sn| úuihs'


bf.kqï M, (

² .%Sl rx. N+ñh ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkh lrhs'

² .%Sl kdgH ^g%ecä& rx. ffY,sfhys ,laIK f,aLk.; lrhs'

² úúO .%sl kdgH m%fNao ms<sn| .fõIKh lrhs'

² fõI N+IK ks¾udKh lrhs'

² .%Sl k¿jka f.a yd .dhk jdkaofha ld¾h ms<sn| j úuihs'

² wfkl=;a iïNdjH kdgH l,d iu. .%Sl kdgH l,dj ii|hs'

l%shdldrlu ( .%Sl rx. ffY,sh y÷kd .ksuq' ^g%ecä&

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² fidf*dla,Sia f.a Bämia rc

"wekaá.kS" kdgH fm<

.%Sl rx. N+ñfhys rEm igyka

ye|skaùu ( f,dj merKs iïNdjH kdgH iïm%odhhla jYfhka .%Sl kdgH

l,dj woaú;Sh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .kS' th wdY%fhka g%ecä

kdgH rx. ffY,sfhys iqúfYaI;d ms<sn| úuiSu'


² wä 200 la muK nEjqï jQ N+ñ Nd.hl msysá .%Sl rx.h úYd, fm%alaIl

msßilg kdgHh keröu msKsi újD; j mej;s nj

² jfrlg oi oyilg wêl ixLHdjl fm%alaIl msßilg k¿jka fyd|ska

o¾Ykh jQ nj

² fufia ùu i|yd k¿jka m%udKhg jvd úYd, iajrEmhla ,nd oSug Tjqyq

wähla muK Wig Tkafldia kï uqyq,la yd fld;=¾fkdia kï jQ wä Wi

mdjyka me<|" fomd jeiqK f,da.= jeks lvd yef<k iq jia;% Ndú; l<

nj

² k¿jka lsysm fofkl= úiska pß; .Kkdjla ksrEmKh l< hq;= jQ fyhska

fjia uqyqKq me<e|s nj

² iEu k¿jl= u fjia uqyqKq me<|Su ksid id;a;aúl wNskfhka f;dr jQ nj

² fuu fjia uqyqKq k¿ uqyqKg jvd ;rula úYd, jQ w;r" lgy~ wE;g

weiSu i|yd uqLh úfYaIs; wdldrhlg ilia j mej;s nj

129



² kdgHh m%o¾Ykh lf<a osjd ld,fhys neúka rx. wdf,dal Ndú;hg

wjYH;djla we;s fkdjqKq nj

² mYapdoa odIaá l:k Í;sh nyq, j wkq.ukh lrkq ,enQ nj

² fy<sorõ l< hq;= f;dr;=re .dk jDkaoh u.ska fyda kj pß;hla m%fõY

lsÍu u.ska fyda bosßm;a jk nj

ksoiqka( "Bämia rc" kdgHfha Bämia l=ure ;Síia kqjr rc njg m;a

lsÍug fya;= m%ldY lsßu" ,dhshqia rcqf.a >d;kh iïnkaO

f;dr;=re .dk jDkaoh u.ska m%ldY flreKq w;r" ff;f¾ishia"

fldßka;jdiS neg¿ m,a,d yd ;Síia jdiS neg¿ m,a,df.a

meñKSfuka wod< w;S; f;dr;=re kdgHuh l%shdj yd noaO

jk nj

² lsisÿ úfgl NSIK l%shdjka fõosldj u; isÿ fkdflreKq nj

tjka o¾Yk fmkaùfuka fm%alaIlhd oeä wd;;shlg n÷ka ùu je<el=Kq

nj"

ksoiqka( Bämia rc kdgHfha <ore Bämia l=uref.a fomd isÿre lsÍu"

fldßka; jeishd f.a >d;kh" ,dhshqia rcq yd msßi >d;kh

lsÍu" hlsKshf.a osú kid .ekSu" fhdliagdf.a f.< isr

lr .ekSu yd Bämia rcq fofk;a w| lr .ekSu

"wekaá.kS" kdgHfha Báfidla,Sia yd fmd,sksiiaf.a oajkaoaj igk yd

ñhhdu" wekaá.kS f.< isrlr f.k ñhhdu" ySuka yd hqßîia ìij

ishosú ydks lr .ekSu

² ffojh" weoys,s yd wd.ñl j;dj;a kdgHh mqrd olakg ,efnk nj

² tlal=la,sud kï jk frdao iú l< ueiai deux ex maching& fodUlr jeks

kdfgHdamlrK Ndú; l< nj

² fõosldj u; tljr fndfyda k¿ msßila rx.kfhys fkdfhÿkq w;r" tla

k¿jl= fofofkl= fyda Wmßu jYfhka ;sfofkl= muKla olakg ,enqKq

nj

² .dk jDkaoh kdgHfha rx. ld¾hh yd oeä f,i iïnkaO jk nj

ksoiqka jYfhka .dk jDkaoh wod< kdgHhg mdol jk m%Odk k.r

jdiSka ksfhdackh lsÍu" pß; f,iska fmkS isàu" Ñ;a;dNHka;ßl is;=ú,s

fy<s lsÍu" pß;hkg wjjdo lsÍu" fõosldfõ fkdfmkajk isÿ ùï

mKsúvlrejl= u.ska fy<sorõ lsÍu

² msßñka muKla rÕ mE nj

² fndfyda kdgHj, tl u ia:dkhla miqìï lrf.k rx.h isÿ l< nj

ksoiqka( "Bämia rc" yd "wekaá.kS" kdgHfha ;Síia kqjr rc ud<s.h

bosßmi

² kdgHh i|yd mdol lr .;a l:d jia;=j fndfyda úg tla oskl ld,

mrdihla ;=< isÿ úh yels isÿùula jQ nj

130



² kdgHh úldYkh jkafka ldjHd;aul NdIdjlska nj

² k¾;kh iy .dhkh rx. ffY,sfhys m%Odk ,laIKhla j mej;s nj

² ú,ïn.dó ksrEmKhla oelsh yels jQ nj

² kdgHh wdrïN jkafka mQ¾j rx.fhka nj ^Prologue&

² Parados fyj;a .dk jDkaofha m%fõYh isÿ jkafka bka wk;=rej nj

² kdgHh wjidkfha fõosldfjka msgj hdhq;af;a .dhl lKavdhu nj"

^exodos&


1' .%Sl kdgH iïm%odh - fjda,ag¾ udrisxy

2' ngysr kdgH yd rx. l,dj - iqpß; .ï,;a

3' iïNdjH .%Sl kdgH l,dj - úchr;ak m;srK" nkaÿ, chj¾Ok

131



iï

mQ¾

K .

%Sl f

õosl

dfõ

ie,

eiau

la

iaflak

a f.dv

ke.

s,a,

Tfliag%d

fm%al

aId.

drh

mer

iSk

ï

fm%di

Skshï

mer

fvdai

a

132

kdg

H y

d rx.

l,dj

13 jk

fY

%AKsh

.=re u

d¾f.

damfoaY

ix.

%yh

merKs .%Sl fõosldfõ fodUlr hka;% Ndú;h" blahqla,sud lr;a;h iy iaflaka f.dvke.s,a, iu. Ndú; l<

fõosld ;, fuu Ñ;%fhka fmkakqï flf¾'

iduh kdgHfhal=re ñksfil= msgke..;a k¿fjl=by< ;,fha isghka;%h wdOdrfhka my<g

ekkyklema is rolled

through central doorsblahqla,sud lr;a;h ueofodrf.ka .uka lrhs'

iaflaka f.dvke.s,a, jy,hg kÕsk ysKsu.

me;s ;sr

side door

me;s ;sr

side door

rÕ mE fõosld ;,A - iaflaka jy,hB - fõosldjC - ljdldr Tfliag%d

A

B

C

skene

step to

roof

133





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'6 ( ixialD; kdgH ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² ixialD; kdgHh ìys jQ iudc miqìu .fõIKh lrhs'

² iudc wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu msKsi kdgHfhka ,;a msájy, idlÉPd lrhs'

² k¿lfuys j.lSu w.hhs'

² mQ¾K kdgH l,djla jYfhka ixialD; kdgH l,dj w.h lrhs'

² kdgH fm< rpkd lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 4'6'1 ( ixialD; kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh yd úldYh ms<sn| wOHhkh

lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² "ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh" chfoaj ;s,lisß

kdgH m%Njh msgq wxl 01-19 olajd WoaOD; - iqpß;

.ï,;a

ye|skaùu ( ixialD; kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh iuÕ ne|s foa u;jdoh yd

iudc wjYH;dj fuka u k¿fjl= i;= úh hq;= .=Kdx. yd

l=Y,;d y÷kd .ekSu'



² kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh ms<sn| j "kdgH Ydia;%fha" oelafjk mqrdjD;a;hg

wkqj th osjHuh m%Njhls'

² Y=øhka we;=¿ j¾K ^l=,& i;rg u tl fia ri ú|Sug fhda.H jQ lsishï

idys;H úfYaIhla ,nd fok f,i foaj iuqyhd úiska uyd n%yauhdf.ka

b,a,d isáh y' fuúg uyd n%yauhd OHdkhg iujeoS fõo i;frka ta

ld¾hhg wjYH wx. Wmqgd .kq ,enQfha h'

² iD.a fõofhka mdGHh o" idu fõofhka .S;h o" hcQ¾ fõofhka wNskh

o w:¾j fõofhka rih o tla fldg mia jk fõohla jYfhka kdgH

fõoh ks¾udKh lrk ,oS'

² uyd n%yauhdf.ka wK ,o úYajl¾u foú rÕy,la ks¾udKh fldg"

;uka úiska ksujk ,o kdgHh tys rÕ olajk f,i Nr;uqKsf.ka

b,a,d isáfha h' fjk;a foújre o kdgHh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd

odhl jQy' Ysj foú ;dKav j kegqfuka o" md¾j;S fojÕk ,diH

kegqfuka o" úYaKq foú isõ jeoEreï kdgH Í;sfhka o kdgHh úis;=re

l<y'

134



² f,dj kdgHh i|yd m%:ufhka ia;%Ska rx.khg odhl lr .kq ,enQfha o

ixialD; kdgHhg h' th tjl iudcfha úma,ùh fjkilg fya;=

jQfha h'

² ish¨ fokd u tl u mjq,la fia tlg tla j kdgHh kerUQy' tla j isg

kdgHh rÕ oelajQy' rÕmEu iajdNdúl jQfha h' iudcfha mj;sk úYajdi"

u;su;dka;r fuka u l:d jia;= úIhh lr .;ay' kdgHh ;=< ta ta pß;

Ndú; NdId m%fNao Ndú; l<y' pdÍ l%u wkq.ukh l<y'

² idudkH ñksiqka i|yd os.ska iQ ieg ^64& ßhkla yd m<,ska fo;sia ^32&

ßhkla jk fia kdgH .Dyh ksujk ,o y' th uOHu m%udKfha kdgH

.Dyhls'

² fuf,i iudc wjYH;d imqrd,Su msKsi ixialD; kdgH ìys jQ nj

meyeos,s h'

² k¿ jD;a;sfhys iqrlaIs;Ndjh /lSug rch wem lem ù isá njg

fl!á,Hh f.a "w¾: Ydia;%h" idlaIs orhs'

² k¿jka oskm;d Wmhk wdodhï ms<sn| jd¾;d rchg bosßm;a l< hq;= úh'

wd¾Òl w¾nqo wjia:djl oS k¿ jD;a;sfhys fhÿKjqka ish wdodhñka

wvla rchg f.úh hq;= úh'

² wE; w;S;fha isg u k¿lu jD;a;shla jYfhka mej; wdfõh' nqÿka

jykafia f.a ld,fha mjd bkaoshdfõ ixpdrl kdgH lKavdhï isá njg

idlaIs ,efí' "ixhqla; ksldfhys" ;d,mqg kï kdgHdpd¾hjrfhl= .ek

lshefõ' k.rfha msysá iriaj;S Njfkys fmdfyda oskj, oS foúhka

Wfoid kdgH ikao¾Yk meje;a jq nj 'lduiQ;%h' i|yka lrhs' kdgH

lKavdhï w;r ;r. meje;a jQ nj o fmfka'

² k¿fjl= ùu i|yd úfYaI iqÿiqlï /ila imqrd .; hq;= úh' rÕmEu"

kegqu iy ix.S;h we;=¿ úIhhka ms<sn| mßphla ,eìh hq;= úh'

² nqoaêh" ukd iauD;sh" w.h lsÍfï yelshdj" laf,aYhkaf.ka ÿreùu"

;r.ldß;ajh iy wjosfhka isàu hk lreKq yfhka iukaú úh hq;= úh'

² fndfyda úg wx.rpkh lr.kq ,nkafka o k¿jd úiskau h'

kdgHdpd¾hjrhdg lSlreùu k¿fjl= i;= .=Kdx.hls' ixialD; NdIdj

yd m%dlD; NdId m%fNaohka ms<sn| mßphla ,eîu k¿fjl= ùug m%Odk

iqÿiqlula jQfha h'


1' ixialD; kdgH iïm%odh yd r;akdj,S - uydpd¾h fjda,ag¾ udrisxy

2' Nr;uqks m%kS; kdgH Ydia;% - m%:u Nd.h - uydpd¾h fjda,ag¾ udrisxy

3' ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh - uydpd¾h chfoaj ;s,lisß

we.hSu(

1' ixialD; kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh yd úldYh ms<sn| wOHhkh lrkak'

2' k¿fjl= i;= úh hq;= .=Kdx. ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lrkak'

135







bf.kqï M, (

² Ndi OrudK iuh yd Tyqf.a kdgH lD;s wOHhkh lrhs'

² ld,sodi f.a fjk;a kdgH ks¾udK yd wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,h ri ú|shs'

² Y=øl Ôj;a jQ hq.h yd Tyqf.a kdgH ks¾udK ms<sn| úu¾Ykhl fhfohs'

² Y%S y¾I f.a kdgH lD;s w;r úfYaIs; jQ r;akdj,S kdáldj ri ú|shs'

² ixialD; kdgH fm< /ia lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 4'6 ( ixialD; kdgHlrefjda

Ndi" ld,sodi" Y=øl" Y%S y¾I

ye|skaùu ( ixialD; kdgH úldYfha m%n, kdgHlrejka jk Ndi"

ld,sodi" Y=øl" Y%S y¾I yd Tjqkaf.a lD;s y÷kd .ekSu


úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsrSug w;aje,la(

Ndi

Ndif.a kdgH 13 la ms<sn| j .Km;s Ydia;%S l%s'j' 1912-1915& ish ;%sjekaÿrï

.%ka: ud,dfjys i|yka fldg we;' Tyq tu ks.ukhg t<eU we;af;a

tlS kdgHj, ,laIK i,ld ne,Sfuks' ta wkqj Ndif.a kdgH lD;s

j¾. follg fnfoa'

I. ùr ldjH" mqrd l:d" l:d ix.%y wdYs%; lD;s

II. iaj;ka;% lD;s

* ùr ldjHh - uydNdr;h" rdudhkh" úIaKq mqrdKh

rdudhk l:dj

1' m%;sud kdglh

2' wNsfIal kdglh

uyd Ndr;h

3' m[aprd;%

4' ¥;jdlHh

5' uOHujHdfhda.

6' ¥;Hfjdakalj

136



7' l¾KNdr

8' W!re Nx.

nDy;al:d wdY%s; kdgH

9' iajmak jdijo;a;

10' m%;s{d fh!.kaOrdhK

11' wúudrl

úIaKq mqrdKh

12' nd, pß;

iaj;ka;%

13' pdreo;a;

Ndi

Ndi l%s'mQ' 5 jk yd l%s'j' 2 ishjia w;r ld,fhys úiQ njg u; m< j we;'

ld,sodihkag fmr iy kdgH Ydia;%h ,sùug miq j úiQ neõ ms<s.; yels

fyhska Ndi úiQ iuh l%s'mQ' 03 jk yd l%s'j' 4 jk ishji w;r ld,h

f,i ie,lSu jvd;a fhda.H h'

Ndif.a kdgH w;r iajmakjdijo;a; úYsIag;u lD;shhs'

m%;s{dfh!.kaOrdhK yd oßøpdreo;a; o Wiia lD;s f,i ms<s.efka'

iajmakjdijo;a; yd m%;s{ fh!.kaOrdhK" l:d idys;Hfhys tk Wohk

jdijo;a;d mqrdjD;a;h u; mokï j we;'

oßøpdreo;a; kï iaj;ka;% lD;shg mokï j we;af;a pdreo;a; kï os<s÷

nuqKd yd jika;fiakd kï .Ksldj w;r we;s jQ fm%au iïnkaOhhs' th

wiïmQ¾K lD;shls'

Ndif.a kdgH w;r taldxl kdgH myls' uOHu jHdfhda." l¾KNdr"

¥;Hfjda;alj" ¥; jdlH yd W!reNx. hk lD;s ish,a,g u uydNdr;fha

tk l:d jia;= úIh ù we;' wxl ;=klska hq;= mxprd;%h o" l=re mdKavj

hqoaOh mokï lrf.k we;'

wxl 05 lska hq;= nd, pß;" lDIaKf.a nd, ld,h ms<sn| rij;a l:d

m%jD;a;Ska mokï lrf.k we;'

rdudhKfha tk rdu iS;d l:dj wNsfIalkdgl yd m%;sudkdgl hk lD;s

folg mokï j we;'

wxl 06 lska hq;a "wúudrl" ixialD; idys;Hfhka Wmqgd f.k we;'

137



ld,sodi

ixialD; lùka w;=frka w.%.KH jkqfha ld,sodi h'

wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,h" úl%fuda¾jYS" ud,úld.aksñ;% Tyqf.a fY%aIaG kdgH

lD;s fõ'

ld,sodihkaf.a ish¨ lD;s w;=frka fY%aIaG;u lD;sh wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,h

nj lúka olajkqfha fufia h'

"ldfjHIq kdglx ruHx - ;;% ruHd Yl=ka;,d

;;%dmsp p;=¾f:dlia - ;;% Yaf,dal p;=Iaghï"

"ldjHhka w;=frka kdglh ruH fõ' kdglhka w;=frkqÿ Ydl=ka;,h

ruH fõ' tysÿ isõjeks wxlh úfYaIfhka ruHh' bkq;a Yaf,dal i;rla

w;sYhska ruHh h'"

"ld,sodiH irjiajï

wNs{dk Yl=ka;,ï

;;%dmSp p;=¾f:dxl#

h;%hd;s Yl=ka;,d"

"wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,h ld,sodihkaf.a b;du;a uyÕ= jia;=jhs' tysÿ b;d

w.fka isõjeks wxlhhs' bkq;a Yl=ka;,d wimqfjka kslaó hk wjia:dj

ksrEmKh fldg we;s whqre úfYaIfhka u w.fka hs'"

"ÿIHka; rcq f.a Wodr pß;h fuka u úkS; yd idOq .=Kfhka hq;=

Yl=ka;,d f.a pß;h úoyd mdk w;r u fm%alaIl risl;ajh oshqKq flfrñka

Tjqka mskùu Ydl=ka;,fhka uekúka isÿ flf¾'"

ld,sodihka f.a j¾Kkd pd;=¾hh m%lg flfrk ;eka Ydl=ka;,fhys

tug h' uqjd miq mi ¨yq ne| f.k hk rcqf.a j¾Kkh" ;fmdajk

mßirhl j¾Kkh" lvd mekf.k wd .sð|d f.a j¾Kkh" orefjl=f.a

iqr;,a n,ñka Tyqf.a OQ,s .d.kakg ,eîu uy;a jdikdjla fldg rcq

l< j¾Kkh b;d úYsIag h'

ld,sodif.a kdgH ffY,sh(

² ldjHhg nr rpkd ffY,shls' iajNdjO¾uh yd ñksia .;s.=K

w;r wfkHdakH iïnkaOh kdfgHdaÑ; j Ydl=ka;,fhka olajd

we;'

² ëfrdaodka; ,laIKhkaf.ka fyì kdhl pß; uq,afldg .kshs'

² YDx.dr rih u;= lrhs'

² ú¥Il pß;h kdgHfha úYsIag wx.hla lrhs'

² ldjH yd kdgH ,laIKhkaf.a wmQre ixl,khls'

138



Y=øl

² Y=øl Ôj;a jQ ld,h ms<sn| j ksYaÑ; ks.ukhla l< fkdyels h'

² Y=ølhka úiska ,shk ,oehs ie,flk "uDÉPlálh" kdgHfha

wduqLfhys i|yka úia;rhlg wkqj nuqKq l=,hlg wh;a" fõofhys

m%ùK jQ o" fndfyda úoHdjka m%.=K l<d jQ olaI f,aLlfhl= nj

fmfka' kdgHfha merKs iajrEmh" NdIdj" rpkd ffY,sh wdoS

,laIK mokï lrf.k Y=ølhkaf.a Ôjudk ld,h ld,sodig miqj

úh hq;= h'

² uDÉPlálh weiqfrka Y=ølf.a kdgH Í;sh y÷kd .; yels h'

² kdgHfhys tk pß; u.ska ;;ald,Sk ðú; ;;= ksrEmKh lr we;'

² wêl j¾Kkdj,ska f;dr h'

² pß; ksrEmKh b;d ;shqKq h'

² ixialD; yd m%dlD; jD;a; úúO f,i Ndú; lsÍu

² Yla;su;a" m%dKj;a kdfgHdaÑ; NdId m%fhda.hkaf.ka fmdaIs; h'

² m%dKj;a kdgHuh ú,di m%n, j bosßm;a lrhs'

² ;shqKq f,i YDx.dr lreK yd ishqï ydiH ri biau;= lrhs'

² úúO jD;a;j,ska rÑ; moH /ila u fhdod we;' tys wdmaf;damfoaY

yd Ôú;h ms<sn| nqoaêf.dapr ks.uk kdgHfha l:d ikao¾Nhg

wkql+, j fhdod ;sîu úfYaIs; h'

Y%S y¾I

l%s'j' 606-648 oS ldkHl=ïndrfha rc l< nj ie,fla' r;akdj,S" m%sho¾Ysld

yd kd.dkkaoh Y%S y¾If.a kdgHhka h' fuu lD;Ska ;=k u ia:djr

kdgH Í;shlg wkql+, j rÑ; nj meyeos,s fõ' rdciNd mßirh miqìï

fldg" fmï l:d mqj;a mokï lrf.k rÑ; kdgH f,i kdgH idys;Hfhys

úfYaI ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' fuu kdgHhkag l:d jia;= imhd f.k

we;af;a m%isoaO nDy;a l:dfjka h' fuu kdgHj, fka;D ër ,,s;

^Wohk& yd ërYdka; ^ÔuQ;jdyk& pß; ,laIK ukdj ksrEmKh lr

we;'

Y%S y¾I ir, kdgH rpkd ffY,shla Ndú; lf<A h' ishqï ydiH rihla

okjk moH rpkfhys o Tyq olaIfhls' .oHfhys ydiH rih fjfiiska

u;= j fmfka'

kd.dkkaofhys kdkaosh nqoaO iaf;da;%hla f,i ie,lsh yels h' ÔuQ;jdyk

fndaêi;aj .=Khkaf.ka fyì kdhlfhls' .=re¿ mlaIshd mjd

fndaêi;ajhl= f,i yqjd olajd we;'

139



iajNdj fi!kao¾h j¾Kkfha oS os.= jD;a; fhdod .ekSu Y%S y¾If.a

,laIKhls'

y¾Ihkaf.ka isÿ jQ úYsIag;u fiajh jQfha iSñ; mßirhl jevqKq kdáld

kï kdgH j¾.h ia:djr;djhg muqKqjd,Su h'


1' ixialD; kdgH iïm%odh yd r;akdj,S - fjda,ag¾ udrisxy

2' ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh - chfoaj ;s,lisß

3' fh¾ud - tosßùr irÉpkaø" iqks,a wdßhr;ak mßj¾;kh

4' tosßùr irÉpkaø kdgH hq.h - 2 Nd.h - 1947-1997 - r;akmd, o is,ajd

we.hSu(

1' ld,sodihkaf.a fY%aIaG;u lD;sh jYfhka wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,fhys olakg ,efnk

ixialD; rx. Í;sh úNd. lrkak'

2' ixialD; kdgH Í;shg wh;a kdglhl ,laIK ksoiqka imhñka idlÉPd

lrkak'

140







bf.kqï M, (

² ixialD; kdgH ffY,sh ú.%y lrhs'

² ks¾osIag kdgH fm< wdY%s; j ks¾udK f.dv k.hs'

² ixialD; kdgH fm< mßYS,kh lrhs'

² kdgH fm< rpkd lrhs'

² kdgH ksIamdokh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu ( ixialD; rx. ffY,sh

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ixialD; kdgH fm<

² ld,sodihkaf.a wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,h

² Y%S y¾If.a r;akdj,S

ye|skaùu ( ixialD; kdgHfhys olakg ,efnk NdId Ndú;h" odhl;ajh"

kdfgHdamlrK Ndú;h" fõIN+IK úê" yia; uqød Ndú;h"

pdÍ l%u" llaIHd Ndú;h yd ksfhda. ms<sn| úuid ne,Su



² ixialD; kdgHfha rx. ffY,sh kdgH O¾ó fõ'

² fonia .oHuh fõ'

² moH fhdod .kq ,enQfha wjia:d yd o¾Yk ueùug yd iajlSh Ndjd;aul

yeÕSula m%ldY lsÍug h'

Wod( wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,fha 07 jk wxlfha fyaul+g m¾j;hg wj;S¾K

jk ÿIHka;" isxy fmda;lfhl= iu. fi,a,ï lrk orejd oelSfuka

fuu moHh .hkq ,nhs'

"wd,laIH oka; uql=,dk ksñ;a;yd ffi ruHla;j¾K ruKShjp#

m%jD;a;Ska

wxldY%hm%Khskia ;khka jykaf;d

OkHdia ;oâ.rcid u,skSNjka;S$$"

^kslrefKa fik iskdfjka hka;ï fmfkk o;a lel=¿ we;s" fodvk

wemeyeos,s joka ksid u ruKSh jQ nia jyr we;s" ish mshjreka f.a

141



welhg mkskakg wdYdfjka isák mq;=ka Wiq,k mske;af;da Wka

weÕ jels ¥,sfhka ;uka ls,sá jkafkdahs'&

² ixjdo NdId ñY%Khlska rpkd ù we;'

ixialD; NdIdj Ndú; lrkafka - rc" nuqKQ" fj<|" weu;s" fifkú"

lxpqlSka" úg wdoS W;a;u yd uOHu .Kfha md;% j¾.hd h'

ish¨ u ia;%Ska yd wOu .Kfha msßñ pß; l:d lrkafka úúO m%dlD;

m%fNaoh' fY!rfiakS" ud.ë" m%dpHd" wdjka;S" w¾Oud.ë wdoS m%dlD; m%fNao

fuka u YldÍ" pdKavd,S" YdLÍ" Vlals wdoS úNdId fyj;a wmN%xY m%fNaoh'

² rÕmEu i|yd ia;%Ska odhl fõ'

² l=vd fm%alaId.dr ;=< kdgHh rÕ oelajQy' ßhka 64 l os.ska yd ßhka 32

l m<,ska hq;= kdgHh .Dyhls'

² kdfgHdamlrK w,am f,i Ndú; jQy' ienE jia;+ka wkqidrfhka idod

.kq ,nk WmlrKh ta i|yd b;d ieye,a øjH fhdod .; hq;= h' f,day"

;o wrgq iys; oejfhka idokq ,nk kdfgHdamlrK Ndú;h k¿jkg

fjfyilr neúka tajd kqiqÿiq nj Nr;uqKs jrhd mjihs' 'm%ia;' hkq o

kdfgHdamlrK fõ' m%ia; j¾. ;=fkls'

I ikaêu - ng m;=re iy ieye,a¨ oejfhka idok ,o rduq" iï" fros

fyda me,e,sj,ska jid .;a WmlrK

II jHdðu - ,Kq weoSu wdoS Wml%u u.ska hka;%dkqidrfhka l%shd lrúh

yels WmlrK h'

III fõIaáu - ó bá iy ,dlaId wdoS øjHj,ska ilikq ,enQ tajd h'

16'

64'

32'

8'

8'

fkam:H.Dy

rx. YS¾I

fm%alaId.Dy

rxÕ mSGuka;-

jdrKS

uka;-

jdrKS

fodrgq fodrgq

142



² úfYaIs; fõI N+IK fhdod .;ay' we÷ï me<÷ï" ul=g ^ysia m<|kd& u,a

oï me,ekao y'

fõI N+IKj, j¾.SlrKhla úh' pß; j¾. wkqj Ndú;h o úfYaI úh'

ul=g yd rjq,a Ndú; flßKs' ul=g j¾. ;=kls'

I md¾Yaj.; fyj;a md¾Yajfu!,s

^my< uÜgfï wh me,ekaoy'&

II fu!,s ^w¾O ul=g& ^;=ka fldka Tgqkakls'&

^uOHu .Kfha foaj - .dkaO¾jdoSka" hqjrcq" uy weu;s" fiakdm;s

i|yd h'&

III mQ¾K ul=gh$ lsÍgh

^W;a;u .Kfha foújreka iy rcjreka me,ekaoy'&

² úfYaI NdIK úê wgla we;'

^1& m%ldY NdIKh - idudkH NdIKhhs'

^2& iaj.; fyj;a wd;au.; NdIKh -

pß;hla ;udf.a wNHka;r yeÕSï m%ldY lrhs'

^3&^4& ckdka;sl yd wmjdß; NdIKh

tla pß;hla ;j;a tla pß;hlg muKla wefik fia fiiq pß;

j<lajd l;d lrhs'

^5& iduQysl NdIK

k¿jka fofofkl= fyda jeä .Kkla tl u yçka tl úg tl u

joka mejiSu h'

^6& tal, NdIK

pß;hla" fm%alaIlhka foig yeÍ y~ k.d flfrk NdIKhhs'

^7& wdldY NdIs;

fõosldfjka neyer isák uk#l,ams; mqoa.,hka iu. ixjdofha

fhoSu h'

^8& ryiH l:kh

ryia lSu ;d;a;aúl j bosßm;a flßKs'

² úfYaIs; pdÍ fyj;a mdop,k rgd

mdo" cx>d yd ;=káfha p,k pdÍ fyj;a mdo p,k pdÍ l%u 32 ls' thska

16 la fmdf<dj u; p,k ksrEmKh i|yd o 16 la fmdf<dfjka by<

.uka ksrEmKh i|yd o fhdod .;ay'

² yia; uqød lsysmhla Ndú; úh'

uD. YS¾I

i¾m YS¾I

N%ur nUrd&

yxidiH ^yxihdf.a ;=v&

143



moau fldaY ^mshqï flñh&

w¾O pkaø ^wv i|&

² .;s fyj;a .uka l%u o úfYaIs; h'

tla tla pß; .Khg wdfõKsl jQ úfYaI .uka l%u rdYshls'

W;a;u pß;hla tla mshjrla ;nk ld,h we;=<;" uOHu pß;hla mshjr

folla o" wOu pß;hla mshjr i;rla o ;eìh hq;= jQy'

² llaIHd Ndú;h

tl u fõosldfõ wjia:djka lsysmhla tl u úg ta ta llaIHdfjys rÕ

oelajQy'

² fõosldfõ Ndú; fkdl< hq;= ;ykï ksfhda. lsysmhls'

lEï" îï .ekSu" ism je<| .ekSu" urK


1' ixialD; kdgH iïm%odh yd r;akdj,S - uydpd¾h fjda,ag¾ udrisxy

2' Nr;uqKs m%KS; kdgH Ydia;% - m%:u Nd.h" Nr;uqKs m%KS; kdgH Ydia;% -

oaú;Sh Nd.h - uydpd¾h fjda,ag¾ udrisxy

3' kdgH oDIaá yd r;akdj,S - uydpd¾h tï'tÉ' .=K;s,l

4' ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh - uydpd¾h chfoaj ;s,lisß

we.hSu(

1' ixialD; kdgH ffY,sh ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul ú.%yhla lrkak'

2' ixialD; kdgHhl l%shd úldYh ksoiqka iys; j úia;r lrkak'

144







bf.kqï M, (

² ri isoaOdka; ms<sn| f;dr;=re .fõIKh lrhs'

² Nr;uqksf.a ri isoaOdka;h úia;r lrhs'

² Nr;uqksf.a kdgH Ydia;%fha i|yka ri wg iy ta yd ne|s Ndjhka ms<sn| ú.%y

lrhs'

² kdgH ri úkaokh lrhs'

² rih y÷kk ixfõoS mqoa.,fhl= njg m;a fjhs'

l%shdldrlu 6'4 ( ri isoaOdka;h úuiuq'

ye|skaùu ( ixialD; kdgH yd iïnkaO kdgH ri isoaOdka; ms<sn|

ye|skaùu fuu mdvfuka woyia flf¾'



² ri isoaOdka;h Nr; uqksf.a kdgH Ydia;%fha oela fõ' tys 6 jk mßÉfþofha

oelafjk mdGh kï

"úNd jdkqNdj - jHNspdÍ - ixfhd.doa ri ksIam;a;s#"

úNdj" wkqNdj" jHNspdßNdj" hk ;=fkys ixfhda.fhka ri ksmofjk

nj fuys woyihs'

tfy;a Nr; uqks miq j m%ldY lrkafka ia:djrNdj fyj;a ia:dhSNdj"

úNdj" wkqNdj" jHNspdÍNdj hk wfkla Ndjhka yd ixfhda. ùfuka

rih ksmofjk nj

ia:dhSNdj

ñksid ;=< iaÒr jYfhka u we;s Ndj ia:dhSNdj fõ' Nr;uqksg wkqj

fuu Ndj wgls' thska ,efnk rihka .Kk o wgls'

Ndj ri

r;s - YDx.dr

ydi - ydiH

fYdal - lreK

fl%daO - fr!ø

145



W;aidy - ùr

Nh - Nhdkl

cq.=maid - îN;aiH

úiauh - woaN+;

úNdj

úNdj hkq ia:dhSNdj wjê lsrSug uq,a jk fya;+ka h' th fldgia folls'

1' wd,ïNk úNdj

2 WoaoSmk úNdj

² ia:dhSNdjhla we;s lsÍug" wjê lsÍug n,mdk fya;=j wd,ïNk úNdjhs'

wd,ïNk hkq fï wkqj wruqKhs' Wod( r;akdj,S kdgHfha Wohk rcq ;=<

we;s r;s kï ia:dhSNdjfha wd,ïNkh jkafka id.ßld h'

² hï md;%fhl= wruqKq fldg f.k ;j;a md;%fhl= ;=< bmfok ia:dhSNdjh

;Sj% lrk fyj;a WoaoSmkh lrk fya;=j WoaoSmk úNdjhs' Wod( mßirfha

fjki" we÷ï me<÷ï" j¾Kh jeks foa

wkqNdj

wkqNdj hkq úNdjhka uq,a lr.k wjê jQ ia:dhSNdj m%o¾Ykh lr,Suhs'

tkï md;%hdf.a is;a ;=< we;s Ndjhka ndysr j m%ldY lsßuhs' iskyj"

uqyqK r;= ùu" fk;Õ ne¨ï" l÷¿ ie,Su jeks foa u.ska pß;fha ufkdaNdj

m%lg lsÍu isÿ fõ'

ta wkqj wkqNdj hkq wNskh mEu yer wka lsisjla fkdjk nj kdgH

Ydia;%fha oela fõ'

jHNspdÍNdj

iajdëk j mj;soaoS u ta u; u we;s jk WmNdj úfYaIfhls jHNspdÍNdj'

tkï wd,h" fl%daOh jeks ufkdaNdjhka mj;soaoS ta ufkdaNdjhka iu.

u we;s jk l,lsÍu" tmdùu" kskao fkdhEu" Wlg,sh jeks WmNdj we;s

fõ' fuu Ndj weis,a,la mdid fjkia fjhs' ia:dhSNdj m%lg lsÍu i|yd

fuh iydh fjhs'

Wod( wd,h kï ia:dhSNdjh mj;soaoS u ielh we;s ùu" tmd ùu" l,lsÍu

jeks WmNdjhka we;s ù ke;s ù hd yel'

we.hSu(

1' Nr;uqks f.a kdgH Ydia;%fha oelafjk ri isoaOdka;h fláfhka y÷kajkak'

2' ia:dhS Ndjhka wkqj ,efnk ri ms<sn| j ksoiqka we;=<;a fldg rpkhla

,shkak'

146





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'7 ( uOHld,Sk hqfrdamSh kdgH ms<sn| j úuihs'


bf.kqï M, (

² uOHld,Sk hqfrdamSh kdgH l,dj ms<sn| j .fõIKh lrhs'

² ñiagß kdgH l:d jia;= /ia lrhs'

² ñ/l,a kdgHj, l:d jia;= tl;= lrhs'

² fud/,sá kdgH l:d jia;=j, wdNdih ,nñka kj kdgH rpkh lrhs'

² fYalaiamsh¾ kdgH ks¾udK ;=< oelsh yels fud/,sá kdgH ,laIK úuid

n,hs'

l%shdldrlu 7'1 ( uOHld,Sk hqfrdamSh kdgH ñiagß" ñ/l,a" fud/,sá

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² "kdgH m%fõYh"" rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s - úu¾Ykd;aul

wOHhkhla .%ka:fha msgq wxl 99-105 olajd WoaOD;

² "ngysr kdgH l,dj"" iqpß; .ï,;a - msgq wxl 71-91

WoaOD;

ye|skaùu ( l%s'j' 12" 13 Y; j¾Ij, m%xYh" c¾uksh yd tx.,ka;fha

m%p,s; jQ ñiagß" ñ/l,a" fud/,sá kdgHhkayS m%Njh yd

iajrEmh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( .fõIKh yd idlÉPd lsÍu


ñiagß kdgHh - MYSTERY PLAYS

² l%s'j' 12 yd 13 Y; j¾Ij, m%xYh yd c¾uksfha;a" wk;=re j tx.,ka;fha;a

m%p,s; jQ ñiagß kdgH wdrïNfha oS nhsn,fha merKs iy kj f;ia;fïka;=

l;d f;aud fldg f.k foajia:dk ;=< fõosld.; l< kdgH j¾.hla

nj

² foúhka jykafiaf.a;a" l%sia;+ia jykafiaf.a;a n, uysuh fuu.ska t<s

oelafjk nj

² mdial= yd k;a;,a iufha oS ne;su;=kag fuu kdgH o¾Ykh lf<a foaj

n,mrdl%uh t;a;= .ekaùu Wfoid nj

² l%s'j' 1150-1200 w;r ld,fha oS m%xYfha f,a ñiagß T*a wevï THE MISTERY

OF ADAM& f,iska m%:u kdgHh ,sheù we;s nj

147



² l%sia;= W;am;a;sfha l:djla" m,a,sfha m%Odk fodrgqj bosßmsg" ,;ska NdIdfjka

iúia;r fõosld Wmfoia iys; j rÕ oela jQ nj

² .dhl lKavdhula fhdod .;a nj

² ,d fihskafÜ ßifrlaIka ^THE HOLY RESURRECTION& kue;s fÊiqia

jykafia f.a W;a:dkh ms<sn| mqj; /.;a kdgHhla m%xY l;=jrfhl=

úiska ol=Kq tx.,ka;fha oS ksIamdokh lrk ,o nj

² nhsn,fha l:d miqìï fldg.;a nj

² Ydka;=jrhkaf.a Ôú; mdol lr .;a kdgH úfYaIhla nj

² úfkdaodiajdo ud¾. ÿ,n jQ neúka ñiagß kdgH keröug ne;su;=ka

úYd, f,i m,a,sh fj; meñKqkq nj

² m,a,sh ;=< bv uo ùfuka kdgHh m,a,sfhka bj;g .;a neúka mQclhkag

rÕmEu ;ykï jQ nj

² k.rfha Ys,am fY%aKs ñiagß kdgH i|yd wkq.%yh olajñka 16 jk ishji

olajd u wLKav j mj;ajdf.k .sh nj

² 1264 oS IV jeks w¾n;a mdma jykafia úiska wdrïN lrk ,o fldamQia l%siaÜ

^Corpus christs& kï jQ l%sia;= foayfha ux.,Hfha m%Odk wx.hla f,i

ñiagß m%o¾Ykh l< nj

² .,aj,ska ;ekQ w¾O ljdldr mSÀldjl fuu kdgH fõosld .; lrk ,o

nj

² bx.%Sis pl% kdgl w;r m%isoaO kdglhla f,i "fojeks tfârd" kdglh

úfYaIs; nj

² neg¿jka n,d.kakd tfår msßils' Tjqyq ish neg¿jka ms<sn| j uy;a

fia ie,ls,su;a fj;s' tfåreka kskaog jegqKq l, lmáfhl= f,i

m%lg tfåfrl= jk uela" neg¿ megjl= fidrlï fldg f.k ;u

ksjig f.dia ìß| jk ð,ag fohs' neg¿ megjd w¿; Wmka orefjl= fia

wÕjd f;dá,a,l i;mhs' wk;=re j uela fj,ahdhg f.dia fmr fiau

ksohs' kskafoka wjosjk tfåreka b;d wudrefjka uela j weyerj;s'

fuúg tla neg¿fjl= wvq nj fy<s fjhs' ta iïnkaO j uela j iel

fldg Tyqf.a f.h fidaosis lr;s' uelaf.a ìßh ore m%iQ;shl fõokdfjka

miq jk nj wÕjhs' tfåreka wdmiq hk w;r ì<s÷ orejd isys ù ;E.a.la

fokakg is;hs' ;E.s fokakg .sh l,ayS f;dá,af,a isákafka ì<sf|l=

fkdj ;u ke;s jQ neg¿ megjd nj fy<s fõ'

ñ/l,a - m%d;sydhH_ úIhl kdgH

fïjdfha Ydka;=jrhska f.a Ôú; l:d ksrEmKh jQfha h' mdial= ld,fha

mej;s ikao¾Ykhl oS fõosld.; l< fuu kdgH ikao¾Ykd;aul

,laIKj,ska fyìfha h'

15 jk Y; j¾Ih w. Nd.h jk úg ñiagß yd ñ/l,a kdgH" rpkh

fuka u ksIamdokh fndfyda fia oshqKqjg m;a j ;snQfha h' ihsuka

148



f.%ndkaf.a AN ACTES DES APOTRES kue;s ñ/l,a kdgHfha ixjdo

fma<s 62000 la ;snQ nj mejfia' 1536 oS tu kdgHh iïmQ¾Kfhka u

fõosld.; lsÍug osk y;,syla .; jQ nj jd¾;d fõ'

fud/,sá ^MORALITY& fyj;a i¥mfoaY kdgH

ñ/l,a kdgH l,dj hqfrdamfha ia:dms; ù Y; j¾I tl yudrlg miq ìys

jQ nj úpdrl u;hhs' kdgHj, úfYaI;ajh jQfha Nla;sh yd wd.ï

m%pdrh fkdj udkqIsl;ajh flfrys keUqre ùuhs' fuu kdgH pß;

we;eï úg udkj .=KO¾u biau;= lsÍfï woyiska kï lrkq ,eî h'

ksoiqka f,i Okh" fi!LH" w,i" mska" mõ wdoS pß; fud/,sá kdgHj,

jQy' ukqIH j¾.hdf.a mrudo¾Yh yd hlaI n,fõ. w;r .egqfuka

wjidkfha oS yDo idlaIsfha yd nqoaê n,fhka i;=re n,fõ. mrojd ch

.ekSu 'il,ck' ^Everiman - 1500& kdgHfhka fmkakqï flf¾'

ñksiqkaf.a ÿ¾.=K yd ÿ¾j,lï yqjd olajñka iudch ;=< iodpdrh ia:dms;

lsÍu fud/,sá kdgHlrejdf.a mrud¾:h jQfha h'

merKs u kdgH The pride of life Ôú; .¾jh - 1410& h' 1405 The Castle

of perseverance ^WÜGdk ù¾hfha ud<s.dj - 1425& m%isoaO fud/,sá

kdgHhls'

16 jk ishjfia m%p,s; jQ iodpdr kdgHhka f.ka fYalaiamsh¾ mjd

wdNdih ,nd we;s nj Tyqf.a kdgHj, f;aud úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka

meyeos,s fõ' tx.,ka;fha kj kdgH m%jK;djla ìys lsÍug iodpdr

kdgH odhl jQ nj meyeos,s j fmfka'


1' kdgH m%fõYh - rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s

2' ngysr kdgH yd rx. l,dj - iqpß; .ï,;a

3' THE THEATRE AN INTRODUCTION - OSCOR G RROCKET

4' il,ck kdgH fm< - nkaÿ, chj¾Ok

we.hSu(

1' uOHld,Sk hqfrdamSh kdgH l,dfõ iajNdjh úia;r lrkak'

2' wd.ñl m%pdrl udOHhla jYfhka kdgH l,dfõ odhl;ajh" udOHld,Sk

hqfrdamSh kdgH weiqfrka úuikak'

149





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'8 ( t,sifn;Sk kdgH idlÉPd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² t,sifn;Sk hq.fha kdgHlrejka yd Tjqka f.a kdgH ms<sn| j m%ldY lrhs'

² t<sifn;Sk rÕy, ms<sn| j wOHhkh lrhs'

² t,sifn;Sk kdgH fnoS we;s wdldrh úuihs'

² fuu hq.fha rÑ; kdgH fm< tla/ia lrhs'

² t,sifn;Sk hq.fha kdgH ne,Sug iy rÕ oelaùug leue;a; olajhs'

l%shdldrlu ( t,sifn;Sk kdgH l,dfõ úldYkh wOHhkh lruq' ú,shï

fYalaiamsh¾&

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² fYalaiamsh¾ f.a kdgH msgm;a lSmhla

² fYalaiamsh¾ ms<sn| ,sms" igyka" mska;+r

² .af,daí rÕyf,a mska;+rhla

ye|skaùu ( t,sifn;sk kdgH úldYkfha oS ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾

kdgHlrejdf.a odhl;ajh y÷kd .ekSu'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( újD; .%ka: mßYS,kh yd idlÉPd lsÍu


² t,sifn;Sk hq.h yd kdgH m%j¾Okh

² t,sifn;Sk hq.fha kdgH lrejka

² fYalaiamsh¾ yd Tyqf.a kdgH

² t,sifn;Sk rÕyf,a iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu

t,sifn;Sk hq.fha kdgH ye|skaùu(

² 1558 isg 1603 olajd jQ t,sifn;a /ðkf.a md,k iuh kdgH l,dfõ

iaj¾Kuh hq.hla f,i y÷kajkq ,nk nj

² Bg fmr hq.fha mej;s foaYmd,k yd wd.ñl wdrjq,a yuqfõ kdgH l,djg

o úúO wys;lr n,mEï t,a, jQ nj

² 1572 oS iïu; lrk ,o mk;la u.ska k¿jka iy k¿ jD;a;sh kS;Hdkql+,

ms<s.ekSug ,la jQ nj

150



² kdgH rplhkag" k¿jkag" kjl k¿jkag tk úfrdaO;djkag úreoaO j

igka fldg chla ,eîug yels jQ w;r /ðkf.a yd rc ueÿf¾ Wmldrh

kdgHhg ,enqKq nj

² ta wkqj fYalaiamsh¾ yd fjk;a fndfyda kdgH lrejka uOHld,Sk

iïm%odhg wh;a kdgH os.g u ksIamdokh l< nj

² tu kdgH úúO nqoaê uÜgïj,g yd wOHdmk uÜgïj,g wh;a jQ ish,a,ka

u wdl¾IKh lsÍug iu;a jq nj

² bx.%Sis idys;Hfha iaj¾Kuh hq.hla jQ fuu hq.h bx.%Sis idys;Hhg kdgH

jeä u m%udKhla tla l< hq.hla nj

² kdgH l,dj j¾Okfha,d Ydia;% Yd,d yd úYaj úoHd,j,ska o w.kd

fiajhla bgq jQ w;r kS;s Ydia;%d.dr yd kS;S{hska mosxÑ j isá "bka"

kue;s ia:dk o kdgH l,dfõ j¾Okhg uy;a fia odhl jQ nj

² t,sifn;a hq.fha fYalaiamsh¾g iuld,Sk kdgH lrejka

fcdaka ,hs,s ^1554-1606&

i¾ ms,sma isâks ^1554-1586&

tâuka iafmkai¾ ^1552-1599&

fnka fcdkaika ^1572-1637&

fcdaka v.a ^1553-1611&

f;dauia lsâ ^1558-1594&

l%siafgdam¾ udf,da ^1564-1593&

frdnÜ .%Ska ^1558-1592&

f;dauia kfIa ^1567-1601&

² fudjqka w;ßka fYalaiamsh¾ f.a Wmka j¾Ifha u Wm; ,o l%siafgdam¾

udf,da w;sYhska ks¾udKYS,S kdgH lrefjla jQ nj

² Tyqf.a lù;ajh o b;d by< uÜgul jq w;r Tyqf.a w¿;a kdgH Í;sh

Tyqf.a ld,fha fuka u Tyqf.a miq mrïmrdfõ o kdgH rplhska wkq.ukh

l< nj yd fYalaiamsh¾ o udf,da f.a wdNdih ,enQ nj

ú<shï fYalaiamsh¾ yd Tyqf.a kdgH

² 1564 wfm%a,a 26 jk osk Wm; ,o fYalaiamsh¾ 1616 wfm%a,a 23 osk ñh .sfha

h' fï ld,h ;=< fudyq úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o kdgH 36 la muK jk

nj

² k¿jl= yd wOHlaIjrfhl= f,iska o fudyq m%isoaêhla Wiq,k nj

² kdgH lrefjl= f,i fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udKd;aul iuh 1591 isg 1611

olajd úysok nj

"

151



² ngysr úpdrlhska fYalaiamsh¾ ld,sodig iu lrk nj

Wod( "ld,sodi Ndr;fha fYalaiamsh¾ h"

i¾ ú,shïia fcdakaia

² kdgH rplhl= f,i uQ,sl j wkHhka úiska ,shk ,o kdgHh ixialrKh

lsÍu fYalaiamsh¾ úiska lrk ,o nj

² ,;ska yd .%Sl kdgH l,dj foig fhduq j ;snQ bx.%Sis kdgH l,dj" foaYSh

l,djla njg m;a fldg kj u.lg fhduq l< nj

² kdgH úpdrlhska úiska fYalaiamsh¾ f.a kdgH Ôú;h m%Odk fldgia 4

lg fnok nj

1' 1588 - 1596

2' 1596 - 1601

3' 1601 - 1608

4' 1608 - 1613

1' 1588 - 1596 olajd ld,h(- fjk;a l;=jreka f.a kdgH ixialrKh

lsÍu jeämqr isÿ lr we;s nj "ghsgia wekav%kslia " kï kdgHh

uq,ska u ixialrKh lr we;s nj

2' 1596- 1601(- Tyqf.a fY%aIaG;u ft;sydisl fÄodka; yd iqLdka;

kdgH ,shk ,o ld,h

fcdaka rcq" IV jk fykaß" V jk fykaß jeks kdgHh o jekSisfha

fjf<kaod" Much a do about nothing ^uÉ w vQ wnjqÜ k;ska&" wdoS

kdgH fï hq.fha ks¾udKh lr we;'

3' 1601-1608 olajd( fYalaiamsh¾f.a fYdaldka; kdgH jk yeï,Ü"

Tf;f,da" ,sh¾ rc yd uelan;a fï hq.fha ,shQ nj

All is well that ends well, fg%dhs,ia wekaâ l%siafivd" fuI¾ f*da

fuI¾ kï iqLdka; o fï ld,fha ks¾udKh jQ nj

4' 1608-1612 olajd( úkag¾ia fÜ,a" isïn,Ska yd l=Kdgqj hk kdgHh

o fmßla,sia kdgHfha fldgila o wekagkS yd la,sfhdmeÜrd kdgH

o fldßfhd,dkqia kdgH o fï ld,fha rpkd fldg we;s nj

² fï hq.hkays oS ìys lrk ,o ks¾udKhka kdgH pl%hla jYfhka .;a l,

iuia;hla jYfhka ld,Sk iudch ms<sìUq lrjk levm;la jeks hehs

lsj yels nj

² fyd| krl" ÿl fidïki" i;=relï ñ;=relï wdoS udkj O¾u;djhka

f.a ixl,khla f,i o f,dal iajNdjh ljrdldr oehs ms<sìUq lrjk

m%ldYk udOHhla f,i o fYalaiamsh¾ ;u kdgH fhdod f.k we;s nj

152



fÄodka; kdgH

1' frdañfhda cq,shÜ - Romeo and Juliet ^1594&

2' cq,shia iSi¾ - Julies Caesar ^1601&

3' yeï,Ü ^m%skaia T*a fvkaud¾la& ^1602& Hamlet (Prince of Denmark)

4' Tf;f,da" oa uqj¾ T*a fjksia ^1604& Othello (The moor of Venice)

5' lsx ,sh¾ ^King lear& ^1605&

6' uelan;a ^Macbath& ^1606&

7' wekagkS yd la,sfhdameg%d ^1607& ^Anthony and Cleopatra&

8' fldaßfhda,kaia Coriolanus& 1608&

9' áuka T*a we;kaia ^Timon of Athens& ^1607&

10' fg%dhs,ia yd fl%isvd ^Troilus and Cressida& ^1607&

iqLdka; kdgH

1' ,jqia f,an¾ia f,diaÜ (Love's Labours Lost) (1590)

2' flduä T*a tria ^Comedy of Erors& ^1591&

3' gQ ckag,afuka T*a fjfrdakd ^Two Gentlmen of Verona& ^1592&

4' ñâ iu¾ khsÜia ã%ï ^Mid summer Night's Dream& ^1593&

5' u¾pkaÜ T*a fjksia ^The Merchant of Venice& ^1596&

6' fgñka T*a o Ie¾õ ^The Taming of the shrew& ^1597&

7' fuß jhsõia T*a úkaâi¾ ^The merry wives of Windsor& ^1598&

8' uÉ w vQ tnjqÜ k;sx ^Much a do about nothing& ^1598&

9' wEia hQ ,hsla bÜ ^As you like it& ^1599&

10' Üfj,a;a khsÜ ^The twelth night& ^1600&

1' fykars o islaia;a ^The king Henrey the sixth& ^1591-1592&

2' rsp¾â o ;¾â ^King Richard the third& ^1594&

3' ßp¾â o filkaâ ^King Richard the second& ^1594&

4' lsx fcdaka ^King John& ^1595&

5' fykaß o f*da;a ^The king Henry the forth& ^1597&

6' fykaß o *s*a;a ^The king Henry the fifth& ^1599&

1' fmßl,aia ^Pericles prince of tyre& ^1608&

2' isïn,ska Cymboline& 1609&

3' fgïmiaÜ ^The Tempest& ^1610&

4' úkag¾ia fÜ,a ^The Winter's Tale& ^1610&

153



1' T,aia fj,a weÜ tkaâia fj,a ^All's well that ends well& ^1602&

2' fuI¾ f*da fuI¾ ^Measure for measure& ^1603&

t,sifn;Sk rÕy,

² "bka" kñka ye|skafjk ;dkdhïj, ñÿf,a fõosld.; lrkq ,enQ

t,sifn;Sk kdgH" l%udkql+, j rÕ oelaùu i|yd iaÒr rx. mSGhla

ks¾udKh l< nj

² 1599 oS ksu l< ".af,daí rÕy," w;sYh m%isoaO jQ nj

² ful, rx. Yd,d f.dvke.s,s foj¾.hla f,i t<suyka yd .DydNHka;r

jYfhka j¾. folla& mej;s nj

² t<suyka rx.Yd,d fmdÿ ck rx. Yd,d f,i o .DydNHka;r rx. Yd,d

mqoa.,sl rx. Yd,d f,i o mj;ajdf.k .sh nj

² .af,daí rx.y, wg mÜgï yeve;s f.dvke.s,a,la jQ w;r tam%k yevfhka

hq;a m%Odk fõosldj bosßhg fkrd we;s nj

² fuu fõosldjg miq miska jQ wOHhkd.drh w;sf¾l rx. m%foaYhla f,i

Ndú; jq nj

² fuu rx. N+ñh m%Odk fldgia y;rlska hqla; nj

1' m%Odk fõosldj

2' wNHka;r fõosldj

3' Wmß fõosldj

4' ksrh

we.hSu(

1' t,sifn;Sk rÕy,l o< rem igykla we|" tys fldgia kï lrkak'

2' t,sifn;Sk kdgH lrejka yd Tjqka f.a kdgH ms<sn| flá ye|skaùula lrkak'

154



.af

,daí

kdg

Hd.

dr w

e;=¿

.Dy

fh

a yr

ial

vl

a

155



Elizabethan stage

156





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'9 ( cmdkfha kdgH iïm%odhhka idlÉPd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² fkda kdgHfha wdrïNh iy úldYh ms<sn| wOHhkh lrhs'

² fkda kdgH Í;sfha úfYaI ,laIK f,aLk.; lrhs'

² fkda rx. N+ñfhys fldgia rEm igyka wdY%fhka kï lrhs'

² j¾;udk cmdkfha fkda kdgH yd fm%alaIl m%;spdr ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lrhs'

² idïm%odhsl kdgH l,djkaf.a wd.ñl miqìu úuid n,hs'

l%shdldrlu 4'9'1 ( cmka "fkda" kdgHh

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² "fkda" kdgHhg wod< Y%jH oDYH mg

² "fkda" rÕyf,a mska;+r

² "fkda" kdgH msgm;a

² "fkda" kdgH rx.k wjia:d /.;a PdhdrEm

ye|skaùu ( cmdkfha idïm%odhsl kdgH l,dfõ iqúfYaI ia:dkhla

,efnk fkda kdgHfha wdrïNh" úfYaI ,laIK" l:d jia;=

m%fNao yd rx. N+ñh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( Y%jH oDYH mg yd .%ka: mßYS,k wdY%fhka


² cmdkfha merKs;u kdgH l,dj jkqfha fkda kdgH iïm%odhh hs'

² lajkakñ lsfhd;aiq.d ^1333-1384& yd Tyqf.a mq;a ishdñ fudf;dlsfhda

^1363-1444& úiska fkda kdgH mQ¾K;ajhg m;a lrk ,oS' ishdñ

fudf;dlsfhda úiska ,shkq ,enQ "*qIslfoka" kï .%ka:h fkda kdgHfha

wdrïNh yd isoaOdka; ms<sn| lreKq f.k yer olajhs'

² cmka fkda hk jpkh fl!Y,Hh" n,h" nqoaê uysuh hk w¾:fhka

iukaú; jQ mohls'

² fkda kdgH ydr oyila ,sheù we;ehs i|yka j we;;a wo úoHudk kdgH

ixLHdj 242 ls' my; oelafjk pß; uq,a lr f.k fkda kdgH j¾. 05

lg fnfoa'

SHIN ^Yska& - foúhd

NAN ^kka& - ñksid

157



NYO ^kafhda& - ia;%sh

KYO ^lafhda& - Wu;= nj

KI ^lS& - hlaI

² fkda kdgHhla m%Odk fldgia ;=klska iukaú; fõ'

JO ^fcda& - wdrïNh

Ha ^yd& - j¾Okh

KYU ^lahQ& - WÉpdjia:dj

fyj;a

wjidkh

² l:d jia;=j w;S; isoaêhla u; r|d mj;S' th isyshg kxjkafka ldjHuh

jQ wdldrfhks' k¿ pß; .dhl msßi yd idlÉPdfõ fhfo;s' jpkfhka

m%ldYs; woyia k¿jkaf.a p,k u.ska Tma kexfjk fia ksrEmKh fõ'

² iÊCOdhkh ú,difhka ;uka y÷kajd fohs'

² fõosldfõ tla mfil isg kdgHuh wjia:d ix.S;h Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka

ú.%y lrhs' l%shd yd Ndj ksrEmKh lrkafka jpk yd ix.S; èjks

udOHfhks'

² fhdod .kakd NdIdj merKs h' jHla; WÉpdrKh yd ;d,hlg .efhk

ksid j¾;udkfha fm%alaIlhkag f;areï .ekSug wmyiq h' tneúka

jHjydfrdaÑ; NdIdfjka ,shkq ,enQ msgm;la fm%alaIlhkag ,nd oSu

j¾;udkfha wkq.ukh lrk ms<sfj;ls'

² k¿fjda j¾. lsysmhlg fnfo;s'

m%Odk k¿jd - Isf;

m%Odk k¿jdf.a iydhl - Isf; ;aiqfr

fojk k¿jd - jls

fojk k¿jdf.a iydhl - jls ;aiqfr

<ud k¿jka - fldl;d

² rÕmdkafka msßñ mufKls'

² m%Odk k¿jdf.a we÷ï udre lsÍu" fjia uqyqKq udre lsÍu" kdfgHdamlrK

ia:dk.; lsÍu wdoS lghq;= lsÍu i|yd fõosld iydhl msßila o isá;s'

Tjqyq fldflka kï fj;s'

² froaolska wdjrKh lrkq ,nk wä 03 la mq¿,a jQ wä 06 la osla jQ

iDcqfldaKdi%dldr iels,s rduq& úúO ksrEmK i|yd iydh lr .kakd ,oS'

^mQcdikhla" hykla" md,ula" m%didohla&

² w;aNdKav f,i lvq" li" legm;a" iSkq" wjkam;a wdosh i|yd iajdNdúl

NdKav fhdod .kakd ,oS'

hula ffY,s.; j bosßm;a lsÍug yerñáh" ì,Sms;a;" lsKsiai" ÿkq B;,"

mkaoï" Ök jiao~q fhdod .kq ,eî h'

158



² fkda kdgHfha iEu p,khla u ;d,dkaú; h' iEu p,khlska u w¾:hla

m%ldYs; h' tjka ffY,s.; p,k 2050 ls' w;sYh ú,ïn yd ukao.dó

iajrEmfha .uka ú,di wka;¾.; h' .dhkh ilia jQfha kdgH o¾Ykhg

wjYH Ndjuh yeÕSï m%ldY lsÍu i|yd h' fkda ix.S; m%nkaOj, ix.S;

m%ia;dr o wvx.= fõ' tf,i ,shejqKq merKs u .%ka:h 15 jk ishjig

wh;a h'

² "fkda" i|yd jia;= úIhh jQfha mrf,dalh" m%dK>d;fha úmdl" f,dj

wks;HNdjh" nqÿka jykafia f.a n,h" rd.fha wdoSkj wdosh h'

² fkda kdgH wdrïN jQfha mkai,a N+ñfha ckm%sh /Õ=ula jYfhks' miq

lf,l m%N+kaf.a wkq.%yh ,eîu ksid fkda kdgHj,g úo.aO Ndjh;a

,d,s;Hh;a wdfrdamKh jQ nj fmfka'

² fuys fjia uqyqKq Ndú;h iqúfYaISh' ia;%Ska" hlaI yd wj;dr pß; i|yd

fjia uqyqKq Ndú; fõ' tajd ñksia uqyqKg jvd l=vd h' ieye,a¨ ,Sfhka

;kd we;' fkda fjia uqyqKq j¾. 120 la muK fõ' msßñ <uhska"

;reKhska" Iskaf;d foúhka" fn!oaO foúhka" wkaOhska" woaN+; i;=ka

wdoSka i|yd msßñ fjia uqyqK o"

ia;%Ska" ;reKshka" ueosúfha ia;%Ska" ueye,a,ka" úhre ia;%Ska" B¾IHd iy.;

.eyeKq wdoSka i|yd ia;%S fjia uqyqKq o fõ'

² we÷ï rka" ßoS yqfhka f.;a;ï lr we;' iEu k¿fjla u udmgeÕs,a, iy

fiiq weÕs,s fjkajk fia fn¥Kq iqÿ meye;s md fïia wekafoa h' msßñ

pß; ueoska fnÿKq "ylu" kï jQ idh wekao y' md m%udKhg jvd

fnfyúka úYd, jQ th fomig úysoS we;' Wvq lh jid we|s lnd

úúOdldr h'

² ia;%S pß; ksrEmKh i|yd fndre fldKavd Ndú; úh' fldKavd fudaia;rh

wkqj ia;%S pß;fhys ;rd;sru yd jhi m, úh'

² rK fin¿ ysi jgd iqÿ má me<e| isá w;r" hqo yuqodm;Syq úúO ysia

jeiqï o" foúfhda yd Wiia ks,OdÍyq TgqKq o me<e| isáhy'

² fm%alaIld.drh yd m%Odk rÕy, fjka lrk ;srhla ke;'

² "iqñokosh"" "fodafcda úydrh"" "w;aiqfudß w;a bl=kd" hkq m%isoaO fkda

kdgH lsysmhls'

² fkda kdgH yd ne÷kq wfkl=;a kdgH iïm%odh jQfha lafhda.ka h' fkda

kdgH folla w;r fyda kdgHhl fldgia folla w;r úrdu rx. f,i

lafhda.ka kdgHhla rÕ oelaùu Ñrd.; iïm%odhls'

² fkda kdgHfhka m%lg jk .eUqre nj yd taldldÍ nj u. yerùu msKsi

lafhda.ka kï jQ m%yikd;aul kdgH rx.h tla lrkq ,nhs'

² lafhda.ka rx. ffY,sh iajdNdúl;ajhg iñm h' pß; folla ;=kla

w;ßka l:d mqj; úldYh jkafka .oH ixjdo f,isks' tys NdIdj

;;ald,Sk iudcfha jHjydßl NdIdfjka ,sheù we;' fkda rx. N+ñfhys

u lafhda.ka kdgH rÕ olajkq ,nhs'

159



² m%isoaO lafhda.ka kdgH .Kkdjls' nqiq" m<;=re levQ ;jqid yd lsUq,a

l÷¿ bka lsysmhls'

² fkda fõosldj fkda kdgH rx. ffY,shg wdfõKsl ,laIKfhka hqla;

fõ'

² fkda rx. N+ñh wdY%u wdY%s; j ks¾udKh lr we;' m%Odk fõosldj nQ;hs&

p;=ri%dldr h'

² tys tla mfil os. wä 19 wÕ,a 5 la muK fõ' fõosldj jy,la iys;

h' fõosldj yd fm%alaId.drh fjka jkafka Isriq kï jQ iqÿ fndr¿ we;srE

mgq ;Srejlsks' l.ñ fkd u kï jQ fkam:H.Dyfha isg nq;hs kï jk

m%Odk fõosldjg msúfik ud¾.h jQfha yIs.lrs kï jQ md,ula jeks

udj; h' th wä 51$2 la jQ yIs.lß fj; msúfik ia:dkfhys wf.ul=

kï jQ ;srhls' tu ;srh l¨" ly" r;=" fld< yd iqÿ mdáka hq;= h'

² m%Odk fõosldfjys isjqmi we;s l=¿Kq i;frls'

miq mi ol=Kq lKqj Isf;nisr kï jk w;r" bosßmi ol=Kq lKqj

fu;aiqfl nisr h' jïmi bosß lKqj jls nisr h' jïmi msgqmi l=¿K

*qtnisr kï fõ'

² m%Odk rx. N+ñhg msgq miska jk wf;dI kï jQ fldgfiys yhsIs kï jQ

jdol lKavdhfï isõ fofkla /|S isá;s' lsisjl /| jQ uOHu m%udKfha

jgl=re fnrh ;hsfld& jdokh lrkakd o" Wrysi u; ;ndf.k jdokh

lrk fnrh ^T;aiqY=ñ& jdokh lrkakd o" l=vd w;a fnrh ^fld;aiqY=ñ&

jdokh lrkakd o" *qt kï jQ ngk,dj jdokh lrkakd o tys /|S isá;s'

² rx. mSGfhys jï miska msysá os. wä 19 wÕ,a 05 la m<,a jQ fldgi

ðW;hsI kï fõ' fuys wg fofkl=f.ka hq;a .dhl msßi ìu jdä ù

isá;s'

rx. mSGfha miqmi jk ,S ì;a;sh l.ñ b; kï fõ' fuys u;aiq .ila we|

;sfí'

yIs.lß udj; bosßmi u;aiq .ia ;=kla me< lr we;' nQ;hs wi, u

we;af;a bÑfkdu;aiq h' fojk u;aiq .i ks-fkd-u;aiq kï jk w;r

fkam:H.Dyhg wdikak .i ika-fkd-u;aiq kï fõ'

ngk,d jdolhd wi, we;s fodr" lsßfod kï jk w;r tu.ska .dhlhka"

jdolhka fia u fõosld iydhlhska o nq;hs fj; meñKSu yd bj;a ùu isÿ

fõ'

² m%Odk fõosldfõ isg Isriq we;=rE N+ñhg msúiSug Isriq nisf.d kï jQ

mä fm<ls'


1' iïNdjH cmka kdgH ix.%yh - wdßh rdclreKd

2' fkda lnqls kdgH l,dj - l=,;s,l l=udrisxy

we.hSu(

1' cmdkfha fkda kdgHh yd ne|s ixl,am ms<sn| ú.%yhla lrkak'

2' fkda kdgHfha úfYaI;d ksoiqka imhñka úia;r lrkak'

160



161



162



163



164



165





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'9 ( cmdkfha kdgH iïm%odhhka idlÉPd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² lnqls kdgH m%Njh ms<sn| f;dr;=re úuihs'

² lnqls kdgH rx. Í;sfha úfYaI ,laIK f,aLk.; lrhs'

² lnqls rx. N+ñfhys úfYaI;d rEm igyka weiqfrka úuihs'

² j¾;udk cmdkfha lnqls kdgH yd fm%alaIl m%;spdr ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lrhs'

² cmka iïm%odhsl kdgH l,dj ms<sn| f;dr;=re úuihs'

l%shdldrlu ( cmka kdgH - lnqls úuiuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² lnqls kdgH yd iïnkaO kdgH fm<" ixhqla; ;eá"

fõosld mska;+r

² lnqls rx.k wjia:d /.;a PdhdrEm

ye|skaùu ( cmdkfha idïm%odhsl kdgH l,dfõ úfYaI ia:dkhla ,efnk

lnqls kdgHfha wrïNh" úfYaI ,laIK" l:d jia;=j, m%fNao

yd rx. N+ñh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( Y%jH oDYH udOH weiqfrka yd .%ka: mßYS,kh wdY%fhka


² lnqls hkq cmdkfha Ôjudkj mj;sk ckm%sh kdgH iïm%odhls'

² Iskaf;d kï foajia:dkfhys fiajfhys kshq;= j isá Tl=kS kï foajodishl

úiska l%s'j' 1586 oS m%:u jrg lsfhdf;d k.rfhys rÕ oelajqKq fkïnq;aiq

Tfodrs kue;s fn!oaO kegqï úfYaIh weiqfrka m%Njh ,enqjls'

² uq,a ld,fha oS lnqls rÕmEu ia;%Skag muKla iSudj ;snqK o 1629 oS ia;%Skag

rÕmEu kS;sfhka ;ykï flßKs' t;eka isg fï jk ;=re lnqls rÕmdkafka

msßñka muKls'

² m%Odk ,laIKh jkqfha ffY,s.; nj h'

² jia;= úIhh cmdkfha wdos ld,Sk yd uOHu ld,Sk mqj;aj,g muKla

iSud fõ'

² iqúfYaIS rÕy,ls' ykñÑ" fißfoIs" fißwf." ujß nQ;hs rÕyf,a

úfYaI ,laIK h' ykñÑ kï udj; u.ska k¿jdg fm%alaId.drh ueoska

hñka rÕmEug wjia:dj ie,fia'

166



² fißfodIs yd fißwf. hk hkaf;%damlrK u.ska fõosld ieris,sj,g yd

pß;hkag laIKsl j my< ù w;=reoka úh yels h' ujß nQ;hs fyj;a

lerflk fõosldj úúO ieris,s jyd udre lsÍug fhdod .efka' llsjß

hkq Ñ;%s;mg m%o¾Ykh i|yd fhdod .kakd miq;,hhs'

² wksjd¾h ,laIKhla jkqfha fõosld ieris,s h' rc ud<s.d" m%dido" .xÕd"

i,ams,a o ieris,s f,i fhdod .kS' j¾Idj" ysum;kh fuka u r:jdyk"

foda,d" wYajhka msg hdu wdosh bosßm;a lrhs'

² we÷ï me<÷ï o kdgHfhka ksrEmKh lrk merKs iudchg wkqrEm jk

mßos fYdaNdiïmkak fõ' lD;%su fldKavd yd wä Wi mdjyka o Ndú;

flf¾'

wx. rpkh lsÍfï úúO ú,di 115 la muK fõ' fuu l,dj "l=ufodß"

kï fõ' tu.ska pß;fha wNHka;ßl ,laIK wkdjrKh lrhs'

j¾K u.ska úúO Ndjhka ksrEms; h'

ksoiqka f,i"

ia;%Ska" <uqka yd ;reKhka iqÿ meyefhka o"

ùr;ajh" yosis fldamh r;= meyefhka o

wOu nj" ÿIag nj - l¿ yd ks,a

wd;aud¾:ldñ;ajh - ;o ÿUqre meyefhka o ksrEms; h'

² ljr isoaêhla jqj w;sYfhdala;shg k.d ffY,s.; fldg oelaùu úfYaI

,laIKhls' igka" ch.%yKh" mrdch" ñhhdu jeks wjia:d rÕmdkqfha

o fl%daOh" ffjrh" fldamh" m%S;sh jeks ufkdaNdjhka m%ldY lrkqfha o

úfYaI rx. ffY,shlg wkqrEmSj h'

² "ukqIH >d;kfha fi!kao¾h" fldfrdIs-fkd-ì& hkq lsishï mqoa.,fhl=

ðú;laIhg m;a lrk whqre rÕmdk úg thska lsishï fi!kao¾hhla

Woa.; ùu ;=<ska fm%alaIlhd ;=< kdgH rihla cks; lrùu h'

² jdÑl wNskhg jvd wdx.sl wNskh iy id;a;aúl wNskh jvd m%n, jkq

oelsh yels h'

² ixjdo fiß*q kï fõ' ixjdo WÉpdrKh lrkq ,nkafka ßoauhdkql+,j

h' iajdNdúl .oH ixjdo olakg fkd,efnk ;rï h' k¿fjda fõosldj

u; .dhkfhys fkdfhfo;s' .dhkh flfrkafka .dhl lKavdhu

u.sks'

² Ndú; ix.S; l%u i;rls' .sohq" k.W;" fkdlsjiq yd lsfhdfudf;d

jYfhks'

;;a ;=klska hq;= iñfika" .sohq" fkdlsjiq yd lsfhdfudf;d i|yd

m%fhdackhg .kakd tlu ;;a NdKavhhs'

² k.W; i|yd k,dj" f,dl= jgl=re fnrh" l=vd w;a fnr fol hk

NdKav fhdod .kS' k.W; ix.s; lKavdhu fõosldj msgqmi jkakg o"

f;dlsjiq iy lsfhdfudf;d ix.S; lKavdhï jï mi;a" .sohq ix.s;

lKavdhu ol=Kq mi;a jdä ù isá;s'

167



² fõosldfõ jïmi msysá f.i kï jQ wdjrKh lrk ,o ia:dkhl isg

jdokh lrkq ,efí'

² f.i kñka ye|skafjk jdol lKavdhu fnr" iSkq" k,d" ffl;d,ï

jeks ix.S; WmlrK u.ska kdgHhg wjYH Yío W;amdokh lrkq ,efí'

;srh wßk yd jik l, ysfhdIs.s kï jQ ,S len,s folla tlg .gñka

y~la kxjhs'

² tkaf.ls yd nqfhd.ls f,iska ye|skafjk lnqls kdgHfhys m%fNao folls'

kdgH ,laIKj,ska fyì lD;s tkaf.ls kï jk w;r" kD;H ,laIKj,ska

hq;a lD;s nqfhd.ls jYfhka kï fõ'

² mdol jQ l:d jia;=j wkqj o m%fNao fõ' ft;sydisl mqj;a we;=<;a kdgH

ðohsfudfkd m%fNaoh jYfhka o" fjf<÷ka" f.hsIdjka yd by< uOHu

mdka;slhkaf.a pß; mdol lr.;a kdgH fijfudfkd f,iska o" iQÿ

ldrhska" uxfld,a,lrejka" fjiÕkka jeks my;a fmf<a ñksiqkaf.a

Ôú; ksrEmKh lrk j¾.h lsfijfudf;d kï jk w;r" yqÿ kegqu

m%Odk fldg.;a kdgH fIdif.df;d kñka ye|skafõ'

² pß; m%Odk jYfhka fldgia folls' Tf;dfld.; yd Tkak.; jYfhks'

Tf;dfld.; msßñ pß; jk w;r" ;Ñhl=" l;lhl= yd fodafl.; f,i

j¾. flf¾' ;Ñhl= hkq hym;a .;s we;s wh o" l;lhl= hkq krl .;s

we;s wh o" fodafl.; hkq úys¿ .;s we;s pß; o fj;s'

Tkak.; hkq ia;%S N+ñld rÕmdkakka y÷kajk kduhhs' jlTkak.;

^wjq' 20-wjq 50& ;hq ^by< mx;sfha f.aIdjka& wl=n ^krl .;s we;s&

uqiqfu.; ^idudkH fmf<a ;reKshka& f,iska o y÷kajhs'

fld.; hkqfjka y÷kajkafka l=vd <uqka h'

² Wiia u kdgH ^cqyÑn;a& lD;s 18 ls' lkaðkafpda" iqflfrdl=" Isnrl="

krelñ hk kdgHhka b;d bkm%sh h'

² lnqls k¿jl= ùug jhi wjqreÿ y; wg mufKa isg oS¾> ld,Sk wNHdihla

wjYH h' iEu k¿fjl= u lnqls k¿ mjq,lg yd k¿ .=re l=,hg wh;a

h' iEu k¿ .=rel=,hla u úfYaI fõosld kduhlska y÷kajkq ,nhs'

k¿fjl= olaI f,i rÕmdk úg úfYaI fõosld kdufhka y~ .d m%S;sh

m< lsÍu lnqls fm%alaIlhkaf.a isß;ls'

² k¿jkag yd rx.hg iydh ùu i|yd fõosld iydhlhka fofldgila

fõosldfõ mfil isá;s' l¿ we÷ula we|" l¿ ÿyq,a jia;%hlska uqyqK

jid isák fiajlhka l=frdf.d kñka y÷kajk w;r" uqyqK fmkajd

f.k Wodr ,S,dfjka isákafka fldaflka kï jQ fõosld iydhlhka h'

² f;dalsfhda k.rfha .skaid fmfofiys msysá lnqlsid kï m%isoaO rÕ

y,ls' tys jrlg fm%alaIlhka 2000 lg kdgHh keröfï myiqlï we;'

oskm;d Wfoa o¾Ykh fm'j' 11'00 - m'j' 4'00 olajd;a" yji o¾Ykh m'j'

4'30 - 9'30 olajd;a lnqls o¾Yk meje;a fõ'

168




1' úYajfldaIh 249 - 254 msgq ^ldKav wxl 08& - l=,;s,l l=udrisxy

2' fkda lnqls kdgH l,dj - l=,;s,l l=udrisxy

3' iïNdjH cmka kdgH l,dj - wdßh rdclreKd

we.hSu(

1' cmdkfha ðjudk j mj;sk l,d iïm%odhhka kï lr" bka tll iqúfYaIS

,laIK ú.%y lrkak'

2' cmka lnqls kdgHfha úldYh yd úfYaI;d ms<sn| wOHhkhla lrkak'

lnqls fõosldj

j¾;udk f;dalsfhda lnqls -i kdgH Yd,dj 90' la m<, h' Wi 60' ls' yevh

'' p;=ri%dldr h' m<uq yd fojk i|¿;, rx. Yd,dfõ ;=ka me;af;ka u f.dv

k.d we;' ;srh fld<" r;=" ÿUqre yd l¿ j¾Kfhka hq;a iy f¾LKhka f.ka

fyì fros fhdod we;af;a h' fõosldfõ ol=Kq my; ud,h - f.I ^jdoH

uKav,fha& yiIsfnh kñ' ix.S;{hka yd Yío mßmd,lhka /|S isáfha tys

h'

fõosldfõ by< ujß nQ;hs kï lerlefjk fõosldjla fõ'

cmka foajodr ^ihsm%ia& ,Sfhka ks¾udKh fldg Tm oud we;'

fm%alaId.drfha jï md¾Yajh yryd jeà we;S u,au. ^ykñÑ& fõosldfõ isg

fm%alaId.drfha fl<jr f;la úysoS .sh mgq fõosld ;Srhls' th rx.kfha

W;alDIag yd W;al¾Ij;a wjia:d ksrEmKh i|yd m%fhdackhg .efka'

169



Kabuki Stage

170





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'10 ( 19 jk Y; j¾Ifha hqfrdamfha lemS fmfkk kdgH lrefjda'


bf.kqï M, (

² fykaßla bíika iy Tyqf.a rx. Í;sh wOHhkh lrhs'

² wekagka fpflda*a iy h:d¾:jdoS Í;sh Tyqf.a lD;s wdY%fhka úu¾Ykh lrhs'

² iageksia,dõialSf.a rx. Í;sh wOHhkh lrhs'

² iageksia,dõialsf.a rEmK úê l%uh l%shd;aul lrhs'

² h:d¾:jdoS Í;sh y÷kajd ÿka wfkl=;a ks¾udKlrejka ms<sn| Ôjk f;dr;=re

/ia lrhs'

l%shdldrlu ( 19 jk Y; j¾Ifha hqfrdamfha kdgHlrejka jk fykaßla

bíika" wkagka fpflda*a" iageksia,õials hk wh y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² fykaßl a bíika " wek agka fpfld a* a yd

iageksia,õialsf.a PdhdrEm

ye|skaùu ( 19 jk Y; j¾Ifha hqfrdamSh kdgHlrejka yd Tjqkaf.a rx.

Í;sh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mdvñka wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( .fõIKh" ksÍlaIKh yd idlÉPd lsÍu


fykaßla bíika

² fkda¾fõ cd;sl fykaßla bíika 1828 oS Wm; ,en 1849 j¾Ifha oS frdau

ft;sydisl isÿùula mokï lr f.k "leg,Ska" kï m%:u kdgHh ,shqfõ

h'

² kuq;a m%:u jrg rÕ olajkq ,enQfha Tyq úiska fojk jrg rpkd l<

"iqidk N+ñh" The Burial Ground& kï kdgHhhs'

² bíikaf.a uq,a ld,Sk kdgH fndfydauhla ldjHuh kdgH jQfha h'

fkda¾ùðhdkq ckl:d" b;sydi l:d" ta i|yd mokï úh'

² 1869 j¾Ifha oS Tyq úiska ,shkq ,enQ ";reK ix.uh" ^The League of

Youth& kdgHfhka h:d¾:jdoS Í;shg m%úIag jQfha h' Tyq úiska wkq.ukh

lrk ,o we;eï Wml%u jk mõ m, oSu" ikaksm;s;h" t<sorõj" m%S;su;a

l:djidkh ixjdo yd pß; ksrEmKh tosfkod Ôú;hg wkqj ;d;a;aúl

f,i bosßm;a lf<a h'

² Tyq ;;ald,Sk ñksia pß;j, wNHka;rh ú.%y lsÍug h;ak oeÍ h'

171



² bíika ish Ôú; ld,h u w;ayod ne,Sï lrñka h:d¾:jdoS kdgH Í;sh

f.dv k.d .;af;ls'

² Tyqf.a uq,a ld,Sk kdgHj, Ñ;%s; miq;, Ndú; lsßu ksid tajd läkñka

udre l< yels úh'

² "iudcfha l= kq" kdgHfhka wdrïN jQ ;%sudK miq;, Ndú;h h:d¾:jdoS

kdgH Í;shg iß,k f,i Ndú; lsÍfuys ,d úfYaI ld¾hNdrhla bgq

lf<a h'

² fõosld wdf,dalh i|yd mßir ks¾udKh fnfyúka Wmfhda.S lr .kS'

"ueo .%SIau ld,hg fmr osk" kï kdgHfha .Eia wdf,dalh fhdod .ksñka

w÷r" y|mdk yd ;o wõj ujd mEfõ h'

² 1877-1886 w;r ld,fha oS ,shkq ,enQ iEu kdgHhla u jvd;a ;d;a;aúl

lrkq jia isÿùï f.;=<g iSud lf<a h'

ksoiqka(- Fillars of Society ^iudcfha l= kq&

Rosmashom ^frdiaufIdaï&

Doll's House- fi,a,ï f.a

² kdgHfha oS Ndú; l< WmlrK yd o¾Yk kdgHfha isÿùïj, ixfla;

úh'

ksoiqka(- Doll's House - kdgHfha k;a;,a .i

² Tyq úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,o h:d¾:jdoS Í;sh ;j ÿrg;a ;Sj% lrkq jia

k¿jkaf.a wd;auNdIK" wmjdß; NdIK bj;a lf<a h' fõosld Wmfoia

b;d fláfhka fhoSu o olakg ,efí'

² mYapd;a oDIáuh ú.%yh wkq.ukh lsÍu o" kdgHhl wxl .Kk ;=klg

fyda y;rlg iSud lsÍu o isÿ úh'

² bíikaf.a kdgH .eg¨ kdgH ^Problem plays& f,i o y÷kajhs' ukqIH

Ôú;fha wNHka;rfha mj;akd ixlS¾K;d" l=gqïNh" ukqIHhd yd wjg

iudch w;r mj;sk >Ügkh Tyq ish kdgHj,ska fy<sorõ lrhs'

wekagka fpflda*a

reishdkq cd;sl wekagka fpflda*a f.a Orudk iuh jQfha 1860-1904 ld,hhs'

ffjoHjrhl= jQ Tyq f,dj m%lg jQ h:d¾:jdoS rx. Í;sfha mqfrda.dñfhls' Tyq

olaI flá l:d lrefjls' lsj hq;= foh fláfhka mejiSu fpflda*a f.a l:d

ú,difhys úfYaI ,laIKhls' iSñ; bvlvla ;=< oS rij;a iy jeo.;a lreKq

rdYshla lshdmEug fpflda*a oeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrhs' NdIdj ir, wkaoñka

fhdod .kshs' fl<ska u l:dj wdrïN lsÍu Tyq f.a ;j;a ,laIKhls' l:dfõ

uQ,sl wre;g WmldÍ fkdjk lsis u isÿùula fyda pß;hla Tyqf.a l:dj,

fkdue;'

1887 oS od y;a yeúßos fpflda*a ish m%:u kdgHh jk "mshd ke;akd" rpkh lf<a

mdi,a hk iufha oS h' 1887-1890 fpflda*a kdgH rpkh i|yd jeä ld,hla

172



fhduq l< hq.hls' Tyqf.a kdgH rpkd foj¾.hls'

1' taldx.sl m%yik

2' .eUqre p;=¾ wx.sl rpkd h'

yxi .S;h" j,yd" mria;dj" ir;a ux.,Hh" ixj;airh" ÿïmdkfha wdoSkj

taldx.sl m%yikj,g ksoiqka h'

fpflda*a kdgH rih cks; lsÍu msKsi kdgHuh l%shdldrlï Wmfhda.S lr

.;af;a h' ydiHh u;= lsÍfuka ñksia Ñ;a; ika;dkfha /|S mj;sk úúO

wdYdjka .efgk wdldrh;a iudc Ôú;fha m%;súreoaO wjia:d tlg yuqjk

wdldrh;a ksrEmKh fõ' bjfkd*a" uqyqÿ ,sysKshd" jdkahd udud" fidhqßhka

;sfokd yd fpßj;a; Tyqf.a fY%aIaG lD;s fõ'

ñksia j¾.hd f.a meje;au;a" l,lsÍu;a fjka fkdjk wx.hla fia fpflda*a

ish kdgHh u.ska f.k yer oelajQfha h' Tyq f.a kdgHj, rx.kh muKla

fkdj b;d ishqï m%fhda." ufkda úoHd;aul fhÿï" úrdu" ,h" bÕs iy y~

Ndú;h .eUqre ixfla;d;aul wjia:djla we;s j oelajQfha h' ksoiqka f,i

fpßj;a; kdgHfha ksudj w¾:j;a jkafka fpß.iaj,g jefok fmdfrda myrj,

yçks'

ksoiqka f,i *sh¾iaf.a urKh o" fpßj;af;a úkdYh o igyka jkafka w¾:dkaú;

Yío iqixfhda.fhks' lïìhla levqKq l,l fuka wE; wyi foiska y~la u;=

ù wjq;a" fYdaldl+, njla cks; lrñka flfuka uelS hhs' oeä ksyçhdjla

mj;S' tu ksyeçhdj ;=<ska wE; fpßj;af;a .iaj,g fmdrfjka fldgk

fnd,a y~ muKla wefia'&

fldkaiagdkaáka iageksia,dõials

² reishdkq cd;sl k¿jl=" wOHlajrhl= yd rx. Ys,amshl= jQ fldkaiagdkaáka

iageksia,dõials f,dj m%p,s; jQ h:d¾:jdoS rx. Í;sh f.dv ke.+ m%n,fhls'

² 1863 ckjdß 05 jk osk fudialõ kqjr oS Wmka Tyq tjl reishdkq

iudcfha by< u mka;shg wh;a jQfjls'

² tjl ckm%sh jD;a;Sh k¿ ks<shka wkq.ukh l< idïm%odhsl rEmK úê

l%uh m%;slafIam lrñka Tyq kj rEmK úê l%uhl wjYH;dj ÿgqfõ h'

² iageksia,dõials ish m¾fhaIK ld¾hfha m%;sM,hla f,i kj remK úê

l%uh ^Method Acting& y÷kajd ÿkafka h'

² rEmK úê l%ufha moku jQfha yeÕSï yd wka;¾ {dkh ;=<ska isÿ jk

wdfõYh Tiafia pß;hl ndysr yd wd;aóh Ôú;h wjfndaO lr .ekSfï

l%fudamdhhs'

² ta i|yd k¿jd pß;fha wNHka;r yeÕSïj,ska hq;= j pß;hg m%fõY úh

hq;= h' tfuka u k¿jd i;r wNskh wkq.ukh lsßug wu;r j nqoaêuh

jYfhka mßl,amkfhka" ksÍlaIKfhka yd w;aoelSfuka pß;h fmdaIKh

173



lr.; hq;= h'

² pß;hl YdÍßl l%shdjka yd ukqIH p¾hdjka wkqlrKh lsßu" fõosldj

u; ksrEmKh lrk ixlS¾K pß;hl ienE iajrEmh ksrEmKh lsÍug

m%udKj;a fkdjk nj Tyq mjihs'

² pß;hl wNHka;rhg m%úIag ù pß;h i;= ienE p¾hdj yd yeÕSï wjfndaO

lr .ekSu ;=<ska pß;hg ls|d neish hq;= nj iageksia,dõials wjOdrKh

lr we;'

² iageksia,dõials mjikafka k¿jl= úug m%;sNdj alant& yd ks¾udK fõYh

^Inspiration& muKla m%udKj;a fkdjk nj h' fuu .=Kdx.j,g fjka

lrkqfha k¿lñka 1$10 ls' wfkla 9$10 u wNHka;ßl j we;s yeÕSï yd

wka;¾{dkh ;=<ska k¿jd úiska u f.dv k.d .; hq;= nj Tyq wjOdrKh

lrhs'

² .fõIKh

ksÍlaIKh

YdÍßl wNHdi

udkisl wNHdi

YsÒ,SlrK wNHdi

rx. l%Svd wNHdi

rpkd ,sùu

jeks ld¾hhka Tiafia k¿jd yeÕSAï yd wka;¾{dkh úiska fufyhjkq

,nk njhs'

² k¿jd pß;hlg wdfõY jqj o ;ud fõosldjl ksYaÑ; wruqKla we;s j

rÕmdk nj wjfndaOfhka hq;= j rÕmdhs'


1' úð; .=Kr;ak - rElv f.or

2' wurodi ùrisxy" .Kkd: Tfífialr - fi,a,ï f.h

3' iqks,a úfÊisßj¾Ok - fndaksls f.or

4' uekaosia frdayKër - fpßj;a;

5' rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s - fpß Whk

6' rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s - rEmK úê l%uh

7' fnka r;akdhl - wisßu;a rx.kh

8' wdßhjxY rKùr - hq. ;=kl bíika

9' iqpß; .ï,;a - ngysr kdgHh

we.hSu(

1' 19 jk Y;j¾Ifha hqfrdamfha m%lg jQ kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re .fõIKh

lrkak'

2' h:do¾YS Í;sfha mqfrda.dóka jk fykaßla bíika" wekagka fpfld*a yd

iageksia,dõials hk whf.a rx. Í;sfha iajNdjh úu¾Ykh lrkak'

174





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'11 ( 20 jk Y; j¾Ifha kdgH m%jK;d yd w;a yod ne,Sï idlÉPd

lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² n¾fgda,aÜ fn%IaÜ f.a rx. ffY,sh úia;r lrhs'

² ;od;au ú>gk ixl,amh y÷kd .kshs'

² fn%IaÜ f.a ks¾udK y÷kd .kshs'

² tmsla rx. ffY,sfha olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lrhs'

² fn%IaÜf.a kdgH keröug leue;a;la olajhs'

l%shdldrlu ( n¾fgda,aÜ fn%IaÜ f.a rx. ffY,sh úuiuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² n¾fgda,aÜ fn%IaÜ f.a PdhdrEmhla

² yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgHfha ùäfhda mghla

ye|skaùu ( n¾fgda,aÜ fn%IaÜ yd Tyqf.a rx. ffY,sh ms<sn| j lreKq

wOHhkh lsrSu fuu mdvñka wfmalaId flf¾'



² 1898 fmnrjdß 10 jk osk c¾uksfha n.aian¾.a kqjr oS Wm; ,o n¾fgda,aÜ

fn%IaÜ f,dj ìys jQ fY%aIaG;u kdgH lrejl= nj

² ;reK úhg t<fUk úg wd.ñl úYajdi ms<sn| j iel lsßu o ;ud wh;a

jQ iudc mka;sh ms<sn| j l,lsÍu o" iudc úIu;d yd mSvkh .ek hï

wjfndaOhlska hqla; ùu o fn%IaÜ pß;fha olakg ,efnk nj

² fn%IaÜ ysÜ,¾f.a kdiS jHdmdrhg úreoaO j ,sms f,aLk yd lú rpkd

lsßu ksid;a udlaiajdoS jHdmdrhg iïnkaO ùu ksid;a ysÜ,¾f.a Woyig

,la ù c¾uksfhka m,d hEug isÿ jQ nj

² fn%IaÜ uq,ska u rpkd lf<a iodpdr j¾.fha kdgHhla jk w;r nd,a

Tyqf.a m%:u kdgHh jQ nj yd fn%IaÜ f.a foaYmd,k oDIaáh udlaiajdoS

foaYmd,k o¾Ykhg wkql+, j yev .eiqKq ksid miqld,Sk j Tyqf.a

kdgH lD;sj, iajNdjh o fjkia jQ nj

175



² fn%IaÜ f.a rx. ffY,sh tmsla rx. ffY,sh$ wdLHdk rx. ffY,sh

jYfhka o y÷kajk w;r fuys mqfrda.dñhd jQfha c¾uka cd;sl w¾úka

msialeg¾ nj iy th foaYmd,ksl yd iudðh m%Yak uyck ixjdohg

fhduq l< yels wdldrfha kdgH l,djla ìys lsÍug .;a W;aidyhla nj

² fuu ffY,sh m%fhdackhg f.k iudc újrKhl fhÿK fn%IaÜ tys oS

ish kdgHj,g ùr ldjH j¾.fha l:d fhdod .;a w;r th mqoa.,hl=$

mjq,la flakaø lr .kakjdg jvd úia;S¾K ft;sydisl isÿùï ud,djla

uq,a lrf.k f.;+ l;djla jQ nj iy fujeks l:djla rx. .; lrk úg

th wersiafgdag,shdkq rx. isoaOdka;j,g iïmQ¾Kfhka u m%;súreoaO

rx.khla jYfhka fhdod .ekqKq nj

² ùr ldjHfha" fyj;a tmsla rx.fha uQ,sl ,laIK kï wersiafgdag,shdkq

kdgHj, we;s kdgHuh tal;ajh neyer lsßu" wkdjrKh" wdl+,SlrKh

l+gmam%dma;sh yd t,d.uh hk ixl,amj,g wkq.; j f.dvk.k l:d

úkHdifhka neyer ùu iy k¿jd pß;hg wdfõY ùu mS<sn| ixl,amh

neyer lr ;sîu nj

² by; wdldrfha rx. iajNdjhla ;=<ska fm%alaIlhd ÿriaÒlrKhg ,lajk

nj fn%IaÜf.a woyi jQ w;r ta wkqj tmsla rx.h u.ska f.dv k.d .;a

uQ,sl kdgH isoaOdka;h ¥ria:dj ms<sn| ixl,amh fyj;a ;od;au ú>gkh

f,i ye|skafjk nj

² fn%IaÜ f.a fuu ;od;au ú>gk wruqK bgq lr .ekSu i|yd tmsla rx.h

f.dv ke.Sfï oS my; i|yka fjkialï isÿ l< nj

1' fndfyda úg ckl:d fyda b;sydi l:d kdgH jia;=j i|yd fhdod

.ekSu

2' l:d kdhl kdhsldjka iïu; wdldrfha ùrjrhka fkd ùu

3' kdgHhl cjksld /ila ;sîu

4' wdLHdk ffY,shlska l:dj bosßm;a lsÍu

5' ia:dk yd ld,h ms<sn| tald.%;djhla fkdue;s ùu

6' wdishdkq rx. iïm%odhkaf.a wdNdih ,nñka kdgH O¾ó rx. ,laIK

Ndú; lsÍu' ta wkqj fmdf;a .=frla yd .dhl lKavdhula"

ixfla;d;aul miq;," fjia uqyqKq Ndú;h" k¾;kdkql+, .uka

rgdjla jeks oE Ndú; lsÍu

7' iu wdf,dal ;;a;ajhl kdgHh mj;ajdf.k hEu" ix.S;h kdgHfha

wjia:d yd m%;súfrdaë jk whqrlska fhoSu

8' iydkqN+;sh fjkqjg fya;=M,jdoS ùu

176



² fn%IaÜ kdgH lD;s /ila rpkd lr we;s w;r bka lsysmhla kï

1' o ;%S fmks Tfmrd ^mekai ;=fka l;dj&

2' .e,S,sfhda

3' mqka;s,d

4' osßh uj iy wef.a orefjda

5' wïud

6' fldflaishka fjda¾la i¾l,a $ yqKqjgfha l;dj

7' .=â jquka T*a fiÜiqjdka $ fiÜiqjdkfha hym;a ldka;dj


1' rxð;a O¾ulS¾;s - kdgH m%fõYh 1 fldgi

2' iqpß; .ï,;a - ngysr kdgH rx. l,dj

we.hSu(

1' fn%IaÜ f.a rx. ffY,sh ms<sn| ieflúka úia;rhla lrkak'

2' fn%IaÜ tmsla rx.h f.dv ke.Sfï oS ;od;au ú>gk wruqK bgq lr .ekSu i|yd

fhdod .;a Wml%u ljf¾ o@

177





ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'11 ( 20 jk Y;j¾Ifha kdgH m%jK;d yd w;a yod ne,Sï idlÉPd

lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² wiïu; kdgH ìys ùug n,mdk ,o iudc yd wd¾Òl ;;a;ajh m%ldY lrhs'

² wiïu; kdgHj, úfYaI;d úuihs'

² foia úfoia wiïu; kdgH lrejka ms<sn| wOHhkh lrñka kdgH l,djg

Tjqkaf.ka isÿ jq fiajh w.h lrhs'

² wiïu; kdgH ri ú|shs'

² wiïu; ß;sh wkqidrfhka úúO iudc .eg¨ idlÉPd lrk kdgH ksIamdokh

lrhs'

l%shdldrlu ( ieuqfj,a fnlÜ f.a kdgH y÷kd .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² ieuqfj,a fnlÜ f.a PdhdrEmhla

² fnlÜ ms<sn| j ,shejqkq ,sms f,aLk

ye|skaùu ( ieuqfj,a fnlÜ ms<sn| j yd Tyqf.a lD;s ms<sn| j wOHhkh

lsÍu fuu mdvñka wfmalaId flf¾'



² 1906 oS wh¾,ka;fha ví,ska kqjr Wm; ,o fnlÜ mdi,a wOHdmkh

,oafoa fmdafgdard rdclSh úoHd,hfha fkajdislj h' mdi,a wjêfha oS Tyq

bf.kSug fuka u l%Svdjg o ymkalï mEfõ h' ví,ska kqjr msysá

Üßksá úoHd,hg we;=<;a jQ fnlÜ m%xY yd b;d,s NdId bf.k l,d

Wmdêh ,nd .;af;a 1927 oS h' 1928 oS Tyqg m%xYfha meßia k.rfha

úYajúoHd,hl bx.%Sis úIh W.kajk lÒldpd¾hjrhl= ùug yels úh'

² fnlÜ f.a kdgH Ôú;hg moku jegqfKa meÍisfha oS h' Tyq tys oS m%lg

idys;H lrejka yd weiqrg jegqKs'

² fnlÜ uq,a wjêfha oS ldjH yd flál;d rpkd lf<a h' 1938 oS Tyqf.a

u¾ms ^Murphy& kï kjl;dj m%ldYhg m;a úh'

² kjl;d" flál;d yd ldjH ks¾udKlrKfha fhfok w;r;=r u Tyq

kdgH rpkhg o fhduq úh' Tyq uq,ska u ,shQ kdgH b,shqf;aßh Eleutheria&

kï jQ w;r th lsisÿ oskl fõosld.; jQfhaj;a uqøKh jQfhaj;a ke;ehs

178



i|yka fõ'

² fnlÜ ish m%Odk ks¾udK lD;Ska ish,a, u ks¾udKh lf<a m%xY

NdIdfjks'

² ieuqfj,a fnlÜ kdgH f,dalh ;=< jvd;a ckm%sh jQfha 1952 oS rpkd

lrk ,ÿ j 1953 oS meÍisfha fõosld .; l, f.dafvda tklx W aiting for

Godot& kdgH u.ska h' th iïu; .Kfha kdgH Í;sfhka fjkia jQ w;r

wiïu; .Kfha kdgH úfYaIhla f,i ms<s.eksKs'

² f.dafvda tklx kdgHh úYsIag .Kfha wiïu; kdgHhla jQ w;r th

úúOd¾: f.k fok lD;shla fõ'

² ieuqfj,a fnlÜ úiska rpkd lrk ,o kdgH lD;s lsysmhls'

1' Eletheuria

2' W aiting for Godot

3' Endgame

4' All that fall

5 Krappis Last tape

6' Happy Days

² 1969 oS fnlÜg idys;H iuíkaO fkdfn,a ;Hd.h o ysñ úh'

² fnlÜ f.a kdgH u.ska wiïu; Absurd&$ kdgH ß;sh f,dalhg myiqfjka

u y÷kd .; yels úh' 20 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.h jk úg we;s jk f,dal

uyd ix.%duh;a" wd¾Òl yd foaYmd,ksl w¾nqoldÍ;ajh;a ksid tf;la

mej;s ðú;fha ikaiqka nj wkd.; wfmalaIdjka iy n,dfmdfrd;a;=

iqkajk njla hqfrdamd iudcfha Ôj;a jQ ñksidg oefkkakg úh' fN!;sl

yd wdOHd;añl úm¾hdihka ksid úYd, le<ô,a,lg m;a úisjk ishjfia

hqfrdamSh ñksiqkaf.ka fldgila ;=< my< jQfha ðú;h ms<sn| j w¾:

Y=kH jQ yeÕSï ud,djls'

fujeks wiSñ; wfmalaIdjkaf.ka hq;a ñksidg th bgq lr .ekSug bvla

fkd,efnk f,dalhla ;=< Tyq fndfyda fihska l,lsÍug m;a úh' Tyq

;=< oeä wfmalaId Nx.;ajhla we;s úh' hqfrdamd iudcfha fujeks wdl,am

me;sÍ hk úg th m%ldYhg m;a ùfï tla ud¾.hla f,i wiïu; kdgH

ìys úh'

² fuu ixl,amh m%:u j;djg t<s oelafjkafka 1942 oS we,afnhd leuq

úiska ,shk ,o The Myth of sysipus kï .%ka:fhks'

² fï wkqj wiïu; Absurd Theatre& wN+;rEmS$úldrrEmS hk úúO kïj,ska

ye|skafjk rx. l%uh l=uk wdldrhla .kS o hkak i,ld ne,Sfï oS

ud¾áka tia,ska kï m%lg úpdrlhd The Theatre of Absurd kï .%ka:fhka

lrk meyeos,s lsßu fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a jk nj ie,lsh yels h'

² fuu iïm%odh tf;la mej;s iïu; kdgH wdlD;shg mgyeks fõ' iïu;

fyj;a iqidê; ^well made& kdgHhlg fya;=M, iïnkaO;djh wkqj

ne÷Kq isÿùï moaO;shla yd uq," ueo" w. iys; l:djla wjYH fõ' wiïu;

179



kdgHhl we;af;a fndfyda úg ;d¾lsl iïnkaOhla fkdolsk isÿùï

moaO;shls' iïu; kdgHhl rjqï pß; we;akï" wiïu; kdgHhl

we;af;a me;,s pß; h' wiïu; kdgHhla fndfyda úg r|d mj;skafka

ldjHd;aul ixl,am rEm u; jk neúka tajd ri ú|sh hq;af;a ldjHhla

ri ú|sk wdldrfhks'

² by; wdldrfha rx. ffY,shla .;a fuu wiïu; .Kfha kdgHj,ska

fndfyda ÿrg flrefKa l,dlrejd ;ud f.a meje;au ;=<ska ,o wjfndaOh

u; mokï jQ f,dal iajNdjh ms<sn| jq mqoa., ks#Y%s; w;aoelSula bosßm;a

lsÍuhs' fuu kdglj,ska ðú;fha w¾: Y=kH yd w;d¾lsl nj bosßm;a

lsÍu isÿ flf¾'

² wiïu; rx. iïm%odh mokï fldgf.k kdgH rpkd l< f,dj fiiq

kdgHlrejka w;r refïkshdkq cd;sl bhqðka wfhfkiaflda" weußldfõ

tâjâ T,aî" tx.,ka;fha yer,aâ mskag¾" reishdfõ wd;¾ wevfuda*a"

c¾uksfha .+ka;¾ .%dia jeks kdgHlrejka úfYaIfhka i|yka l< yels

h'

² Y%S ,xldfõ o fuu rx. Í;sfhka kdgH /ila ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r

tajd mßj¾;k" wkqj¾;k yd iaj;ka;% ks¾udK jYfhka oelsh yels fõ'

jeäÿr wOHhkh(

1' l,d iÕrdj - 59 l,dmh" Y%S ,xld l,d uKav,fha m%ldYkhls'

2' iqpß; .ï,;a - ngysr kdgH yd rx. l,dj

3' iq.;md, o is,ajd - f.dafvda Wkakefya tklx

we.hSu(

1' ieuqfj,a fnlÜ wkq.ukh l< kdgH iïm%odh ms<sn|+ j meyeos,s lrkak'

2' ieuqfj,a fnlÜ f.a lD;s ms<sn| flá ye|skaùula lrkak'

180



ksmqK;dj 05 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj iïnkaO úúO ks¾udK ridiajdoh yd

úpdrh lrñka Ôú; w;aoelSï fmdaIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1'1 ( ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a cq,shia iSi¾ kdgH fm< ri ú|shs'


bf.kqï M, (

² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHfha fÄojdplh mqoa., wruqKq w;r .egqul m%;sM,hla f,i

i,lñka ri ú|sh yels nj m%ldY lrhs'

² kdgHfha f;audj i¾jld,Sk ksid th mdGlhdg ri ú|Sug myiq jk nj

ms<s.kshs'

² nDDgia yd ud¾la wekagksf.a ;¾l ú;¾l ,sÅ; j fm< .iajhs'

² nDDgia yd iSi¾ w;r we;s udkqIsl ne|Su w.hhs'

² iudcfha kE u lafIa;%hl mqoa.,hkag tys iudc mKsúvhla we;s nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( cq,shia iSi¾ ri ú|suq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² cq,shia iSi¾ mßj¾;kh - ux.,sld ch;=x.

ye|skaùu ( tx.,ka;fha t<sifn;ka fyj;a t<sin;Sk hq.h" m<uqjk

t<sifn;a /ðkf.a md,k iuh l%s'j' 1558-1603& flakaø fldg

kï lr we;' tfy;a fY%aIaG kdgH lD;s ìys jQ wjêh jkqfha

1580-1604 hq.hhs' ta yefrkakg 1603 isg 1625 olajd rc jQfha

1 jk fÊïia rcq h' ta ld,fhaoS;a bx.%Sis kdgHfha j¾Okh

oelsh yels h' cq,shia iSi¾ kdgH rpkd jQfha 1601 oS h'

ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ f.a fYdalckl kdgHhla jk fuh úYaj

idOdrK i¾jld,Sk yd i¾jfN!ñl ,laIKj,ska hqla; h'

Tyqf.a cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHh tod fuod ;=r fm%alaIl yd mdGl

riúkaokh oskd.;a úYaj kdgH ks¾udKhla jk w;r" Bg

fya;= mdol jQ lreKq úuid ne,Su fuys oS wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï" idlÉPd" .fõIK" N+ñld rx.k


² frdaufha m%n, ck kdhlhl= jQ cq,shia iSi¾f.a >d;kh ms<sn| ft;sydisl

isÿùu m%n, j yd kdfgHdaÑ; j bosßm;a lsÍu ;=<ska mdGl yd fm%alaIl

ck;dj ;=< ;shqKq lïmkhla u;= lrk nj

² fuys oS cq,shia iSi¾ >d;kh jkqfha yqfola wdliañl wkaoñka fkdj

nDDgia" leishia jeks ñ;% uka;%Sjrekaf.a wruqKq yd Tyq f.a wruqK w;r

we;s jk .egqfï m%;sM,hla f,i oelaùu u.ska fma%laIlhd ;=< kdgH

rih ;sõr jk nj

181



² kdgH .,d hkqfha Wkak;slduh ambitious& yd n,lduh ms<sn| .eg¨jla

Tiafia jqj o" isi¾ yd nDDgia w;r we;s udkqIsl ne|Su fm%alaIlhd ;=<

Ndjuh lïmkhla we;s lrk nj

Wod( iSi¾( " nDDgia Tn;a@ tfykï isi¾ jegqKdfoka ' ' ' ' "

² fuu kdgHfhys f;audj i¾jld,sk yd i¾jfN!ñl ,laIKj,ska hqla;

ksid j¾;udk foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka o ie,ls,a,g .ksñka th ri ú|sh

yels nj

² nDDgiaf.a yd udla wekagkSf.a wjuÕ=,a foaYk u.ska m< lrkq ,nk

p;=r lÒl;ajh iy Tjqkaf.a uqjÕg kxjk WKqiqï" ixfõoS yd m%n,

m%ldYk" m%Yak lsßï yd ;¾l ú;¾l Tiafia fm%alaIlhd ;=< kdgH rih

wLKav j ckkh jk nj

Wod(

nDDgia( "iSi¾ ug wdorh l< ;rug u ud Tyq .ek je<fmkjd'

Tyq jdikdjka; jQ ;rug ud Tyq .ek i;=gq jqkd' Tyq

ks¾NS; jQ ;rug u ud Tyqg .re l<d' kuq;a ud Tyq urd

oeïud' Tyq Wkak;sldñfhl= ùu ksid'"

² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHfha pß;j, úúO;ajh yd tu.ska we;s lrkq ,nk

ishqï ufkdaNdjhka fm%alaIl ri úkaokhg fya;= jk nj

² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHfha NdIdj ldjHuh njlska hq;= ksid fm%alaIlhd ;=<

bka Ndjuh lïmkhla we;s lrk nj

Wod(

ud¾la wekagks( "nDDgia iSi¾f.a iqr¥;hd nj Tn okakjfk'

wfka foúhfka Tyq nDDgiag fudk ;rï wdorh

l<d o@ iSi¾g t,a, jQ myrj,ska lDDr u myr

talhs' nDDgiq;a ;uqkag myr fok nj ÿgqjd u

Tyqf.a yoj; foord .shd' uqyqK i¿fjka jid

.;a Tyq f,a fmrdf.k fmdïfmhs m%;sudj <Õ

weo jegqKd'"

² fiiq fYalaiamshßhdkq kdgHj, fuka u fuys oS wj;dr" wkdjels jeks

w;sudkqIsl n,fõ. fm%alaIlhd ;=< l=;=y,h" úiauh oekúu i|yd fuka

u jia;= úldYhg o bjy,a lrf.k we;s nj

we.hSu(

1' iSi¾f.a uD; foayh f.k tk msßi iuÕ udla wekagkSf.a meñKsu yd Tyqf.a

fõ.j;a yd WKqiqï wjux., foaYkh flá rx.khlska bosßm;a lrkak'

182





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1'2 ( ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a Tf;f,da kdgH fm< ri ú|shs'


bf.kqï M, (

² Tf;f,da kdgHfha fÄojdplhg fya;= jQfha fm%auh ksid yg.;a B¾IHdj kï

ufkdaNdjh nj m%ldY lrhs'

² fviaäfudakd wysxil yd mú;% fm%aufha ixfla;hla nj ms<s.kshs'

² bhdf.da úiska ie,iqï lrkq ,enQ ÿIag ie,iqï ,sÅ; j fm< .iajhs'

² pß; yiqrejkq ,nkafka uQ,sl ufkdaNdjhka u.ska nj ms<s.kshs'

² fuu kdgHh u.ska pß;hl ÿ¾j,;d u;= jqj o" tys iudc ms<sìUqjla o we;s nj

ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( "Tf;f,da" ri ú|suq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² kdgH fm< ^Tf;f,da&

ye|skaùu ( fYalaiamsh¾ f.a fYdalckl kdgH w;=ßka úYsIag f,i

ie,flkqfha yeï,Ü" Tf;f,da" cq,shia iSi¾ yd ,sh¾ rc

hk kdgH i;r fõ' Tf;f,da wksla kdgHj,g jvd fjkia

jkqfha th fm!oa.,sl f;audjla ksrEmKh lrk neúka h'

iuyr úpdrlhska olajk wldrhg fuh 17 jk ishjfia

kdgHhlg jvd ióm jkqfha 20 jeks ishjfia kdgHhlg h'

Tf;f,da ;=< we;s jQ ielh ksid ;ud w;sYhska fm%au l< ;u

îß| fviaäfudakdf.a f., isr lr urd oeuQ wdldrh

wkqfõokSh f,i bosßm;a lrñka kdgHlrejd fm%alaIl ri

úkaokh ;sj% lrk whqre wOHhkh lsÍu fuys oS wfmalaId

flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï" idlÉPd" .fõIK


² Tf;f,da fviaäfudakdg wjxl j fm%au lrk w;r miq j Tyq ;=< yg.;a

ielh ffjrhlg fmrf<k wdldrh;a" wysxil fviaäfudakd Tjqkaa ú|skq

,enQ fõokdj;a kdgHlrejd bosßm;a lrk wdldrh fm%alaIlhd ;=< Ndjuh

lïmkhla we;s lrk nj

² fviaäfudakd wysxil fuka u mú;% fm%aufha ixfla;hla f,i ksrEmKh

ùu ksid fm%laIlhka ;=< weh ms<sn| wkqmfïh ne|Sula we;s jk nj

183



² fma%laIl l=;=y,h yd úu;sh okjk wdldrhg bhdf.da ;u ÿIag ie,iqï

l%shd;aul lrk wdldrh kdgHh ;=< ukdj oelsh yels nj

² uQ,sl jYfhka fm!oa.,sl pß;hl ÿ¾j,;d fuu kdgHh u.ska fy<s jqj

o tys iudc ms<sìUqjla o oelsh yels ksid fma%laIlhdg th ;j ÿrg;a

ióm jk nj

² fuu kdgHfhka fm%auh" úYajdih" Wkak;slduh" fødayS nj" B¾IHdj

jeks m%n, ufkdaNdjhka iuQyhla ñksia ika;dkh ;=< l%shd;aul jk

wdldrh olajd we;s nj

² jia;= úldYkfha taldnoaO;dj u.ska kdgHlrejd l%udkql+, isoaê oduhg

.,d hdug bv foñka .egqu Wmßuh olajd f.dv kÕd we;s ksid

fm%alaIlhdg th .%yKh lr .; yels nj

² Tf;f,da kdgHfha jia;= úIh fndfyda ÿrg iajdNdúl;ajhg ióm j

bosßm;a lr we;s w;r wj;dr" wkdjels yd ffofjdam.; isÿ ùï fuys

olakg fkd,enqK o th fm%alaIl ri úkaokhg ndOdjla ù fkdue;s nj

² fm%alaIlhd ;=< Ndj m%ldYkh we;s lrk ldjHuh NdIdjla fuka u

ffki¾.sl j u;= jQ .S ixl,amkd o tys we;s nj

Wod( úf,da .S;h

we.hSu(

1' Tf;f,da ;=< fviaäfudakd ms<sn| ielh l%udkql+, j f.dv keÕSu i|yd

bhdf.da úiska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ÿIag ie,iqug wh;a úúO mshjr m%ia;drhlska

olajkak'

184





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1'3 ( fykaßla bíika f.a ^Henrik Ibsen Et. Dukkehjem& ^fvda,aia

yjqia& kdgHfha isxy, mßj¾;khla jQ rElv f.or kdgH

fm< ri ú|shs'


bf.kqï M, (

² kqjqrd j¾;udk g%ecä kdhsldjla ùug fya;= meyeos,s lrhs'

² kqjqrd fgdaj,aâ .egqu "l=gqïnfha meje;au" ms<sn| .egqula nj ms<s.kshs'

² ri ú|sh yels whqßka f.dvkÕd we;s .egqug wh;a uQ,sl isÿùï ud,dj ,sÅ; j

fm, .iajhs'

² kdgHfha tk ixfla; u.ska Ôjk h:d¾:h fy<s lrk whqre w.h lrhs'

² iudÔh neñj,ska ksoyia ùug kqjqrd .kakd ;SrKh ;=< iudchg mKsúvhla

we;s nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( "rElv f.or" ri ú|suq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² rElv f.or - úð; .=Kr;akf.a mßj¾;kh

ye|skaùu ( f,dalfha úúO rgj, úYaj kdgH fm< mßYS,kh lsÍfuka

wmg Wiia ri úkaokhla ,nd .ekSug yels fõ' 19 jk

ishjfia oS fykaßla bíika ks¾udKh l< rElv f.or kdgHh

kj hq.hl wdrïNhls' tkï h:d¾:jdoS kdgH l,dfõ bosß

mshjrls' fï u.ska fm%alaIl ri úkaokh o úma,ùh fjkilg

Ndckh úh' n¾kdâ fIda mejiQ wdldrhg "bíikaf.a

kdgHhla krUkakg hk tl o;a fodia;r flfkla .djg

hkj jf.a yßu Woafõ.ldßhs ' ' ' ta jf.a u" fõokdldßhs'"

ñka fmkS hkafka bíikaf.a fuu kdgHh o wm ðj;a jk

wdldrh .ek wm ;=< u .eUqßka u m%Yak lsßula lrùug

i,iajkq ,nk njhs' ta ksid u fuu.ska fm%alaIl ri

úkaokfha o ienE fjkila isÿ jQ wdldrh ms<sn| j isiqkag

wjfndaO lr oSu fuys oS wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï" idlÉPd" .fõIK" rx.k N+ñld

185




² fkda¾ùðhdkq kdgHlrejl= jQ fykaßla bíika h:d¾:jdoS kdgH iïm%odfha

mshd nj

² 19 jk ishji jk úg tx.,ka;fha fma%laIlhd tf;la ri ú|s t<sifn;Sk

kdgH o" 18 jk isjhfia oS m%xYfha yd c¾uksfha fma%laIlhka ri ú|s

frduekaála kdgHh o wNdjhg m;a jQ w;r" fuys oS bíika fma%laIlhskaf.a

ri úkaokh i|yd hq.fha wjYH;dj wkqj h:d¾:jdoS kdgH l,djg

t<eô nj

² kdgHlrejd kqjqrd ^fkdard& pß;h ;u ieñhd jk fgdaj,aâ fy,au¾

iuÕ .; lrk Ôú;fha oS weh uqyqK fok isÿùï u.ska fm%alaIlhd ;=<

kdgH rih m%n, j u;= jk whqßka bosßm;a lr we;s nj

² fuys oS kqjqrd lD.aiagdâf.ka ryfia ,nd .;a Kh" Kh m;%hg fydr

w;aika fhoSu jeks w;S;fhaoS isÿ ù yudr jQ isÿùï kdgHlrejd fy<s

lrkqfha mYapd;a oDIaá l:k l%uh ^w;S; isÿùï fy<s lsßu i|yd

kdgHlrejd fhdok Wml%u& u.ska jk w;r tu.ska l=;=y,h cks;

lrñka fm%alaIl ri úkaokh ;Sj% jk nj

Wod( "kqjqrd( ^ÿlska w~kakg fmr&

ta ryi ' ' ' uf.a i;=g;a" wdvïnrh;a fjkqfjka ;snqK

tl u jdish" wya bjrhs! thd fïl oek.;af;d;a' ' ' !

fï ;rï u mdÉp,a úêhg oek.;af;d;a ' ' ' ' Tfyf.a

láka u tal oek.;af;d;a" udj ms<sl=,a lrdú'"

² fgdaj,aâ fuf;la ;ud iuÕ ðj;a ù we;af;a wuq;af;l= f,i nj kqjqrdg

wjidkfha oS wjfndaO lr .ekSug bjy,a jk kdgHfha iuia; .,d hEu

u.ska wNsfm%a; kdgH rih fm%alaIlhdg ,nd fok nj

Wod( "kqjqrd( ^lndh weÕ,d .ksñka&

wuq;af;l=f. lduf¾ /hla .; lrkakg ug mq¿jka

lula keye'"

² m%Odk pß; hq.,h yefrkakg lD.aiagdâ" fodia;r rkala" ,skafv ñh

jeks iSñ; pß; lSmhla msßueiqïodhl f,i fhdod .ksñka kdgHfha

tald.%;dj wdrlaId ùu ksid ri úkaokhg uyÕ= wjia:djla ie,iS we;s

nj

² Ôjk h:d¾:h ldjHuh f,i ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd kdgHlrejd k;a;,a

.i" fi,a,ï we÷u" uelrEka" ;rka;,d kegqu jeks ixfla; Ndú; lsÍu

u.ska kdgHh mqrd ishqï rihla .eí ù we;s nj

186



² ;d;a;aúl Í;shg wkqj jHjydr NdIdj fhdod ;snqK o th ldjHuh yd

jHx.d¾:j;a NdIdjla jQ ksid fm%alaIlhd ;=< tu.ska wjia:dfjdaÑ; j

W;am%di rihla o we;s lrk nj

Wod( lD.aiagdâ( "oeka uu uqyqÿn;a fj,d úkdY fjÉÑ kejl" l|la

nodf.k mK fír.kak oÕ,k ñksfyl=g fofjks

keye'"

² kQ;k g%ecä kdglhla f,i y÷kajd osh yels fuu kdgHfha oS ñksid

uqyqK fok fÄoh fi!kao¾hd;aul j bosßm;a lr we;s nj" tkï woaN+;

isÿùï" w;s kdgl wjia:dj,ska f;dr j ienE Ôú;fha pß; ix>Ügkfhka

fma%laIl lïmkh we;s lrñka ri ú|Su isÿ lr we;s nj

we.hSu(

1' mYapd;a oDIaá l:k l%uh Ndú; lrkq ,nk wjia:d úia;r lrñka ta u.ska

fm%alaIl ri ú|Su we;s jk whqre meyeos,s lrkak'

2' h:do¾YS kdgH Í;sh hkak" "rElv f.or" kdgHh ksoiqka lr .ksñka myokak'

187





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1'4 ( ihsuka kj.;af;a.uf.a iqn iy hi kdgHh ri ú|shs'


bf.kqï M, (

² hi,d,l;siai rcqf.a pß;h fm%alaIl ri ckkh jk wdldrhg ks¾udKh lr

we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'

² rcqf.a pß;h yd wud;H uKav,h u.ska mj;akd md,k ;ka;%h Wmydihg

,lajk nj ms<s.kshs'

² kdgHfha úúO wjia:dj, oS fhdod .kq ,nk ldjHuh yd jHjydr nia jyr

iys; ixjdo ,sÅ; j fm< .iajhs'

² hi,d,l;siai yd iqN hk pß; w;r fjkialï olajhs'

² kdgHfha f;audj j¾;udk iudchg o wod< nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( iqn iy hi ri ú|suq''

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² iqn iy hi kdgH fm<

² wNskh 9 l,dmh ,smsh

^msgq 63-97&

ye|skaùu ( ye;a;Ej oYlfha oS ksIamdokh jQ iqn iy hi isxy, kdgH

l,dfõ jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla i,l=Kq l< w;r th fm%alaIl

ri úkaokhg md;% ùug fya;= jQ lreKq wjOdkh lsÍu fuys

oS wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï" idlÉPd" .fõIK


² ft;sydisl l;d mqj;la weiqre fldgf.k j;auka foaYmd,k miqìu o

úksúo oelsh yels wdldrhg kj w¾: l:khla iys; j iqN iy hi

ks¾udKh lr we;s ksid th fm%alaIl wdl¾IKh oskd .;a nj

² hi,d,l;siai rcqf.a pß;h ixlS¾K ufkdaNdjhkaf.ka hq;= j ks¾udKh

lr ;snqK o th .eUqre ydiHfhka hq;= j fõosldj u; ksrEmKh lsÍu

fya;=fldg f.k fm%alaIl ri úkaokh ;sj% jq nj

² hi,d,l;siai rcq yd ne÷Kq uOqf,d,a nj rdcH;ajhg fkd.e<fmk

wiïu; p¾hdjka" Ôú;h foi Y=kH;ajfhka hq;= j ne,Su wdoS pß;

,laIK tu pß;h flfrys fm%alaIlhd weo ne| .ekSug iu;a ù we;s nj

188



² rcq m< lrk kEu woyila wkqu; lrk wud;H uKav,h u.ska mj;sk

md,k ;ka;%h Wmydihg ,la lsÍfï W;aidyh fm%alaIl ri úkaokh ;Sj%

lsÍfï ,d ;jÿrg;a fya;= jk nj

² hi,d,l;siai rcq iqN kï oajdr md,lhdg iudk rEm iajNdjfhka

hqla; ùfï fya;=fjka we;s jk wkkH;dj ms<sn| .eg¨j" tkï rcq oajdr

md,l fjia .ekSu yd oajdrmd,l rcq f,i fjia .ekSu wrNhd fm%alaIlhd

;=< kdgHuh W;am%dihla f.dvkef.k nj tu.ska fm%alaIl l=;=y,hla

o ckkh jk nj

² úlghka fuka yeisfrk wud;H uKav,h u.ska ydiH rih we;s fjk

w;r le,E Nghka fia isák f.da;%sl ler,slrejkaf.a l%shdldrlï u.ska

md,k ;ka;%hg tfrys j kef.k úfrdaOh o" rc jdi, ;=< oajdrmd,l

fia ler,s kdhl N+ñldj ryiska mj;ajdf.k hk iqN f.a l%shdldrlï

o fm%alaIl wjOdkh oeä f,i r|jd .kakd nj

² ft;sydisl miqìulg wh;a rdclSh pß; fuka u oeis oiqka" pr mqreIhka"

ler,s lrejka jeks pß; yeisfrk whqre yd Tjqkaf.a ufkdaNdj

fm%alaIlhdg rihla ,nd fok nj

² úo.aO fuka u jHjydr ni o kdfgHdaÑ; ldjHuh" W;am%did;aul yd

wjia:dfjdaÑ; f,i fhdod ;sîu fma%laIl ridiajdohg fya;= ù we;s nj

Wod(

iqN rc( "udf.a wud;Hjreks" f;dm iqjfia ie;mqfkdao - ri

kyr mskd hk wdydrfhka ;Dma;su;a j .sh f;dm fid|

isysk olsñka .=jka lrKï .iñka" mdfjñka ukdj

ie;mqfka hhs yÕsñ'"

² jkaosNÜghkaf.a m%Yia;s .dhkdj,ska wdrïN jk kdgHfha iuia; NdIdj

Yío rifhka hqla; jk w;r l<lsreKq rc flfkl=f.a Ñ;a; ix;dmh

ms<sìUq lrk iqkaor jd.a ud,djlska o iukaú; ùu ksid iqN iy hi

kdgH ;=<ska fm%alaIlhdg fi!kao¾hd;aul wkqN+;shla ,efnk nj

hi,d,l ;siai rcq

"wms Tlafldu u;a fj,d ' ' ' ' w¾:fhka u;a fj,d' O¾ufhka u;a fj,d'

n,fhka u;a fj,d' moúj,ska u;a fj,d' Tlafldu wjkay,l kdv.ula

ú;rhs' úys¨jla ljglula ú;rhs' ux fydhd .sfha ðú;fha w¾:h'

tafla w¾:hla keye' Y=kH;ajh ú;rhs'"

we.hSu(

1' ft;sydisl uQ,dY%hlska l;djla fyda isÿùula f;dardf.k flá rx.hla ks¾udKh

lrkak'

189





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2'1 ( ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a cq,shia isi¾ kdgH fm< rx.hla njg

m;a lr we;s wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgH fm< id¾:l rx.hla njg m;a ù we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'

² th fõosldj u; m%n, rx.hla njg m;a ù we;s nj ms<s.kshs'

² fuu fm< ;=< we;s id¾:l ksIamdokhlg fya;=jk ,laIK ,sÅ; j fm<

.iajhs'

² iSi¾ yd nDDgia hk pß; oajhu fuu kdgHfhys m%Odk pß; nj ms<s.kshs'

² j;auka iudcfha foaYmd,k pß; yd kdgHfhys tk pß; w;r iudk;d we;s

nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( cq,shia iSi¾ fm< fõosldjg

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² cq,shia iSi¾ mßj¾;kh - ux.,sld ch;=x.

² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHh ms<sn| ú.%yh - ^fmrjok&

ye|skaùu ( fYalaiamsh¾f.a cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHh m%n, l;d jia;=jla iys;

kdgHhls' ta ksid u tys fm< fõosldj u; m%n, rx.hla

ks¾udKh lsÍug iu;a úh' fuu kdgH fm< rx.hla njg

m;a ù we;s wdldrh úu¾Ykh lsßu fuys oS wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï" idlÉPd" .fõIK" ùäfhda mg m%o¾Ykh" N+ñld

rx.k


² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHh fõosldj u; wdrïN jQ wjia:dfõ isg uqLH wruqK

lrd fõ.fhka úldYkh jk kdgHhla nj tys fm< msßlaiSfuka meyeos,s

jk nj

² jir foll ld,hla ;=< isÿ jQ ft;sydisl isÿùï ud,djla osk yhla

we;=<; isÿ jk fia fmf<ys ks¾udKd;aul j fm< .iajd ;sîu ksid"

kdgHh krUk úg fm%alaIlhdg ld, tald.%;dj ukdj oefkk nj

² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHfha wdrïNl o¾Ykh fm%alaIlhd ;=< W;am%dih yd

ydiH okjk w;r iSi¾f.a iïm%dma;sh olajd B<Õ o¾Ykh o kdgHuh

wdldrhg f.dvk.d we;s nj

190



² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHh iajdNdúl;ajfhka wE;a jQ ldjHuh wdldrhlg

wh;a nj tys niajyfrys fndfyda ÿrg ldjHuh yd ßoauhdkql+, njla

olakg we;s nj"

² Ydia;%lrejd f.a ud¾;= 15 wkdjelsh" f.rú,s y~ yd wl=Kq .eiSï ueo

leishia" isifrda yd leiald f.a l=uka;%K" le,s*¾kshd f.a isyskh jeks

wjia:djka fõosldj u; bosßm;a lrk wdldrh ;=< .+V fuka u

fi!kao¾hd;aul njla oelsh yels nj

² nDDgia yd msßi iSi¾ >d;kh l< wjia:dj fõosldj u; w;s m%n, j

ksrEmKh lr we;s nj

^Wod(m<uqj liald o ta iuÕ u fiiafida o iSi¾g wks;s' nDDgia wjidkfha

iSi¾g wkshs'&

² tu >d;k cjksldj ;=< iSi¾ yd nDDgia w;r we;s in|;dj o W;am%did;aul

j yd wkqfõokSh f,i kdgHlrejd fõosldj u; ks¾udKh lr we;s nj

Wod( iSi¾

"nDDgia Tn;a@ tfykï isi¾ jegqKfoka' "

^Et tu, Brute? Then fall Caesar&

² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHfha l+gm%dma;s folla ;sîu úfYaI;ajhla nj

tkï iSi¾ >d;kh iy udla wekagksf.a wjuÕ=,a foaYkh nj

² udla wekagks f.a wjuÕ=,a foaYkfhka wk;=re j fÄokSh ùrhd jk

nDDgiaf.a jeàu wdrïN jk nj

² fõosldj u; wm olsk fuu kdgHfha ùrhd iSi¾ nj;a" fÄokSh ùrhd

njg m;a jkqfha nDDgia nj;a fm< ;=<ska meyeos,s jk nj

² f.rú,s" wl=Kq .eiSï" T¾f,daiq iSkq y~ jeks oE oelaùu i|yd úúO y~

Wml%u Ndú; lr we;s nj

² iSi¾f.a iïm%dma;sh iSi¾ m%uqL msßi lemsfgda,hg hdug fmr uOqú;

mqrk wdldrh" isi¾ fifkÜ iNdj weu;Su" nDDgia iy udla wekagks

ck;dj weu;Su" msßi iSi¾f.a uD; foayh f.k tk wjia:dj jeks iuQy

rx.k ukdj yiqrejd we;s nj

² nDDgia yd udla wekagksf.a wjuÕ=,a foaYkhka fõosldj u; fm%alaIl

wjOdkh oskd .kakd whqßka m%n, l:k yd NdId Wml%u Ndú; lrñka

yiqrejd we;s nj

² t<sifn;Sk hq.hg .e<fmk iy kdgHfha wre; l=¿ .kajk wdldrhg

rx. jia;%dNrK" rx. miq;," ix.S;h jeks wdkqIx.sl l,djka fhdodf.k

we;s nj

² fuu kdgHfha wxl 5 la we;s w;r tajdg wh;a o¾Yk ^cjksld& we;s nj

we.hSu(

1' cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHfha m%n, yd kdfgHdaÑ; cjksldjla rÕ olajkak'

2' cq,shia iSi¾ kdgH fm<ska lshefjk l;dj ieflúka ,shkak'

191





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2'2 ( ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a Tf;f,da fyj;a jeksisfha hjkhd

kdgH fm< rx.hla njg m;a lr we;s wdldrh úu¾Ykh

lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² Tf;f,da kdgH fm< id¾:l rx.hla njg m;aù we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'

² th fõosldj u; fm%alaIlhdg ixfõoS jk wdldrhg ksIamdokh l< yels

kdgHhla nj ms<s.kshs'

² Tf;f,da fm< u.ska id¾:l ksIamdokhla l< yels njg idOl ,sÅ; j olajhs'

² Tf;f,da kdgHfhys tk wysxil fviaäfudakd iy ÿIag bhdf.da hk pß;j,

uQ,sl ,laIK ms<sn| j úuihs'

² fõosldj u; olsk Tf;f,da kdgHfha iudc mKsúvhla we;s nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( Tf;f,da fm< fõosldjg

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² Tf;f,da mßj¾;kh - fla'Ô' lreKd;s,l

ye|skaùu ( ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ f.a Tf;f,da kdgHh 1604 oS rpkh lr

we;' th tx.,ka;fha .af,daí rÕyf,a rÕ olajkq ,enQ

ckm%sh kdgHhls' fjksisfha ùoshlska werö" Tf;f,da úiska

fviaäfudakd f., isrlr urd oeófuka wk;=re j ;ud o

lsßÉÑfhka wekf.k osú f;dr lr.;a wdldrh ksrEmKh

lrk kdgH fm< rx.hla njg mßj¾;kh ù we;s wdldrh

úu¾Ykh lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï .fõIK" idlÉPd" ùäfhda mg m%o¾Ykh" N+ñld

rx.k


² Tf;f,da kdgHfha rx. ffY,sh iajdNdúl;ajfhka wE;a jQ ldjHuh

wdldrhlg wh;a nj

² tys nia jyfrys fndfyda ÿrg ldjHuh yd ßoauhdkql+, nj olakg we;s

w;r tys rx.kh ;=< f,dal O¾ó yd kdgH O¾ó ñY%Khla fuka u w;s

kdgl rx. ,laIK o oelsh yels nj

² ixjdo ;=< ldjHuh ,laIK fuka u WÉpdrKfha oS hï ßoauhdkql+,

njla we;s nj

192



² Tf;f,da pß;hg .e<fmk wdldrhg m%n, kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:dj, oS

Ndjd;sYh rx.khla fm< ;=<ska wfmalaId lrk nj

Wod( Tf;f,da

"wfyda" Ydm ,enQ ' ' ' ' Ydm ,enQ wOuhd' hlaIfhks" ug li myr

oSm,a,d' fï osjHuh o¾Ykfhka udj bj;g .ks,a,d'

yq<Õska udj bnd.df;a .yf.k m,h,a,d' f.kao.ïj, oud udj

mqÉp, odm,a,d'"

² uq,a ld,fha oS ldka;d pß; o msßñka úiska rÕmd we;s nj' fndfyda úg

fviaäfudakd jeks ;reK ldka;d pß; msßñ <uqka úiska rÕmd we;s nj

² 1594 oS peïn¾f,aka idñjrhd f.a kdgH lKavdhfï idudðlhl= jQ

fYalaiamsh¾ Tf;f,da jeks kdgH o .af,daí rÕyf,a rÕ olajd we;s nj

² Tf;f,da jeks fYalaiamsh¾ f.a kdgHj, msßñ we÷ï i|yd fndfyda ÿrg

bosßmi újD; jQ lndh o ^vj,á& oKysi olajd fldg jQ l,siula o"

ll=,a i|yd os. fïia o m<|skq ,enQ nj

² fviaäfudakd jeks ldka;d pß; i|yd os. t,a,d jefgk .jqu Ndú; jq

w;r tys Wvq fldgi weÕg ;o ù" mmqj fldgi iu;,d f,i flat& msysá

nj bK fldgfia os .jqu m<,a ù my;g t,a,d jefgk fia ilia lr

we;s nj iy msßñ we÷ïj, fn,a, jfÜ /,s iys; ;o fld,rhla ^ruff&

we;s nj

² .af,daí rÕy, wgmÜgï f.dvke.s,a,la nj;a tys m%Odk ;srhla fkdjQ

nj;a fõosldj we;=<g jkakg fõosldj yd wOHhkd.drh fjka lrk

;srhlska wdjrKh jQ nj;a ^study& Tf;f,da jeks kdgHj, ryia isÿùï

tys ksrEmKh lr we;s nj;a" Bg Wäka ne,alkshla we;s nj;a Bg;a

miqmiska fkam:Hd.drh we;s nj;a o; hq;= nj

² rx. N+ñfha lïlre ck;dj i|yd isgf.k kdgH keröug ìï uÜgfï

wjldYhla ^pit& ;snQ nj

² úÿ,s wdf,dalh fkdue;s jQ ksid osjd ld,fha oS Tf;f,da jeks kdgH rÕ

olajd we;s nj iy tys oS rd;%sh oelaùug mkaoï" bá mkaoï jeks oE Ndú;

lr we;s nj

Wod( 1 wxlh" o¾Ykh II - Tf;f,da iy bhdf.da o mkaoï .;a

fiajlfhda o isá;s'

² o¾Yk i|yd fõosld miq;, yd úúO rx. WmlrK Ndú; lr we;s nj

Wod( Tf;f,da kdgHfha n,fldgq ud<s.fha ksok ldurhla

fviaäfudakd wef|a ksoñka isáhs' mykla oe,a fõ'

we.hSu(

1' Tf;f,da kdgHfha l;d mqj; mokï fldgf.k j;auka iudcfhys oelsh yels

Bg iudk l;d mqj;la flá rx.hla fia ks¾udKh lrkak'

193





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2'3 ( fykaßla bíikaf.a "Ed Dukkehjema" kdgHfha mßj¾;khla

jQ rElv f.or kdgH fm< rx.hla njg m;a ù we;s wdldrh

úu¾Ykh lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² rElv f.or kdgH fm< id¾:l rx.hla njg m;a l< yels nj m%ldY lrhs'

² fuu kdgHh ;d;a;aúl rx. ffY,sfhka hq;a kdgHhla nj olajhs'

² rElv f.or kdgH fm< ;=< we;s id¾:l ksIamdokhl ,laIK ,sÅ; j olajhs'

² fõosldj u; olsk kqjqrd pß;fha úfYaI ,laIK w.hhs'

² rElv f.or fõosld kdgHfhys Ndú; lrkq ,nk ixfla;j, iudc wre;a o

we;s nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( rElv f.or fm< fõosldjg

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² rElv f.or - úð; .=Kr;akf.a mßj¾;kh

ye|skaùu ( bíika úiska wrUkq ,enQ h:d¾:jdoS kdgH iïm%odh iuÕ

Tyq úiska Ndú;hg .kq ,enQ ;d;a;aúl rx. ffY,sh fuu

kdgHfha oS meyeos,s j oel .; yels h' ta wkqj fuu fm<

rx.hla njg m;a jQ wdldrh úu¾Ykh lsÍu fuys oS wfmalaId

flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï" idlÉPd" .fõIK" ùäfhda mg m%o¾Ykh" N+ñld

rx.kh


² h:d¾:jdoS kdgHhla jQ fuys jia;= úIh yd f;audj iuld,Sk iudch

;=<ska Wlyd .ekSu ksid Bg WÑ; rx. ffY,sh f,i ;d;a;aúl rx.

ffY,sh fhdod f.k we;s nj

² fmf<ys tk .egqu fõosldj u; m%n, j ksrEmKh l< yels nj

² kqjqrd" fgdaj,aâ iy fiiq pß; rÕmdk k¿ ks<shka pß;fha ufkdaNdjhka

u; = jk wdldrhg tkï wNHka;r rx.khl fhfok nj

^iageksia,õialsf.a rEmK úê l%uh&

² kdgHfha ish¨ isÿùï ksji wNHka;rfha isÿ jk nj

² ;d;a;aúl ffY,sfha kdgHhla jqj o k¿ ks<shka ;u pß;hkays Ndj

m%ldYkhg bjy,a jk ixjdo WÉpdrKfha oS m%n, tfuka u WÑ; y~

194



yd iajr ^tone& Ndú; lrk nj

Wod( "fy,au¾(

kqjqrd! kqjqrd! ^jgmsg n,ñka&

tfyu msáka ysia' thd ;jÿrg;a fufya keye' ' ' ' ta wdYap¾hh'"

² mYapd;a oDIaá l:k Í;shg wkqj isÿùï úldYkh ùu ksid fm%alaIl

l=;=y,h r|jd .; yels nj

² kdgHh .,d hEfï oS tys ksrEms; mka;s mokug ^uOHu mka;sh& WÑ;

ßoauh k¿ ks<shka úiska rx.kfha oS r|jd .; hq;= nj

² ;%sudK miq;, iy iajdNdúl rx. NdKav fhdod f.k we;s nj

Wod( fïi" mqgq" l+v" fidamd" msÕka fldamam" fmd;a" w,audß jeks NdKav

² ;d;a;aúl iïm%odfha kdgHhla jqj o k;a;,a .y" uelrEka" jeks jia;+ka

kdgHfha úúO wre;a ixfla;j;a lsßu i|yd fõosldfõ oS Ndú; lrk

nj

² kqjqrdf.a pß;fhys wNHka;r ufkdaNdjhka u;=lr .ekSu i|yd ;rka;,d

kegqu fhdod f.k we;s nj

Wod( ^rkala mshdfkdaj jdokh lrk w;r kqjqrd msiaiq wdfõYhlska

kghs ' ' ' ' &

² kdgHfha we÷ï me<÷ï iajdNdúl iïm%odhhg wkqj fhdodf.k we;s nj

Wod( ^msg;g hk úg w|sk lndh iy f;dmamsh w;e;s j fy,au¾ lkaf;dare

ldurfhka msg fjhs'&

² y~ Wml%u o kdgHfha w¾:h i|yd fõosldj u; oS Ndú; lrk nj

Wod( ^my;ska we;s m%Odk fodr jik y~ wefia'&

² rElv f.or kdgHh 1987 oS Y%S ,xldfõ o" 1993 oS ialekaäfkaúhdfõ oS

iaúvka niska o úð; .=Kr;ak kdgHlrejd úiska ksIamdokh lr we;s

nj

² fuh wxl ;=kl kdgHhla nj

² ix.S;h fhdod .ekSfï oS iajdNdúl yd wjia:dkql+, j fhdod f.k we;s

nj

Wod( ^fy,au¾ mshdfkdaj jdokh lrk w;r kqjqrd kghs'&

² fuu kdgH fm< úúO rgj, ksIamdokh lsÍfï oS fmf<ys w¾: l:k

fjkialïj,g Ndckh ù we;s nj" fuys wjika o¾Ykh uy;a

wdkafoda,khg ,la jQ neúka c¾uksfha oS th fjkia l< o rplhd Bg

tfrys jQ nj

we.hSu(

1' "rElv f.or" kdgHfhys wjidk Nd.h rÕ olajkak'

2' "rElv f.or" kdgHfhka h:do¾YS Í;sh biau;= jQ wdldrh úia;r lrkak'

195





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2'4 ( ihsuka kj.;af;a.u f.a iqn iy hi kdgH fm< rx.hla

njg m;a lr we;s wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² iqn iy hi kdgH fm< id¾:l rx.hla njg m;a ù we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'

² hi,d,l;siai rcq f.a pß;h fõosldj u; m%n, j ksrEmKh jk nj ms<s.kshs'

² fuu fm< ;=< oelsh yels id¾:l ksIamdokhlg fya;= jk ,laIK ,sÅ; j

fm< .iajhs'

² pß; ,laIK ishqï j ksrEmKh lsßu i|yd wNHka;r rx.kh k¿jdg wjYH

nj ms<s.kshs'

² hq.fha iudc wjYH;d y÷kd .; fkdyels md,lhska fõosldj u; rElv pß;

fia ydiHhg ,la jk nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( iqn iy hi fm< fõosldjg


ye|skaùu ( 1974 oS Y%S ,xldfõ .ï kshï.ï isidrd rx. .; jQ fuh

id¾:l kdgH ksIamdokhls' id¾:l kdgH fm<la fõosldj

u; id¾:l ksIamdokhla njg m;a ùu ksid th ye;a;Ej

oYlfha kQ;k isxy, kdgH l,dfõ ikaêia:dkhla njg

m;a úh' fuu kdgH fm< tf,i rx.hla njg m;a jQ

wdldrh úu¾Ykh lsÍu fuys oS wfmalaId flf¾'


² iqn iy hi kdgHh tla;rd ÿrlg w¾O fY,s.; ,laIK fmkakqï lrk

w;r tys we;=<;a ixjdohkays merKs yd kq;k nia jyr WÑ; wdldrhg

ldjHuh f,i ks¾udKh lr we;s nj

² hi,d,l;siai rcqf.a N+ñldj ydfiHda;amdol j ksrEmKh l< o" tys

ishqï ufkdaNdjhka u;= jk whqßka wNHka;r rx.khla ^inner acting &

k¿jdf.ka wfmalaId lrk whqßka kdgH fm< rpkd ù we;s nj

^Wmd,s w;a;kdhl" ihsuka kj.;af;a.u" Y%Shka; fukaäia jeks m%ùK

k¿jka fuu N+ñldj fï olajd ksrEmKh lr we;'&

196



² hi,d,l;siai rcqf.a N+ñldj ishqï f,i ksrEmKh l< hq;= wdldrh

fmf<ys rx. úOdkj,ska meyeos,s jk nj

^"uOq mqrjd oS fiaúldj .sh miq rc fõosldfõ fl<jrg meñK uOq ú;

f;d, .dñka lsisjla l,amkd lrhs' fï w;r fõosldj msgqmi o¾Ykh

fjkia fõ' ' ' ' ' ' rc;=ud ysf;a fodïki my lrkakg fuka uOq n÷k

iïmQ¾Kfhka ysia fldg wuq;= bßhõjlska wud;H uKav,h foi yefrhs'

oeka Tyq fjßu;a j ys|shs'&

msgqj 17

² wud;H uKav,h ksrEmKh lsÍfï oS ydiH u;= lsÍu i|yd w;sYfhdala;sh

yd w;s kdgl iajrEmh o fhdod f.k we;s nj

² ydiH rih we;s lsÍu i|yd mqkrela;sh jeks NdId Wml%u fõosldj u;

Ndú; lrk nj

Wod(

weu;sjre( "tfiah uyrc

tfiah uyrc

le/,a, u¾okh l< hq;=hs$$"

² iuia; ksIamdokh ;=< Bg .e<fmk ßoauhla we;s nj

² k¿ ks<shka f.a lg y~ m%n, j yd Ndjd;añl j fhdod f.k we;s nj

² kdgHfhys k¿ ks<shka fõosldj u; ia:dk.; lsÍfï oS rx.hg WÑ;

f,i fufyhjñka rx. úkHdih ks¾udKh lr we;s nj

Wod( weu;s uKav,h yd rc

le,E Ng msßi

rcq yd odish

² kdgH ;=< rx. mru ix.S;hla tkï wjia:d ;Sj% lrk ix.S;hla fhdod

we;s nj

Wod( jkaosNÜg m%Yia;s .dhkd

² kdgHfhys tk úúO kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:djkag WÑ; whqßka wNskh yd

k¾;k wx. fhdod f.k we;s nj

Wod( rcq yd iqnf.a ìß| yuqj

² rdclSh miqìu uQ¾;su;a jk wdldrhg rx. jia;%dNrK yd rx. NdKav

ks¾udKd;aul j fhdod f.k we;s nj

Wod( rcq f.a ihkh yd isxydikh tl u NdKavhla f,i ks¾udKh lr

;sîu

197



² rx.df,dalh WÑ; yd ks¾udKd;aul f,i fhdod .kakd nj

Wod( ^iqn iy i.hska fõosldfõ bosßmi wdf,dalOdrdfõ&

kdgHh werfUk úg ..k ;srh u;ska l%ufhka fõosldfõ miqìu

wdf,dalu;a fõ'

² cjksldjla udre lsÍfï oS fma%laIlhskaf.a wjOdkh kdgHh ;=< wLKav

j r|jd .ekSu i|yd o rx.df,dalh Ndú; lr we;s nj

Wod( ^rcq f.a l:kfha oS miqmi fõosldfõ rdc iNdj fjkia fldg

iqnf.a ksji ilia fõ'&

we.hSu(

1' "iqn iy hi" kdgHfha jvd;a kdfgHdaÑ; jQ wjia:djla ri úkaokh lrkak'

2' ";;ald,Sk iudc újrKhla kdgHfhka ms<sìUq fõ'" iqn iy hi kdgH weiqre

lr .ksñka újrK lrkak'

198





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3'1 ( cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHh mßYS,kfhka kj Ôjk oDIaáhla we;s

lr .kshs'


bf.kqï M, (

² cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHfhka fy<s jk ðjk oDIaáh m%ldY lrhs'

² iSi¾ yd nDDgia w;r ióm in|;djla we;s nj ms<s.kshs'

² iSi¾f.a >d;kh idOdrK o" widOdrK o hkakg lreKq fm< .iajñka ta

ms<sn| ;u oDIaáh ,sÅ; j olajhs'

² fuys tk pß;j,ska úúO Ôjk oDIaàka m< lrk nj ms<s.kshs'

² isi¾g w;ajk fÄoh u.ska iudchg o mKsúvhla ,nd fok nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHfhka kj ðjk oDIaáhla'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² fYalaiamsh¾ kdgH ks¾udK ms<sn| úpdr .%ka: yd Wmqgd

.ekSï

ye|skaùu ( maÆgd¾la úiska rpkd lrkq ,enQ .%Sl yd frdaudkq jxYj;=kaf.a

Ôjk m%jD;a;s kï uq,dY%h weiqßka ñksia ðú;hg m%{djla

imhk whqßka cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHh ks¾udKh lr we;' tu

kdgHfha f;audj fuka u pß; u.ska o fm%alaIlhdg yd

rislhdg kj ðjk oDIaáhla ,nd fok wdldrh ms<sn| j

isiqkag m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla ,nd oSu fuys oS wfmalaId

flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï idlÉPd" .fõIK yd N+ñld rx.k


² cq,shia isi¾ f.a >d;kh isÿ jkqfha leishiaf.a fm<Uùfuys m%;sM,hla

f,i nDDgiaf.a iDcq ueosy;aúu u.ska nj;a fujeks ndysr fm<Uùïj,g

ñksid fndfyda úg f.dÿre jk njg fmdÿ w;aoelSula fuu kdgHh

u.ska ,efnk nj

Wod( nDDgia(

"leishia iSi¾g úreoaO j udj fmd<Ujkak yomq ojfi b|ka u

ug kskaola keye' Nhdkl lghq;a;lg wr we|Su;a tal isÿ

lsÍu;a w;r ld,h yßhg u ìhlre isyskhla jf.' ta ldf,

199



os ñksfyl=f. udkisl n,h ldhsl Yla;sh iuÕ jdohl

mg,efjkjd' t;fldg ñksfyl=f. iajNdjh yßhg l=vd rgl

rdcH úfrdaë úma,hla we;s jqkd u jf.'"

² iSi¾f.a >d;kh isÿ lrkq ,nkqfha Tyq wkd.;fha oS n,ldñfhl= ù

frdauhg y;=relï lrdú hk mQ¾j ks.ukh u; h' isi¾ lsre¿ me<|Sug;a

fmr Tyq ms<sn| j nDDgia we;s lr .kq ,nk mQ¾j ks.ukfha m%;sM,hla

f,i isÿ jk fuu >d;kh idOdrK o" widOdrK o hkak kdgHfha tk

idOl yd lreKq weiqßka ;=,kd;aul j msßlaid ne,Sfuka isiq úu¾Yk

yelshdj ;Sj% jk nj

² fuu kdgHfha ùr pß;h cq,shia isi¾ jqj o fÄoksh ùrhd njg m;a

jkqfha nDDgia nj wjfndaO lr .; hq;= nj

² cq,shia iSi¾" nDDgia" leishia" udla wekagks" leiald jekakka f.a pß;

ú.%y lrñka tu pß;hkaf.a l%shdldrlï ishqï f,i wOHhkh lrñka

ta weiqfrka wmg o ishqï ðjk oDIaáhla ,nd .; yels nj

² fuu kdgHfhka ms<sìUq jk i¾jld,Sk foaYmd,k h:d¾:h j;auka Y%S

,xldfõ iudc" foaYmd,k miqìug iïnkaO lrñka úu¾Ykh l< yels

nj

² fuu kdgHfha tk isi¾" nDDgia" udla wekagks jekakkaf.a m%{diïmkak

m%ldYk u.ska fm%alaIlhkaf.a fyda rislhkaf.a kqjKei mEoSug bv

,efnk nj

Wod(

iSi¾ "ìh.=,af,d yenEjg u uefrkak l,ska ish oyia jdrhla

uefrkjd' ta;a ks¾NS; ñksfyla urKfha ñysr ú|skafk

tl mdrhs'"

nDDgia( "ta;a uf.a oekqfï yeáhg kï Wkak;sldñfhla ;uqkag

by<g k.skag ksy;udkslu ysKsuÕla lr .kakjd'

ta;a by< u ysKs fm;a;g ke.a.g miafi j<dl=¿ osyd

weye .yf.k ksy;udkslug mhska .ykjd'"

we.hSu(

1' cq,shia iSi¾" nDDgia yd udla wekagks úiska úúO wjia:dj, oS m%ldY lrkq

,enQ rejka jels yd iudk jQ Ôú;hg jákd Tjoka imhk lshuka yd m%ldYk

/ia lr l=vd fmd;a msxpla ks¾udKh lrkak'

200





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3'2 ( Tf;f,da fyj;a jekSisfha hjkhd kdgH mßYS,kfhka kj

Ôjk oDIaáhla we;s lr .kshs'


bf.kqï M, (

² Tf;f,da kdgHfhka fy<s jk ðjk oDIaáh m%ldY lrhs'

² fviaäfudakd Tf;f,dag wjidkh olajd wdorh l< nj ms<s.kshs'

² bhdf.da f.a ÿIag ie,iqfï úúO mshjr ,sÅ; j fm< .iajhs'

² fuys tk úúO pß; l%shd lrk wdldrh Ôú;djfndaOh ,nd fok nj ms<s.kshs'

² fuu kdgHfhys iudc mKsúvhla o we;s nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( Tf;f,da kdgHfhka kj Ôjk oDIaáhla

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ f.a Tf;f,da kdgHh - fla'Ô'

lreKd;s,l f.a mßj¾;kh

ye|skaùu ( Tf;f,da hkq fm%auh" wúYajdih yd l,lsÍu w;r foda,kh

jk mqoa.,hl= neúka tys m%;sM,hla f,i fÄokSh wjidkhla

lrd .uka .kakd wdldrh ksrEmKh lrkq ,nk kdgHhls'

tu kdgHfha f;audj fuka u tys ksrEms; pß; u.ska ,nd

fok ðú; w;aoelSï wmg o hï Ôú;djfndaOhla tla lrk

wdldrh fuys oS idlÉPd lsÍug wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï idlÉPd" .fõIK" N+ñld rx.k


² Tf;f,da fviaäfudakdg olajk oeä wdorh" ielh u.ska ffjrhlg

fmrf<k wdldrh y÷kd .ksñka" ielh ñksid jHikh lrd f.k hk

wdldrh ms<sn| .eUqre w;aoelSula yd Ôú;djfndaOhla ,nd fok nj

² bhdf.da f.a l=uka;%Khg f.dÿre ùfuka fY%aIaG pß;hla f,i f.dvke.=Kq

Tf;f,da f.a pß;fha ÿ¾j, iajNdjh wkdjrKh jk nj

² fviaäfudakd wysxil pß;hla fuka u wjidkh olajd u Tf;f,dag

wdorh lrñka mrudo¾YS ìß|la jQ nj

Wod( "ljqrej;a fkfjhs uuuhs lr .;af;' wdhqfndajka uf.a

lreKdjka; iajdñhdg uu u;la flrejdhs lshdmka' wdhqfndajka'"

^weh ñh hhs'&

201



² Tf;f,da jhU os. wm%sldfõ hjkfhl= jQ w;r fviaäfudakd jeksia

hqj;shl úu ksid fofokd w;r is;=ï me;=ï yd woyia w;ska mej;s

fjkialï o tla;rd ÿrlg fuu ;;a;ajhg n, mE yels nj

² Tf;f,da úiska ;udg Wiiaùula ,nd fkdoSu fya;=fjka Bg m<s.ekSula

f,i bhdf.da" Tyqg tfrys j ÿIag l=uka;%Khla ie,iqï lrkq ,enQ

wkaou u.ska fmdÿfõ ñksia is; l%shd lrk whqre ms<sìUq lrk nj

Wod( frdâßf.da( "tal tfyu kï ' ' ' uu kï W! miafika hkafk

keye'"

bhdf.da( "wd WU ta .ek lK.dgqfjkak tmd' uu Wf.a miafika

hkafk" uf.a jdfr wdju W!g fokak ys;df.k'"

² fuu kdgHfha f;audj u.ska wdorh ffjrhlg fmrf<k wkaou

ksrEmKh lrkakla jqj o tys ;j;a w;=re f;audjka lSmhla oelsh yels

nj

ksoiqkla f,i ihsm%ia jeks rdcHj, mj;sk úúO ck j¾.hkaf.a .egqu

o bka ms<sìUq jk nj

² leisfhda" frdâßf.da" tu,shd jeks pß; l%shd lrk wdldrh uÕska wmg

úúO ñksia .;s iajNdjhka wjfndaO lr .; yels nj

² Y%S ,xld iudch ;=< o wdorh jeks fya;+ka ksid isÿjk m<s.ekSï" >d;k

yd úúO jHik ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lsÍug Tf;f,da kdgHfhka hï

wdf,dalhla ,nd .; yels nj

we.hSu(

1' Tf;f,da kdgHfha Tf;f,da yd fviaäfudakd uqyqK fok .egqu flá kdgHhlg

WÑ; whqßka ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' Tf;f,da yd fviaäfudakd uqyqK fok .egqug wkqrEm jk isÿùula j;aukg

.e<fmk fia pß; fhdod .ksñka flá kdgH fm<la rpkd lrkak'

202





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3'3 ( fykaß blaíika f.a Et. Dukkehjem fvda,aia yjqia& kdgHfha

isxy, mßj¾;khla jQ rElv f.or kdgH fm< mßYS,kfhka

kj ðjk oDIaáhla we;s lr .kshs'


bf.kqï M, (

² rElv f.or kdgHfhka fy<sjk ðjk oDIaáh m%ldY lrhs'

² fuu kdgHfha .egqu ;=<ska fmdÿ ukqIH;ajhg Wreu jQ .eg¨jla idlÉPd

lrk nj ms<s.kshs'

² kqjqrd yqÿ idïm%odhsl ldka;djla f,i fkdj kj oDIaáhlska" újdyh foi

neÆ wdldrh ,sÅ; j olajhs'

² fgdaj,aâ yqÿ iïm%odhg jy,a jQfjl= f,i olshs'

² újdy ixia:dj ms<sn| iudc mKsúvhla fuu kdgH ;=< we;s nj ms<s.kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( rElv f.or kdgHfhka kj ðjk oDIaáhla

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² rElv f.or - mßj¾;kh úð; .=Kr;ak fuys isxy,

mßj¾;k lSmhla we;s nj i,lkak'&

² wurodi ùrisxy iy .Kkd: Tfífialr" iqks,a

úfÊisßj¾Ok" B'tï' Wmd,s hk l;=jrekaf.a

mßj¾;khkays fmr jokays isiqkag m%fhdackj;a ,sms

we;'

² wdßhjxY rKùrf.a "hq. ;=kl bíika" .%ka:h o wdpd¾h

iqks,a úfÊisßj¾Okf.a "l;sldj;l igyka" hk úpdr

.%ka: o ie,ls,a,g .; yels h'

ye|skaùu ( 1871 oS ks¾udKh jQ fkda¾ùðhdkq cd;sl fykaßla bíikaf.a

fvda,aia yjqia ^Et. Dukkehjem& tod hqfrdamfha meje;s

idïm%odhsl úlafgdaßhdkq iudch ;=< uq,a nei .;a iudc

ixia:djka yd úYajdihka ms<sn| j .eUqßka is;d ne,Sug

fmd<Ujk ,o kdgHhls' úlafgdaßhdkq hq.h hkq tx.,ka;fha

idïm%odhsl iodpdr O¾u uq,a nei.;a hq.h f,i ye|ska fõ'

tod úpdrlhka oela jQ wdldrhg fuu kdgHh iuld,Sk

iudch ii, l< ks¾udKhla úh' fuu kdgHh u.ska

fm%alaIlhdg kj ðjk oDIaáhla ,efnk wdldrh fuys oS

wOHhkh flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï idlÉPd" .fõIK" N+ñld rx.k

203




² "rElv f.or" tod fkda¾ùðhdkq iudcfha ðj;a jQ ,jqrd lshf,Ia kï

ldka;djl f.a i;H l;djla weiqßka ks¾udKh lr we;s nj

² th iuld,Sk iudcfha l;djla mokï lr .ekSu ksid fm%alaIlhd ;=<

kj cSjk oDIaáhla we;s lr .ekSug fndfyda ÿrg fya;= jk nj

² fuu kdgHhg mdol jQ uOHu mka;sfha újdyl hqj< jk kqjqrd iy

fgdaj,aâ fy,au¾ w;r we;s jk .egqu ;=< ukqIH;ajhg Wreu jQ i;Hh

yd ksoyi fidhd hEu ms<sn| kj ðjk oDIaáhla wka;¾.; ù we;s nj

Wod( kqjqrd(

"wms fokakf. iduQysl ðú; ienE jegySula we;s újdyhla

jk f;la uu hkakï fgdaj,aâ'"

² kqjqrd iy fy,au¾ újdy ù wg jirlg miq Tjqkaf.a újdyh foord

hdug fya;= jk fm!oa.,sl idOl yefrkakg iudðh fya;= idOl úuid

ne,Sfuka wo wm ðj;a jk iudcfha ia;%S mqreIhka uqyqK md we;s .eg¨

ms<sn| úu¾Ykd;aul wjOdkh fhduq l< yels nj

fy,au¾(

"' ' ' ' ' ' uu fok i,a,s irejms;a;, j,ghs f.a irkakhs úhoï

lrdu" ug fjkafk wdhs;a mdrla i,a,s fokak'"

² kqjqrd f.a pß;h úúO oDIaá fldaKhkaf.ka ne,sh yels wdldrfha mq¿,a

j úysoS we;s pß;hla ksid ta ms<sn| j úúO me;sj,ska wmg wOHhkh l<

yels nj

² kqjqrd f.a pß;h u.ska ia;%S úuqla;sh ms<sn| m%pdrljdoS oDIaáhla u;=

lrkq fjkqjg bíika ia;%shf.a úuqla;sh o fmdÿ udkj úuqla;sfha fldgila

f,i i,ld th ks¾udKh lr we;s nj

² fy,au¾ kqjqrdg idfmalaI j .;a l, idïm%odhsl iudc" ixialD;sl yd

wd¾Òl ixia:dfõ jyf<l= nj wjidkfhaoS Kh .súiqï lvodish lD.aiagdâ

kej; tjkq ,enQ úg Tyqf.a kshu wd;aud¾:ldó iajrEmh fy<sorõ jk

wdldrfhka oSk iudc yrhka yd msßyqKq ukqIH;ajh ms<sìUq lrk nj

Wod( fy,au¾(

"uu .e,ú,d kqjqrd

uu .e,ú,d'"

² m%Odk pß; hq.,h yefrkakg lD.aiagdâ fodia;r rkala" ,skafv uy;añh

jeks úúO pß; m%Odk .egqu f.dv keÕSug WmldÍ jk w;r u tu

pß;j, l%shdldß;ajh fm%alaIlhdf.a fyda rislhdf.a Ôú;fha ksï j<¨

mq¿,a lr .ekSug odhl jk nj

rkala( "Tõ uf.a wirK fld÷ kdráh jkaos f.jkafk ta ldf,

;d;a;f. Woafhda.Su;a fi,a,laldr cSú;h fjkqfjka'"

204



² rElv f.or jeks hqfrdamSh kdgHj, f;audj wdishdkq l,dmfha Ôj;a

jk wm jeks rgj, fm%alaIl ck;djg o wd.ka;=l fkdjk nj

² kdgH wjidkfha oS tkï kqjqrd ksjfia my< ud<fha we;s m%Odk fodr

"ovdia" hkqfjka Yío kÕñka jidf.k hEfuka ixfla;j;a jk orejka

yd ieñhd yer oud hdu ms<sn| j úúO oDIaáfldaKj,ska ne,sh yels nj

we.hSu(

1' fuys tk m%Odk pß;h we;=¿ fiiq pß; ðú;h foi n,k úúO wdldrh ú.%y

lrñka iÕrdjlg ,smshla ilia lrkak'

205





ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3'4 ( ihsuka kj.;af;a.u f.a iqn iy hi kdgHh mßYS,kfhka

kj ðjk oDIaáhla we;s lr .kshs'


bf.kqï M, (

² hi,d,l;siai rcq f.a ixlS¾K pß;h u.ska kj ðjk oDIaáhla u;= lrk nj

m%ldY lrhs'

² foaYmd,k f;audjla fi!kao¾hd;aul j yd kdgHdkqidrfhka bosßm;a lrk

nj ms<s.kshs'

² iqn iy hi kdgHfha ydfiHda;amdol ,laIK háka .eUqre iudc oDIaáhla

osfjkjd o keoao hkakg ,sÅ; j lreKq fm< .iajhs'

² "hi" wmQ¾j mqoa.,fhl= nj ms<s.kshs'

² iudc úma,jhl wid¾:lNdjhg ;=vq fok fya;= y÷kd .kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( iqn iy hi kdgHfhka kj ðjk oDIaáhla


² wNskh 9 l,dmfha ,smsh

ye|skaùu ( kj w¾: l:khla iys; ft;sydisl foaYmd,k l:d

m%jD;a;shla jk "iqn iy hi" fm%alaIlhd ;=< kj ðjk

oDIaáhla cks; lrjk wdldrh wOHhkh lsÍug

wfmalaIs; h'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( lKavdhï idlÉPd" .fõIK


² kdgHdrïNfha oS ieye,a¨ pß;hla f,i wm y÷kd .kakd hi,d,l

;siai rc;=ud kdgHfha wjidk Nd.fha oS ixlS¾K pß;hla f,i y÷kd

.ekSug ,enk nj

Wod( iqn(

"ljodj;a fkdÿgq .eUqre ðjk w;aoelSulska uu lïmd fjñ'

uyrc" hi biqßka mxpldu iïm;a;sfhka" rdc n,fhka yd uOq

mdkfhka Wu;= jQ msßyqKq ñksfil= fia uu Tn ÿgqfjñ' wo uu

Bg jeä hula olsñ'"

² fuu kdgHfhka ^70 oYlfha& iuld,Sk foaYmd,kh fuka u idudðl

w¾nqoh o újrKh jk nj

206



² f;audjla f,i mqoa.,sl pß; ú.%yhla fuka u" tl u pß;h ;=< isÿ jk

fm!reI .egqï rfcla ' ' ' ' & oelSfuka wm ;=< mqoa., ixlS¾K;ajh fuka

u nyq;aj fm!reI ,laIK ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,efnk nj

² ñksid f.a yqol,d nj ðú;fha w¾: Y=kH nj jeks ixl,amj,g keUqre

jQ ixoDIaáljdoS wdl,amhla fuu kdgHfha ms<sìUq jqj o" kdgHlrejd

tlS wdl,amh ;u f;audj w¾:j;a lsÍug yd kj Ôjk oDIaáhla cks;

lrùug Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;s nj

² 1971 ;reK le/,af,ka miq j iuia; iudch ;=< we;s jQ lïmkh fuu

kdgHfhys oDIaáh flfrys hï n,mEula l< njg úpdrl woyia m< ù

we;s nj

² yqÿ m%pdrljdoS oDIaáhlska f;dr j kdgH udOHfhka foaYmd,k f;audjla

ks¾udKd;aul j bosßm;a lsÍug kdgHlrejd iu;a ù we;s nj

² ck;d ys;jdoS md,k ;;a;%hla ìys fkdùug fya;=jk úúO .eg¨ y÷kd

.ekSug iqn iy hi kdgHh bjy,a jk nj

² mj;sk md,k ;ka;%h fjkia lsÍug W;aiql jk úúO n,fõ.hka w;r

ishqï m%;súfrdaO;d y÷kd .ekSug fuu kdgHfha .egqu odhl jk nj

² iqn" Tyqf.a ìß|" weu;s uKav,h" ler,s kdhlhka jeks úúO pß; úúO

wjia:dj, oS l%shd lrk úúO wdldrh wm ;=< cSú;djfndaOhla we;s lrk

nj

we.hSu(

1' hi,d,l;siai rcq f.a pß;h mokï fldg f.k .oH fyda moH ks¾udKhla

lrkak'

2' iqn f.a yd hi f.a pß;hka ms<sn| j flá iudf,dapkhla lrkak'

207



ksmqK;dj 06 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhg wod< isoaOdka; m%dfhda.sl j

w;ayod n,ñka ks¾udKd;aul l=Y,;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( flá kdgHhla fyda <ud kdgHhla i|yd fm<la rpkd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² flá kdgHhla hkq l=ulaoe hs meyeos,s lrhs'

² flá kdgHhl ;sìh hq;= ,laIK y÷kd .kshs'

² flá kdgHhla ks¾udKh lsÍug fm<fUhs'

² kdgH l,dfõ úúO m%fNao y÷kdf.k ri ú|shs'

² id¾:l ks¾udKlrefjl= njg m;a ùug W;aidy orhs'

l%shdldrlu ( flá kdgH hkak w¾: ksrEmKh lr fm<la rpkd lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² flá kdgH ms<sn| ,shejqKq fmd; m; iy flá kdgH

Wf<,j,aa ms<sn| jd¾;d

ye|skaùu ( flá kdgHhla hkq l=ula o hkak y÷kd .ekSu yd flá

kdgH l,dfõ ,laIK ms<sn| úuiSula lsÍu fuu mdvfuka

wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( idlÉPd yd lKavdhï l%u


² flá kdgHhla hkq l=ula o@ hkak w¾: ksrEmKh lsÍu

² flá kdgH l,dfõ ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu

² flá kdgHh "l,djla" f,i j¾Okh jkakg jQfha 90 oYlfha nj

² 1995 oS m%:u jrg ,xldfõ flá kdgH iïudk Wf<,la wdrïN jQ nj

² os.= kdgHhl pß;" isÿùï" wjia:d ksrEmK iSud ;Srl f,i lSug whs;shla ke;s

w;r flá kdgHhl ta ish,a, fnfyúka isud úh hq;= nj

² flá kdgHhl fnfyúka jeo.;a jkafka kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:dj" isÿùu fyj;a

msgm; yd m%n, rx.khla" ;SlaIK iqmßlaIdldÍ wOHlaIKhla hk .=Kdx.

;%s;ajh nj

² flfia jqj o kdgH ixl,amfha oS m%uqL idOlh jkafka Bg mokï jk kdgHuh

wjia:dfõ iajrEmh neúka flá kdgHhl ld, iSudjka ms<sn| oDV iïu;hla

fkdue;s nj

² ixlaIsma;Ndjh flá kdgHhl uq,sl .=Kdx.hla úh hq;= nj

208



² wkjYH ixjdo" isÿùï" fõosld WmlrK fyda pß; ^N+ñld& flá kdgHhlg

we;=<;a fkdúh hq;= nj

² flá kdgH wdlD;shg kElï lshk ks¾udK ms<sn| f;dr;=re w;S; fmros.

m%ix. l,d m%fNao w;r olakg we;s nj

² w;S; l;kaor l,dj ;=< o flá kdgH wdlD;s ,laIK olakg we;s nj

² flá kdgH l,djl we;s wdlD;sl ,laIK ukdj ms<sìUq jkafka ngysr kdgH

l,dj weiqfrka nj

² flá kdgHhla u.ska wmQ¾j jQ;a iQlaIu jq;a rx. Ys,am l%u Tiafia weis,a,lska

Ôú;h úksúo oelSug yelshdjla we;s nj

² 1996 isg fï olajd iïudkhg md;% jQ flá kdgH ms<sn| úuiSfuka ta ms<sn|

f;dr;=re mq¿,a j .fõIKh l< yels nj

² flá kdgHhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS my; oelafjk ks¾Kdhlhka ms<sn| i,ld

ne,sh hq;= nj

² iaj;ka;% njla ;sîu

² iajdëk njla ;sîu

² flá njla ;sîu

² ishqï .eUqre wka;¾.;hla iys; ùu

² ikao¾Nfha wmQ¾j;ajhla ;sîu

² wdl¾YkSh rEmKhla ;sîu

² ld," rx." wjldYhkays talShNdjh ri úkaokh talSh wruqKla lrd

fhduq ùu

² iQlaIu kdgH oDIaáhla m%lg ùu

² úkdä lSmhlg ks¾udKh jk ú' 15" 35 muK& flá kdgHhla Tiafia by; lS

lreKq ish,a, ukdj ixl,kh lsÍu f,fyis myiq l%shdj,shla fkdjk nj"

ta i|yd ks¾udKlrejd ;=< wmQ¾j l=Y,;djla ;sìh hq;= nj

² flá kdgHhla ks¾udKh lsÍu ks¾udKlrejd oeä úkhlg yiqlrkakla nj

² flá kdgH l,dj wOHdmksl wdoS úl,am udOHhla jYfhka o fhdod .; yels

nj

² m%xYh wdoS rgj,aj, flá kdgHhkays my; oelafjk ,laIK oelsh yels nj

² flá kdgHhl wdl¾YkSh rEmKhla we;s lsÍu i|yd iSud iys; k¿ ks<shka

ixLHdjla Ndú; lrk nj

² ld, wjldYh iSudiys; ksid laIKsl j myiqfjka rÕ oelaùug WÑ; mßos

wdkqIx.sl wx. Ndú; l< hq;= nj

² fjia fudaia;r rpkh i|yd t;rï m%uqL;djla fkdfok nj

² flá l;d weiqßka flá kdgH ks¾udKh lrk nj

² we;eï úg fldams Yd,dj, fuu flá kdgH rÕ oelafjk nj

209



² flá kdgH ixl,amfha oS m%uqL idOlh jkafka Bg mokï jk kdgHuh

wjia:dfõ iajrEmh neúka flá kdgHhl ld, iSudjka ms<sn| oDV iïu;hla

fkdue;s nj

² k¿ ks<shka i|yd we;eï úg fm%alaIlhska o fhdod .kakd nj

² flá kdgH l,dj ,xldfõ m%n, j jHdma; jQfha uE; Nd.fha oS fyhska ;j

ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd l,djla nj


1' fi!kao¾h wOHdmk úúrKh - uydpd¾h frda,kaâ wfímd,

2' flá kdgH úu¾Yk - ux., fiakdkdhl

3' Y%S ,xldfõ úl,am kdgH l,dj - kkaok w,af.j;a;

4' Tn idfmalaIhs - Okxch lreKdr;ak - idr m%ldYk -

we.hSu(

1' flá kdgHhla hkq l=ula o@ hkak w¾: ksrEmKh lrkak'

2' flá kdgHhla rpkd lrkak'

210





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1'3 ( <ud kdgH hkak w¾: ksrEmKh lsÍu


bf.kqï M, (

² <ud kdgH ixl,amh y÷kd .kshs'

² <ud kdgH fm< rpkd lrhs'

² <ud kdgH keröug leue;a; olajhs'

² <ud Ñ;a;fõ. yd YdÍßl iajNdjh ms<sn| f;dr;=re wOHhkfhka iqiudys;

fm!reIhla f.dv k.d .kshs'

² iodpdrd;aul wdl,am ðú;hg tla lr .kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( <ud kdgHfha wdrïNh iy iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² <ud kdgH Y%jH oDYH mg

² <ud kdgH msgm;a

ye|skaùu ( <ud kdgHfha m%Njh ms<sn| iy tys iajNdjh ms<sn| lreKq

.fõIKh lsÍula fuu mdvfuka wfmalaId flf¾' <ud

kdgHhla fiiq kdgHj,ska fjkia jkafka tys we;s iqúfYaIS

,laIK fya;=fjka ksid ta ms<sn| iqúfYaIS wOHhkhla lsÍu

ld,Sk wjYH;djla o fõ'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( idlÉPd" kdgH keröu yd m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï


<ud kdgHh Y%jH oDYH mghla keröfuka fyda iÔù j kdgHh keröfuka mdvug

m%fõY úh yels h'

² <ud kdgH l,dj ìys ùug o iudc" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl fjkiaùï

n,mdk ,o nj

² m<uqjk yd fojk f,dal hqoaOhkays oS yuqod yd isú,a jeishkaf.a urK

ixLHdj ñksid ms<sn| j f,dal m%cdjf.a weia werùug iu;a jq nj

² hqoaOfhka <ud urK úYd, jYfhka isÿ ùu" <uqka wkd: ùu" yd wdndê;

;;a;ajhg m;a ùu" <uqka YdÍßl yd udkisl úNjhkaf.a idudkH

mßudKhkag j¾Okh ùug wfmdfydi;a ùu" mdi,a wOHdmkh iïmQ¾K

lsÍug yd /lshd ,nd .ekSug wfmdfydi;a ùu" hym;a iudfhda.sl"

wd¾Òl jYfhka j.lSfuka hq;= mqoa.,hka ùug wfmdfydi;a wh ùu wdoS

,laIK nyq, j oDYHudk jQ nj

211



² 19 jk ishjfia oS wefußldfõ kd.ßl m%foaYj, fjfik <uqka b|ysg

;ekska ;ek kdgH m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,enQ nj

ksoiqka jYfhka

1828 - 1865 - ßmajEka úkal,a1875 - fgdï fidah¾

1890 g fmr - m%skaia wekaâ o fmdam¾

² tfy;a fuu kdgH <uqkaf.a úfkdaohg yd nqoaê j¾Okhg ie,iqï l<

tajd fkdjk nj

² 1900 ka miq ksõfhda¾la yS jdKscuh kdgHd.drj, <ud fm%alaIlhkag

iqÿiq kdgH ìysjkakg jq nj

1915 oS mSg¾ mEka" íÆ n¾â" ,sÜ,a úfuka" iafkdajhsÜ" fijka vQ jd¾õia"

we,sia bka o fjdkav¾,kaâ ' ' ' ' ' ksoiqka fõ'

Ñ,aârka fi,a yjqia kñka <ud kdgHd.drhla o ìys úh'

² <ud kdgH thg u wfõKsl .;s ,laIK we;s l,d úfYaIhla nj

² <ud kdgH m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follg fnod fjka l< yels nj

I. <uqka fhdojd f.k <uqka i|yd bosßm;a lrkq ,nk <ud kdgH

II. jeäysáhka fhdojdf.k <uqka i|yd bosßm;a lrkq ,nk <ud kdgH

² <ud kdgH ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS <uqka f.a jhia m%udKh" YdÍßl j¾Okh"

tu jhia wkqj Tjqkaf.a yelshd" is;=ï me;=ï yd p¾hduh yeisÍï wOHhkh

lsÍu w;HjYH jk nj

² Ôka mshdfÊ kï wOHdmk{hd úiska <uqka f.a wjê j¾.SlrKhla lr

we;s nj

² wjq' 03-14 w;r jhia LdKavhls' ta w;r mr;rh j¾I 11 ls'

² <uhdf.a jhi wjq' 3-5 olajd ld,h wd;au flakaøSh h' ;ud

jgd we;s f,dalh "uf.a" hkqfjka i,ld wh;a lrf.k isà'

fujl Tyq iodpdrh yd yeisÍu ms<sn| wOHhkh lrhs' Tyq

ßoauh yd mqkreÉpdrKh m%sh lrhs' kegqu iy ix.S;h jvd;a

m%sh lrhs'

² <uhdf.a jhi wjq' 6-7 jk úg ;u wdrlaIs;Ndjh ;yjqre

lrf.k wjika h' reÿre udhdldßhka" rl=ika" kmqre

iqrx.kdúhka jeks pß; flfrys ìhla fkd olajhs' tu

pß;j,ska oelafjk "NS;Ska" ;=<ska buy;a wdiajdohla yd

m%S;shla ,eîug mqyqKq fjhs' fuu jhfia oS iqrx.kd l;d

jeks l;dj,ska lshefjk iodpdrd;aul jákdlï ms<sn| j

bf.k .kS'

² 8-11 olajd jk jhfia oS ùr;ajh ms<sn| we,au Wmßuhg

meñfKk hq.hhs' fujl .eyeKq iy msßñ <uqkaf.a

,eoshdjkayS fjkialï mj;S' .eyeKq <fuda mjq, yd .Dy

Ôú;h" .DySh m%Yak ksrdlrKh" ldka;djka m%Odk pß; lr.;a

l;d lshùu yd kdgH flfrys reÑ fj;s' msßñ <fuda ùrhka"

212



mqfrda.dóka" fid,aodÿjka yd fh!jkhka we;=<;a l:d m%sh

lr;s'

² jeäysáhkaf.a is;=ï me;=ïj,g jvd <uqka f.a is;=ï me;=ï fjkia nj

jgydf.k" <ud f,dalh ksfhdackh lrñka <ud kdgH msgm;a rpkh yd

ksIamdokh úh hq;= nj

² <ud jhig f.dapr jQ f;audjla uq,a lr.;a id¾:l <ud kdgHhl"

jeäysáhkaf.a flá kdgHhl ;sìh hq;= we;eï ,laIK ;sìh yels nj

² <ud kdgH i|yd fhdod .kakd NdIdj ta ta jhia uÜgug .e<fmk fia

ir, úh hq;= nj

² pß; w;r we;s iïnkaO;djh u;lfhys r|jd .ekSug myiq jk fia

iSñ; pß; ixLHdjlska hqla; úh hq;= nj

² kdgHfha wjidkh i;=áka ksud úh hq;= w;r fndfyda úg kdgHfha

whym;a n,fõ. mrdchg m;a jk w;r hym;a n,fõ. ch.%yKh lrkq

,nk nj

² <ud kdgHhl l:d jia;+ka ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï oS iodpdrd;aul lreKq u;=

lr,Sug isÿ jk nj

² p,k l%shdldrlï ;=<ska l%Svd wjia:d jeä lsÍfuka" .S; yd /Õ=ï ú,di

fhdod .ekSfuka kdgH ks¾udKh jvd;a rij;a lr .; yels nj

² fõI N+IK" miq;," wx. rpkh" rx.df,dalh jeks wdkqIx.sl Ys,am

ixfhdackh lsÍfï oS j¾K ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= nj"

fuu.ska úÑ;% fm%alaIdjla <ud fm%alaIlhdg ,nd .; yels nj

² kdgHh fõosld.;jk ld,h idudkHfhka mehlg fkdjeä úh hq;= nj

² <ud fõosld kdgHhla keröfuka m%Odk jYfhka <uqkag ri úkaokhla

,nd fok nj

² <ud kdgH fma%laIlhskag kdgH w;aoelSï u.ska ,nd osh yels oekqu iSud

rys; nj

² <uqkaf.a úfõlh w¾:j;a f,i .; lsßu" wOHdmksl jákdlï mejÍu"

iodpdrd;aul ixl,am <ud ðú; ;=<g ldkaÿ lrùu" Ôú;h ms<sn| j

h:d wjfndaOhla ,nd oSu u.ska iunr fm!reIhla j¾Okh lsÍu o <ud

kdgH u.ska wfmalaIs; nj

jeäÿr wOHHkh i|yd(

1' rdcH <ud kdgH Wf<, - iure l,dm ^1995 isg fï olajd&

2' <ud kdgH - pkaøfiak oikdhl

3' ixL iÕrdj" 2007 - <ud kdgH l,dj ,smsh ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j&

4' 7 fY%aKsh - kdgH yd rx. l,dj" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - 1 mdvu'

we.hSu(

1' <ud kdgHfha wdrïNh yd úldYh iïnkaO j rpkhla ,shkak'

2' <ud kdgHh hk ixl,amh y÷kajd <ud kdgHhl oelsh yels iqúfYaI ,laIK

meyeos,s lrkak'

213





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( flá kdgHhla fyda <ud kdgHhla i|yd fm<la rpkd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² flá kdgH fm<la rpkd lsßug wjYH lreKq .fõIKh lrhs'

² tys oS u;=jk .eg¨ y÷kd .kshs'

² tla tla isiqjd iajdëk j flá kdgH fm<la rpkd lrhs'

² úúO kdgH ri ú|skafkl= njg m;a fjhs'

² kdgH ri úkaokfhka ðjk .eg¨ y÷kd .kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( flá kdgHh fm<la rpkd lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² úúO ks¾udKlrejkaf.a flá kdgH lD;s

² ux., fiakdkdhl - flá u flá kdgH

² Okxch lreKdr;ak - flá kdgH

ye|skaùu ( úúO isÿùï" úúO l;d jia;= wdosh mdol lr .ksñka flá

kdgH rpkd lsÍu fuu mdvfuka wfmalaId flf¾' fuys oS

isiqka f.a Ôú; w;aoelSï fmd; m; mßYS,kfhka ,nd .;a

w;aoelSï Wml,amkh lr ks¾udKh lr .; yels isoaëka wdoS

´kE u kdgHuh wjia:djla Wmfhda.S fldg .ksñka flá

kdgHhla ks¾udKh l< yels h'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( újD; .%ka: mßYS,kh


² .=Kd;aul fhojqï f,i fhdod .;a flá kdgH iïnkaO j ,shejqKq fmd; m;

mßYS,khg isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak' wjia:dj ,efnk mßos flá kdgH

keröug o bv m%ia;d ,nd osh yel'&

² isiqkag wNsu; mßos flá kdgHhla rpkd lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak' tys oS

my; oelafjk lreKq o wjOdrKh lrjkak'

² f;dard .;a f;audjlg wkqj kdgHfha uQ,sl wx.h jk kdgH fm<

m<uqj ilia lr .; hq;= nj

² kdgH fmf<ys iaj;ka;%Ndjh fuka u iajdëkNdjh ms<sn|j o wjOdkh

fhduq l< hq;= nj

² kdgH fm< rpkfha oS tys ld,h ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=

nj

214



² flá kdgH fm< rpkfha oS ld,hg wkqj fm< flá ùfï oS kdfgHdaÑ;

njg fyda rxf.daÑ;Ndjhg fyda ydkshla fkdúh hq;= nj

² fm%alaIl l=;=y,h r|jd.; yels whqßka flá m%Yia; ixjdo Ndú; l<

hq;= nj

² flá kdgHhl o os.= kdgHhl fuka u .egqu wka;¾.; úh hq;= nj

² tu .egqu kdgH wkqN+;sh ;sj% lsÍug iu;a úh hq;= w;r bka fm%alaIl

wjOdkh bj;g fkdhjd /l .; yels nj

² os.= kdgHhl fuka flá kdgHhl wxl lSmhla fkdue;s ksid tys

wka;¾.;h kdgHh wdrïN jQ fudfydf;a isg u fõ.j;a j j¾Okh úh

hq;= nj

² ta i|yd kdgHfha l;d úkHdih talSh OdrKdjlska hqla; úh hq;= nj

² os.= kdgHhl fuka o¾Yk" fõosld miq;," wf,dalh" ;sr wdoS wdkqIx.sl

wx. fjkia lrñka ld,h yd ia:dkh fjkia lsÍug ,efnk bvlv

isud iys; fyhska ta ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka fm< rpkh l< hq;= nj

² flá kdgHhl" úfYaIfhka u wdl¾YkSh rEmKhla ;sìh hq;= nj

² ta i|yd jia;= ikao¾Nhg wjYH mßos f;dard .;a pß; muKla fhdod

.ksñka m%Yia; rEmKhla ,efnk fia flá kdgH fm< rpkd l< hq;=

nj

² rx. ld,h flá jqj;a b;d .eUqre kdgH oDIaáhla ksremKh ùu id¾:l

kdgH fm<l oelsh yels ,laIKhla f,i ie,lsh hq;= nj

² Wla; lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k isiqka lKavdhï lr kdgH fm< lSmhla rpkd

lrjkak'


1' fi!kao¾h wOHdmk újrKh - uydpd¾h frda,kaâ wfímd,

2' Y%S ,xldfõ úl,am kdgH l,dj - kkaok w,af.j;a;


4' kdgHd,xldrh - iq.;a jgf.or

we.hSu(

1' flá kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq fm< .iajkak'

2' Tn úiska ,shk ,o flá kdgHhla rx. .; lrkak'

215





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( <ud kdgHhla i|yd fm<la rpkd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lrkq ,nk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

² <ud kdgH fm<la iduQysl j rpkd lrhs'

² fm< rpkd lsÍfï oS wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq wjfndaO lr .;a nj

m%ldY lrhs'

² <ud kdgH ri ú|Sug leue;a; m< lrhs'

² kdgH ri úkaokh ;=<ska Ôjk .eg¨ y÷kd .kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² rdcH <ud kdgH Wf<f,a iïudk oskQ id¾:l <ud

kdgH msgm;a

ye|skaùu ( <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍug wjYH isoaOdka;uh lreKq

yd Bg wod< m%dfhda.sl l%shdj,sh <uqkag wjfndaO lrñka

<ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsßug fhduq lsÍu fuu mdvfuka

wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( újD; .%ka: mßYS,kh $ m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï f,iska


² m%ùK <ud kdgHlrejka úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o <ud kdgHhla Y%jH

oDYH mg ud¾.fhka fyda iÔù j krUd ;sîu b;d jeo.;a h'

² fojkqj tu krUk ,o <ud kdgHfha uqøs; fm< lshjd wOHhkh lsÍug

wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

² jeäysá kdgH ixl,amhg jvd <ud kdgH ixl,amh fjkia nj fyd|ska

wjfndaO lr.; hq;= ld¾hhls' <uqka i|yd rpkd lrkq ,nk <ud

l;kaor ms<sn|j o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

² <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS m%:u wNsfhda.h jkafka <uqkag .e<fmk

f;audjlska hqla; l;d jia;=jla f;dard .ekSuhs'

² tu f;dard .ekSu fyda l;d jia;=j f.dv k.d .ekSfï oS <ud uki

ms<sn| j mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= fõ' tksid <ud kdgH fm<la

rpkd lsÍfï yelshdj yd j.lSu jeäysáhka w;g m;a ù ;sfí' <ud

f,dalh wjfndaO lr .ekSug .; yels l%shd ud¾. lsysmhls'

216



1' <uqka iuÕ iDcq j lghq;= lsÍfuka Tjqkaf.a f,dalh wjfndaO lr

.; yels h'

2' <ud ufkda úoHdj ms<sn| j ,sheù we;s fmd;a m;a lshùu

3' <uqkaf.a ri úkaokh i|yd ,sheù we;s idys;H lD;s ^lú" .S;"

l;kaor& mßYS,kh lsÍu

4' <ud Ñ;%mg" <ud kdgH" ldgqka keröu

² <uhd mka;s ldurh ;=< <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lrk m<uq wjia:dj

fuh úh yel' tksid ;u w;aoelSï mokï fldg f.k <ud kdgHhlg

jia;= îchla fidhd .ekSu ;rula ÿIalr ld¾hhla úh yels h' tu

ÿIalr;djh uÕ yrjd .ekSug wjYH kï óg by; oS ,sheù we;s kjl;d"

iqrx.kd l;d" cd;l l;d" mxp;ka;%fha l;d" wdosfhka <uqkag iqÿiq

l;d jia;=jla f;dard .; yels h' wdOqksl fm< rplhdg ñka uyd

myiqjla jkqfha tajdfha isoaê fm< .eiaùu" kdgHuh .=Kh .eí j

;sîuhs' fï ksid l=uk fyda f;dard .kakd l;kaorfha wkjYH fldgia

bj;a lr f;audj u;= lsÍug wjYH kdfgHdaÑ; isoaê muKla f;dard

.ekSu isÿ l< yels h'

² fndfyda úg f;dard .kakd f;aud jeäysá kdgH f;audjla fuka fkdj

iodpdrd;aul lreKq wkqu; lrñka tajd y÷kajd oSula isÿ fõ'

² l:d jia;=fjka kdfgHdaÑ; isoaê f;dardf.k l=;=y,h Wmosk wdldrhg

fm< .iajd .; hq;= h'

² tys oS m%Odk f;audjg wod< isoaê muKla f;dard .; yels h' wkjYH

w;=re isoaê fhoSfuka l;d jia;=j ixlS¾K ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ'

² fuu isoaê l=;=y,h /flk mßos jßka jr fjkia jk isoaê ud,djla úh

hq;= h' tl u isoaêh jeä ld,hla taldldÍ j fhÿjfyd;a <uqkaf.a

wjOdkh bka wE;a fõ'

² m%n, .egqï wjia:djla wka;¾.; ùu w;HjYH lreKls' tys oS tu

m%Odk .egqï wjia:dj u;= jk wdldrhg isoaê ud,dj f.khd hq;= h' tu

.eg¨j ,syS wjika jk úg n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ f;audj u;= úh hq;= h'

² <ud kdgHhla m%:ufhka rpkd lrk úg uq," ueo" w. iys; j isoaê

.e<mSfï l%ufõoh Ndú; lsÍu iqÿiq h'

² pß; ks¾udKfha oS hym;a n,fõ.h ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk pß;h

l;dj wjidkfha ch.%yKh lrkq ,nhs' ish¨ u pß; kdgHh wjidkfha

ch.%yKh tl fia N=la;s ú|s;s'

² ixjdo f.dv ke.Su" .S; fhdod .ekSu wdosfha oS ir, NdIdjla Ndú; l<

hq;= h' jeäysá kdgHhl oS iuyr úg .eUqre NdIdjla Ndú; l< o weiQ

ieKska <ud jd.a fldaIhg yqre jpk Ndú;h b;d iqÿiq h'

² k¾;k wx. yd .S; fhdod .ekSu msgm;g wod< f,i wjia:djg WÑ;

f,i l< hq;= h' <ud kdgHhlg .S; wjYH u fkdfõ' wjYH ;ekl

wod< f,i .S; fyda k¾;k wx. we;=<;a lsÍu fhda.H fõ'

217



² rx. úOdk" yd úia;r u.ska rEmKhg wjYH" rx. N+ñ Ndú;hg wjYH

Wmfoia jryka ;=< fhosh yels h'

² kdgHfha iEu isoaêhla u f.dvk.k úg fõosldjla ;=< lr fmkaùug

yels wdldrhg ks¾udKh l< hq;= h'

² l%shdjlska lr fmkaúh fkdyels isoaëka jdÑl wNskh u.ska m%ldY lsÍu

Tng fhdod .; yels Wml%uhls'

² <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS os¾> ixjdo fkdfhdod flá ixjdo

fhosh hq;= fõ' isoaê ks¾udKfha oS ixjdo fuka u l%shdjg o m%Odk

;ekla osh hq;= h'

² tl u foh kej; kej; isÿ ùfï mqk¾fodaI j<lajd .; hq;= h'

fuu lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k Tnf.a w;aoelSï o m%fhdackhg .ksñka

<ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍu wdrïN lrkak'

² by; i|yka lreKq o ie,ls,a,g f.k my; i|yka l%shdldrlï ys

fhfokak'

² mka;sfha <uqka 05 fokd ne.ska lKavdhï lrkak' isiqka m%udKh i,ld

n,d wjYH mßos&

1' ck l;djla Wmfhda.S fldgf.k <ud kdgHhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' cd;l l;djla Wmfhda.S fldgf.k <ud kdgHhla ks¾udKh

lrkak'

3' iqrx.kd l;djla Wmfhda.S fldgf.k <ud kdgHhla ks¾udKh

lrkak'

4' <ud l;kaor fmd;lska .;a l;d jia;=jla mdol lrf.k <ud

kdgHhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

5' nhsn,fha l;djlska fyda fjk;a wd.ñl l;djlska <ud kdgHhla

ks¾udKh lrkak'

² by; i|yka ud;Dld lKavdhïj,g fnod fokak'

² <uqkag .e<fmk <ud kdgHhlg WÑ; l;d jia;=jla f;dard .ekSu

i|yd idlÉPd lsÍug úkdä 20 l muK ld,hla ,nd fokak'

² tla tla lKavdhï f;dard .;a l;d jia;+ka mka;sfha wfkla <uqkag

bosßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

² <ud ukig wkqÑ; l;d jia;=jla fyda wkqÑ; isoaëka we;=<;a ù we;s kï

.=rejrhd ueosy;a ù tajd ksjeros lrkak'

² f;dard .;a l;d jia;=fõ m%Odk isoaëka ms<sfj,g kdfgHdaÑ; f,i fm<

.eiaùu i|yd <uqkag ld,h ,nd fokak'

² bka miq j tu isoaê pß; biau;= jk fia ixjdo fhdoñka kdgH fm<

rpkd lsÍug ld,h ,nd fokak'

² <ud kdgH fm< rpkd lsÍfuka wk;=re j lKavdhï 05 g <uqka bosßfha

oS tajd lsheùug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

218



² tys oS u;= jk .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍug .=rejrhdf.a ueosy;a ùu w;HjYH

fõ'

² .=rejrhd úiska <ud kdgH ms<sn| j ,nd we;s oekqu m%fhdackhg .ksñka

id¾:l <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍu ms<sn| j w;aoelSu <uqkag ,nd

osug lghq;= lrkak'


1' <ud kdgH ksIamdokh - pkaøfiak oikdhl

2' "ixL" - 2008 l,dmh

3' rdcH <ud kdgH Wf<f,a iure l,dm

4' rdcH <ud kdgH Wf<f,a iïudk oskQ uqøs; <ud kdgH msgm;a

we.hSu(

1' <ud kdgH fm<l iqúfYaIS ,laIK myokak'

2' <ud kdgH fm< rpkh lrkak'

219





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2'1 ( fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS u;= jk .eg¨ idlÉPd lrhs'


bf.kqï M, (

² flá kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS u;=jk .eg¨ y÷kd .kshs'

² .eg¨ wju lr .ekSug wjYH Wml%u fhdod .kS'

² flá kdgHhla rpkd lrhs'

² olaI kdgH rplhl= ùfï ,laIK fmkajhs'

² kdgH l,dfõ m%.ukhg odhl jQfjla fjhs'

l%shdldrlu ( flá kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS u;= jk .eg¨ ksrdlrKh

lr .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² flá kdgH lD;s

² flá kdgH iïnkaO j ,shejqKq fmd;a m;a yd ,sms

f,aLk

ye|skaùu ( flá kdgHhla i|yd fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS u;= jk .eg¨

y÷kd .ekSu;a tu .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSu;a fuu mdvfï

oS wfmalaId flf¾' .eg¨ wju lr .ekSfuka id¾:l flá

kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍug yels jk w;r ksjeros

ks¾udKlrKhg fhduq ùula o bka isÿ fõ'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( idlÉPd l%uh" újD; .%ka: mßYS,kh


² flá kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS" os.= kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS

fuka fkdj fm< rplhdg .eg¨ /ilg uqyqK oSug isÿ jk nj

² tu .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug ks¾udKlrejl= ;=< nqoaêuh mß{dkhla

fuka u kdgH ks¾udK lafIa;%fha w;aoelSï o ;sìh hq;= nj

² flá kdgHhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS my; oelafjk wjia:dj, u;=jk

.eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .; hq;= nj

² flá kdgHhla taldx.sl jk fyhska m%n, kdgH m%ia;=;hla f;dard

.kafka flfia o hk nj

² tys oS ld, l<ukdlrKh lr.kafka flfia o hk nj

² rEmKh m%n, j oelaùu i|yd isñ; pß; ixLHdjla weiqßka kdgH

úkHdih f.dvk.d .kafka flfia o hk nj

220



² fma%laIl m%;spdr r|jd .; yel smßos ixjdo fhdod .kafka flfia

o hk nj

² flá kdgHhla i|yd ia:dkh yd wjldYh Ndú; lrkafka flfia

o hk nj

² flá kdgHhla i|yd wdkqIx.sl wx. Ndú; lrkafka flfia o

hk nj

² kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d yd .egqï ks¾udKfha oS fm%alaIl l=;=y,h

r|jd ;nd .kafka flfia o hk nj

² tl os.g .,d hk fia uq, ueo w. .e,mSu isÿ lrkafka flfia o

hk nj


1' pkaøisß fnda.uqj - flá kdgH ms<sn| úuiqula 2001


3' Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH wOHdmkh - úfÊr;ak m;srdc

4' kdgl wgla - ud¾áka úl%uisxy

we.hSu(

1' flá kdgHhl ;sìh hq;= ,laIK úia;r lrkak'

2' flá kdgHhla rpkd lsÍfï oS u;= jk .eg¨ ú.%y lrkak'

221





ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2'1 ( <ud kdgH fm< rpkfha oS u;= jk .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr

.ekSu'


bf.kqï M, (

² <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS u;= jk .eg¨ úia;r lrhs'

² .eg¨ wju lr .eksug wjYH Wml%u fhdod .ksshs'

² <ud kdgH rpkd lrñka wNHdifhys fhfohs'

² ffoksl ðú;fha oS úfõl ld,h w¾:j;a f,i fhdod .kshs'

² iudchg hym;a uÕ fmkajkafkl= njg m;a fjhs'

l%shdldrlu ( <ud kdgH fm< rpkfha oS u;=jk .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr

.ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² <ud kdgH ks¾udKlrejkaf.a kdgH lD;s

² <ud kdgH Y%jH oDYH mg

ye|skaùu ( <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS u;=jk .eg¨ y÷kd .ksñka

tu .eg¨ úi|d .; yels l%ufõohka wjfndaO lr .ekSu

fuys oS n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'



² <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS rplhd wdOqksl jQ úg u;= jk .eg¨

nyq, fõ'

² tu .eg¨j,g ms<s;=re fiùu ;=<ska fm< rpkh ms<sn| j wjfndaOh

we;s fõ'

² <ud kdgH fm<la i|yd jia;= îchla fidhd .ekSfu aoS b;d m%fõYï úh

hq;= h' fuys oS <uqka i|yd ,sheù we;s id¾:l <ud l;kaor fmd;a" <ud

Ñ;%mg" <ud ldgQka" <ud kdgH wdosh mßYS,kh lsÍu o" <ud uki

wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd <ud ufkda úoHdj ms<sn| j ,sheù we;s fmd;a

m;a lshùu o <ud ukig WÑ; ixl,am y÷kd .ekSu i|yd fndfyda

m%fhdackj;a fõ'

222



² <ud kdgHhla rx..; jk Wmßu ld,h úh hq;af;a mehls' tksid isoaê

ud,dj oS¾> fkdúh hq;= h' l:d úkHdih f.dv ke.Sfï oS wdOqksl

rplhdg u;= jk m%n, u m%Yakh jkafka fuhhs' isoaê ud,dfõ wkjYH

fldgia" w;=re isoaê" lmd y< hq;= h' fndfyda wdOqksl rplfhda m%idx.sl

nj jeä lr .ekSu i|yd w;=re isoaëka iïnkaO lr .ks;s' túg kdgHfha

isoaëka ;=< u;=jk .,d hEfï ßoauh úkdY úh yels h' <uqkaf.a uki

fndfyda úg m%sh lrkqfha fudfyd;ska fudfyd; fjkia jk isoaëkaf.ka

hqla; <ud kdgHhka h' tfy;a isoaëka fndfyda Ndú; lsÍfuka <ud

kdgH fm<la ixlS¾K fkdl< hq;= h'

² w;HjYH pß; ;=k y;rla muKla kdgH fm< ;=< u;= lr fmkaùu

fhda.H fõ' wkjYH pß; u;= ùug bv fkdoSu fyda tajd bj;a lsÍu l<

hq;= h' fndfyda úg l;dfõ kdhlhd ^m%Odk pß;h& jgd isoaê ud,dj

rpkd úh hq;= h' pß; w;r .egqï wjia:d ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS tajd

úi|k" wdldrh o ks¾udKd;aul j is;sh hq;= h' kdgH fm<l kdgHuh

rih uq,sl jYfhka r|d mj;skafka .egqu ksrdlrKh lrkq ,nk wdldrfha

id¾:l;ajh u;hs'

² kdgH rplhl= ixjdo Ndú; lrk úg uiqfrl= f,i lghq;= l< hq;= h'

<ud kdgH fm<l ixjdo ir, úh hq;= h' <uhdf.a jhia uÜgug wkqj

jd.aud,dj ;SrKh l< hq;= h' ixjdo flá úh hq;= h' tys oS rplhdf.a

ixl,am woyia" fláfhka bosßm;a lsÍug iu;a úh hq;= h' lúh" .S;h

jeks wx. <ud kdgH ;=<g fhdod .ekSu u.ska úÑ;% lr .; yels h' fuys

oS ßoauh yd ;d,h .eíjk wdldrhg o ixjdo rpkd l< yels h'

² <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lrkq ,nkafka th ksIamdokh lsÍfï

n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka h' tksid fõosldj yd fõosldfõ N+f.da,Sh msysàu

ms<sn| j rplhdg ukd wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= h' lr fmkaùug fkdyels

isoaëka jdÑl wNskh fhdod f.k fm%alaIlhskag bosßm;a l< yels h'

ks¾udKh lsÍug wmyiq" úhoï wêl miq;, kdgHhg fhdod .ekSug

fmr fojrla is;sh hq;= h'

² rplhdf.a ukfia u;= jk Ñ;%h fõosldj ;=< ðjudk l< hq;af;a

fõosld udOHhg .e<fmk wdldrhg h' kdgH fmf<ys miq;, ms<sn|j

o úia;r úh hq;= h' tfia u miq;, Ndú;hg .kakd wdldrhg pß;

yeisrúh hq;= h'

² fõosldfõ N+f.da,Sh msysàug wkqj fnoSï u;lfhys r|jd .ksñka" msgm;la

rpkd lrk úg rx.df,dallrKh" miq;, wegjqï" rx. NdKav" wdoS

wdkqIx.sl wx. Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn|j o jvd;a wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

² kdgH wjidkfha fm< u.ska Wmfoia oSug hEu kdgHfha l,d;aulNdjhg

ydkshla fõ' Wmfoia oSu <uhska m%sh fkdlrk w;r Tjqkag yefÕkakg

wjfndaO jkakg yeÍu jvd;a fhda.H fõ'

223



² id¾:l <ud kdgH fm<la ,sùu" jeäysá kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍug jvd

wmyiq ld¾hhls' fuys oS wjYH jkafka wNHdihhs' tfuka u u;= jk

.eg¨ i|yd ms<s;=re fiùuhs'

² <uqkaf.a f,dalh wOHhkh lsÍu;a Tjqka f.a .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu;a i|yd

ksrka;r W;aidyhl fhoSfuka yd w¨;a oekqu tl;= lr .ekSfuka id¾:l

<ud kdgH fm<la ks¾udKh l< yels h'

we.hSu(

1' <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï oS u;= úh yels .eg¨ fm< .iajd ,shkak'

2' mka;sfha ish¨ fok tla ù lKavdhï jYfhka <ud kdgHhla i|yd WÑ;

f;aud lSmhla f;dard f.k <ud kdgH fm<la rpkd lrkak'

^fuys oS jvd;a id¾:l kdgH fm< f;dard .ekSu i|yd isiqkag iydh jkak'&

224



ksmqK;dj 07 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhhg wkqnoaO wdkqIx.sl l,djka

wOHhkh lr jD;a;Sh l=Y,;d ixj¾Okh lr .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( jD;a;Sh lafIa;% lrd fhduq ùug wjYH m%d.=KHh ,nd .kS'

úIh wka;¾.;h 7'1'2 ( rpkh lrk ,o <ud kdgH fm<g fyda flá kdgH fm<g

wod< j wdkqIx.sl l,d Ndú;hg .ekSu ms<sn| yelshdjka

m%.=K lsÍu ^flá kdgH fm<la i|yd&


bf.kqï M, (

² úúO kdgH i|yd Ndú; jk wdkqIx.sl wx. úúO jk nj m%ldY lrhs'

² flá kdgHhla i|yd wdkqIx.sl wx. ie,iqï lsÍfï oS úfYaI wjOdkhla

fhduq l< hq;= lreKq ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'

² flá kdgHhla i|yd iduQysl j tla ùfuka wdkqIx.sl wx. ie,iqï lrhs'

² kdgHhla keröfï oS wdkqIx.sl wx. y÷kd .kS'

² id¾:l ks¾udKlrefjl= ùfï ,laIK fy<s lrhs'

l%shdldrlu ( flá kdgH fm<la i|yd wdkqIx.sl l,d Ndú;hg .ksuq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² <ud kdgHhl" flá kdgHhl fyda m%isoaO fõosld

kdgHhl Y%jH odYH mg lSmhla

² tla tla wdkqIx.sl l,d wx.hkag wod< mska;+r" øjH

fyda WmlrK

ye|skaùu ( isiqka úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o flá kdgHhg wod<

wdkqIx.sl l,d Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu fuu

mdvfuka wfmalaId flf¾'

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ( m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï u.ska wOHhkh


² kdgHhl Ndú;hg .efkk wdkqIx.sl l,djka my; oelafjk mßos kï

l< yels nj

1' rx. N+ñ w,xlrKh

2' rx. N+ñ wdf,dallrKh

3' wx. rpkh

4' fõI N+IKh

5' rx. NdKav yd WmlrK

6' ix.S;h yd Yío mßmd,kh

225



² isiqka úiska rpkd lrk ,o flá kdgHhg WÑ; mßos wdkqIx.sl wx.

ks¾udKh ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl wOHhkfha fhoSu w;HjYH nj

² flá kdgHhlg wdkqIx.sl wx. ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS úfYaI wjOdkh

fhduq l< hq;= nj

² flá kdgH fndfyda úg taldx.sl ksid wdkqIx.sl wx. fjkia lsÍug

,efnk bvlv yd ld,h iSud iys; nj

² fuys oS kdgHhg wjYH jk wdkqIx.sl wx. muKla ie,iqï l< hq;= nj

² tajd kdgHfha f;audjg WÑ; j ie,iqï úh hq;= nj

² mßyrKfha myiqj yd pß;j,g .e<fmk whqßka wdkqIx.sl wx.

ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj

² m%ldYs; wkqN+;sh yd kdgH oDIaáh iQlaIu j ksrEmKh jk mßos tajd

ie,iqï úh hq;= nj

² fuys oS isiqka lKavdhï lr tla tla lKavdhug tla tla wdkqIx.sl

wx.h ne.ska ,nd oS <uqka úiska ,shk ,o flá kdgH fm<g wod< j 6'1

ksmqK;dj hgf;a ,shk ,o& iduQysl ks¾udKhla f,i m%dfhda.sl

l%shdldrlï ys fhosh yels nj

Wod( A lKavdhu - wx. rpkd lsßu

B lKavdhu - rx. N+ñ w,xlrK ks¾udK

C lKavdhu - rx. N+ñ wdf,dallrKh

D lKavdhu - fõI N+IK ks¾udKh

E lKavdhu - rx. NdKav yd rx. WmlrK ks¾udKh

F lKavdhu - ix.S;h yd Yío mßmd,kh ks¾udKh

^fuu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlïys isiqka fhoúug .=reNj;=ka W;aiql úh

hq;= h'&

² kdgHhla jvd;a id¾:l j bossßm;a lsÍu i|yd wdkqIx.sl wx. m%n, j

n,mdk nj

² wdkqIx.sl wx. ie,iqï lsÍfï oS kdgHfha iajNdjh wkqj tlsfklg

fjkia jk nj

² wdkqIx.sl wx. m%.=K lsÍfuka jD;a;Sh lafIa;% lrd fhduq úh yels nj



2' Tn idfmalaIhs - Okxch lreKdr;ak

we.hSu(

1' kdgHhl Ndú; jk wdkqIx.sl wx. kï lrkak'

2' flá kdgHhlg wdkqIx.sl wx. ie,iqï lsÍfï oS ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq

ms<sn| ú.%yhl fhfokak'

226



ksmqK;dj 07 ( kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhhg wkqnoaO wdkqIx.sl l,djka

wOHhkh lr jD;a;Sh l=Y,;d ixj¾Okh lr .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( jD;a;Sh lafIa;% lrd fhduq ùug wjYH m%d.=KHh ,nd .kS'

úIh wka;¾.;h 7'1'1 ( rpkh lrk ,o <ud kdgH fm<g fyda flá kdgH fm<g

wod< j wdkqIx.sl l,d Ndú;hg .ekSu ms<sn| yelshdjka

m%.=K lsÍu ^<ud kdgH fm<g wod< j&


bf.kqï M, (

² <ud kdgHhla i|yd wdkqIx.sl wx. ie,iqï lsÍfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq

m%ldY lrhs'

² f;dard.;a <ud kdgH f;audjg WÑ; mßos <ud kdgHfha wdkqIx.sl wx. ilia

úh hq;= nj ms<s.kshs'

² lKavdhula fia tla j <ud kdgHhlg wdkqIx.sl wx. ilia lrhs'

² úúO kdgHhkays wdkqIx.sl wx. úúO jk nj ms<s.kshs'

² ks¾udKYs,amsfhla jYfhka jD;a;Shuh l=Y,;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'

l%shdldrlu ( <ud kdgH fm<g wjYH wdkqIx.sl l,d Ndú; lruq'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( ² <ud kdgHhl" flá kdgHhl fyda m%isoaO fõosld

kdgHhl Y%jH oDYH mg lSmhla

² tla tla wdkqIx.sl l,d wx.hkag wod< mska;+r" øjH

fyda WmlrK

ye|skaùu ( isiqka úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o <ud kdgHhg wod< wdkqIx.sl

l,d ks¾udKh lsÍfï yd Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh

lsÍu fuu mdvfuka wfmalaId flf¾'



7'1 m<uqj flá kdgH fm<la i|yd wdkqIx.sl wx. ks¾udKh lsÍu iïnkaO

mdvfï oelafjk wdkqIx.sl wx. ms<sn| mqkÍlaIK wOHhkhl fhoSug isiqkag

wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

² isiqka úiska ,shk ,o <ud kdgHhg WÑ; mßos wdkqIx.sl l,d ks¾udKh

l< hq;= nj

² <ud kdgH fm<g wdkqIx.sl wx. ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS úfYaI wjOdkhla

fhduq l< hq;= nj

² <ud ukig .%yKh jk mßos tajd ks¾udKh úh hq;= nj

² tysoS <ud kdgHfha f;audjg WÑ; mßos ilia úh hq;= nj

² <ud kdgHhla fndfyda úg mehlg fkdjeä ld,hla rx. .; jk neúka

wdkqIx.sl wx. ie,iqï lsÍfï oS ld,h ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq

l< hq;= nj

227



² wdkqIx.sl wx.hkays j¾K ixfhdackhka <ud ukig fyd|ska .%yKh

jk mßos úÑ;% f,i ilia úh hq;= nj

² <ud f,dalfha <ud Ôú; w;aoelSïj,g ióm jk whqßka ilia úh hq;=

nj

² iajdNdúl f,dalfha jia;+kaj, olakg we;s yev;, iy m%udK wdoS foa

ie,iqï lsÍfï oS iajdNdúl;ajfhka fjkia jk wjia:d o we;s nj

Wod( ) la,hsõ Ydka; f.a - nÜáÑ ála ála kdgHfha - Trf,daiqj

) md,s; f,dl= fmda;d.uf.a f.a wur .shd osjH f,dafla kdgHfha

- isßkach'

² myiqfjka mßyrKh l< yels nj

² miq;, ks¾udK wdosfha iqL kuH jQ ksudjla ;sìh hq;= nj

² yev ;, ks¾udKfha oS ir, úh hq;= nj

² <ud f,dalfha p,khka yd ßoauhka ksrEmKh jk mßos ks¾udKh úh

hq;= nj

isiq l%shdldrlï(

² by; lreKq ms<sn| isiqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrñka 6'1 ksmqK;d u.ska

,shk ,o& <uqka úiska ,shk ,o kdgHhg WÑ; wdkqIx.sl wx. ks¾udKh

lrjkak' fuys oS isiqka lKavdhï lr Tjqka ,shk ,o <ud kdgH fm<g

wkqj my; oelafjk wdkqIx.sl wx. lKavdhï jYfhka ie,iqï l<

yel'

A lKavdhu - wx. rpkh

B lKavdhu - rx. N+ñ w,xlrKh

C lKavdhu - rx. N+ñ wdf,dallrKh

D lKavdhu - fõI N+IK ks¾udKh

E lKavdhu - rx. NdKav yd rx. WmlrK ks¾udKh

F lKavdhu - ix.S;h yd Yío mßmd,kh

² lKavdhïj, l%shdldrlï iEu isiqfjl=g u myiqfjka wOHhkh l<

yels jk fia ie,iqï lrkak'

² ish¨ wdkqIx.sl wx. ie,iqï l< miq rEmKh ms<sn| fmr mqyqKqjlska

hqla; j <ud kdgH rx. .; lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

² wdkqIx.sl wx. m%dfhda.sl j ks¾udKh lsÍfuka jD;a;Sh lafIa;% lrd

fhduq úh yels nj isiqkag wjOdrKh lrkak'

we.hSu(

1' Tn úiska rpkd lrk ,o <ud kdgH fm<g wjYH wdkqIx.sl wx. ks¾udKh

lrkak'

2' <ud kdgHhlg wjYH wdkqIx.sl wx. ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;=

lreKq fm< .iajkak'

228



mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye|skaùu

bf.kqu-b.ekaùu iy we.hSu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a bf.kqfuys

iy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod .;hq;= nj;a iEu .=rejrhl= úiska

u o; hq;= meyeos,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdakH n,mEfuka hq;= j l%shd lrk nj;a tfiau

tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a" tfia u tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh

flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s' ika;;sl ksrka;rfhka isÿjk& we.hSï

uq,O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿúh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd b.ekaùu flfrk w;r;=r oSh' fuh

bf.kqï-b.ekaúï l%shdj,sh wdrïNfha oS fyda ueo oS fyda w. oS fyda hk kEu wjia:djl

oS isÿúh yels nj f;areï .ekSu .=rejrhl=g wjYH h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh

we.hSug wfmalaId lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu" b.ekaùu iy we.hSu ms<sn| ixúOdkd;aul

ie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;= fjhs'

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj, yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍlaIK meje;aùula fyda

fkdfõ' th y÷kajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a" .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä oshqKq

lsÍu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk ueosy;a ùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag ióm j isáñka Tjqkaf.a

m%n,;d iy ÿn,;d y÷kdf.k tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh <Õd lr

.ekSug fhdod.; yels jevms<sfj<ls'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï ;=<ska wkdjrK l%shdj,shlg isiqka fhduq flfrk w;r"

.=rejrhd isiqka w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgqlrk ld¾h ksÍlaIKh lrñka ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh

imhñka lghq;= lsÍu mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj, l%shd;aul lsÍfï oS wfmalaId

flf¾' fuys oS YsIHhd ksr;=re j we.hSug ,laúh hq;= w;r" YsIH yelshd ixj¾Okh

wfmalaIs; wkaoñka isÿjkafka oehs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'

bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkag ksis w;aoelSï ,nd foñka tajd isiqka

úiska ksis mßos w;am;a lr f.k ;sfí oehs ;yjqre lr .ekSu h' ta i|yd ksis ud¾f.damfoaYh

iemhSu h' we.hSfï ;lafiare lsÍfï& fhoS isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka i|yd fohdldrhl

ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd osh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ y÷kajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh

^Feed Back& yd bosß fmdaIKh ^Feed Forward& hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a ÿn,;d yd fkdyelshd

wkdjrKh lr.;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u.yrjd .ekSug m%;sfmdaIKh;a isiq

yelshd iy m%n,;d y÷kd .;a úg tu olaI;d jeä oshqKq lsÍug bosß fmdaIKh;a ,nd oSu

.=re ld¾hh fjhs'

bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfhaa id¾:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,dfõ wruqKq w;frka ljr wruqKq

ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs y÷kd .ekSu isiqkag wjYH fjhs' we.hSï

jevms<sfj< Tiafia isiqka <.d lr .;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsÍu fï wkqj .=rejrekaf.ka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isiqka yd fouõmshka we;=¿ fjk;a wod< md¾Yjj,g isiq m%.;sh

ms<sn| f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduqúh hq;= h' fï i|yd fhdod.; yels

fyd| u l%uh jkafka ika;;sl j isiqka we.hSug md;% lsÍug bv m%ia;d i,ik mdi,

mokï lr.;a we.hSï l%uhhs'

hf:dala; wruqK iys; j l%shd lrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh;a isiqkaf.a

bf.kqï l%shdj,sh;a jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lsÍu msKsi jvd fyd| ld¾hlaIu;dfjka hqla;

bf.kqï" b.ekakqï iy we.hSï l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnkaOfhka isiqkag iy

229



.=rejrekag fhdod .; yels m%fõY ms<sn| m%fNao lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs' fïjd fndfyda

l,l isg .=rejreka fj; úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska

o f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnkaOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha

.=rejreka fyd|ska oekqj;a ù we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' tu m%fNao fufiah(

01' mejreï 02' jHdmD;s

03' iólaIK 04' .fõIK

05' ksÍlaIK 06' m%o¾Yk$ bosßm;a lsÍu

07' lafIa;% pdßld 08' flá ,sÅ; mÍlaIK

09' jHQy.; rpkd 10' újD; .%ka: mÍlaIK

11' ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï 12' Y%jK mÍlaIK

13' m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï 14' l:kh

15' iaj ks¾udK 16' lKavdhï l%shdldrï

17' ixl,am is;shu 18' oaú;aj c¾k,

19' ì;a;s mqj;am;a 20' m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyka

21' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a 22' újdo

23' idlÉPd uKav, 24' iïuka;%K

25' laIKsl l:d 26' N+ñld rx.k

y÷kajd oS we;s fuu bf.kqï" b.ekakqï iy we.hSï l%u iEu tllau iEu úIhhla

iïnkaOfhka ieu úIhh tallhgu fhdod .; hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkdflfrhs' ;u

úIhhg" úIh tallhg .e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard .ekSug .=rejreka oekqj;a úh hq;=h; j.

n,d .; hq;= h'

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu

i|yd fhdod .; yels bf.kqï-b.ekakqï yd we.hSï m%fNao ms<sn| i|ykla ;sfí' tajd

.=rejreka úiska iqÿiq mßos ;u mka;sfha isiqkaf.a m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu msKsi fhdod .;

hq;= fjhs' tajd Ndú; fkdfldg u. yeÍu isiqkag ;u Ydia;%sh yelshd fuka u wdfõoksl

.;s ,laIK;a ufkdapd,l olaI;d;a ms<sn| j¾Okhla <.d lr .ekSu;a m%o¾Ykh lsÍu;a

ms<sn| wvqmdvq we;s lrjhs'

230



jdrh - I

we.hSï wxl 01

1' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'2 kdgH" fjk;a l,djka iu. ikaikaokh

lrhs'

2' úIh ikaOdrh ( iskudj fg,skdgH

kjl:dj flá l;dj

3' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( m%dfhda.sl

4' ld,h ( ld,Éfþo 02

5' wruqKq (

• Ñ;%mghla wjfndaOd;aul j krUhs'

• tys we;s iqúfYaI ,laIK .%yKh lr .kshs'

• fõosld kdgHhl iqúfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .kshs'

• Ñ;%mghl yd kdgHhl o¾Ykj, iudk yd wiudk wjia:d ksÍlaIKh lrhs'

• Ñ;%mghl yd kdgHhl o¾Yk yd wfkl=;a wx.j, iudk;d yd wiudk;d

ú.%y lrhs'

6' WmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(

• isiqkag Ñ;%mghla keröug Wmfoia fokak' ^fuys oS l,d;aul w.fhka hq;a

iïNdjH lD;shla keröu i|yd Tjqkag u. fmkajkak'&

• my; i|yka wxl hgf;a Ñ;%mgfha we;s o¾Yk yd wfkl=;a wx. kdgHhl oS

fhdod.; yels$fkdyels nj ikso¾Ys; j ú.%y lrkak'

1' rEmKh

2' ia:dk Ndú;h

3' fõIN+IK" wdf,dalh" ix.S;h wdoS wdkqIx.sl l,djka mßyrKh lsÍu'

4' ld, mrdih yd ld,h fmkaùfï Wml%u

• Wla; lreKq we;=<;a fldg ksnkaOhla f.dv k.kak'

7' ks¾Kdhl ( (

1' ks¾udK f;dard .ekSu - ,l=Kq 04

2' lreKq f.dv ke.Su - ,l=Kq 04

3' ú.%y lsÍfï ;d¾lsl nj - ,l=Kq 04

4' lreKq bosßm;a lsÍfï id¾:l nj - ,l=Kq 04

5' ksnkaOfha mßiudma;sh - ,l=Kq 04

231



jdrh - I

we.hSï wxl 02

1' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'1 f,dalfha úúO kdgH Í;s ms<sn| idlÉPd

lrhs'

2' úIh ikaOdrh ( • úúO kdgH Í;Ska

1' h:d¾:jdoS kdgH Í;sh

2' iajdNdúljdoS kdgH Í;Sh

3' frduekaála kdgH Í;sh

3' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï


5' wruqKq (

• f,dalfha úúO kdgH Í;Ska we;s nj idlÉPd lrhs'

• frduekaála kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| woyia m%ldY lrhs'

• h:d¾:jdoS kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| úuihs'

• iajdNdúljdoS kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| woyia olajhs'

• tla tla kdgH Í;Ska ms<sn| l:kfha fhfohs'


• f,dalfha úúO kdgH Í;Ska we;s nj isiqka ish¨ fokd u iu. idlÉPd

lrkak'

• h:d¾:jdoS kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| woyia m%ldYkhg isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

• iajdNdúljdoS kdgH Í;sfha oelsh yels ,laIK idlÉPd lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd

fokak'

• frduekaála kdgH Í;sh ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkak'

• idlÉPd ish,a, wjidkfha isiqka lKavdhï lSmhlg fnod tla tla kdgH

Í;Ska ms<sn| ud;Dldkql+, j l:djla lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

• tla tla lKavdhfï l:djg ,l=Kq m%odkh lrkak'

7' ks¾Kdhl ( (

1' úúO kdgH Í;Ska we;s nj ms<s.ekSu - ,l=Kq 04

2' ta ta kdgH Í;shg wod< j meyeos,s j lreKq oelaùu - ,l=Kq 04

3' l:dfjys úh;a nj yd ms<s.; yels WodyrK iys; j

lreKq oelaùu - ,l=Kq 04

4' l:kfhys idrj;a nj yd lreKq bosßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj - ,l=Kq 04

5' l:kfha mßiudma;sh - ,l=Kq 04

232



jdrh - I

we.hSï wxl 03

1' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'1 wdkqIx.sl l,djkays Wmfhda.S;dj y÷kd

.ksñka ks¾udKlrKhg fhduq fjhs'

2' úIh ikaOdrh ( wx. rpkh ^ks¾osIag fm< weiqre fldg&

kjl;dj flá l;dj

3' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï


5' wruqKq (

• wx. rpkh ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl j wOHhkfha fhfohs'

• ks¾osIag kdgH fm<j,g wod< úúO pß; i|yd wx. rpkd lrhs'

• lKavdhï jYfhka tla j l%shdldrlïys fhfohs'

• wx. rpkd i|yd fhdod .kakd øjH yd WmlrK Ndú;h ms<sn| l=Y,;d m%.=K

lrhs'

• wx. rpkfha uQ,sl isoaOdka; ms<sn| wjfndaOh m%lg lrhs'

• olaI wx. rpkd Ys,amsfhl= njg m;a ùug uQ,sl moku ilid .kshs'


• mka;sfha ish¨ u isiqka iuÕ wx. rpkh ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkak' 03 ksmqK;djg

wod< mdvïj, os ,;a w;aoelSï o mokï lr.kak'&

• mQ¾j oekqï oSulska isiqka úiska imhd .kakd ,o wx. rpk i|yd fhdod .kakd

øjH yd WmlrK ms<sn|+ y÷kajd oSula lrkak'

• bkamiq isiqka lKavdhï lr ks¾osIag .%ka:j,ska f;dard .kakd ,o pß;j,g

wod< j wx. rpkfha fhoSug Wmfoia fokak'

• wx. rpkh i|yd my; i|yka pß; fyda ta kdgH fm<j, olakg ,efnk Tn

leu;s fjk;a pß; fyda Ndú; l< yels h'

i. cq,shia iSi¾ kdgHfha - iSi¾f.a pß;h

ii. rElv f.or kdgHfha - kqjqrd f.a pß;h

iii. iqn iy hi kdgHfha - iqn$hi f.a pß;

iv. wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,h kdgHfha - Yl=ka;,d f.a pß;h

v. wekaá.kS kdgHfha - wekaá.kS f.a pß;h

vi. yia;sldka; uka;f¾ kdgHfha - jdiq,o;a;df.a pß;h

- Wohk rcqf.a pß;h

7' ks¾Kdhl ( (

1' wx. rpkh i|yd WmlrK tla/ia lsÍug - ,l=Kq 04

2' pß; iajrEmh y÷kd .ekSug - ,l=Kq 04

3' WÑ; f,i wx.rpk WmlrK Ndú;h - ,l=Kq 04

4' j¾K Ndú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOh - ,l=Kq 04

5' iuia; ksudfõ id¾:l;ajh - ,l=Kq 04

233



jdrh - II

we.hSï wxl 04

1' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'1 <ud kdgHhla i|yd fm<la rpkd lrhs'

2' úIh ikaOdrh ( • <ud kdgHhl iqúfYaI ,laIK

• fm< rpkhl iajNdjh

• fm< rpkh

3' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ^<ud kdgH fm<

rpkh&


5' wruqKq (

• <ud Ñ;a;fõ." YdÍßl iajNdjh yd reÑ wreÑlï y÷kd .kshs'

• <ud kdgH ixl,amh y÷kd .kshs'

• <ud kdgH krUhs'

• <ud kdgH fm< rpkd lrhs'

• WÑ; rx. úOdk yd wdkqIx.sl Wmfoia fm<g we;=<;a lrhs'


• <ud Ñ;a;fõ." YdÍßl iajNdjh yd reÑ wreÑlï ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkak'

• "<ud kdgHh" ixl,amh y÷kajd fokak' 6'1'2" 6'1'3 yd 7 fY%aKsh .=re ud¾f.damfoaY

ix.%yh" mdvu wod< lr.kak'&

• <ud kdgHhlg iqÿiq f;audjla /.;a l;dkaorhla$wjia:djla$isÿùula f;dard

.ekSug Wmfoia fokak'

• kdgH fm< rpkh lsßu i|yd Wmfoia imhkak'

• ,shkq ,enQ msgm;a lshjd wvqmdvq ilia lr .ekSug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

• tu msgm;aj,g ,l=Kq m%odkh lrkak'

• by< ,l=Kq ,enQ kdgH msgm;a myla muK mka;sh yuqfõ lshùug wjia:dj

,nd oSfuka w.h lrkak'

7' ks¾Kdhl ( (

1' iqÿiq f;audjla f;dard .ekSu i|yd - ,l=Kq 04

2' l:dj bosßm;a lsÍfï l%ufõoh Wfoid - ,l=Kq 04

3' WÑ; rx. úOdk fhoSu msKsi - ,l=Kq 04

4' wdkqYx.sl Ys,am WÑ; mßos fm<g wvx.= lsÍu i|yd - ,l=Kq 04

5' iuia; id¾:l fm< rpkh i|yd - ,l=Kq 04

234



jdrh - II

we.hSï wxl 05

1' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'1 ukfï kdgHfha isg 21 isjhi f;la

foaYSh kdgH l,dfõ m%jK;d úuid n,hs'

2' úIh ikaOdrh ( • 1956 - 1999 olajd kdgH ksIamdolfhda

• Tjqka úiska ksIamdokh lrk ,o kdgHksIamdok

3' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( újD; .%ka: mÍlaIK


5' wruqKq (

• 1956 ka fumsg Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH l,dfõ Wkak;shg odhl jQ kdgHlrejka

y÷kd .kshs'

• Tjqka f.a kdgH ksIamdok ms<sn| j lreKq fidhhs'

• Tjqka f.a kdgHj, olakd ,efnk úfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .kshs'

• kdgHlrejka f.a yd kdgH o¾Ykj, PdhdrEm tla/ia lrhs'

• imhd .;a lreKq wdY%h lr .ksñka o;a; m;%sld ilia lrhs'


• isika ;=ka fokd ne.ska mka;sh lKavdhïj,g fnokak'

• 1956 ka miq kdgH ksIamdokh l< kdgHlrejka yd Tjqkaf.a lD;s ms<sn| j

lreKq fiùu i|yd isiqkag i;s ;=kl muK ld,hla ,nd fokak'

• tu lreKq imhd .ekSu i|yd mßYS,kh l< yels fmd;a" mqj;am;a yd ,sms

f,aLk ms<sn| j bÕs ,nd oS isiqka mqia;ld, mßyrKhg fhduq lrkak'

• my; oelafjk ud;Dld hgf;a o;a; /ia lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'

• kdgH fmf<ys ku

• kdgH ksIamdolf.a ku

• ksIamdok j¾Ih

• kdgHfhys jia;= îch ieflúka

• olakg ,efnk pß;

• úfYaI ,laIK

• Ôjk oDIaáh

235



• kdgHlrejka f.a PdhdrEm iy kdgHj, o¾Yk iys; PdhdrEm tla/ia lr

.ekSug Wmfoia fokak'

• o;a; /ia lsÍug ,nd ÿka ld,h wjidkfha ld,Éfþo 04 la muK Wmfhda.S

lr .ksñka oS we;s wdlD;shg wkqj o;a; m;%sld f.dkqjla ilia lrkak'

• f.dkqjg WÑ; ud;Dldjla ,nd fokak'

• tla tla lKavdhïj,g o úu¾Ykh lsÍug bv ,nd foñka oekqu yqjudre lr

.ekSug bv ,nd fokak'

7' ks¾Kdhl ( (

1' o;a; /ia lsÍu - ,l=Kq 04

2' wod< PdhdrEm /ia lsÍu - ,l=Kq 04

3' o;a;j, .=Kd;aul Ndjh - ,l=Kq 04

4' lKavdhï yeÕSfuka lghq;= lsÍu - ,l=Kq 04

5' bosßm;a lsÍfï ks¾udKd;aul nj - ,l=Kq 04

236



jdrh - II

we.hSï wxl 06

1' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'2 Y%S ,xldfõ fou< kdgH l,dfõ miqìu

yd úldYh fidhd n,hs'

2' úIh ikaOdrh ( • fou< wd.ñl W;aij

• fou< cd;sl W;aij

• tu W;aij yd ne|s ckY%e;s

3' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( .fõIK


5' wruqKq (

• fou< ckhd f.a wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl Ôú;h ms<sn| j woyia m%ldY lrhs'

• ta yd ne÷Kq ckY%e;s y÷kd .ekSug fm<fUhs'

• fou< wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl W;aij yd ne÷Kq ckY%e;s tla /ia lrhs'

• tn÷ ixialD;sl yd wd.ñl W;aij keröug wdYdjla olajhs'

• iudka;r ixialD;shl wkkH;dj w.h lrñka Y%s ,dxlsl ixialD;sfha olakg

,efnk ckm%jdo ixrlaIKh lrhs'


• 4'2'1 mdvfï oS W.;a lreKq ms<sn| j i|yka lrñka fou< ckhd f.a wd.ñl

yd ixialD;sl W;aij ms<sn| j lreKq úuikak'

• tu W;aij iuÕ ne÷Kq ckY%e;s ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrkak'

• .fõIK pdßldjla f,i isiqka m%foaYfha fou< .=rejreka jeks W.;=ka" yskaÿ

wd.ñl mQcljreka" nyqY%e; jeäysáhka jeks wh uqK.iajkak'

• fou< cd;sl yd wd.ñl W;aij" ta yd ne÷Kq rij;a ckY%e;s wdosh ms<sn| j tu

iïm;a mqoa.,hka yd idlÉPd lsÍug isiqka fufyhjkak' ^wjYH;dj u;

NdId mßj¾;lhl= f.a iydh ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lrkak'&

• tu iïm;a mqoa.,hka f.ka ,nd .;a f;dr;=re Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka tu

ckY%e;s we;=<;a fldg fmd;a msxpla ilia lrjkak'

• úoHd,hfha YsIH iñ;s jeks wjia:dj, fuu ckY%e;s l;dkaor iajrEmfhka

rij;a j bosßm;a lsÍug isiqkag wjldY ,nd fokak'

7' ks¾Kdhl ( (

1' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï oS olajk ie,ls,a, - ,l=Kq 04

2' iïm;a mqoa.,hka yd ixjdoYS,S ùu - ,l=Kq 04

3' o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï l%uj;a nj - ,l=Kq 04

4' ks¾udKYS,S bosßm;a lsÍu - ,l=Kq 04

5' ks¾udKfhys .=Kd;aul nj - ,l=Kq 04

237



jdrh - III

we.hSï wxl 07

1' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1 ú,shï fYalaIamsh¾f.a cq,shia

iSi¾$Tf;f,da kdgH fm< ri ú|shs'

2' úIh ikaOdrh ( • l:d jia;=j • f;audj

• l:d úkHdih • ffY,sh

• rx. úOdk • wdkqIx.sl Ys,am

odhl;ajh

3' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï ri úkaokd;aul

úpdrh&


5' wruqKq (

• kdgH fm< lshjhs'

• l;d jia;=j meyeos,s lrhs'

• l;d jia;=j ;=<ska u;=jk f;audj biau;= lr .kshs'

• kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d kï lrhs'

• kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:djkays WÑ; wkqÑ; nj idlÉPd lrhs'

• kdgH ffY,sh ms<sn| idlÉPd lrhs'

• wdkqIx.sl Ys,am Ndú;h ms<sn| f;dr;=re úpdrhg ,la lrhs'

• lKavdhï l%shdldrlula f,i kdgH fm< ri úkaokh ms<sn| j úpdrd;aul

f,aLkhla ilihs'


• cq,shia iSi¾$Tf;f,da kdgH fm< ish¨ u isiqkag ksjfia oS lshjdf.k taug

mQ¾j Wmfoia fokak'

• mka;sh isiq lKavdhï lSmhg fjka lrkak'

• kdgH fmf<ys úúO wjia:d ms<sn| wyUq úuiSula fldg kdgH fm< fyd|ska

lshjd we;s njg ;yjqre fldg .kak'

• b;d ir, j fuka u fláfhka kdgHfha f;audj ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkak'

• bkamiq tla tla lKavdhïj,g my; mßos ud;Dld ,nd oS isiqkag ta ms<sn|

idlÉPd lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

A lKavdhu - l;d úkHdih

B lKavdhu - ffY,sh

C lKavdhu - kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d

238



D lKavdhu - rx. úOdk

E lKavdhu - wdkqIx.sl wx.

• idlÉPdj wjidkfha ;u lKavdhug ,enqKq ud;Dldj ms<sn| flá f,aLkhla

ilia lrkak'

• bkamiq ;u ;ukaf.a lKavdhfï lreKq fiiq lKavdhïj,g bosßm;a lrkak'

• wjidkfha ish¨ u lKavdhïj, ish¨ u idudðlhska ;ks ;ks j ;uka ksjfia

oS lshjdf.k meñKs kdgH ms<sn| j úpdr mQ¾jl ri úkaokd;aul ksnkaOkhla

,shkak'

7' ks¾Kdhl ( (

1' ish úpdrd;aul ksnkaOh ;=< kdgHfha l;d jia;=j yd

f;audj ú.%y fjhs' - ,l=Kq 04

2' kdgHfha ffY,sh ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka úpdr lrhs' - ,l=Kq 04

3' kdgHfha wdkqIx.sl wx. Ndú;h ms<sn|j úpdr mQ¾jlj ,shhs' - ,l=Kq 04

4' kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d yd rx. úOdk úpdrhkag ,la lrhs' - ,l=Kq 04

5' kdgH fm< ms<sn| iuia; úpdrhla lrhs' - ,l=Kq 04

239



jdrh - III

we.hSï wxl 08

1' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'9 cmdkfha kdgH iïm%odhhka idlÉPd

lrhs'

2' úIh ikaOdrh ( cmka fkda kdgHh

cmka lnqls kdgHh

cmka lafhda.ka kdgHh

hk iïm%odhhkaf.a wdrïNh yd úldYh

3' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( l:kh


5' wruqKq (

• cmka "fkda" kdgHfha wdrïNh yd úldYh wOHhkh lrhs'

• "fkda" kdgH fõosldj yd Ndú;h ksÍlaIKh lrhs'

• "fkda" rx. ffY,sfhys iqúfYaI;d f,aLk.; lrhs'

• cmka "lnqls" kdgHfha wdrïNh yd úldYh wOHhkh lrhs'

• "lnqls" kdgH fõosldj yd Ndú;h ksÍlaIKh lrhs'

• lnqls rx. ffY,sfhys úfYaIs; ,laIK f,aLk.; lrhs'

• lafhda.ka kdgHhl ,laIK wOHhkh lrhs'

• idïm%odhsl cmka kdgH l:d jia;= ms<sn| idlÉPd lrhs'

• idïm%odhsl cmka kdgH ms<sn| foaYk bosßm;a lrhs'


• cmka idïm%odhsl kdgH jk fkda" lnqls yd lafhda.ka kdgH ms<sn| idlÉPd

lrkak' ^4'9'1 fkda" lnqls" lafhda.ka mdvï wod< lr .kak'&

• my; i|yka ud;Dld isiqkag ,nd fokak'

• fkda kdgHfha wdrïNh yd úldYh

• lnqls kdgHfha wdrïNh yd úldYh

• fkda rx. N+ñh yd Ndú;h

• lnqls rx. N+ñh yd Ndú;h

• fkda kdgHfha fõI N+IK

• lnqls kdgHfha fõI N+IK

• fkda kdgHfhys úfYaI ,laIK

• lnqls kdgHfhys oelsh yels iqúfYaIS ,laIK

• fkda" lnqls kdgH i|yd Ndú; l:d jia;=j, iajNdjh

240



• cmka lafhda.ka kdgH iïm%odhh

• ud;Dld ,nd oS l:kh i|yd iQodkï ùug ld,h ,nd fokak'

• l:kfhka bosßm;a lrk lreKq ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd rEm igyka fhdod.; yels

nj wjOdrKh lrkak'

• ud;Dldkql+, l:dj úkdä 05 lg iSud lrkak'

• my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl hgf;a ,l=Kq m%odkh lrkak'

7' ks¾Kdhl ( (

1' úIh lreKqj, ksjeros;djg - ,l=Kq 04

2' ksrjq,a lreKq bosßm;a lsÍug - ,l=Kq 04

3' wod< lreKq f.dkq lsÍu i|yd - ,l=Kq 04

4' rEm igyka u.ska lreKq ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi - ,l=Kq 04

5' l:kfha iuia; id¾:l;ajh Wfoid - ,l=Kq 04

241



jdrh - III

we.hSï wxl 09

1' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 7'1 jD;a;Sh lafIa;% lrd fhduqùug wjYH

m%d.=KHh ,nd .kshs'

2' úIh ikaOdrh ( • wx. rpkh

• fõI N+IK ks¾udK

• ix.S;h yd Yíomßmd,kh

• rx. N+ñ w,xlrKh

• rx. N+ñ wdf,dallrKh

• rx. NdKav yd WmlrK ks¾udKh

3' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( m%dfhda.sl


5' wruqKq (

• <ud kdgHhla i|yd wdkqIx.sl wx. ie,iqï lrhs'

• wdkqIx.sl wx. ms<sn| j mq¿,a f,i wOHhkh lrhs'

• <ud kdgHfha f;audjg WÑ; whqßka wdkqIx.sl wx. ms<sfh, lrhs'

• iduQysl odhl;ajhla ,nd fohs'

• kdgHj, wdkqIx.sl wx. úúOdldr jk nj jgyd .kshs'

• ks¾udK Ys,amsfhla f,i jD;a;Shuh l=Y,;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'


• óg fmr lKavdhï l%shdldrlula jYfhka ks¾udK lr ;sfnk nj

wx. rpkd lsÍu

rx.= N+ñ w,xlrK ks¾udKh

rx. N+ñ wdf,dallrKh

fõI N+IK ks¾udKh

rx. NdKav yd rx. WmlrK ks¾udKh

ix.S;h yd Yío mßmd,kh

hk wdkqIx.sl Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ks¾udKh l< kdgHh fõosld.; lrjkak'

• fï i|yd mQ¾j mqyqKqjlg wjia:dj ,nd oS isiqka f.a Wmßu yelshdjka u;= lr

.ekSug lghq;= lrkak'

• ta ta lKavdhïj, ld¾hhka f.a taldnoaO iduQysl m%h;akhla f,i kdgHh

fõosldjg f.k tkak'

242



7' ks¾Kdhl ( (

1' fi!kao¾hd;aul kj ks¾udKhla bosßm;a lsÍu - ,l=Kq 04

2' <ud kdgHhlg WÑ; ks¾udK ùu - ,l=Kq 04

3' iduQysl odhl;ajh - ,l=Kq 04

4' wka;¾ in|;dj ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhS j mj;ajd .ekSu - ,l=Kq 04

5' fmr iQodku yd ixúOdkd;aul j bosßm;a lsÍu - ,l=Kq 04

kdgh yd rx. l,dj - nienie.lk/pdffiles/tg/s13tim22.pdf · iii fmrjok ksmqk;d mdol úihud,dj mdi,a...

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