kflifs f k|s fzg - supreme court of nepal · ;jf]{rr cbfnt a 'n]l6g @)^^, kmfu 'g –!, k...

$: kflIfs f k|s fzg - Supreme Court of Nepal · ;jf]{Rr cbfnt a 'n]l6g @)^^, kmfu 'g –!, k "0ff {° $@# 1 @)^^, kmfu'g – ! kflIfs f k|s fzg jif{!*, cÍ @! kk"0"0fff{{ÍÍ $$@@##$
;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g @)^^, kmfu'g –!, k"0ff{° $@#

1

@@))^̂^̂,, kkmmffuu''gg –– !!

kkffllIIffss kk||ssffzzgg

jjiiff {{ !!**,, ccÍÍ @@!! kk""00ffff {{ÍÍ $$@@##

kk||ssffzzss

@@))^̂^̂,, kkmmffuu''gg –– !!


2

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kkmmff ]]gg gg++== $$@@%%))&&$$@@,, $$@@^̂@@##((&&,, $$@@^̂@@##((**,, $$@@^̂@@**))!!,, $$@@%%**!!@@@@ EExxtt..@@^̂%%!! --;;DDkkffbbgg__,, @@^̂%%)) --55ffkkffvvffggff__,, @@!!))(( --lljjqqmmLL__ kkmm \\ooffSS;;MM $$@@^̂@@**&&**,, kkff ]] ==jj==gg++== @@))$$##**

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;;DDkkffbbgg ;;llddlltt

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ssDDKKoo''66// ccllwwss[[tt >>LL zzDDee''kk||;;ffbb ccffrrffoo{{ dd''bb||00ff ccllwwss[[tt >>LL ppTT;;jj ssffGG55ff ddxxhh{{gg ggff==;;''== >>LL ss[[ii00ffjjxxffbb''// uu''??ªª ll88== >>LL ;;//::jjttLL vv88\\ssff ssDDKKoo''66// cckk//]]66// >>LL llaabb''iiffLL //ffooddffeemmLL ssffooff{{nnoo ;;xxooff]]uuLL >>LL ss[[ii00ffjjxxffbb''// >>]]ii77

@)^^ kmfu'g ! b]lv !% ;Dd ljleGg Ohnf;x¿af6 ;Dkfbg zfvfdf k|fKt lg0f{o ÷ cfb]zx¿

lljjzz]]iiff OOhhnnff;; @@ kk""00ff {{ OOhhnnff;; @@ ;;++oo''QQmm OOhhnnff;; %% OOhhnnff;; gg++== !! @@ OOhhnnff;; gg++== @@ @@)) OOhhnnff;; gg++== ## $$## OOhhnnff;; gg++== $$ ^̂ OOhhnnff;; gg++== %% $$ OOhhnnff;; gg++== ^̂ !!


3

OOhhnnff;; gg++== && @@%% OOhhnnff;; gg++== ** @@ OOhhnnff;; gg++== (( (( OOhhnnff;; gg++== !!)) @@!! PPssnn OOhhnnff;; !!

hhDDddff !!$$@@ ooff ]] ;;ddffrrff// aa''nn]] ll66gg xxff ]] .. llgg00ff {{oo ;;++IIff ]]kkLLss//00ff uubbff {{ OOhhnnff;;nn]] gg}} kk||ooff ]]uu uu//]]ssff zzAAbb ooxxff FF ggkk//]]ssff kkllgg xx''gg ;;SSbb55gg\\ .. ooxxff FF ppllNNnnllvvtt llgg00ff {{ooxx¿¿ssff ]] ggSSssnn llnngg ;;llssgg]]55 ..


4

@)^^ ;fn kmfu'g ! b]lv !% ut];Dd d'2fsf] nut km5\of}{6 ljj/0f

nut qm=;+ laifout d'2f lhDd]jf

/L ;/]sf]

o; jif{ k/]sf] hDdf

km5\of}{6 ;+Vof af+sL

1= b]jfgL k'g/fj]bg 3652 735 4387 1229 3158 2= kmf}hbf/L k'g/fj]bg 2368 492 2860 728 2132 3= b]jfgL k")f{ Ohnf; 67 10 77 62 15 4=

k'g/fj]bgkq

kmf}hbf/L k")f{ Ohnf; 36 4 40 33 7 5= jGbLk|ToIfLs/)f 3 40 43 38 5 6= ;fwf/)f l/^ 2601 785 3386 892 2494 7= k")f{ l/^ 10 3 13 5 8 8=

l/^ lgj]bg

ljz]if l/^ 64 32 96 39 57 9= ;fws ;fws 88 43 131 62 69 10= bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm b]jfgL 1094 563 1657 783 874 11=

bf]xf]/\ofO{ kfpFm

bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm kmf}hbf/L 364 195 559 285 274 12= k'g/fjnf]sg k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg 451 305 756 131 625 13= cg'dlt k'g/fa]bgsf] cg'dlt lgj]bg 105 23 128 29 99 14= ljljw ljljw 72 14 86 23 63 15= lgj]bg 10 176 186 128 58 16=

lgj]bg k|ltj]bg k|ltj]bg 14 108 122 73 49

hDdf 10999 3528 14527 4540 9987

@)^^ ;fn kmfu'g ! b]lv !% ut];Ddsf] d'2ftkm{sf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f

-s_ sfo{lbg * -ª_ cfb]z ;+Vof !&^ -v_ k]zL r9]sf d'2f ;+Vof !$$@ -r_ km5\of]{6 ;+Vof @%# -u_ sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f :ylut ePsf d'2f ;+Vof #)& -5_ x]g{ gEofPsf %^( -3_ x]g{ gldNg] d'2f ;+Vof !@^ -h_ lg=;'= ;+Vof !!

;d"xs[t -cleofg_ d'2fx¿sf] @)^^ kmfu'g !% ut];Ddsf] l:ylt

km};nf

;d"x s"n d'2f cl3Nnf]

cjlw;Dd o;

cjlw;Dd hDdf

x]bf{x]b}{ lg=;'=d]nldnfkdf

uPsf] jfFsL

kmf}hbf/L #^& !$& !# !^) # @)& b]jfgL !!&* &@( *% *!$ @^ ( #^$

l/6÷jfl0fHo ##^ !(! #) @@! !!%

p4/0fM ;c a'n]l6g @)^=== === ! jf @ k"0ff{ÍÍ ==== , k[i7 ====

-;fn_ -dlxgf_ pbfx/0ffy{M ;c a'n]l6g, @)^^, kmfu'g– !, k"0ff{Í $@#, k[i7 !!


5

ssff==llhh==bb==gg++== ##((..))$$((..))%%))

dd""NNoo ??==!!%%..––

dd''bb||ssMM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, 5fkfvfgf, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+ .

gg]]kkffnn ssffgg""gg kkllqqssff ttyyff ;;jjff ]] {{RRrr ccbbffnntt aa''nn]]ll66gg ccaa xxffdd||ff ]] jj]]ee;;ffOO66ddff ppkknnJJww 55gg\\

77]]uuffggff

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gg]]kkffnn ssffgg""gg ccffooff ]]uussff ]] jj]]ee;;ffOO66ddff ;;++lljjwwffgg ;;dd]]tt xxffnn;;DDdd @@%%)) hhlltt PP]]ggxx¿¿ // ttLLddWWoo]] !!)))) jj66ff hhlltt PP]]ggssff ]] cc++uu|| ]]hhLL

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77]]uuffggff

wwwwww..llaawwccoommmmiissssiioonn ..ggoovv..nnpp


vi

ljifo;"rL

qm=;+=

kIf ÷ ljkIf k[i7

ljz]if Ohnf; ! 1= cRo'tk|;fb v/]n lj=

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

2= cRo'tk|;fb v/]n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

k"0f{ Ohnf; !–# 3= ;Lof/fd dxtf] lj=

kljqgf/fo0f dxtf] n]gb]g

4= u+ufaxfb'/ k|wfg lj= od'gfaxfb'/ k|wfg

c+z rng

;+o'Qm Ohnf; #– $ 5= e'k]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n lj=


pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z

6= s0f{axfb'/ /;fOnL lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]s ;d]t

k/dfb]z ;d]t

7= /fhs'df/ a:tfsf]6L lj=dw'/fd nfld5fg] ;d]t


8= sdnk|;fb af:sf]6f ;d]t lj= lhNnf hn;|f]t ;ldlt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no lkmlbd ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= ! $–% 9= yn]z k"j]{ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ e|i6frf/

Ohnf; g+= @ %–!) 10= g/]Gb| e§/fO{ lj= s[i0faxfb'/

s'Fj/ k/dfb]z

11= hLtk|;fb åf ;d]t lj= lx/fdfg >]i7

n]gb]g

12= x]daxfb'/ k|wfg lj= lx/fdfg >]i7

n]gb]g

13= ljzfn >]i7 lj= hoaxfb'/ ;'g'jf/ ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

14= ;Ltfb]jL clwsf/L lj= e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

15= lht]Gb| l;Fx lj= afFs] lhNnf cbfnt g]kfnu~h ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z

16= e'jg]Zj/fnfn rf}w/L ;d]t lj= r'gr'gnfn b]j

hUuf lvrf]nf

17= ls:g/fh /]UdL lj= b'uf{s'df/L a:g]t

3/ p7fO{ hUuf lvrf]nf

18= ;Togf/fo0f dfgGw/ lj= 1fgdfof dfgGw/ ;d]t

c+z rng

19= honIdL df:s] ;d]t lj= Clifaxfb'/ e08f/L ;d]t, Clifaxfb'/ e08f/L ;d]t lj= ljhoWjh df:s] ;d]t

af6f] sfod

20= b'uf{axfb'/ nfdf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

gsjhgL rf]/L

21= hulbz rf}w/L lj= sdnL b]jL vf]6f rng, wd]{Gb| ;fx lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

If]qkmn ;RofO{ kfpmF

22= lbnLks'df/ e§ lj= nDaf]b/ d'gsdL{

nut s§f lg0f{o ab/

23= /fh]Gb|s'df/ 8fFuL lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no eb|k'/ ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z

Ohnf; g+= # !)–@) 24= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= ;jf/Lnfn

rf}w/L st{Jo Hofg

25= pdL{nf hf]G5] lj= d[u]Gb| hf]G5]

c+zbtf{

26= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= dxdb cnL ldof

st{Jo Hofg

27= ;f]d/fh ;fksf]6f lj= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f s]=sf= ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t


7

28= sfG5Ldfof Rjfd" >]i7 lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no eQmk'/ ;d]t


29= k|ltz]if, gu]Gb|eut >]i7 lj= e'jfgLk|;fb /f]Onf ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z

30= ;'/]Gb|s'df/ yfkf du/ lj= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt d'Vo zfvf sfof{no lqk'/]Zj/ ;d]t


31= ;'/]Gb|s'df/ yfkf du/ lj= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt d'Vo zfvf sfof{no ;d]t


32= hulbz zdf{ r'8fn lj= cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no w/fg

cfos/

33= d]3/fh ;'j]bL lj= kbk"lt{ ;ldlt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z

34= ;'gLn zD;]/ yfkf lj= e}/j zD;]/ yfkf ;d]t

hfn;fhL

35= ;'/]Gb|s'df/ yfkf du/ lj= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t


36= lzjaxfb'/ a:g]t lj= C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t

37= gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/L lj= lzIff dGqfno s]z/dxn ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

38= /fdlszf]/ l;Fx e"ldxf/ lj= v]x¿ d08n wfg's ;d]t

lgif]wf1f

39= dgf]h l;Fx ;d]t lj= z}ns'df/L b]jL

lgif]wf1f

40= las'dfof ;}+h' ;d]t lj= lk|ldo/ lkmgfG; sDkgL dfgejg ;d]t

lgif]wf1f

41= Hof]lt kf}8]n ;d]t lj= k/dfb]z ;d]t

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t

42= afa'/fd lu/L ;d]t lj=;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;d]t

k/dfb]z

43= lbnaxfb'/ nfdf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= lbnaxfb'/ nfdf

st{Jo Hofg

44= cgflb/fh vgfn ;d]t lj= g]kfn 6]lnsd ;d]t


45= xL/fzf]ef t'nfw/ lj= sdnsfhL aflgof ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z

46= e'jg/fh e§ lj= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z

47= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= s[i0f/fh kGt ;d]t

7uL

48= ljs'axfb'/ af8] lj= u0f]zaxfb'/ vqL ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

49= hd'gf s8fot lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no alb{of ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

50= /ltzrGb|nfn ;'dg lj= g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f s]=sf= ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

51= cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no la/f6gu/ lj= k"hf OG6/g]zgn la/f6gu/

cfos/

52= /Tgs'df/L yfkf lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

53= /Tgs'df/L yfkf lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= $ @)–@! 54= aL/axfb'/ tfdfª lj= g]kfn

;/sf/ st{Jo Hofg

55= eLd]Gb|s'df/ uf]on lj= sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t

jGbLk|ToIfLs/0f

56= /fds[i0f ;fx t]nL lj= ljBfgGb ;fx t]nL

3/ vfnL u/fO{ kfpFm

57= a|hlszf]/ ofbj lj= nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfof{no ;d]t

pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t


8

Ohnf; g+= % @!–@@ 58= lai0f'k|;fb d}gfnL lj=


pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t

59= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= chLh sjf/L

7uL

60= k|f0fdtL y?gL lj= gf/fo0fk|;fb yf¿ -rf}w/L_ ;d]t

ck'tfnL

Ohnf; g+= ^ @@ 61= lzjaxfb'/ :jfF/ lj= g]kfn

;/sf/ e|i6frf/

Ohnf; g+= & @#–#) 62= ;tLzs'df/ rf}w/L lj=


pTk|]if0f

63= xl/s[i0f vqL ;d]t lj= lhNnf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}F ;d]t

pTk|]if0fldl>t k/dfb]z

64= s[i0fs'df/ /fodfemL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z

65= lszf]/s'df/ emf ;d]t lj= hn;|f]t dGqfno ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

66= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= /fduf]kfn clx/ ;d]t

/xhgL rf]/L / h=s=

67= gfu]Gb| rf}w/L lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]t


68= k|df]bs'df/ dxtf] lj= xl/k|;fb e§/fO{ ;d]t


69= r"8fdl0f ;'j]bL lj= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

70= lji0f' h};L lj= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

71= ldlx/s'df/ 7fs'/ lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

72= lgd{nf /fgfef6 lj= :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu 6]s' ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

73= /]zdnfn nfld5fg] lj= :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

74= a}s'07axfb'/ lh=;L= lj= :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu 6]s' ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

75= s'ngf/fo0f >]i7 lj= :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu 6]s' ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

76= ;f}/e /f0ff lj= k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t


77= nIdLb]jL clwsf/L lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~h ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z

78= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= dLgaxfb'/ tfdfª

Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u

79= dlgkm sjf/L lj= a'wgLb]jL ofbj ;d]t

hUuf lgvgfO{ kfpmF

80= u]x]Gb|rGb| 9'Ë]n lj= k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no gS;fn ;d]t

pTk|]if0f

81= /fdhL xdfn lj= lzIff dGqfno ljBfno zfvf ;d]t


82= od'gfb]jL rf}w/L ;d]t lj= rGb|sfGt d08n ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ;d]t

83= ;Ltf/fd k/fh'nL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t

Ifltk"lt{ lbnfO{ e/fO

kfpmF Ohnf; g+= * #)

84= x/]Gb| /fpt clx/ ;d]t lj= lx/dltof clxgL{ ;d]t

c+z btf{

85= dgL/fd s'dL{ lj= df}h]nfn s'dL{

lvrf]nf

Ohnf; g+= ( #)–## 86= /+uLnfn s'dL{, lj=

zq'wgk|;fb s'dL{ rng rnfO{

kfpmF 87= lztnk|;fb a/} ;d]t lj=

uf}/Lz+s/ k|;fb ;d]t c+z btf{

88= dw';'bg k'/L lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

e|i6frf/

89= g]kfnu~h eG;f/ sfof{no lj= g/]z b'u9

lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z


9

90= r'nfxL dxtf] lj= ;hgnfn dxtf], t]t/ dxtf] ;d]t lj= ;hgnfn dxtf]

s'6kL6

91= t]hgf/fo0fk|;fb /f}lgof/ lj= gf/fo0fk|;fb 9'u]+n ;d]t

lnvt btf{ ab/

92= s'z]Zj/ u'd}{tf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u

93= /fd cflzif 7fs'/ nf]xf/ lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no /f}tx6 ;d]t

pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z

Ohnf; g+= !) ##–#^ 94= hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj=

;Ltfb]jL 9sfn ;d]t lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z

95= /fdls;'g d08n lj= gf/fo0faxfb'/ v}/uf]nL

jfnL df]xL lgisfzg

96= /fh]Gb|s'df/ g]kfn lj= u0f]zaxfb'/ kf08]

u'7L sfod

97= k'gdfof dxh{g ;d]t lj= u'7L ;+:yfg s]sf= ;d]t

lg0f{o btf{ ab/

98= k'gdfof dxh{g ;d]t lj=

tLy{dfg dxh{g ;d]t as;kq ab/ btf{ sfod

99= hulbz l;Fx If]qL lj= lx/fl;Fx If]qL ;d]t

c+z gfd;f/L

100= /fdb]gLb]jL h};jf/ ;d]t lj= gf/fo0f /fpt h};jf/

c+zj08f

101= g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= lbg]z /fo ofbj ;d]t

st{Jo Hofg

102= cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu lj= ljhos'df/ le08f

d"No clej[l4 s/

103= ljhos'df/ b'u8 lj= >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z

Psn Ohnf; #^–#& 104= df]xg nf]xgL ;d]t


k/dfb]z

e"n ;'wf/

;jf]{Rr cbfnt j'n]l6g @)^^, cÍ @), -df3 !^ – @(_ k"0ff{Í $@@ sf] Ohnf; g+= # sf] qmd;+Vof %, k[i7 ( df df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb

pkfWofo x'g'kg]{df cGoyf ePsfn] e"n ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 . – ;Dkfbs


10

ljz]if Ohnf; !=

df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=, df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, l/6 g+= )^#–WS–))$^, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, cRo'tk|;fb v/]n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t uf]kgLotfsf] xs / :jtGqtfsf] xs lg/k]If xssf ?kdf g/x]sf] / ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txsLsftsf l;nl;nfdf cleo'QmnfO{ kqmg' kg]{ e} 3/leq k;L kqmfp ug]{ lqmofn] uf]kgLotf / :jtGqtfsf] xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf] dfGg] xf] eg] a[xQ/ Public Interest ePsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Zg uf}0f x'ghfg] oyfy{nfO{ la;{g ldNb}g . uf]kgLotfsf] xsn] cg'lrt / sfg"gljk/Ltsf] vfgtnf;L / a/fdbLnfO{ /f]S5, t/ sfg"gn] lglZrt u/]sf] k|lqmofcGtu{t cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ qmddf 3/leq k|j]z ug]{ lqmofnfO{ /f]Sb}g . To;/L kqmfp ubf{ uf]kgLotfsf] xs / a}olQms :jtGqtf s'l07t x'g] cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] s'g} klg cleo'Qm / s'g} klg ck/fwLnfO{ kqmfp ug{ g;lsg], gkfOg] JofVof ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . s'g} klg sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg h:tf] ;dfhsf] lxt ufl;Psf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf sfg"gadf]lhd s;}nfO{ kqmfp g} ug{ gx'g] JofVof ug'{ x'Fb}g . To;}n] c=j+= !!^ g+= sf] Joj:yfn] JolQmsf] uf]kgLotfsf] xs / j}olQms :jtGqtf s'l07t t'NofPsf] b]lvg gcfpg] . c=j+= !!^ g+= sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ jf/]G6 hf/L x'g] d'2f / cGo d'2fdf ck/fwsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] cleo'QmnfO{ Fair Trial / Fair Hearing sf] nflu cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg kqmfp ug]{ Joj:yfsf] sfg"gL zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng x'g] /fHodf sfg"geGbf dfly sf]xL klg gx'g] / j}olQms :jtGqtf, sfg"gåf/f lgolGqt ug{ ;lsg] :jtGqtf ePsf] sf/0f k|x/Ln] vf]hL ubf{ km/f/ x'g] kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sf]

cleo'QmnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ Joj:yf c=j+= !!^ g+= ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

@= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=, df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, l/6 g+= )^$–WS–))@@, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, cRo'tk|;fb v/]n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;sf/fTds lje]b;DaGwL Joj:yfn] dhb"/nufotsf ju{sf] ;+/If0f / ;zQmLs/0fsf] ljifonfO{ /fHon] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ / To;sf nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;dfgtf;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] ckjfbfTds Joj:yf;Dd u/]sf] xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] plNnlvt k|fjwfgnfO{ lg/k]If clwsf/sf] >]0fLdf /fv]/ ljz]if kl/l:ylt jf ;+:yfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] c;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;d]t sfdbf/ sd{rf/Ln] bf]xf]/f] ;'ljwf kfpg} kg]{ bfjL ug{ gldNg] / >d P]g / >d lgodfjnLnfO{ ;Dk"0f{tfdf x]bf{ sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] xs, lxt ;'ljwf / ;'/Iffsf nflu ag]sf] kl/k|]Iodf To;leqsf] cf+lzs Joj:yfnfO{ p4[t u/L To;n] dhb"/ ju{sf k|lt ;+ljwfgn] ck]Iff u/]sf] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] pk]Iff u/]sf] eGg] bfjL cfkm}df ts{;+ut / cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

k"0f{ Ohnf; !=

;=k|=Gof=>L cg"k/fh zdf{, df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7, b]=k'=O=g+= )^^–DF–)))!, n]gb]g, ;Lof/fd dxtf] lj= kljqgf/fo0f dxtf]


11

km};nf ;'Gg'sf] dtna km};nfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] g} xf], km};nfsf] gSsn ;f/L lnPkl5 klg km};nfsf] af/]df k"0f{ hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . To;}n] km};nfsf] hfgsf/L s'g} klg tl/sfaf6 -km};nf ;'g]/ jf km};nfsf] gSsn lnP/ jf cbfntaf6 Dofb hf/L eP/_ ePkl5 ;f]xL ldltaf6 k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb k|f/De x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb p7fOg' x'b}g . To:tf] s'/fdf ljjfb lemSg sfg"gn] cg'dlt klg glbg] . jfbL kljqgf/fo0f dxtf]n] l;/fxf lhNnfdf ldlt @)%&.*.!@ df km};nfsf] gSsn kfpmF egL lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] tYoaf6 lghnfO{ of] ldltdf km};nf ePsf] lyof] eGg] km};nfsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]s} b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL ldltaf6 d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !(# n] tf]s]sf] Dofb / sfg"gadf]lhd yfDg], ydfpg] Dofbleq} k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . t/ ;f] Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg gu/L ldlt @)%&.!!.!@ df l;/fxf lhNnf cbfntaf6 k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb tfd]n e} tTkZrft\ km};nfsf] gSsn ;f/L km};nfsf] hfgsf/L kfPsf] egL Dofb tfd]n ePsf] ldltnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhdf ldlt @)%&.!@.% df k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvof] . To;/L k'g/fj]bs÷jfbLnfO{ km};nfsf] hfgsf/L klxn] g} e};s]sf] cj:yfdf Dofb g3fO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k'g/fj]bgkq vf/]h ug'{kg]{df ;f]xL k'g/fj]bg kq u|x0f u/L d'2fsf] cf}lrTodf k|j]z u/L OG;fkm ug{ gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf sDKo'6/ M ;Ltf u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ . o;} nufpsf] kmf}=k'=O=g+= )^^–CF–)))#,

s/sfk, ;Lof/fd dxtf] lj= kljqgf/fo0f dxtf] ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

@= df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7, df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, k'g/fjnf]sg

g+= @)^%–NF–)@), c+z rng, u+ufaxfb'/ k|wfg lj= od'gfaxfb'/ k|wfg ;DklQ ;uf]nsf] c+lzof/sf] gfddf /xg' g} ;f] :jtM j08f x'g] k|s[ltsf] /x]5 eGg] cy{ gnfUg] . Pp6} lnvtdf n]lvPsf Joxf]/fn] ;dfg sfg"gL dxTj /fVb5g\ . To;df plNnlvt s'g} s'/f sfof{Gjog x'g] / s'g} s'/f sfg"g k|lts"n g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s sfof{Gjog gx'g] eGg gldNg] . lkm/fb vf/]h x'g'sf] cy{ lkm/fb bfjL c:jLs[t x'g' xf] . Psk6s cbfntaf6 c:jLs[t eO;s]sf] tYo / dfu csf]{ d'2fsf] hl/ofaf6 k'g:yf{lkt x'g ;Sb}g . Pp6} k|Zgn] cbfntdf k6s–k6s k|j]z kfpg ;Sb}g . d'2fsf] gfd cfj/0f km]l/P/ k|:t't ePklg sfg"gL k|Zg klxn]sf] d'2faf6 lg/f]k0f eO;s]sf] kfOP kl5Nnf] ljjfbdf cbfnt k|j]z ub}{g . k|fªGofosf] d"n dd{ / l;4fGt oxL xf] . j[4fj:yfdf /x]sf h]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] lghL k|s[ltsf] / xs cGt/e"t ePsf] ;DklQ pkef]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf s]xL :jtGqtf cfjZos kg]{ s'/f ;fdflhs Gofosf b[li6sf]0faf6 jf~5gLo x'G5 . j[4fj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{ OR5f nfu]sf] bfgk'0o, wd{sd{ ug{ tyf cf}ifwf]krf/ u/fpg / /fd|f];Fu :ofxf/ ;';f/ k|fKt ug{ klg ;DklQ pkef]u;DaGwL :jljj]sLo sfg"gL clwsf/ lbOg' / ;f]sf] ;+/If0f ul/g' ckl/xfo{ 5 . o:tf] clwsf/df c+s'z nufpg' Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . ;dfhdf h]i7 gful/ssf ?kdf ;Ddfgof]Uo j[4fj:yfsf cfdfafa'nfO{ ;a} 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ;dfg Jojxf/ u5{g / /fd|f];Fu :ofxf/ ;';f/ ub{5g\ eGg] cg'dfg cfhsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ;a}sf xsdf / ;w}el/ ;To gx'g ;Qm5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{ ljz]if x]/rfx ug]{ JolQmnfO{ s]xL ;DklQ lbg kfpg] Joj:yf h]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;d]t ckl/xfo{ 5 . sfg"g ;dfhsf nflu xf] sfg"g ;fdflhs cfjZostfsf nflu xf] . sfg"gn] aGb]h g} nufPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s h]i7


12

gful/ssf sfg"gL xsdf cbfntn] pbf/ sfg"gL JofVofsf] gLlt cjnDag ug'{kg{] . cbfnt /fHos} Pp6f ;an, ;zQm / ;lqmo c+u ePaf6 /fHosf k|ltj4tfk|lt Gofokflnsfsf] klg lhDd]jf/L 5 . /fHosf k|ltj4tfx¿ k|rlnt sfg"gcg's"n nfu" u/fpg] st{Jo cbfntsf] klg xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu $ df Jojl:yt /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg] eP klg sfof{Gjog ug{} gkg]{ Joj:yfsf ?kdf u|x0f ul/g x'Fb}g . sfg"gn] u/]sf Joj:yfsf cwLgdf /xL h]i7 gful/ssf] xs lxtsf] kIfdf /fHo pleg' k5{ . d'n'sL P]g, :qL c+zwgsf] !, @, $ / % g+= sf sfg"gL xs j[4fx¿n] klg k|of]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . c+zj08fsf] ! g+= / bfg as;sf] ! g+= n] ;DklQdf h]i7 gful/ssf] sfg"gL xs /xg] x'G5 . o:tf] cfkm"df cGt/e"t /x]sf] ;fDklQs xsnfO{ j[4j[4f h]i7 gful/sn] x:tfGt/0f ug{ kfpg] s'/fnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;+/If0f ul/cfPs} 5 . sfg"gn] k|bfg ul/cfPsf h]i7 gful/ssf oL xsx¿nfO{ k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf aGb]h nufpg' Gofo;+ut gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f ;'j]bL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !( /f]h % z'ed\ .

;+o'Qm Ohnf; !=

;=k|=Gof=>L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, l/6 g+= @)^$–WO–!)!*, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, e'k]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t JolQmsf] hLp Hofg, ;DklQ, OHht jf x}l;ot ;d]tsf s'/fsf] ljrf/ u/L s] s:tf] ;'ljwf jf ;'wf/ rflxg] xf] eGg] s'/f lgtfGt gLltut ljifo xf] . /fHon] k|bfg ug]{ ;'/Iff jf

;'ljwf;DaGwL gLltut lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd:j?k lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs xs jf ;DklQ;DaGwL sfg"gL clwsf/df c;/ k'u]sf] / lgj]bsn] yk bfloTj a]xf]g'{ k/]sf] eGg] egfO{ klg b]lvFb}g . k|:t't ljifodf dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf] lg0f{o clwsf/If]qljxLg jf /fHon] lbPsf] ;'ljwf / ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f lgj]bsnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k'u]sf] eGg] k'li6 u/L lgj]bg lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf klg b]lvPsf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf k"j{ /fhf tyf pgsf kl/jf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;'/Iff / ;'ljwf lbPsf] gLltut ljifosf ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M k'gf/fd vgfn sDKo'6/M nIdLb]jL >]i7 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

@ ;=k|=Gof=>L cg"k/fh zdf{ / df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx, l/6 g+= )^$–WO–)##(, k/dfb]z ;d]t, s0f{axfb'/ /;fOnL lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]s ;d]t lgj]bs s0f{axfb'/n] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]sdf btf{ u/fPsf] st{Jo Hofg d'2sf] hfx]/L b/vf:tpk/ cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf] sfo{nfO{ pQm k|x/L sfof{non] lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s k|efjsf/L 9Ën] cufl8 a9fO{ sfg"gL st{Jo k"/f u/]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm hfx]/L b/vf:tcg'¿k zL3| cg';Gwfg txsLsft k"/f ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf] st{Jo kfngfdf lg/Gt/ pk]Iff u/]sf] b]lvFbf To;tkm{ uDeL/ /xL ;lqmotf b]vfpg cfjZos / plrt sbd rfNg]tkm{ ;hu /xL ;r]t u/fpg' egL k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, dWoIf]qLo k|x/L sfof{no / c~rn k|x/L sfo{nosf] gfddf tyf ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ;DalGwt k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg glbO{ ;DalGwt sfg"gn] cf}+NofPsf] bfloTjk|lt lgliqmo /x]sf] b]lvFbf


13

To;tkm{ uDeL/ /xL ;DalGwt lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{nosf lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf zL3|, plrt / 7f]; sbd rfnL cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|x/L sd{rf/L;Fu lgb]{zsLo ;dGjofTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ nufpg' egL g]kfn clw/fHosf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] gfddf ;d]t Gofofb]z (Judicial Stricture) hf/L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn Olt ;+jt\ #)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ . o:t} k|s[ltsf] l/6 g+= )^$–WO–)#$),

k/dfb]z ;d]t, s]bf/ rf}nfufO{ lj=lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]s ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

#= ;=k|=Gof=>L cg"k/fh zdf{ / df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx, l/6 g+= )^#–WO–!))), pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, /fhs'df/ a:tfsf]6L lj=dw'/fd nfld5fg] ;d]t ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf] vf/]hL tyf ;+zf]wg;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] pkbkmf -@_ df æk|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg bkmf @ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf v/Lb;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf of] P]g;Fu aflemPsf] xb;Dd o; P]g cg's"n x'g] u/L :jtM ;+zf]wg ePsf] dflgg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf lgdf{0f Joj;fo P]g, @)%% df ePsf s'/fx¿ k|:t't ;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]gadf]lhd x'g] s'/fx¿sf] ;DaGwdf cfslif{t gx'g] x'Fbf lgdf{0f Joj;fo P]gdf plNnlvt s'/fx¿n] dfGotf gkfpg] :ki6 g} 5 . o; cj:yfdf l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, eQmk'/n] k]K;Lsf]nf ;Nnf3f/L ;8sdf d]zg/L sfo{ ug{ @)^$.!.^ df af]nkq cfXjfgsf] nflu k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgfdf lgdf0f{ Joj;foLsf] ju{ gtf]lsg' sfg"gljk/Lt eGg] b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn Olt ;+jt\ #)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

$= ;=k|=Gof=>L cg"k/fh zdf{ / df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx, l/6 g+= )^#–WO–!!)!, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, sdnk|;fb af:sf]6f ;d]t lj= lhNnf hn;|f]t ;ldlt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no lkmlbd ;d]t ;+ljwfg tyf P]gn] clVtof/ k|bfg u/]/ agfOPsf jf hf/L ul/Psf sfg"g tyf sfg"g;/x nfu" x'g] lgod, pklgod, ljlgod, cfb]z sfg"gsf] ju{df kg{;Sg] b]lvPg . lkmlbd vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] ljwfg s'g} P]gn] clVtof/ k|bfg u/]sf] eGg];Dd b]lvG5 . lhNnf hn;|f]t ;ldltn] :jLs[t k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljwflosfn] clVtof/ lbPsf] egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] . lkmlbd vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] x}l;ot / k|s[lt sfg"gL JolQm ;/xsf] b]lvPsf] / pQm ;ldlt ;~rfngfy{ tof/ kfl/Psf] ljwfgsf] x}l;ot g]kfn sfg"g ;/xsf] gePsf] eGg] :ki6 ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL ljwfgcg'¿k g} lgj]bsx¿ klxn]sf] sfo{;ldltdf kbflwsf/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ljwfgadf]lhd ul7t sfo{ ;ldlt lj36g ubf{ g]kfn sfg"g jf ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/af6 lgj]bsx¿ al~rt ePsf] egL cy{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn sDKo'6/ M ;Ltf u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ #)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= ! !

df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= ##&), e|i6frf/, yn]z k"j]{ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ JolQm ljz]ifn] ;+:yf ljz]ifnfO{ /sd ;fk6L lbPsf] eP ;+:yfn] To;/L lnPsf] ;fk6L


14

/sdsf] df}s}df cfˆgf] vftfdf cfDbfgL afWg' kg]{ lyof] a}+sdf hDdf ug'{ kb{Yof] clg dfq e/kfO{ agfO{ r]s sf6L vr{ ug'{ kb{Yof] . To:tf] ;fk6Lsf] lx;fan] ljlwjt\ ;|]:tf /flvPsf] k|df0f k|ltjfbLn] k]zug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . To:t} ;ldltn] ;fk6L lnFbfsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t To:tf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ e/kfO{ ug'{kg]{ ;f] s]xL k|df0f k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvb}g . o;af6 k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO{ kfpg' kg]{ egL cfwf/ lnO{ k|df0f:j?k k]z u/]sf] pQm e/kfO{sf] sfuhft z+sf:kb b]lvPsf] 5 . ;ldltn] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] / Jofn]G; /x]sf] /sdsf] dfqf x]bf{ ldlt @)%&.#.!$ df cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ ;ldltn] k|ltjfbLaf6 /sd ;fk6L lng'kg]{ cj:yf lyof] egL ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ klg b]lvFb}g . l/:jt lnP vfPsf] s;"/nfO{ tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf # cGtu{tsf] s;"/ dflgPsf] / ;f]xL bkmfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ?kdf xfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #-!_ -3_ /x]sf] / o;sf] bfjL cleof]u kqdf lnPsf] b]lvPsf] s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf # cg';f/ ;hfo u/]sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf pko'Qm gx'g] . sldzg jfkt cfkm"nfO{ !) k|ltzt /sd glbP e'QmfgL glbg] egL jfWo kf/L e'Ds]Ho"nf hn pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] g]=a}=ln= ;Nofg l:yt j=lx=g+= #*&! sf] vftfaf6 ldlt @)%&.$.!@ df ?= !,&&,))).– sf] /sd e'QmfgL lnPsf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] Pj+ ;ldltn] cfkm";Fu ;fk6 lnPsf] /sd lkmtf{ lnPsf] eGg] lghsf] OGsf/L jofgsf] slxst}af6 k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] gb]lvbf / cleof]u ;dly{t Pj+ k|dfl0ft ePsf] b]lvFbf lghnfO{ tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf # cGt{utsf] s;"/ ck/fwdf P]=P]gsf] bkmf # / @( adf]lhd sldzg lnPsf] ?=!,)),))).– lghaf6 e/fO{ ;f] ljuf]adf]lhd lghnfO{ h/Ljfgf ;d]t x'g] .

Ohnf; clws[t M sdn/fh lji6 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @) ut] /f]h # z'ed\ . o:t} k|s[ltsf] @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= ##^(,

e|i6frf/, yn]z k"j]{ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] d'2fdf klg o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

Ohnf; g+= @= !=

df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= lgj]bg g+= (&%*, k/dfb]z, g/]Gb| e§/fO{ lj= s[i0faxfb'/ s'Fj/ a}+s / ?Daf sfk]{6 O08li6«haLr cf]e/8«fˆ6 shf{sf] nflu;Dd @)%%.(.@# sf] lnvtaf6 bfloTj l;h{gf ePsf] kfOG5 . t/, ;f] bfloTj oL lgj]bsn] k"/f ul/;s]sf] k'gM csf]{ lnvt geP;Dd jf cgGtsfn;Dd ?Daf sfk]{6 O08li6«hn] lnPsf] C0fsf] xsdf ;'/If0fafkt lgj]bssf] hUuf /xL /xg] klg xf]Og . cfkm";d]t ;~rfns /xbfsf] cj:yfdf lnPsf] shf{ r'Qmf u/L ;~rfns ;d]taf6 xl6;s]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] O08li6«hn] lnPsf] C0f tyf a}lsª sf/f]jf/sf] xsdf cfkm"n] /fv]sf] lwtf] sfod g/xL JolQmut ?kdf ;d]t lhDd]jf/ gx'g] egL :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v u/L a}+sdf lgj]bg lbO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ca lgj]bssf] 3/ hUuf ?Daf sfk]{6 O08li6«hsf] xsdf ;d]t ;'/If0fafkt /x]sf] eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs * ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

@= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *#)(, n]gb]g, hLtk|;fb åf ;d]t lj= lx/fdfg >]i7, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (#$^, lx/fdfg >]i7 lj= hLtk|;fb åf k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)%^.!@.@* df cbfnt;dIf c=a+= &* g+= cg';f/ aofg ubf{


15

bfjLsf] ldlt @)%@.@.@# sf] lnvtsf] sf/0fL / aGbdf nufOPsf] NofKr] / :jx:tfsf] ;xL Pj+ lnvt ;fIfLsf] :jx:tfsf] ;xL cfˆg} ePsf] / lnvt ;2] ;fFrf] ?kaf6 v8f ul/Psf] xf] egL n]vfO{ lbPsf] kfOG5 eg] bfjLsf] lnvtsf cGt/\;fIfL lzjk|;fb rfln;]n] ldlt @)%&.@.$ df cbfntdf u/]sf] askqsf] ;=h= % df ldlt @)%@.@.@# sf lbg jfbLx¿ hLtk|;fb, x]daxfb'/, u0f]zaxfb'/ / uf]kfndfg ;d]t;Fu k|ltjfbL lx/fdfg >]i7n] ?=$!,&%,))).– gub lnO{ td;'s u/L jfbLx¿nfO{ lbg'ePsf] ;To ;fFrf] xf] egL n]vfO{ lbPsf] ;d]t b]lvFbf bfjLsf plNnlvt /sd k|ltjfbLn] jfbLx¿af6 lnO{ bfjLsf] lnvt ul/lbPsf] :ki6 x'g cfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

#= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= &*(&, n]gb]g, x]daxfb'/ k|wfg lj= lx/fdfg >]i7 bfjLsf] /sd cfkm"n] kfPsf] 5' egL jfbLn] :jLsf/ gu/]sf] tyf k|ltjfbLx¿af6 ;f] sf] tYoo'Qm k|df0f ;d]t k]z x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf 9's'6Lsf] /sd ePsf] tYo k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf]n] k|:t't ljifosf ;DaGwdf jfbL k|ltjfbLsf aLrsf] Jojxf/ b'O{ sDkgLaLrsf] g/xL lghL /x]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] tyf ;f] /sd jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 kfPsf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvg gcfpFbf bfjLsf] /sd ?= !),%(,%)).– jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

$= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)!!(, pTk|]if0f, ljzfn >]i7 lj= hoaxfb'/ ;'g'jf/ ;d]t

dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf #! cg';f/ dfnkf]t sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t ePsf] cj:yfdf dfnkf]t sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ lrQ ga'emg] kIfn] k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ljBdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} k|rlnt sfg"gåf/f k|bQ pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDjg ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvFbf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd cGo pkrf/sf] dfu{ ljBdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ug{ gldNg] eGg] k|rlnt sfg"gL l;4fGt / l/6sf] cjwf/0f ;d]t ePsf] cj:yfdf k|:t't ljifodf l/6 If]qaf6 tYoleq k|j]z u/L k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M w|'a/fh lqkf7L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs % ut] /f]h % z'ed\ . o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #!^!,

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, j;Gt ofbj lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}c'g?k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

%= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #!(%, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, ;Ltfb]jL clwsf/L lj= e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t ;e]{ gfkLsf] ;dodf lgj]bssf] bfjLcg'¿ksf] rf/ lsNnfleqsf] afFsL hUufsf] ;DaGwdf ju/ hlgO{ ;e]{ gfkL x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf r'k nfuL pQm gfkLsf] Joxf]/fdf lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] ;d]t b]lvg cfPsf] / ;e]{ gfkLsf] ;dodf ju/ hlgPsf] ls=g+= $$) sf] hUuf ;/sf/L hlgO{ btf{ eO;s]sf] b]lvPsf], pQm hUuf lgj]bssf] eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf l/6 If]qaf6 k|df0f a'emL lg0f{o ug{ ldNg] cj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M w|'a/fh lqkf7L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs % ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .


16

^= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)@@&, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, lht]Gb| l;Fx lj= afFs] lhNnf cbfnt g]kfnu~h ;d]t afFs] lhNnf cbfntdf txl;nbf/n] k~rs[To d"No sfod ubf{ lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod &%-%_ df pNn]v ePsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ u|x0f u/L k~rs[To df]n sfod u/]sf] b]lvFbf pQm k~rs[To df]n sfod k|rlnt sfg"gdf plNnlvt k|fjwfgcg'¿k g} eO{ s'g} q'l6 gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M w|'j/fh lqkf7L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs % ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

&= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (#^#, hUuf lvrf]nf xs sfod ;d]t, e'jg]Zj/fnfn rf}w/L ;d]t lj= r'gr'gnfn b]j k|ltjfbLaf6 k]z ePsf] ldlt @)@*.(.!% sf] lnvtnfO{ jfbLn] lnkmfdf n]vL hfn;fhaf6 tof/ ePsf] xf] egL aofg u/]cg'¿k ;f] lnvtsf] k|dfl0ftsf ;DaGwdf osLg ug{ ldlt @)@(.$.!* sf] bfOlhjtLn] jfbLnfO{ ul/lbPsf] lgh bfOlhjtLsf] ;lx5fk ePsf] wd{k'qsf] lnvt / ldlt @)@*.(.!% sf] bfOlhjtLn] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ ul/lbPsf] eg]sf] /fhLgfdfsf b'j} lnvt /fvL ljz]if1nfO{ hfFr ug{ k7fpFbf ldlt @)@*.(.!% sf] /fhLgfdf lnvt lnkmf sfuhdf n]lvPsf] b]lvG5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)$(.@.@# sf] ljz]if1sf] /fo k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] lgh} ljz]if1n] ;f]xL /fonfO{ ldlt @)%$.!).!& sf] aGb;jfndfkm{t k'gM k'li6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L h'g lnvtsf] cfwf/df bfjLsf hUUffdf cfˆgf] xs :yflkt ePsf] ;|f]t egL b]vfO{ k]z u/]sf] 5 ;f] lnvt g} ;2] g7x/]sf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)@*.(.!% sf] lnvt ;xL ;2] xf] eGg gldNg] . xssf] ;|f]t

eg]sf] ldlt @)@*.(.!% sf] /fhLgfdf lnvt g} ;2] g7x/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;f] lnvtsf] cfwf/df ePsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf] lg0f{o sfod /xg g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} * ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ . o;} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\ M @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$$$, sLt]{,

Og/nfn rf}w/L j}:o lj= r'gr'gnfn b]j j}:o

@)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (#^$, gfd;f/L btf{ ab/ btf{ sfod, d]3jfjtL j}:ogL lj= r'gr'gnfn b]j j}:o

@)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$$%, sLt]{ hfn;fh, d]3jfjtL j}:ogL ;d]t lj= r'gr'gnfn b]j j}:o

*= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *#$), 3/ p7fO{ hUuf lvrf]nf d]6fO{ rng rnfO kfpFm, ls:g/fh /]UdL lj= b'uf{s'df/L a:g]t a'‰g' kg]{ k|df0f a'emL pQm k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg ;d]t u/L 7x/]adf]lhd km};nf ug{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;Sg] g} b]lvPsf]df ;f] gu/L jfbL k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL ;d]tsf k|df0f a'emL 7x/]adf]lhd km};nf ug{ z'? dxf]Q/L lhNnf cbfntdf k7fpg] u/L ldlt @)%*.%.& df u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M w|'a/fh lqkf7L sDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ * ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

(= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= **!%, c+z rng, ;Togf/fo0f dfgGw/ lj= 1fgdfof dfgGw/, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=


17

*%&*, *!#@, ljhonIdL dfgGw/ ;d]t lj= 1fgdfof dfgGw/, 1fgdfof dfgGw/, lj= ;Togf/fo0f dfgGw/ ;d]t k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bgdf lhsL/ lnPsf kfFr lsQf hUufx¿ jfbLn] xfn}sf] as;kqsf] dfWodaf6 lghL tj/n] kfPsf] x'Fbf c+zj08fsf] dxnsf] !* g+= n] pQm lsQf hUufx¿ jfbLsf] lghL cfh{gsf] ;DklQ b]lvFbf pk/f]Qm hUufx¿ ;+uf]nsf] dfgL j08f x'g'k5{ eGg] tkm{sf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ ts{;+ut Pj+ sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvg] . jfbLn] z'? nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf ldlt @)%(.!@.@^ df k]z u/]sf] tfobftL kmfF6jf/Ldf plNnlvt tLg lsQf hUufdf 3/ ;d]t /x]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/, pQm hUufx¿ bf=vf= ubf{sf] cj:yfdf eg] 3/x¿sf] cl:tTj /x] ePsf] b]lvFb}g . o; cj:yfdf pQm hUufx¿ jfbLn] kfPkZrft\ dfq 3/x¿ ag]sf] b]lvg cfpg] x'Fbf plNnlvt 3/ tyf hUufx¿ ;+uf]ns} j08f nfUg] ;DklQ /x]sf] :ki6 x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

!)= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= **#^, af6f] sfod, honIdL df:s] ;d]t lj= Clifaxfb'/ e08f/L ;d]t, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= **#&, Clifaxfb'/ e08f/L ;d]t lj= ljhoWjh df:s] ;d]t e} cfPsf] gS;f, ldlt @)%!.!).@# sf] k|ltjfbL ljhoWjh df:s]n] jfbLx¿nfO{ ul/lbPsf] xfn}sf] as;kqsf] lnvt ;d]taf6 g=g+= !^,!&,!*,!(,@) / @! sf ;Dk"0f{ hUufx¿ af6f]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf z'? ?kGb]xL lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL bfjLcg'¿k k|ltjfbLx¿n] ul/lnPsf] btf{ ab/ u/L bfjLsf hUufx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs af6f] sfod x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L g=g++ !^ sf] hUufdf ;Dd jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

a'6jnsf] ldlt @)^@.%.@@ sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvbf s]xL pN6L eO{ jfbL bfjLsf lnvt btf{ ab/ u/L ;f]cg'¿ksf hUufx¿ ;fj{hlgs af6f] sfod x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!!= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= $(#, gsjhgL rf]/L, b'uf{axfb'/ nfdf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ d'n'sL P]g b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] !!-s_ sf] b]xfo -@_ g+= adf]lhd s}bdf g/fVg] u/L km};nf ul/kfpFm eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ ;DaGwdf x]bf{ pQm g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] dg;fo eljiodf ;'wf/ x'g] / ;dfgdf k'gM :yfkgf x'g ;Sg] k|s[ltsf s;"/ ljHofO{sf ck/fwLx¿sf ;DaGwdf cbfntn] s}bdf /fVg dgfl;j g7x¥ofPdf tf]lsPsf] /sd lnO{ s}bdf g/fVg] / lghnfO{ nfu]sf] s}bsf] nut s§f ul/lbg] Joj:yf u/L c~hfgjz jf ckl/kSj dfgl;stfsf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] s;"/x¿df ;+nUg s;"/bf/x¿ eljiodf gful/sn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/Laf6 ljd"v gx'g\ pQ/bfoL x'g\ eGg] p2]Zo /fvL ljwflosfn] pQm k|fjwfg ;+zf]wgdfkm{t\ yk u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] hfgL hfgL, kl/0ffd ;f]r ljrf/ u/L rf]/L ug]{ p2]Zon] k;nsf] tfnf tf]8L rf]/L u/]sf] b]lvFbf lghn] ckl/kSj dfgl;s cj:yfdf rf]/L u/]sf] b]lvg gcfPsf] x'Fbf gsjhgL rf]/L h:tf] ;dfhdf gsf/fTds wf/0ff km}nfpg] ;dfhlj?4 Pj+ ;w}el/ /fi6« Pj+ ;dfhdf ljs[lt km}nfpg d2t ug]{ s';+:sf/o'Qm v/fj rl/q ljsf; x'g] cfk/flws sfo{sf nflu b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] !!-s_ sf] b]xfo -@_ cfslif{s x'g] cj:yf gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .


18

!@= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !!^, If]qkmn ;RofO{ kfpmF, hulbz rf}w/L lj= sdnL b]jL k|ltjfbL sdnLb]jL rf}w/LnfO{ ;nf{xL lhNnf cbfntaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] ldlt @)^).!).& sf] rngk"hL{af6 ls=g+= %#% sf] )–!!–* dWo] tLg efusf] Ps efu hUuf h=lj= )–#–!^ k|ltjfbL sdnLb]jLn] kfPsf] b]lvPsf]df To;nfO{ cGoyf x'g] u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no ;nf{xLaf6 ldlt @)^!.!).$ df ePsf] bf=vf= lg0f{onfO{ sfg"gcg'¿ksf] dfGg gldNg] x'Fbf ;f] lg0f{o pN6L u/L c+z d'2fsf] km};nf / k|ltjfbL sdnLb]jL rf}w/Ln] ;nf{xL lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^).!).& df kfPsf] rngk"hL{ adf]lhdsf] hUuf k|ltjfbL sdnLb]jL rf}w/Lsf] gfddf k"j{jt\ sfod x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!#= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^$ ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g+= )!$*, vf]6f rng, wd]{Gb| ;fx lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbLn] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L;dIfsf] jofgsf] ;=h= ( df lghaf6 gSsnL ef/tLo ?k}ofsf] gf]6 a/fhb x'g'eGbf @,# lbg cufl8 bfpb eGg] JolQmaf6 hfgLhfgL gSsnL ef/tLo ?k}of ?= %)).– b/sf !) yfg gf]6 ?= #))).–g]kfnL ?k}ofdf v/Lb u/L /fv]sf] cj:yfdf kqmfp k/]sf] x'F egL n]vfO{ lbPsf] cj:yf b]lvFbf cfFkm"n] ghfgLsg c~hfgjz a/fdbL ef/tLo ?k}of lnPsf] eGg] ;d]tsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ o'lQm;+ut b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!$= df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (*$%, nut s§f lg0f{o ab/, lbnLks'df/ e§ lj= nDaf]b/ d'gsdL{ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !$-v_ -u_ df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ k|:t't ljifodf hf] h] k|df0f a'emL pQm k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L 7x/]adf]lhd km};nf ug{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn] ;Sg] g} x'Fbf ;f] gu/L hf] h] a'‰g'k5{ a'emL jfbL bfjLdf ;Lldt /xL lg0f{o ug'{ egL z'? ldl;n u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no k7fO{ lbg' egL k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M w|'a/fh lqkf7L sDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ ( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

!%= df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$$#, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, /fh]Gb|s'df/ 8fFuL lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no eb|k'/ ;d]t lgj]bs sfo{/t\ /x]sf] k|x/L rf}sLdfly ;z:q ;d"xn] cfqmd0f u/L xftxltof/ n'6L nu]sf] 36gf;DaGwL ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|x/L P]gsf] kl/R5]b\ ^ cGtu{tsf] s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf #^ adf]lhd lhNnf k|x/L ljz]if cbfnt u7g u/L ;f] cbfntn] sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] tYo lglj{jfb ?kdf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/ sfg"gadf]lhd u7g ePsf] ;Ifd lhNnf k|x/L ljz]if cbfntn] lgj]bspk/ nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf] af/]df cleof]u bfjL lnO{ To;pk/ cfjZos k|df0f a'emL lgj]bsnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/df ;hfo ug{ tyf ;kmfO{ lbg ;Sg] g} b]lvPsf]n] klxnf u7g ePsf] lhNnf k|x/L cbfnt lgj]bspk/ sf/jfxL ug{ If]qflwsf/ljxLg lyof] eGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg . o;/L Pp6} s;"/sf] ;DaGwdf Ps k6s Pp6f ;Ifd lgsfoaf6 sf/jfxL


19

ePkl5 k'gM ;f]xL s;"/df lgj]bs pk/ bf];|f] k6s sf/jfxL ug]{ sfo{ Gofosf] :yflkt dfGotfljk/Lt b]lvg cfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs @# ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ . o;} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\ M @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$$%, pTk|]if0f

k/dfb]z, ?b|axfb'/ e08f/L lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no eb|k'/ ;d]t

@)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$$$, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, ;Gtf]if ;'g'jf/ lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no eb|k'/ ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= #

!=

df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^^ ;fnsf] kmf}=;f=g+= RC– ))&@, st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= ;jf/Lnfn rf}w/L k|ltjfbLn] dg]{ c+sfn' rf}w/LnfO{ af/af/ s'6kL6 u/L d/0f;Gg cj:yfdf k'¥ofO{ afb5fFb ;d]t ul/Psf] sf/0f d[To' ePsf]n] qm"/tfk"j{s ul/Psf] ck/fwsf nflu sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] ;hfodf sdug]{ tkm{ ;f]Rg / ;hfo sd ug]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] k|of]u ug{ ldNg] b]lvFb}g . ;hfosf] l;4fGtn] ck/fwLnfO{ klg dfgjLo Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . Pp6f cf/f]lkt jf s'g} s;"/ u/]sf] eg]/ s;};Fu kz'jt / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf oL k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt c+sfn' rf}w/LnfO{ klxnf s'6kL6 ug'{sf cltl/Qm /ftel/ afFw]/ /fVg' cToGt cdfgjLo Jojxf/ xf] . o:tf] Jojxf/ IfDo x'g ;Sb}g / o;/L ;f:tL lbP/ dfl/Psf]df klg s;"/bf/nfO{ ;hfodf 5'6 lbg] xf] eg] P]gsf] b'?kof]u x'g hfG5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] d'n'sL P]g

c=j+= !** g+= adf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ & jif{dfq s}b ;hfo ug{ pko'Qm x'g] egL JoQm u/]sf] /fo c=j+= !** g+= sf] Joj:yf / dd{cg'¿k gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] /fo dgfl;j b]lvPg . k|ltjfbL ;jf/LnfnnfO{ Hofg;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= cg';f/ ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}b x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M xl/x/ kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ;fpg #) ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= CI– )%%), c+zbtf{, pdL{nf hf]G5] lj= d[u]Gb| hf]G5] Psf;uf]ndf /x]sf c+lzof/sf] gfpFdf /x]sf] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-s_ adf]lhd ;uf]nsf] c+lzof/ efu nfUg] g} b]lvFbf jfbLn] bfjL lnPadf]lhd k|ltjfbL d[u]Gb| hf]G5]sf] gfpFdf /x]sf] pQm ls=g+= %( sf] hUuf ;+o'Qm btf{sf] b]lvFbf pQm hUUffaf6 @ efusf] ! efu cflbeQmsf] k/ ;f/L afFsL ! efuaf6 cfwL hUuf jfbLsf] gfpFdf ;d]t btf{ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M xl/x/ kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @$ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

#= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= RC– )%&, st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= dxdb cnL ldof ;fdfGo dfgl;s cj:yfsf] dflg;n] lagfuDeL/ sf/0f cfˆgf] hGdbfqL cfdfnfO{ o;/L dfg]{ sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . dfgl;s /f]usf] ljleGg k|sf/ / r/0fdWo] ;fdlos dfgl;s c;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf (Casually Mental Abnormally) klg Ps xf] . ;f]xL cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn] o:tf] ck/fw u/]sf]n] b08 ;hfosf] ! g+= sf] cj:yf ljBdfg geP klg lghnfO{


20

P]gadf]lhdsf] ;hfo ubf{ cToflws rsf]{ x'g uPsf] b]lvg] . cfˆg} cfdfnfO{ df/]sf]n] ;hfodf w]/} sdL ug{ klg gldNg] x'gfn] Hofg;DaGwLsf] !# g+= sf] b]xfo bkmf ! n] x'g] ;j{:j;lxt hGds}bsf] ;§f c=j+= !** g+= cg';f/ k|ltjfbL dxdb cnL ldofnfO{ !% -kGw|_ jif{ a}bsf] ;hfo Gofof]lrt / pko'Qm x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M xl/x/ kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ;fpg #) ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .

$= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #&%$, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t, ;f]d/fh ;fksf]6f lj= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t l/6 lgj]bsn] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L @)^!.!$.@$ df kqåf/f kfPsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bgd} pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yfdf @)^@.@.#! df dfq cfkm"n] hfgsf/L kfPsf] s/La !) dlxgfkl5 dfq k|:t't l/6 btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . cfkm"nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ kIfn] df}s}df pkrf/ vf]Hg' kg]{df s/La !) dlxgfkl5 clt ljnDa u/L pkrf/ vf]Hg cfpg'sf] s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f klg lgj]bsn] v'nfpg k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . tYoo'Qm cfwf/ / sf/0flagf clt ljnDa u/L pkrf/ vf]Hg cfpg]nfO{ cbfntn] d2t ug{ g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

%= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#–WO–)##*, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, sfG5Ldfof Rjfd" >]i7 lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no eQmk'/ ;d]t e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ cg';f/ df]xLsf] z]ifkl5 k|fyldstfsf] qmddf

klt, kTgL, 5f]/f cflbdf df]xL gfd;f/L ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf 5f]/fx¿ wgs'df/, Zofds[i0f Rjfd" >]i7 ;d]tsf] d~h"/Laf6 :j= df]xL s[i0fs'df/ eGg] s[i0faxfb'/ Rjfd" >]]i7sf gfpFaf6 kTgL a]tLdfof Rjfd" >]i7sf gfpFdf df]xL gfd;f/L u/]sf] / pQm df]xL gfd;f/L btf{ ;DaGwdf ph"/ k/L ab/ gePsf] / k|:t't d'2fdf sfodL df]xL ab/ x'g] gx'g] ljjfb o; l/6 lgj]bgaf6 lgSof}{n x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

^= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @%^@, pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z, k|ltz]if, gu]Gb|eut >]i7 lj= e'jfgLk|;fb /f]Onf ;d]t l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/L pkrf/ dfUg]n] ;xL k|lqmofaf6 ;+j}wflgs xs clwsf/df cf3ft k/]sf] ljifodf l/6 If]qaf6 dfq Goflos lg/f]k0f x'g ;Sg] ljifo j:t'sf] bfjL lnO{ plrt ;doleq ljnDa gu/L k|j]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;f]adf]lhd ePsf] b]lvFb}g . ctM pQm @)#%.*.!^ sf] lg0f{oaf6 ljkIfL df]xL sfod ePsf] ljifodf lgj]bsn] ;dod} sfg"gL pkrf/ u/fpg ;s]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} ljnDa u/L cfPsf] o; lgj]bgaf6 df]xL sfod x'g] xf] xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n ug{ ;d]t gldNg] e} k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

o;} nufpsf] @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)(%, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, gu]Gb|eut >]i7 lj= e'jfgLk|;fb /f]Onf ;d]t ePsf] d'2df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

&= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#–WO–


21

)(@$, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, ;'/]Gb|s'df/ yfkf du/ lj= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt d'Vo zfvf sfof{no lqk'/]Zj/ ;d]t l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ u|]8 a[l4 /f]Ssfsf] ljefuLo sfjf{xL ePsf] l:yltdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] / o;}aLrdf lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] lnlvt k/LIffdf b/vf:t lbg] c? k|ltof]uLx¿ ;xefuL e} ldlt @)^$.!.@* / @( ut] lnlvt k/LIff ;DkGg e};s]sf]n] o; l/6af6 cGoyf cfb]z ubf{ c? k|ltof]uLsf] xsdf ;d]t c;/ kg{ hfg] x'Fbf l/6 hf/L x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

*= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#–WO–!!%$, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, ;'/]Gb|s'df/ yfkf du/ lj= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt d'Vo zfvf sfof{no ;d]t tflnd k|fKt u/L ;s]kl5 lkmtf{ cfO{ ToxfF l;s]sf] 1fg ;Lk nufpsf] abnf k|x/Ln] vf]Hg'kg]{ u/L ufoj ePsfn] lgj]bsaf6 cfkm"nfO{ nfu" x'g] sfg"g ;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g dfq ePg anls ;+u7gn] cfkm"dfly u/]sf] ljZjf; Trust s} wf]sf Bertay u/]sf] b]lvof] . o:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+u7gsf] ;]jfdf a:g] xs gx'g] . lgj]bs h:tf] Derelection Of Duty ug]{ sd{rf/Ls} nflu g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{;DaGwL sfg"g cyf{t\ Service Law ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . lgj]bssf] sfd sf/jfxL lqmofsnfk x]bf{ lgj]bs h:tf] sd{rf/L s'g} ;+u7gdf /xg] xf] eg] To:tf] ;+u7gsf] sd{rf/Lsf] cg'zf;g / cfr/0f g} wldlng ;Sg] x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n

sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\ . o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#–

WO–)(@#, pTk|]if0f, ;'/]Gb|s'df/ yfkfdu/ lj= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt d'Vo zfvf sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

(= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #!&&, cfos/, hulbz zdf{ r'8fn lj= cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no w/fg Gofo ;Dkfbgdf k|fs[lts Gofosf] kfngf jfWofTds / clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . To;}n] o:tf] ;"rgf e/kbf]{ / k|efjsf/L ?kdf lbgsf] nflu ljleGg sfg"gx¿n] lglZrt sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL Joj:yfx¿ jfWofTds x'G5g\ / To:tf sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] cjnDag gul/Psf] cj:yfdf jf:tljs ?kdf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbPsf] dflgb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf plNnlvt sDkgL P]gsf] bkmf !$ n] sDkgL jf pBf]unfO{ ;"rgf lbg'kbf{ sDkgLsf] /lhi6«f/ sfof{nodf x'nfsdfkm{t\ /lhi6«L u/L k7fpg kg]{ Joj:yf u/]cg'¿k ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf :jo+ s/ sfof{noaf6 hf/L cfos/ btf{ k|df0f kq, cfos/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf c:yfoL n]vf gDa/ btf{ k|df0f kqdf plNnlvt k'g/fj]bg sDkgLsf] /lhi6/ 7]ufgfdf ;"rgf gk7fO{ sf7df8f}Fsf] kf]i6 aS;df k7fPsf] kqnfO{ sfg"gL /Ltk"j{ssf] ;"rgf eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ sflQs @# ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ . o;} nufpsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\ M @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#!&*, cfos/,

hulbz zdf{ r'8fn lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg


22

@)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#!&(, cfos/, hulbz zdf{ r'8fn lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg

@)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#!*), cfos/, hulbz zdf{ r'8fn lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg

@)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#!*!, cfos/, hulbz zdf{ r'8fn lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg

@)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#!*@, cfos/, hulbz zdf{ r'8fn lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg

@)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#!*#, cfos/, hulbz zdf{ r'8fn lj= cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no w/fg

!)= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–WO–))&%, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, d]3/fh ;'j]bL lj= kbk"lt{ ;ldlt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t a9'jf x'g] /fds[i0f 1jfnLsf] u'NdL lhNnfaf6 a;fO{ ;/]sf] eGg] gb]lvPsf], a9'jf b/vf:t kmf/fd u'NdL lhNnfsf] 7]ufgfaf6 e/]sf] b]lvPsf] 3/ ePsf] u'NdL lhNnfsf] b'u{d If]qsf] gDa/ gkfpg]df lbPsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yf ljk/Ltsf] clws[taf6 el/Psf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf /fds[i0f 1jfnL / uf]kfnk|;fb zdf{sf] a9'jf l;kmfl/z ug]{ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.!!.@% sf] lg0f{o / ;f]pk/ ph"/L ;'Gg] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] @)^$.#.@( sf] lg0f{o, 5fgjLg pk;ldltsf] u7gsf] lg0f{onufotsf] sfd sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^$ l/6 g+= )^$ –WO– )!!$, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, ;'/]Gb|s'df/ yfkf du/ lj= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

!!= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#–WO–!!#!, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, ;'/]Gb|s'df/ yfkf du/ lj= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t lgj]bs cg'kl:yt ePsf] cjlwsf] c;fwf/0f labf :jLs[t ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] s'/f sfof{nosf] gLltut ljifocGtu{t kb{5 . ;f] s'/f lgj]bsn] a'‰g'kb{5 . o:tf gLltut ljifodf o; cbfntaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ ldNb}g . t;y{ ljkIfL ;+u7gsf] sd{rf/L / ;+u7gsf aLr ljbf :jLs[t ug]{ gug]{ gLltut ljifo ePsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf l/6 If]qaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

!@= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= &)^, hfn;fhL, ;'gLn zD;]/ yfkf lj= e}/j zD;]/ yfkf ;d]t k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @* cg';f/ h;n] h'g s'/fsf] bfjL lnG5 To;sf] k|df0f k'¥ofpg] ef/ ;f]xL bfjL ug]{ kIfdf /xG5 . ;f]cg';f/ k|:t't d'2fdf oL k'g/fj]bs jfbL ;'gLn ;Dz]/ yfkfn] cfˆgf] bfjL k|dfl0ft ug]{ bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . o;/L k'g/fj]bgn] cfˆgf] lhsL/ k|dfl0ft u/fpg g;s]sf] / k|ltjfbLn] ljjflbt hUufsf] xs g} x:tfGt/0f gu/L lwtf];Dd /fv]sf] cj:yfdf /fv]sf] lwtf] ab/ eO{ k'g/fj]bssf] xs ;'/lIft


23

ePsf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bsn] k'g/fj]bg ub}{df k'g/fj]bg kqnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dfgL cGo k|df0fsf] cefjdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug'{ Gofof]lrt gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!#= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{, @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)!*!, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t, lzjaxfb'/ a:g]t lj= C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f cgfdgu/ ;d]t ljkIfL C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] d"NofÍg ;ldltaf6 lgj]bg bfjLsf] ls=g+= @%# sf] hUufsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] ldlt @)^$.!).@# sf] d"NofËg d'r'Nsf, ;f] cfwf/df ul/Psf] @)^$.!!.!$ sf] lnnfd;DaGwL uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf, @)^$.!@.!( sf] af]nkq, ljkIfL /fw]Zofd sfsL{sf gfddf lnnfd ;sf/ u/fO{ lbg] u/L ePsf] @)^%.!.% sf] cfb]z Pj+ ;f]cg'¿k lghsf gfddf bf=vf= btf{ ul/lbg] u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no rfjlxn sf7df8f}Faf6 @)^%.#.#! df ePsf] bf=vf= btf{ lg0f{o Pj+ pk/f]Qm sfo{x¿ ;b/ ug]{ u/L ePsf] C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] cfb]z ;d]t k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt e} q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M xl/x/ kf}8\ofn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

!$= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^%–WO–)%(#, pTk|]if0f, gf/fo0fk|;fb clwsf/L lj= lzIff dGqfno ;d]t b}jL k|sf]k k/L, vf]nf] k}/f] nflu klx/f] h:tf] k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 hUufsf] ef}lts :j?k g} kl/jt{g ePsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s hUufsf] ck|Tofl;t ?kdf cjd"Nog x'g] l:ylt sbfkL

l;h{gf x'Fb}g . Go"gtd d"No sfod eO{ C0f k|jfx u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] eGbf cjd"Nog x'g'kg]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f Cl0fn] kfpg' klg p;sf] sfg"gåf/f ;+/lIft clwsf/ xf] . To;nfO{ cfTdlgi7 ?kdf s'l07t ug]{ 5'6 s;}nfO{ xF'b}g . t;y{ Psk6s cfkm"n] g} :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] d"NonfO{ cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd dgf]ut cfwf/df cjd"Nog ug{ kfpg] ;R5Gb clwsf/ s;}nfO{ k|bfg ePsf] 5 egL dfGg' k|rlnt / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljk/Lt kg{ hfg] . dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] Go"gtd d"NofÍg /lhi6«]zgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu lgwf{l/t ;fdfGo Go"gtd d"No lgwf{/0f xf] t;y{ o;nfO{ jf:tljs d"No lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/ agfpg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb /]UdL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ sflQs !* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ . o:t} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\ M @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^%–WO–)%(@,

pTk|]if0f, ;Gtf]if Gof}kfg] lj= lzIff dGqfno d]t

@)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^%–WO–)%($, pTk|]if0f, /fh]Gb|k|;fb l;Ub]n lj= lzIff dGqfno d]t

!%= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^#–CI–)#*$, lgif]wf1f, /fdlszf]/ l;Fx e"ldxf/ lj= v]x¿ d08n wfg's ;d]t ;nf{xL lhNnf cbfntdf rn]sf] hUuf lvrf]nf d'2faf6} lgj]bg bfjLsf] hUuf lvrf]nfsf] ljjfbsf] ljifodf Gofo lg/f]k0f e};s]sf] / lvrf]nf 7x/]sf] hUuf sfg"gadf]lhd lgj]bsn] rng rnfO{ lng kfpg] g} x'Fbf lgif]wf1f d'2faf6 cfb]z hf/L ug{ gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .


24

!^= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^#–CI–)#*#, lgif]wf1f, dgf]h l;Fx ;d]t lj= z}ns'df/L b]jL bfjLsf] ls=g+= %& sf] 3/ hUuf ;fljs /fhgGbg l;Fxsf] gfddf 3/af; n]lvPsf] lkmN8a's ptf/af6 b]lvFbf lghsf] z]ifkl5 xsjfnfdf ;b}{ xfn lgj]lbsfsf] xs ef]udf /x]sf]df ljjfb b]lvFb}g . lgj]lbsfsf] ;f]xL 3/af;sf] ls=g+= %& sf] 3/ hUufnfO{ k'g/fj]bsx¿n] 8/wfs b]vfO{ 3/af6 p7fpg], cltqmd0f ug{ nfu]sf] eGg] lgj]bg Joxf]/f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL k'g/fj]bsx¿n] ls=g+= %& sf] hUuf PnfgL xf], lgj]lbsfsf] xs ef]usf] k|df0f 5}g egL lnlvt hjfkm lbPsf] b]lvFbf ljkIfLx¿n] cltqmd0f ug]{ cfz+sf g} b]lvG5 . t;y{ lgj]lbsfsf] ls=g+= %& sf] )–)–!* sf] 3/ 38]/L hUufdf s'g} lsl;dn] x:tIf]k gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf lgif]wf1f hf/L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

!&= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )^$ CI– )$%*, lgif]wf1f, las'dfof ;}+h' ;d]t lj= lk|ldo/ lkmgfG; sDkgL dfgejg ;d]t lgj]lbsfx¿nfO{ w/ks8 ug]{ kqmfp ug]{ OToflb sfo{ gu/]sf] / j8f k|x/L sfof{no huftLaf6 lgj]lbsfnfO{ 5nkmndf cfpg af]nfPsf] ;Dd xf] egL lnlvt hjfkm lbPsf] b]lvFbf lgj]lbsfx¿n] lhsL/ lnPcg';f/ kqmfp ug]{ w/ks8 ug]{ cfz+sfsf] l:ylt b]lvb}g . o;sf ;fy} ljkIfL lkmgfG; sDkgLaf6 ;Tod ;}+h"n] lnPsf] shf{afkt /fv]sf] lwtf] lnnfd ePpk/ pk/f]Qm lnnfd ab/ / cGo JolQmx¿df

xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf]df lnvt ab/ d'2f eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf sfjf{xLo'Qm /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bgdf g} pNn]v e} /x]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xL d'2fdf km};nf x'Fbf 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] g} x'Fbf / lgj]lbsfx¿nfO{ kqmfp, w/ks8 ug]{ p2]Zo gePsf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v e} /x]sf] x'Fbf dfuadf]lhd lgif]wf1f hf/L ug{ gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

!*= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)$@$, k/dfb]z ;d]t, Hof]lt kf}8]n ;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t 3/]n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t dlxnfn] lbPsf] ph"/Lpk/ cg';Gwfg ug]{, cleof]u nufpg] cflb cleof]hg sfo{ ;DaGwdf kl5Nnf] P]g 3/]n' lxF;f -s;"/ / ;hfo P]g_ @)^^ df s'g} Joj:yf gePsf], kL8snfO{ k|efjsf/L ;hfosf] Joj:yf gePsf] o; k|sf/sf ;+j]bgzLn d'2fdf l56f] Gofo k|bfg ug{ 5'§} cbfntsf] Joj:yf gePsf] kLl8tnfO{ k'g/\:yfkgf ug]{ /fxtsf] nflu s]xL Joj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf g]kfnn] cfˆgf] Treaty Obligation k"/f u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] o; cbfntn] Guardian Of the Fundamental Right of the Citizen sf] gftfn] c;fwf/0f clwsf/cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] . dlxnf / afnaflnsf b'j} clt ;+j]bgzLn ju{ x'g\ . oL b'j} ju{nfO{ /fHosf] ;+/If0f cfjZos k5{ . dlxnf kLl8t ePsf] ;a} vfn] d'2f / vf;u/L 3/]n' lxF;f;DaGwL dlxnf kLl8t ePsf] d'2fdf cGo d'2fdf h:tf] ;fwf/0f cbfntaf6 d'2f x]l/bf dlxnfx¿n] Gofo kfP klg nfdf] kl/>d / l9nf u/L Gofo kfpg] / Gofo kfpg ;fdfGo cbfntdf hfFbf Humiliate eP/ Gofo k|flKt ug]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . To;}n] /fHon] dlxnf kLl8t ePsf ;a} vfn] kmf}hbf/L


25

d'2f / vf;u/L 3/]n' lxF;f;DaGwL d'2f dfq x]g]{ a]Un} cbfnt u7g ubf{ To:tf] cbfntaf6 kLl8t dlxnfn] l56f]–5l/tf] / Humiliate geO{ z'ne Gofo kfpg] x'gfn] dlxnf kLl8t ePsf kmf}hbf/L d'2f vf;u/L 3/]n' lxF;faf6 kLl8t d'2fx]g]{ Pp6f 5'§} Fast Track Court u7g ug]{tkm{ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] Wofgfsif{0f ug'{kg]{ . dlxnf kLl8t ePsf] kmf}hbf/L d'2f x]g]{ 5'§} Fast Track Court u7g ug{ sfg"g cfjZos k5{ . o;sf] ;fy} hgzlQm /sd Pj+ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ klg cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf ;f] af/] klxnf cWoog x'g'k5{ . klxnf cWoog x'g cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] pQm s'/fx¿ cWoog u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ dlxnf tyf jfnjflnsf dGqfno;dIf k|ltj]bg k]zug{ rf/ ;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g ul/lbPsf] 5 . Fast Track Court u7g;DaGwL ;ldltn] lbPsf] /fo g]kfndf Ps} k6s nfu" ug{ sl7g x'g;S5 t;y{ qmdzM g]kfn ;/sf/n] nfu" ub}{ hfg" egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] . dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf dGqfnosf] ;x;lrj :t/sf] k|ltlglw – ;+of]hs ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;x/lhi6«f/ – ;b:o sfg"g dGqfnosf] ;x;lrj :t/sf] k|ltlglw – ;b:o dlxnf dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] Pshgf dlxnf k|ltlglw – ;b:o Ohnf; clws[t M xl/x/ kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ;fpg @* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

!(= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%!(, k/dfb]z, afa'/fd lu/L ;d]t lj= ;+=k|=d= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;d]t c;fwf/0f clwsf/cGtu{t o; cbfntaf6 hf/L x'g] cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf Pp6f

dfGo l;4fGt s] xf] eg] h'g sfd ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;/sf/ jf cGo ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 eO{ xs xgg\ ePsf] elgPsf] xf], pQm lg0f{o oyfl:yltdf /xL cj:yf kl/jt{g ePsf] x'g'x'Fb}g . To:tf] cj:yfdf dfq o; cbfntn] dgfl;j / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ub{5 . t/ cj:yf kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] 5 eg] cfb]z lg/y{s x'g] u/L cfb]z hf/L ub}{g . o;df h;nfO{ lgnDag ul/kfpFm eGg] dfu ul/Psf] xf], tL kbflwsf/Lx¿ sfg"gadf]lhd cjsfz e};s]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ca lgnDag ug'{ eGg] cfb]z ubf{ cfb]z Infructious x'g] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M xl/x/ kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ;fpg @* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@)= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^% ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g+= )^%–CR–)!%@, st{Jo Hofg, lbnaxfb'/ nfdf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, @)^% ;fnsf] ;fws g+= )^%–RC–))#!, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= lbnaxfb'/ nfdf ;f]lwPsf ;jfnsf] dtna / kl/0ffd ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ :jtGq cbfntaf6 ;f]lwPsf] k|ZgnfO{ ;f]xL cy{sf a'emL :jtGqtfk"j{s cleo'Qmn] lbPsf] hjfkmnfO{ cbfntn] k|df0f ga'emL k|df0f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf $ cg';f/ k|df0fdf lng x'g] . tYox¿sf] ;[+vnf Psfk;df ldnL] cbfnt ;dIf u/]sf] ;fljtL jofg ;fly{t ePsf] b]lvFbf lgh lbnaxfb'/n] d[ts sdfg l;FxnfO{ rSs' -5'/L_ n] k|xf/ u/L st{Jo u/L df/]sf] eGg] z+sf/lxt tj/af6 k|dfl0ft ePsf]n] k|ltjfbL lbnaxfb'/ nfdf Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhdsf] s;"/bf/ 7xg]{ . k|ltjfbL k]z]j/ ck/fwL gePsf] / lghsf] 3/sf] d'Vo JolQm eO{ lghdf cfl>t JolQmsf] e/0fkf]if0fsf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} lgh :jo+n] 36\gf / ck/fwk|lt


26

kZrftfk ub}{ ;'w|g] df}sfsf] ofrgf u/]sf] / kl/jf/k|ltsf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] b[li6af6 ;d]t d'n'sL P]g cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !** g+= adf]lhd lghnfO{ !% -kGw|_ jif{ dfq s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ sflQs @% ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@!= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–WO–)%$!, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, cgflb/fh vgfn ;d]t lj= g]kfn 6]lnsd ;d]t s'g} ;+u7gsf axfnjfnf sd{rf/L / e"tk"j{ sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lbOg] cfly{s ;'ljwf ;dfg ?kdf /x]sf] x'Fb}g . axfnjfnf sd{rf/LnfO{ tna eQfnufotsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'G5 eg] e"tk"j{ sd{rf/Lsf xsdf lgj[Qe/0f;Ddsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:t} k|sf/n] ;+u7gn] k|bfg ug]{ cGo cfly{s ;'ljwfdf jxfnjfnf sd{rf/L / e"tk"j{ sd{rf/L xsdf ;dfgtf x'g'k5{ eGg' ts{;+ut x'Fb}g . s;nfO{ slt z]o/ lbg] eGg] s'/f ;+u7gsf] cfGtl/s gLltut s'/f dfGg'kb{5 . cjsfz k|fKt sd{rf/Lsf xsdf axfnjfnf ;/x z]o/ nufotsf cfly{s ;'ljwf lbg s'g} ;+u7g jfWo x'Fb}g . ;f] s'/f ;+u7gsf] :jljj]ssf] s'/f x'G5 / o;af6 z]o/ afF8kmfF8df e]befj eof] eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h !* ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

@@= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#–WO–)&^#, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, xL/fzf]ef t'nfw/ lj= sdnsfhL aflgof ;d]t

lgj]bg bfjLsf] ls=g+= !)!& sf] 3/ hUufdf lgj]lbsf xL/fzf]efn] nIdLzf]efpk/ lnvt kf/Lt d'2f lbO{ sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)#%.!!.^ df lgj]lbsf lx/fzf]ef t'nfw/sf gfddf 5f]8kq kf; x'g] 7x/fO{ km};nfpk/ ljkIfL s'ndfg aflgof ;d]t jfbL e} xL/fzf]ef t'nfw/ ;d]tpk/ rn]sf] km};nf ab/ / lvrf]nf xs sfod d'2f tx–tx x'Fb} o; cbfntsf] @)$# ;fnsf] b]=k'=O=g+= *& sf] lvrf]nf xs sfod d'2fdf k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)$%.*.@#.% sf km};nfn] jfbL s'ndfg aflgof ;d]tsf] cfug b]jtf /x]sf] ljjflbt cfug 3/ k|ltjfbL xL/f;f]ef t'nfw/sf] xs sfod x'g g;Sg] egL jfbLx¿sf] ;fenf u'7Lsf] 3/ sfod u/]sf] tTsfnLg dWodf~rn If]qLo cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 / @)$# ;fnsf] b]=k'=O=g+= ** sf] km};nf ab/ d'2fdf klg k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 5f]8kq kf; x'g] 7x/fPsf] km};nf ab/ u/]sf] tTsfnLg dWofdf~rn If]qLo cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;b/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm d'2fdf ljkIfL jfbLx¿sf] ;femf u'7L3/ sfod u/]sf] km};nf clGtd eP/ a;]sf] b]lvG5 / lgj]lbsfsf] gfpFdf hUufwgL k"hf{sf] 5fofFskL x]bf{ pQm 3/df aflgofx¿sf] b]jtf /flvPsf]n] ;a} aflgofx¿n] k"hfcfhf ug{ kfpg] egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfaf6 ljkIfLx¿sf] b]jtf3/ 7x/L o; cl3 g} ljjfbsf] lg?k0f e};s]sf] ljifodf o; l/6 lgj]bgaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

@#= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–WO–)@%#, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, e'jg/fh e§ lj= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno ;d]t


27

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ ljkIfL g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k/LIff ;~rfng ;DaGwdf /4 kg{ lgb]{zg lbg] clVtof/L 5 jf 5}g < tt\;DaGwdf x]/L lg0f{o ug{sf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] b]lvPg . o; l:yltdf tYoleq k|j]z u/L pQm lgb]{zg /Lt j]/Lt s] xf] / pQm lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn 6]lnlehg jfWo 5 5}g o;tkm{ yk ljj]rgf ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ & ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

@$= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )^$–CR–)$!!, 7uL, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= s[i0f/fh kGt ;d]t dxfo1sf nflu ljleGg JolQmaf6 rGbf ;+sng u/]sf] eg]sf]df To;/L rGbf ;+sng ul/Psf] egL k|ltjfbL s[i0f/fh kGtn] ul/lbPsf] ekf{O{ k]z ePsf]df ;f] ekfO{ cfkm"n] u/L glbPsf] egL k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf jofg u/]sf / ;f] ekf{O{ k|ltjfbL s[i0f/fh kGtn] g} ul/lbPsf] eGg] s'/f ljz]if1sf] /foaf6 / cGo s'g} k|Dff0faf6 k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] kfOPg . To;df klg ;f] ekf{O{ hfx]/jfnfx¿n] hfx]/L bvf{:t;fy k]z ug{ g;sL cleof]ukq ;fy k]z ePsf] b]lvFbf To;sf] ljZj;gLotf / cflwsfl/stfdf k|ZglrGx pkl:yt ePsf] 5 . To:tf] k|df0fnfO{ k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/sf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft ug]{ bl/nf] k|df0f dfGg ldn]g . sf]6Lxf]d ;DkGg ePsf] s/La ! jif{ kZrft\ dfq hfx]/L k/]sf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbLx¿sf] sfo{af6 hfx]/jfnfx¿ kLl8t ePsf x'g\ egL ljZjf; ug]{ dgfl;j cfwf/ gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs * ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

@%= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#–WO–)@)), pTk|]if0f, ljs'axfb'/ af8] lj= u0f]zaxfb'/ vqL ;d]t @)$(.*.! b]lv xf=j= k|fKt u/L hUufwgL ag]sf lgj]bsnfO{ ga'emL lgj]bsnfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf glbO{ df]xL a]bvnL d'2fdf ldlt @)%%.(.@^ df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no nlntk'/af6 ePsf] lg0f{o k|fs[lts Gofosf] dd{ljk/Lt ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !) ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@^= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–WO–))(#, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, hd'gf s8fot lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no alb{of ;d]t sfg"gn] s'g} ljifodf ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf ls6fgL / :ki6 sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f]xL sfo{ljlw cjnDag u/L pkrf/sf] nflu sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf k|j]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . of] Gofo sfg"gsf] dfGo l;4fGt klg xf] . cGo s'g} sfo{ljlw jf af6f] gePsf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'G5 . l/6 If]qaf6 k|df0f a'emL ljjfbsf] lg/fs/0f ul/Fb}g . xbaGbLeGbf a9L hUuf k|fKt u/] gu/];DaGwL k|Zgdf k|df0f a'emL OG;fkm ug'{kg]{ ljifo ePsf]n] l/6 If]qaf6 ug{ g;lsg] . o;} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\ M @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–WO–))^!,

pTk|]if0f ;d]t, kmQ]axfb'/ ;f]8f/L lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no alb{of ;d]t


28

@)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$ – WO– ))(@, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, t]h] 7s'Nnf lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no alb{of ;d]t

Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !* ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

@&= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @%)^, pTk|]if0f, /ltzrGb|nfn ;'dg lj= g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL :j?k gl;xtsf] ;hfo;Dd ePsf] b]lvPsf] / g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^=$ tyf lgodfjnLsf] ;du| cWoogaf6 gl;xt ;hfo kfPsf sd{rf/Ln] a9'jf tyf a[lQljsf;nufotsf cj;/af6 al~rt x'g'kg]{ eGg] gb]lvPsf] / ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf ePsf ;fdfGo ;hfosf ljifodf l/6 If]qaf6 x:tIf]k ubf{ ;du| k|zf;lgs Joj:yfdf ;d]t gsf/fTds kl/0ffd cfpg;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs @( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

@*=

df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #!%#, cfos/, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no la/f6gu/ lj= k"hf OG6/g]zgn la/f6gu/ k|:t't d'2fdf cfkm"n] laqmL u/]sf] elgPsf aLnjfx]s cGo s'g} 7f]; tYoo'Qm k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . cfkm} kIf ePsf] cj:yfdf cfkm}n] sf6]sf -hf/L u/]sf_ aLnnfO{ cGo k|df0faf6 k'li6 ug{ g;s];Dd :jtGq / csf6\o k|df0f dfGg ldNb}g . pQm aLnnfO{

;dy{g jf k|dfl0ft ug]{ cGo s'g} k|df0f k"hf OG6/g]zgnn] k]z ug{ / bfjL ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf df}Hbft -k/n_ d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{non] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] v'b cfonfO{ cGoyf eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @& ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

@(= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–WO–)(!!, pTk|]if0f, /Tgs'df/L yfkf lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no ;d]t :j= em+saxfb'/sf] d[To'kZrft\ hUufwgL aL/]Gb|s'df/ yfkfn] lghsf xsbf/dWo] k|]daxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ df]xLdf kTofO{ lghsf gfddf df]xL gfd;f/L ul/lbg d~h"/L lbPsf] s'/f e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}Fsf] lnlvt hjfkm / :jo+ lgj]lbsfsf] l/6 lgj]bg n]vfOaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . o; l:yltdf hUufwgLn] kTofPsf k|]daxfb'/ yfkfsf gfddf df]xL gfd;f/L ug]{ u/L ePsf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}Fsf] lg0f{o xf] egL dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !* ut] /f]h % z'ed\ . o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–

WO–)(!#, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, /Tgs'df/L yfkf lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no aa/dxn ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

#)= df=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$ WO–)(!@, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, /Tgs'df/L yfkf lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no ;d]t l/6 lgj]lbsfn] ls=g+= #%$ sf] hUufdf cfkm"n] 3/ agfO{ a;f]af; u/]sf] egL l/6


29

lgj]bgdf bfjL u/]sf] / ljkIfL k|]daxfb'/ yfkfn] pQm ls=g+= #%$ lsQf kmf]8 e} ls=g+= !(@! / !(@@ sfod ePsf] / cfˆgf gfddf sfod ePsf] ls=g+= !(@! klg lsQf kmf]8 e} ls=g+= !(%$ / !(%% sfod ePsf] tyf ls=g+= !(%$ df 3/ /x]sf] egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ljjfbsf] hUufdf 3/ /x]ePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf b'a} kIfaLr ljjfb lgxLt /x]sf] b]lvg cfof] . 3/ /x]ePsf] ;DaGwdf ljjfb pTkGg ePkl5 ;f] hUufdf 3/ eP gePsf] s] xf] < ;f] 3/ s;sf] xf] / s;sf] sfod x'g] eGg] k|Zgx¿sf] lg/fs/0f gu/L ePsf] xb;Ddsf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}Fsf] ldlt @)^#.!@.* sf] lg0f{o sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd pQm lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !* ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= $

!=

df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=)&@$, st{Jo Hofg, aL/axfb'/ tfdfª lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;xcleo'Qmx¿sf] jofg, zjk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg, nfzk|s[lt d'r'Nsfsf Joxf]/fx¿ nufotsf ;du| k|df0fx¿af6 d[ts b'uf{ tfdfªsf] d[To' k|ltjfbL aL/axfb'/ tfdfªn] jofg u/]h:t} jf lhsL/ lnPh:t} d[tssf] d[To' ufnfdf @.$ yKk8 lxsf{Psf] / bfp/fn] v'§fdf lxsf{Psf] ;fwf/0f s'6kL6sf] rf]6af6 dfq ePsf] eGg] gb]lvO{ d[tssf] d[To' c;fdfGo lsl;dsf] s'6fO{ / ;f]sf] sf/0f 6fpsf]df rf]6 nfuL 6fpsfsf] x8\8L;d]t km'6\g uO{ dl:tisdf /Qm>fj e} d[To' x'guPsf] eGg] b]lvgcfpF5 . o;af6 d[tssf] d[To' uDeL/ s'6kL6 / rf]6af6

ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'gcfPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] s'6kL6af6 ePsf] d[tssf] d[To'nfO{ eljtJosf] ;+1f lbg ldNg] cj:yf gb]lvO{ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= / ^ g+= cfslif{t x'G5 egL eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[kf;'/ sfsL{ sDKo'6/ M gd|tf af:tf]nf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @$ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@= df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ))^*, jGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, eLd]Gb|s'df/ uf]on lj= sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfnt ;d]t lgj]bssf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|fKt e} k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 x]l/g] ePkl5 ;f] k'g/fj]bgsf] lg/fs/0f x'g'k"j{ g} k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfnfO{ clGtd dfgL km};nf sfof{Gjog ul/g'nfO{ sfg"g;Ddt eGg ldn]g . ;x/lhi6«f/af6 d'2fdf nfu]sf] s}bjfkt c=j+= !($ g++ sf] ;'ljwf;d]t k|bfg e};s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf / Psn Ohnf;af6 @)^^.!.@! df kl5 bf]xf]¥ofpg] lg:;f ePdf c=j+= !($ g+= sf] b]xfo ^ cg';f/ hkmt x'g] 7x/]sf] ljuf]afkt klg w/f}6L jf hdfgL lng'kg]{ eP cfjZostf / pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/;d]t v'nfO{ w/f}6L jf hdfgLsf] cÍ osLg ug{ ;lsg] g} eGg] cfb]z ePsf] b]lvPsf] ;d]tsf cfwf/af6 lgj]bssf] y'gfnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] y'gf xf] egL eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[kf;'/ sfsL{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn h]7 @^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

#= df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )#^^, 3/ vfnL u/fO{ kfpFm, /fds[i0f ;fx t]nL lj= ljBfgGb ;fx t]nL k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] bfjLadf]lhdsf] hUufdf ag]sf] 3/ cfkm"n] agfPsf] egL k|dfl0ft


30

ug{ g;s]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] gS;f ;h{ldgaf6 pQm ljjflbt hUufdf a;f]af; u/fpg] JolQm k|ltjfbLsf afa' ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] / k|df0fdf cfPsf] rf]/L d'2fsf] ldl;naf6 oL k'g/fj]bs jfbL :jo+n] b]vfPsf] /fdu'nfdsf] jtg ;d]taf6 oL k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLs} a;f]af; pQm 3/ hUufdf klxn]b]lv g} /x]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] ljjflbt 3/ cfkm"n] agfPsf] egL cfˆgf] bfjL k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd 3/ agfpg]sf] ( g+= adf]lhd 3/ vfnL ul/lbg'kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[t M s[kf;'/ sfsL{ sDKo'6/ M gd|tf af:tf]nf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ . o;} nufpsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\ M @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )#^&, 3/ vfnL u/fO

kfpmF, /fds[i0f ;fx t]nL lj= nIdLgf/fo0f t]nL

@)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )#^*, 3/ vfnL u/fO kfpmF, /fds[i0f ;fx t]nL lj= /fdgf/fo0f ;fx t]nL

$= df=Gof=>L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)))@, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t, a|hlszf]/ ofbj lj= nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfof{no ;d]t lgj]bs a|hlszf]/ ofbj Pj+ ljkIfdf /x]sf /fdb]jk|;fb ofbj b'j} låtLo >]0fLdf clws[tsf] x}l;otdf kfFr jif{eGbf a9L ;]jf cjlw k"/f ul/;s]sf b]lvgfn] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @!-!_ cg';f/ g} lghx¿n] a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]b\jf/ x'g rflxg] ;]jf cjlw k"/f ul/;s]sf cj:yfdf lghx¿ b'j}sf] nflu pQm P]gsf] bkmf @!-@_ sf] ljz]if 5'6 (Special Grace) sf] k|of]hg cf}lrToxLg ePsf]n] lghx¿sf] a9'jfsf] lgldQ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,

@)$( sf] bkmf @!-!_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] Go"gtd\ ;]jf cjlw cyf{t\ kfFr jif{sf] g} sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt x'g] cÍsf] cf};t cÍ u0fgf u/L a9'jf;DaGwL lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf dfq $ jif{sf] ;]jf cjlwsf] cÍ u0fgf u/L lj?4 v08df plNnlvt /fhb]j ofbjnfO{ a9'jf ul/Psf] ljkIfL a9'jf ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.@.!) sf] lg0f{o, ldlt @)^^.@.!! sf] l;kmfl/zsf] ;"rgf tyf ;f]xL lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ldlt @)^^.)$.)! sf] lg0f{o / ;f];+u ;DalGwt sfdsf/jfxL q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M xl/x/ kf}8\ofn sDKo'6/ M ;'bLk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= %

!=

df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @*^*, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t, lai0f'k|;fb d}gfnL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t l/6 lgj]bsnfO{ gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] clwsf/ gePsf ;z:q k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfsaf6 ;f]em} ;hfosf] k|:tfj u/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] k|:tfj u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0f / ;f]xL :ki6Ls/0fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;hfo ug{ kfpg] clwsf/L ->L % sf] ;/sf/ /fHodGqL:t/_ ;dIf k]z u/L ;f]xL k|:tfjnfO{ ;dy{g hgfOPsf] ldlt @)%(.@.!$ sf] lg0f{o / ;f]xL k|:tfjnfO{ g} >L % sf] ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o k|ToIftM Goflos dgsf] k|of]u gePsf] sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ Pj+ k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGt ljk/Lt ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . ctM k|f/Deb]lvsf] sfd sf/jfxL g} q'l6k"0f{ clwsf/If]qljxLg ePsf] / ;f]xL q'l6k"0f{


31

sfdsf/jfxLsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] pk/f]Qm lg0f{o;d]t u}/sfg"gL / q'l6k"0f{ b]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M x]daxfb'/ ;]g sDKo'6/ M cld//Tg dxh{g Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !$ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ . o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @*^(,

pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t, ;gts'df/ a:g]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

@= df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #)!^, 7uL, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= chLh sjf/L k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnf;Fu ;ldb sjf/LnfO{ ljb]zdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] sfddf k7fOlbg] egL wf]vfsf] lgotn] ?= #%,))).– lnPsf] k'li6 x'g uPsf] / lgh k|ltjfbL;Fu j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng ug]{ cflwsfl/s Ohfht cg'dltkq;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf hfx]/jfnfsf] HjfO{ kLl8t ;ldb sjf/LnfO{ gSsnL eL;f agfO{ unt tl/sfn] ljb]z stf/ k7fpg] ;Ddsf] kl/k~r /rL b"lift dg;fon] u/]sf] sfo{ 7uLsf] kl/efiffleq kg]{ g} b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/n] 7uLsf] dfu bfjL lnO{ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf OG;fkm ug'{kg]{df 7uLsf] kl/efiffcGtu{t gkg]{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] kl/efiffcGtu{t kg]{ x'Fbf sfg"gljk/Lt bfo/ cleof]u kq / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg kq ;d]t vf/]h ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|;fb ;+h]n sDKo'6/ M ejfgL 9'+ufgf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

#= df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%@&, ck'tfnL,

k|f0fdtL y?gL lj= gf/fo0fk|;fb yf¿-rf}w/L_ ;d]t ck'tfnLsf] @) g+=n] ck'tfnL k/]sf] tLg jif{leq gfln; glbP nfUg ;Sb}g eGg] lglb{i6 ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] xbDofb;d]t g3fO{ pgfp JolQmsf] gfddf sfod ePsf] ;DklQdf sfg"gåf/f lglb{i6 xbDofb;d]t u'hf/L k/]sf] bfjLaf6 OG;fkm ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|;fb ;+h]n sDKo'6/ M ejfgL 9'+ufgf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ;fpg @* ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= ^

df=Gof=>L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #%!^, e|i6frf/, lzjaxfb'/ :jfF/ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL lzjaxfb'/n] cfˆgf] k;{af6 a/fdb ePsf] /sd nLnfk|;fbn] 3/f{df 5f8]sf] s'/fdf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf jofg ubf{ pNn]v u/]sf] / cbfntdf OGsf/ /x] klg cleo'Qm lzjaxfb'/ :jFf/ c=b'=c=cf= n] cfˆgf] k;{af6 /sd lemsL a/fdb u/]sf] eGg] :jLsf/ u/]sf] tyf ;xcleo'Qm nLnfk|;fb, b'uf{k|;fbn] ;d]t clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L / cbfntdf jofg ubf{ /fxbfgL agfpg sfuh /sd a/fdb ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf] l:yltdf 36\gfsf ;[ªvnfx¿ qmda4 ?kdf ldNg cfPsf] sf/0f Pj+ /sd k;{df /fv]sf] ;d]taf6 /fxbfgL agfpg] sfo{df /sd lng k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;xdt /x]5g\ eGg] b]lvO/x]sf]n] k'g/fj]bsn] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #-!_ -s_ adf]lhd l/:jt lng d~h"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M lnnf/fh clwsf/L sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .


32

Ohnf; g+= & !=

df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$&(, pTk|]if0f, ;tLzs'df/ rf}w/L lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t sfg"gn] j}slNks pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf oL lgj]bsn] ;f] dfu{nfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvPg . pQm Joj:yf k|efjsf/L lyPg egL lgj]bsn] lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] klg 5}g . sfg"gdf g} k|efjsf/L j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]nfO{ gckgfO{ l/6 If]qflwsf/af6 ;f]em} pkrf/ k|fKt ug{;Sg] b]lvFb}g . lgj]bsn] d'cfAhf lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Ifltk"lt{ jf d'cfAhfdf lrQ ga'emfO{ ;dodf g} ph"/ gu/]sf] / d'cfAhfjfkt kfpg] /sd :jo+ cfkm}n] lgj]bg lbO{ a'emL lnPsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLx¿n] u/] la/fPsf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ul//xg gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[t M k'ik/fh yklnof sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; #) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

@= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn, @)^# WO–!)@*, pTk|]if0fldl>t k/dfb]z, xl/s[i0f vqL ;d]t lj= lhNnf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}F ;d]t hUufwgL / df]xLaLr hUuf afF8kmfF8 ul/kfpg lgj]bg k/]kl5 lhNnf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}Fn] e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^3 adf]lhd hUufwgL / df]xLaLr g/d s/d ldnfO{ hUuf afF8kmfF8 u/L lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] cfˆgf] clwsf/If]q leq /xL e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Ln] u/]sf]

pQm lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 gePsf]n] lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ul//xg gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[t M k'ik/fh yklnof sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; #) ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

#= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^# WO–)#)$, pTk|]if0fldl>t k/dfb]z, s[i0fs'df/ /fodfemL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ;"rgf tfd]n ubf{ lghsf] 7]ufgfdf jf8{ g+= ! eGbf cnu jf8{ g+= @ / # sf dflg;x¿ ;fIfL /fvL tfd]nL ul/Psf] Joxf]/f ldl;n ;+nUg tfd]nL k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf] x'Fbf To:tf] tfd]nLnfO{ c=j+= !!) g+= adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'¥ofO{ tfd]n ePsf] dfGg ldNg] klg b]lvFb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf lgj]bsnfO{ k|x/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] lg0f{o ug'{cl3 ljkIfLx¿n] k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ** sf] b]xfo -@_ adf]lhd lghnfO{ cfˆgf] ;kmfO k]z ug{ df}sf lbPsf] lyof] eGg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtadf]lhd s'g} klg JolQmsf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ug'{cl3 To:tf] lgsfon] ;DalGwt JolQmx¿nfO{ plrt / kof{Kt ;'gjfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;/L plrt / kof{Kt ;'gjfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg gu/L ePsf] lg0f{on] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M k'ik/fh yklnof Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !* ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ . o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^# WO–)%*$,

pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, czf]s v8\sf lj= klZrd If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no kfbL{ kf]v/f ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

$= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$*%, pTk|]if0f,


33

lszf]/s'df/ emf ;d]t lj= hn;|f]t dGqfno ;d]t k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtadf]lhd s'g} klg JolQmsf] xs clwsf/df cf3ft kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ug'{cl3 To:tf] lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfon] ;DalGwt JolQmx¿nfO{ plrt / kof{Kt ;'gjfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;/L plrt / kof{Kt ;'gjfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg gu/L ePsf] lg0f{on] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg ;Sg] x'Fb}g . k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k/fdz{bftfx¿n] lbg] ;]jf u'0f:t/o'Qm gePsf] jf lghx¿n] lbPsf] k/fdz{adf]lhd ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] nfutdf ;fdfGotof cg'dfg ul/g]eGbf a9L yk x'g uPsf] cj:yf b]lvg] jf lghx¿nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] st{Jo lhDd]jf/L lgi7fk"j{s lgjf{x gu/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf :ki6Ls/0f dfu ug]{, ;r]t u/fpg], clen]v /fVg] nufotsf ;DaGwdf cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] pkof]u gug]{, sfg"gdf kl/sNkgf g} gul/Psf] sbd rfnL lgif]w ug]{ lg0f{otkm{ eg] pBt /xg] s'/f sfg"g / Gofo;+ut Jojxf/ dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M k'ik/fh yklnof sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !* ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

%= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g+= )^*!, /xhgL rf]/L / ha/h:tL s/0fL, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= /fduf]kfn clx/ ;d]t ha/h:tL s/0fL;DaGwL d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xbDofb #% lbg /x]sf] g} dfGg'kg]{ / ;f] cjlw 5f]6f] ePsf] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ ubf{ub}{ klg d'n'sL P]g ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] !! g++ n] ha/h:tL s/0fL;DaGwL ck/fw eP u/]sf] s'/fdf ;f] u/]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq gfln; glbP nfUg ;Sb}g egL pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf klg @)%*.@.#! df ePsf] jf/bftsf] ;DaGwdf

@)%*.!!.!$ df cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L jf/bft ePsf] / cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] ldlt x]bf{ pQm cleof]ukq k|i6 ?kdf ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] !! g+= sf] xbDofb g3fO{ bfo/ ePsf] b]lvof] . xbDofb;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ nDAofpg tyf ydfpg g;lsg] x'Fbf To;sf] cIf/;M kfngf ug'{kg]{ g} x'G5 . t;y{ sfg"gn] k|i6 ?kdf tf]s]sf] xbDofb g3fO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tnfO{ /Ltk"j{ssf] dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M e'jgl;Fx yfkf / ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

^= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{, )^#–WO–)!!#, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, gfu]Gb| rf}w/L lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]t klxn]sf] ;]jf @)!& ;fnb]lv cljl5Gg /x]sf] ge} ldlt @)@&.*.* df 6'6\g uPsf] b]lvPsf] / lghn] k'gM ldlt @)$%.!).% df :yfoL lgo'lQm lnO{ ldlt @)%(.!@.@# ;Dd ;]jf u/L clgjfo{ cjsfz lnbf lgj[lQe/0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf cjlw aL; jif{ gk'u]sf] cj:yfdf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !!(-!_ -v_ adf]lhd lghnfO{ pkbfg dfq k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] ljkIfLx¿sf] lg0f{o Pj+ sfd sf/jfxLdf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M k'ik/fh yklnof sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

&= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{, @)^# WO–#)^, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, k|df]bs'df/ dxtf] lj= xl/k|;fb e§/fO{ ;d]t ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{on] g} lgj]bsnfO{ c:yfoL lg=df=lj= lzIfs kbdf lgo'lQm lbPsf] / ;f]xL ;ldltn] g} ca pQm lzIfs kb cfjZos gePsf] egL lghsf] ;]jf


34

yk gug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{on] lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft kf/]sf] eGg] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L /xg gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[t M k'ik/fh yklnof sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

*= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^% ;fnsf] WO–)!@%, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, r"8fdl0f ;'j]bL lj= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u ;d]t s'g} d'Vo pDd]b\jf/n] ! jif{kl5 hflu/ 5f]8]df ;f] sf] kmfObf a}slNks pDd]bjf/n] kfpg ;Sb5 eGg] b]lvg cfpFb}g . lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lgo'lQm lbg] sfo{ u/] klg pQm lgo'lQm, P]g lgodn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof k'¥ofP/ lbg'kg]{ / tf]lsPsf] ;doleq} lbO{ ;Sg'kg]{df ;f]adf]lhd ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvg gcfpFbf :yfoL lgo'lQm kq ab/ ug]{ u/L u/]sf] sfo{n] lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs xs xgg\ gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

(= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)^)&, pTk|]if0f, lji0f' h};L lj= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]t lg0f{o ug]{ clVtof/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o ts{ Pj+ kof{Kt cfwf/ sf/0fdf cfwfl/t gePsf] lg0f{on] sfg"gL j}wtf k|fKt ug]{ cj:yf /xFb}g . cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfon] cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg u/L lbPsf] kqnfO{ g} d'Vo cfwf/ lnP/ u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ ljj]sk"0f{ lg0f{o dfGg ldNg] gb]lvg] . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lgj]bs ;d]tsf JolQmsf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf] egL cf}NofP klg lg0f{o ug]{ clVtof/k|fKt lgsfo

lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] x/]s JolQm lkR5] s] slt sf/0fn] of]Uotf gk'u]sf] xf] egL 5'§f5'§} lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] kqnfO{ g} lg0f{o dfgL cfkm"n] 5'§} lg0f{o gu/L sfof{Gjog u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . s'g} kl/IffyL{sf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;f] k/LIffyL{sf] b/vf:t /2 ug]{ clwsf/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ /x]sf] b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

!)= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @)@, pTk|]if0f, ldlx/s'df/ 7fs'/ lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t tfd]n ePsf] Dofbsf] ?kaf6 g} /Lt j]/Lt x]/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df ck|f;+lus ?kdf c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg kl/;s]kl5 cbfntsf] cfb]zadf]lhd afx]ssf] dxfgu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= # sf] j8f ;b:osf] ldlt @)^@.!!.)* sf] l;kmfl/z u|x0f u/L ljjfbdf g/x]sf ;fIfLx¿sf] ;DaGwdf af]nL ;f] cfwf/df j]/Lt 7x/fO{ pQm Dofb tfd]nL ab/ u/L sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ k7fPsf] cfb]z tyf ;f] cfb]zcg';f/ eP u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxL ldn]sf] gb]lvbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !! ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

!!=

df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] WO–#@@%, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, lgd{nf /fgfef6 lj= :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu 6]s' ;d]t zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s c:j:Yotfsf] sf/0fn] s'g} sd{rf/L s'g} :yfgdf /xL sfd ug{


35

g;Sg] s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t d]l8sn af]8{n] l;kmfl/z u/]df To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ cjlw gk'u]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;?jf ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . o; sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf lgj]bsnfO{ Deepvein Thrombosis /f]u nfu]sf]n] pQm /f]usf] pkrf/sf] ;'ljwf ePsf] :yfgdf /xL lgoldt kmnf]ck pkrf/ u/fO{ /xg ldlt @)^@.!!.@$ sf] lg0f{og';f/ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 eGg] d]l8sn af]8{sf] l;kmfl/z kq b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm kl/l:ylt Pj+ :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @! tyf @@ ;d]tnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L lgj]bsnfO{ lrlsT;f lj1fg /fli6«o k|lti7fg jL/ c:ktfnaf6 >L ;s'{jf :jf:Yo rf}sL afUn'ªdf ul/Psf] ldlt @)^@.!!.# sf] ;?jf lg0f{o :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf @! / @@ ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k'g\ljrf/ ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!@= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–#@*(, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, /]zdnfn nfld5fg] lj= :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t sfo{/t\ /x]sf] kb g} ;?jf ul/Psf] lhNnfdf gePsf] / gofF b/jGbL l;h{gf ePsf] egL ljkIfLx¿n] gb]vfO{ s]jn lgh x]Ny cl;:6]G6sf] b/jGbLdf g} sfd u/]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ ;f]xL x]Ny cl;:6]G6sf] kbdf g} ;?jf ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]n] ;f] s'/f lgod;Ddt b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!#= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #@(&,

pTk|]if0f, a}s'07axfb'/ lh=;L= lj= :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu 6]s' ;d]t P]g sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] lglZrt cjlw JotLt ul/;s]kl5 klg pQm :yfgaf6 ;?jf ug{ gldNg] tyf ;?jf u/]sf] 7fpFdf hfg'kb}{g egL lhsL/ lng klg gldNg] / ;f] sfof{Gjog ug'{ gkg]{ sfg"gL cfwf/ Pj+ Joj:yf ;d]t ePsf] b]lvg gcfPaf6 k|:t't l/6 vf/]h x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!$= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ##@&, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, s'ngf/fo0f >]i7 lj= :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu 6]s' ;d]t Psk6s pkNnf] txsf] kbgfd lbO;s]kl5 lghnfO{ tNnf] txsf] kbgfdn] g} ;Daf]wg ug'{ Gofo sfg"g Pj+ ljj]s;Ddt\ b]lvg cfpFb}g . sd{rf/Ln] jf kbn] ug'{kg]{ sfd h] h:tf] ePklg kbgfd eg] km/s kfg'{ plrt b]lvFb}g . kbgfd h:tf] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf klg af/Daf/ q'l6 u/L ;Rofpg] sfo{ ul/P klg r':t Pj+ b'?:t x'g'kg]{ . lgh sfo{/t /x]sf] kb g} lghnfO{ ;?jf ul/Psf] lhNnfdf gePsf] / gofF b/jGbLdf g} sfd u/]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ ;f]xL x]Ny cl;:6]G6sf] kbdf g} ;?jf ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sfn] ;f] s'/f lgod;Ddt gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

!%= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] WO–^(^, pTk|]if0f, tLy{gf/fo0f >]i7 ;d]t lj= g]kfn /fi6« a}+s s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t ljwflosfn] agfpg] P]gdf p;n] cfjZos ;Dem]sf] jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg jf e}/x]sf] of]Uotfdf x]/km]/ ug{ kfpFb}g eGg'


36

Gofo;+ut Pj+ sfg"g;Ddt klg x'g cfpFb}g . s:tf] P]g agfpg], P]gdf s:tf] of]Uotf /fVg], sf] sf] JolQm pDd]b\jf/ x'g kfpg] slt pd]/sf JolQm pDd]b\jf/ x'g] cflb s'/fx¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ljwflosfdf /x]sf] dfGg'kb{5 / ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL /fHo ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos h'g;'s} sfg"g agfpg klg ljwflosf ;Ifd 5 / agfpg ;Sb5 of] p;sf] ljwflosL ljj]s jf 1fgsf] s'/fleq kb{5 egL dfGg'kg]{ . cWofb]z jxfn 5p~h]n nfu" x'g] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/ sfod /x]sf] dfGg] xf] eg] kl5 aGg] sfg"gdfly g} k|ltjGw jf ;Ldf l;h{gf u/]sf] x'g cfpF5 . To:tf] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf /x]sf] egL dfGg ldNb}g . Jofj;flos ljz]if1sf] kb s'g} :yfoL b/jGbL ePsf] 7fpFdf :yfoL ?kn] ul/Psf] kbk"lt{ xf]Og, of] t s]jn tTsfnLg sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] jf~5gLo of]Uotf k'u]sf JolQmx¿sf] gfdsf] ;"rL dfq ePsf] x'gfn] tTsfnsf] To:tf] ;"rLdf gfd r9\b}df cfkm"n] ljz]if ;'ljwf kfO;s]sf] / ;f]df k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ u/L of]Uotf;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!^= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)&^*, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, ;f}/e /f0ff lj= k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no ;d]t lgj]bspk/ nfu]sf] s;"/sf ;DaGwdf lghn] :ki6Ls/0f ;d]t k]z u/]sf] / gl;xt lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{opk/ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg;d]t u/L cfˆgf] arfpsf] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvFbf sfg"gdf ePsf] a}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag ul/;s]kl5 df}lns xs xgg\ eof] egL lgj]bg k/] tfklg cfkm"nfO{ sf/afxL x'g gkg]{ egL sfg"gL jf

clwsf/ If]qfTds ?kdf q'l6k"0f{ 5g\ egL lgj]bsn] lhsL/ lng g;s]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{odf s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 /x] ePsf] gkfO{bf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M /d]zk|;fb 1jfnL sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} ! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!&= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] WO–)^(#, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, nIdLb]jL clwsf/L lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~h ;d]t km};nfdf s'gtkm{sf] hUufsf] lnvt ab/ ePsf] eGg] v'n]sf] gb]lvP tfklg tkm{ v'n]sf] km};nf dfq sfof{Gjog x'g] / tkm{ gv'n]sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog gx'g] eGg ldNb}g . km};nfdf tkm{ gv'n]sf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt kIf ljkIfnfO{ /f]xj/df /fvL lghx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] egfO{ /fVg] cj;/ lbO{ lghx¿sf] s'/f ;d]t ;"gL km};nfsf] efjgfdf cfFr gcfpg] u/L Gofosf d"No, dfGotf, Goflos :jR5tf, lg:kIftf / ;b\ljj]s ;d]tsf] cfwf/df cfkm"df cGt/lgxLt clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntn] tkm{ sfod u/L km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g . km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{

sfd ;d]t Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] Ps dx¤jk"0f{ lx:;f ePsf]n] s'g} g s'g} jxfgf u/L km};nfnfO{ sfof{Gjog x'gaf6 /f]Sg jf ePsf] km};nfnfO{ lg:t]h, lgliqmo / lg/y{s t'Nofpg ldNb}g . hf/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{ cfkm"v'zL JofVof u/L ePsf] km};nfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{af6 /f]Sg' zf]egLo gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M /d]zk|;fb 1jfnL sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @! ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .


37

o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^# ;fnsf] WO–)^(@, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, ;xfbt cnL u2L lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~h ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

!*= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] CR– )!(@, Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= dLgaxfb'/ tfdfª Hofg dfg]{ pBf]usf] jf/bft k'li6 x'gsf] nflu k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tnfO{ Hofg} lng rfx]df cGo jfXo kl/l:yltsf] x:tIf]ksf sf/0fn] dfq pQm jf/bft x'g g;s]sf] egL k'li6 ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . s'g} klg JolQmpk/sf] kmf}hbf/L s;"/sf] jf/bft k'li6 x'gsf] nflu Hofg dfg]{ p2]Zo -dg;fo_ tyf Hofg dfg]{;Ddsf] sfo{ ;d]tsf] ljBdfgtf cfjZos kb{5 . k|:t't d'2fdf t];|f] kIfsf] x:tIf]ksf] cwfjdf Hofg;DaGwLsf] dxnsf] !% g+= sf] sfo{ k|ltjfbLn] ug{ vf]h]sf] eP ug{ g;Sg] sf/0f :ki6 x'g'kg]{df ;f] b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOPg . t];|f] kIfsf] x:tIf]ksf] cefj /x]sf] l:yltdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg dfg]{ pBf]usf] jf/bftsf] bfjL gk'Ug] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} * ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

!(= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= @^)÷)$!*, hUuf lgvgfO{ kfpmF, dlgkm sjf/L lj= a'wgLb]jL ofbj ;d]t ;lGw;k{g eg]sf] g} Psf3/ ;uf]nsf c+lzof/sf] gfdsf] hUuf cGo JolQmnfO{ ljqmLljt/0f ubf{ cfˆgf] xs ef]usf] hUuf pkef]u ug{ c;/ kg]{ jf jfwf kg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 eg] Tof] cj:yfnfO{ ;lGw;k{g k/]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL Joj:yfadf]lhd k|:t't

d'2fdf Psf3/sf c+lzof/ ;f}tg] 5f]/f tyf bfh'n] cfˆgf] efusf] hUuf cs}{nfO{ a]lrlbPsf] sf/0fn] jfbLx¿sf] hUufsf] lgsf;df g} cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g uPsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf ;lGw;k{g k/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} * ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

@)= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @^*@, pTk|]if0f, u]x]Gb|rGb| 9'Ë]n lj= k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no gS;fn ;d]t cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfof{nodf lgodadf]lhd ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd u}/xflh/ /x]sf oL lgj]bsnfO{ lgh sfo{/t\ /x]sf] ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt ug]{ k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod ** -em_ sf] s;"/df lgod *(-@_ -u_ adf]lhd ;kmfO{ k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg gkg]{ egL krf{ v8f u/L lgod *$ -^_ adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] nflu cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] u/L k|x/L dxflg/LIfs k|x/L k|wfg sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o / ;f]nfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt @)^@.#.@( sf] u[xdGqLaf6 ePsf lg0f{ox¿df s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M k'ik/fh yklnof sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

@!=

df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^% ;fnsf] WO–)!$^, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, /fdhL xdfn lj= lzIff dGqfno ljBfno zfvf s]z/dxn ;d]t lzIff P]g, lgodn] Joj:yf u/]sf] k'/isf/;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ s'g} klg ;fd'bflos ljBfnon] P;=Pn=;L= df pTs[i6


38

glthf Nofpg pTk|]l/t x'g ;s"g eGg] dgf]efjgfcg'¿k To:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ . s'g} ljBfnon] cfkm" pTs[i6 ljBfno ePsf] lhsL/ u/L k'/isf/sf] bfjL ub{5 eg] To:tf] ljBfnon] ;a}eGbf klxn] cfkm" ;fd'bflos ljBfno ePsf] / pTs[i6 glthf NofPsf] egL k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnon] k'/isf/df jf If]qLo lzN8df bfjL ug{ kfpg] s'g} sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs cfwf/ ;d]t lgj]bsn] b]vfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lzIff lgodfjnLsf] lgod !*% s adf]lhd k'/:sf/ bfjL ug]{ clwsf/ ;+:yfut ljBfnonfO{ ePsf] gb]lvg] . ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] kl/efiff km/s–km/s /x]sf] tyf lgj]bs ljBfno ;+:yfut ePsf] cj:yfdf lzIff lgodfjnLn] ;fd'bflos ljBfnonfO{ dfq k|bfg ug]{ u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] k'/isf/df ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] gftfn] lzIff lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod !*% s adf]lhd k'/isf/ dfu ug{;Sg] cfwf/e"t xs s} cefj ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg ug]{ xsb}of g} gePsf] cj:yfdf btf{ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !& ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@@= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #*#), pTk|]if0f ;d]t, od'gfb]jL rf}w/L ;d]t lj= rGb|sfGt d08n ;d]t Dofb tf/]v yfdL lbg] ljifo d'2fsf kIfnfO{ kg{ uPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{sf] nflu u/]sf] Joj:yf xf] eGg ;lsG5 . ;f] Joj:yfsf] :ki6 ?kdf b'?kof]u u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPdf afx]s ;fdfGotof of] Joj:yfsf] nfe ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ lbg] s'/fdf cgfjZos em0em6 ug{ ldNb}g . s'g} k|fljlws ;d:of p7fO{ Gofo

kfpg] x/]s JolQmsf] ;f/e"t ljifoaf6 g} kIfnfO{ ljd"v kfg]{ xfd|f] Goflos k|lqmof / k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo klg xf]Og . Gofodf hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Fr / To;sf] cg'e"lt kIfn] gu/];Dd cbfntaf6 lbPsf] OG;fkmn] s'g} cy{ /fVb}g . kIfn] s;/L Gofo kfpg ;S5, To:tf]df ;fgfltgf k|fljlws s'/fx¿n] s] slt dfqfdf afwf cj/f]w v8f ug]{ u/]sf] 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf cfjZos cg';Gwfg u/L To:tf k|sf/sf ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0ftkm{ Gofokflnsfn] cj cfkm"nfO{ cu|;/ u/fpg kb{5 cGoyf Gofokflnsfk|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf clea[l4 x'G5 eGg g;lsg] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !& ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

@#= df=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= ))!#$, Ifltk"lt{ lbnfO{ e/fO kfpmF, ;Ltf/fd k/fh'nL lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t /fhkq v08 %@ h]7 !#, @)%( ;fn -cltl/QmfÍ !&_ af6 g]kfn clw/fHoe/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!% sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] cfb]z 3f]if0ff ePsf] kfOG5 . ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z # dlxgfleq cg'df]bgsf] nflu k|ltlglw ;ef;dIf k]z ul/g] / k|ltlglw;efn] cg'df]bg gu/]df ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z :jtM lgliqmo ePsf] dflgg]5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfadf]lhd ldlt @)%(.@.!# df 3f]if0ff ePsf] ;+s6sfnsf] cfb]z tTsfnLg cj:yfdf k|ltlglw;ef sfod gePsf] sf/0fn] # dlxgf;Dd dfq hf/L ePsf] / s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] sfg"gljk/Lt jf jb\lgot;fy s'g} sfd u/]af6 s;}nfO{ s'g} Iflt ePsf] /x]5 eg] lghn] ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL ug{;Sg] / bfjL dgfl;j 7x/fPdf cbfntn]


39

plrt Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lbg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf pNn]v ePaf6 xbDofbleq} k/]sf] lkm/fbdf ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L bfjL k'Ug] gk'Ug]tkm{ 7x/ OG;fkm ug'{kg]{df xbDofbsf] cfwf/df lkm/fb vf/]h u/]sf] gldNg] eO{ pQm km};nf ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M /d]zk|;fb 1jfnL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !& ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= *

!=

df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *@^!, c+z btf{, x/]Gb| /fpt clx/ ;d]t lj= lx/dltof clxgL{ ;d]t s'g} c+lzof/n] cfˆgf] gfdbtf{sf] ;DklQ bf];|f] JolQm u}/c+lzof/nfO{ xs 5f8L lbPsf]df cfˆgf] ;d]t xshfg] eP d'n'sL P]g n]gb]g Jofjxf/sf] !) g+= / bfg as;sf] % g+= adf]lhd ph"/L u/L cfˆgf] xsdf ab/ jfltn u/fpg' kg]{df ;f] gu/fPsf] cj:yf jf ;f]adf]lhd ph"/ gu/]sf] cfwf/df dfq 5'l§leGg e};s]sf] egL eGg / c'gdfg ug{ sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M xl//fh sfsL{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ ! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

@= df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%**, lvrf]nf d]6fO{ lbjfn eTsfO{ rng, dgL/fd s'dL{ lj= df}h]nfn s'dL{ gfkgS;f d'r'Nsf tyf ;f] d'r'Nsf cg';f/ If]qkmn v'nfPsf] k|ltj]bgdf x]bf{ g=g+= * ls=g+= $&! df )–)–#=#% If]qkmn /x]sf] / jfbLsf] ef]u rngdf /x]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . jfbLn] cfˆgf] )–)–!½ hUuf k|ltjfbLn] lvrf]nf u¥of] egL bfjL lnPsf] b]lvP tfklg eO{ cfPsf] pk/f]Qm gfk gS;f d'r'Nsfaf6 g=g+= * ls=g+= $&! df jfbLsf]

;|]:tfeGbf a9L g} hUufdf ef]u rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cfˆgf] hDdf If]qkmneGbf a9L g} hUuf cfkm}n] ef]u ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn] lvrf]nf u¥of] eGg] bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb k/fh'nL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @^ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= (

!=

df=Gof=>L tflx/cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=lj=g+= !#@, 3/ x6fO{ rng rnfO{ kfpmF, /+uLnfn s'dL{, lj= zq'wgk|;fb s'dL{ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-$_ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf b'O{hgf GofofwLzaLr /fo gldnL t];|f] GofofwLz;dIf k]z ePsf]df t];|f] GofofwLzsf] /fo 7x/ klg klxn] /fo JoQm ug]{ b'j} GofofwLz;Fu gldnL ax'dt sfod x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq o; ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lg0f{osf] nflu d'2f k|]lift ug'{kg]{df t];|f] GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] s'g} /fo 7x/ g} glbO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lg/fs/0f x'g pko'Qm x'g] egL pko'Qmtfsf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf larf/fwLg d'2f o; cbfntdf k|]lift ug{ pk/f]Qm P]gadf]lhd ldNg] gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

@=

df=Gof=>L tflx/cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )!*&, c+z btf{, lztnk|;fb a/} ;d]t lj= uf}/Lz+s/ k|;fb ;d]t @)@@ ;fnsf] gfkLdf gGbnfn a/}sf] gfpFdf hUuf gfkL eP klg of] hUuf tf/frGbsf] gDa/L xf] d]/f] efudf k/]sf] egL lkmN8a'sdf


40

pNn]v ePaf6 ;d]t lnvt Jojxf/ btf{ ef]u gfkL ;d]taf6 c+zj08fsf] #) g+= cg';f/ hkfn /fptsf ;Gtfg xl/x/ tyf bz/ysf] aLrdf tyf oL k'g/fj]bs jfbLx¿sf lktf /fdgf/fo0f / 7"nf]afa' nIdL /fptsf] aLrdf klxnf g} c+zj08f eO;s]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpg] x'Fbf cl3g} 5'l§leGg ePsf] gftfsf dflg; cGo k|ltjfbLx¿af6 k'gM oL jfbLx¿n] c+z kfpg ;Sg] b]lvPg . t;y{ s]jn gGbnfntkm{sf xfFufn] dfq c+zj08f ug{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf jfbLx¿ / gGbnfn xfFuftkm{sf] c+lzof/sf aLr dfq c+zj08f x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ # ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

#= df=Gof=>L tflx/cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #^!#, #^$%, #&)), #&)*, e|i6frf/, dw';'bg k'/L lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, t'n;Lk|;fb lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= b'uf{k|;fb dfgGw/ ;d]t, clg?4k|;fb 7fs'/ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ Pp6f ;/sf/L c8\8fsf] gfpFdf sLt]{ ;lx5fk u/L /fi6«a}+s h:tf] b]zsf] s]Gb|Lo a}+saf6 r]sa's k|fKt ul/Psf] 5 . To;af6 gSsnL x:tfIf/ u/L of]hgfa4 9+un] vf]lnPsf] cs}{ a}+s vftfdf ;f] r]s hDdf u/L /fi6«a}+saf6 e'QmfgL Payment by collection u/fP/ k'gM To;af6 /sd lemSg] h:tf sfdx¿ ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] k|lqmofaf6 cfkm"nfO{ sfg"gL sf/jfxLaf6 aRg] u/L ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ;t{stf ckgfOPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f tL r]sx¿sf] e'QmfgL ldltdf k|ltjfbL t'n;L k/fh'nL /f=lg= tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefudf axfn /x]sf] jf cGoq ;?jf eO{ uPsf] tYo ldltn] s'g} k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ b]lvFb}g . t'n;Lk|;fb k/fh'nL 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefudf ;?jf eO{ ;s]kl5 r]s e'QmfgLsf] jf/bft ePsf] / To;sf/0f t'n;Lk|;fb k/fh'nL s;"/bf/ xf]Ogg\ eGg]

lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . o:t} k|ltjfbL dw';'bg k'/L cs{} a}+s 7uL d'2fdf sf/fuf/leq /x]sf] cj:yfdf ePsf] s;"/sf] lhDd]jf/ / ;hfoefuL dw';'bg k'/L x'g ;Qm}g eGg] lhsL/;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . k|ltjfbLx¿ t'n;Lk|;fb k/fh'nL, clg?4 7fs'/ / dw';'bg k'/Ln] cleof]u bfjLcg';f/ cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]s} b]lvg cfpg] . k|ltjfbLx¿dWo] g]kfn /fi6«a}+s tkm{sf k|=b'uf{k|;fb dfgGw/, lx/0o lg/f}nf, lj0ff >]i7, rDkf sf]O/fnf, tLy{s'df/L dfgGw/, zf/bf ld> / g]=a}+=ln= tkm{sf k|=;Gtltnfn hf]zL, lji0f' vgfn ;d]tn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljz]if k|x/L clws[t;dIf / cbfntdf ;d]t s;"/df OGsf/ e} jofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefusf] gfpFdf w/f}6L vftfsf] r]sa's dfukmf/fd g]=/f= a}+sdf bflvnf u/L u/fO{ s[lqd t/Lsfn] gofF r]sa's k|= clg?4 ;d]tnfO{ pknAw u/fO{, g]=a}+=ln= df Pe/]i6 x]eL OSjLkd]G6 ;Knfo;{sf] gfpFdf vftf vf]Ng], vf]Ng nufpg] / ;f]df pQm ;Knfo;{sf] gfpFdf sf6L lbPsf] g]=/f= a}+ssf] r]s hDdf x'g] u/L pQm r]s sf6L /sd lemSg nufpg] sfo{df ;xof]u u/L oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] ;d]t u}/sfg"gL tl/sfn] ;/sf/nfO{ xflg u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df e|i6frf/sf] cleof]u nufOP tfklg oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] cfly{s nfe k|fKt u/]sf] egL jfbL kIfn] eGg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . oL k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/ lauf]tkm{ bfjL klg lng ;s]sf] gkfOPaf6 oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe k'¥ofPsf] jf ;f] k'Ug] u/L sfd u/]sf] eGg gldNg] . Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs * ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

$= df=Gof=>L tflx/cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ()!*, lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, g]kfnu~h eG;f/ sfof{no lj= g/]z b'u9


41

eG;f/ clws[tn] ljz]ifz'Ns lng] lg0f{o u/]pk/ cfˆgf] k'g/fj]bgsf] clwsf/ k|of]u} gu/L unt af6f]sf] cjnDag u/L lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] dfu ub}{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] lgj]bgsf] cf}lrToleq k|j]z u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-@_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

%= df=Gof=>L tflx/cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$^&, s'6kL6, r'nfxL dxtf] lj= ;hgnfn dxtf], @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= ^($, t]t/ dxtf] ;d]t lj= ;hgnfn dxtf] k|ltjfbLx¿n] cfkm"n] s'6kL6 u/]sf] eGg] s'/fdf OGsf/ ePsf / lghx¿sf ;fIfLx¿n] k|ltjfbLx¿n] s'6kL6 u/]sf] ge} /S;L vfO{ dft]/ d x/Lb]jLnfO{ xftkft u/]sf] sf/0faf6 lghs} lktfn] ;hgnfnnfO{ nf7Ln] s'6kL6 u/]sf] egL n]vfPsf] b]lvPaf6 k|ltjfbLx¿sf] 36gf:yndf pkl:yltsf] sf/0faf6 dfq lgh jfbLnfO{ nfu]sf] pQm rf]6 log} k|ltjfbLx¿n] xfg]sf] rf]6 k6s xf] egL cg'dfg u/L s;"/ 7x/ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf gx'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ ! ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

^= df=Gof=>L tflx/cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)%* ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (@(), lnvt btf{ ab/ hUuf lvrf]nf rng, t]hgf/fo0fk|;fb /f}lgof/ lj= gf/fo0fk|;fb 9'u]+n ;d]t jfbLsf bftf e'jg]Zj/sf efudf ljjflbt j8f g+= @-s_ sf] ls=g+= $# sf] hUuf ldlt @)#%.!).@% sf] j08fkqdf k/]sf]

gb]lvPsf] / lghsf efudf ! -v_ sf] ls=g+= sf] hUuf k/]sf] b]lvPsf] huGgfysf] efudf pQm j08fdf k/]sf] j8f g+= @-v_ ls=g+= $# sf] hUuf lghsf] btf{ xsef]udf g/xL cd"n JolQmsf] gfddf /x]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf j08fkqdf huGgfysf] efudf k/]sf] hUuf j8f g+= @-s_ n]lvg'kg]{df j8f g+= @-v_ e"nn] n]lvPsf] k|df0faf6 :ki6 eO/x]sf]n] / ;f]xL hUufsf] ;DaGwdf huGgfyn] gf/fo0fk|;fbnfO{ @)#&.@.@& df ul/lbPsf] lnvt oyfjt} /x]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ls=g+= sf] hUufsf] ldlt @)#&.!!.@* df e'jg]Zj/n] df]7 ;|]:tf v8f u/fpFb}df To;nfO{ dfGotf lbg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M s[kf;'/ sfsL{ sDKo'6/ M df]=cVt/ cnL Olt ;+jt\ @)^% ;fn r}t ^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ . o;} nufpsf] @)%* ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (@(!,

bf]xf]/f] lnvt btf{ / xs sfod, t]hgf/fo0fk|;fb /f}lgof/ ;d]t lj= 3gZofd clwsf/L ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

&= df=Gof=>L tflx/cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L ;'zLnf sfsL{, @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$$(, #%^&, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #@#*, Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u, s'z]Zj/ u'd}{tf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, u+ufk|;fb u'd}{tf ofbj lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, /fds'df/ u'd}{tf ofbj lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u ug'{ eg]sf] s;}sf] Hofg dfg]{ k|of; ug'{ xf] . 6f9}af6 ad jf aGb'ssf] uf]nL k|xf/af6 klg s;}sf] Hofg dfg]{ k|of; jf pBf]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf] k|xf/ ;+j]bgzLn 7fpFdf / k|xf/stf{n] tfs]sf] lgzfgfdf nfu]df Hofg dg{ ;Sb5 . t/, lgzfgfdf jf dd{:yfgdf gnfu]df Hofg db}{g . o:tf]df s'g} t];|f] kIfLo cj/f]wsf] l;4fGt nfu" g} x'Fb}g . lsgeg] Doctrine of Thidr Party Intervention n] Hofg dfg{ vf]Hg]n] Hofg dfg]{


42

k|of; ubf{ ub}{ s'g} afXo tTj jf kl/l:yltsf] pkl:yltnfO{ hgfpFb5 . ToxfF kLl8tsf] u'xf/ ;'gL cGo dflg; cfOk'Ug ;Sb5 jf arfp ug]{ s'g} dflg; jf cGo tTjsf] pkl:yt x'g ;Sb5 jf ;s}nfO{ s'6kL6 u/L kLl8tnfO{ ws]Nbf OlR5t 7fpFdf gv;L cGoq /f]lsg ;Sb5 jf d¥of] eGg] hfg]/ kmflnPsf] dflg;nfO{ tTsfn cf}iflwkrf/ x'g ;s]/ klg Hofg hf]lug ;Sb5 . t/, aGb's kmfo/ ul/Psf] cj:yf eg]sf] To:tf] xf]Og . kmfo/ ug'{ g} Hofg dfg]{ k|of; ug'{ xf] . o;df Third Party Intervention sf] l;4fGt Hofg dfg]{ pBf]usf] c? af/bft h:t} u/L nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f k|:t't jf/bftdf s'g} cj/f]wsf] k'li6 gePaf6 Hofg dfg]{ pBf]usf] jf/bft 3l6t ePsf] xf]Og egL eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljBf/fh kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M zDe'k|;fb zfx Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs ( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

*= df=Gof=>L tflx/cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^#–WO–)^&), pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z, /fd cflzif 7fs'/ nf]xf/ lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no /f}tx6 ;d]t !% lbg;Dd u'h|]sf] tfl/v ydfpg kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] j]jf:tf ub}{ u'h|]sf] Dofb yfDg kfpg] Dofb afFsL 5b} tf]lsPsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f ug'{kg]{ bfloTjk|lt ;DalGwt lgsfon] j]jf:tf u/L sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ;Ldf gf3L ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !! df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|lqmofadf]lhd u'h|]sf] tf/]v yfDg kfpg] Dofb afFsL /xFb} hUufwgLnfO{ ldlt @)^#.(.( af6 ldlt @)^#.(.!$ sf] k]zL tfl/v lbO{ ;f]xL ldlt @)^#.(.!$ df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no /f}tx6n] u/]sf] lg0f{o klg q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M bLks 9sfn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ % ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= !)

!=

df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ())), lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= ;Ltfb]jL 9sfn ;d]t @)$(.!.@( sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfn] ;fj{hlgs ;8ssf] lsgf/faf6 ^.^ dL6/;Dd kvf{njfx]s cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] :yfoL agf}6 -:6«Sr/_ jf ejg lgdf{0f ug{;Dd lgif]w u/] tfklg u/L sf/jfxL ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . ;8ssf] nflu s'g} hUuf cfjZos k/]df hUuf k|flKt P]gn] tf]s]sf] ljlw / k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ hUuf k|fKt ug{ k'g/fj]bsnfO{ s'g} sfg"gn] cj/f]w v8f u/]sf] gkfOPsf] cj:yfdf @)$(.!.@( sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df eGb} k|ToyL{ lgj]bsx¿sf] sfg"gåf/f k|bQ ;DklQ;DaGwL xsnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ u/L lghx¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf 3/x¿ x6fpg] u/L hf/L ePsf] ;"rgfn] k|ToyL{x¿sf] sfg"gåf/f k|bQ xsdf cf3ft kg{;Sg] cfz+sfsf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M /d]zk|;fb 1jfnL sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ebf} @( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ . o;} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\ M @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (&@), lgif]wf1fo'Qm

k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= dx]z/fh bfxfn @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (&!(, lgif]wf1fo'Qm

k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= ls;gnfn cu|jfn ;d]t

@)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (&@!, lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= Zofds'df/ Gof}kfg]


43

@)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ())&, lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= bdGt ltlD;gf

@)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ())^, lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= ?sdl0f sfˆn]

@)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ())%, lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= k[YjLrGb| zfx

@)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ())$, lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= zf]efb]jL kf]v/]n ;d]t

@)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ())#, lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= b]j/fh Gof}kfg] ;d]t

@)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ())@, lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= b]jLk|;fb bfxfn ;d]t

@)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ())!, lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hd'gfaxfb'/ >]i7 lj= zf/bf uf}td ;d]t

@= df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)%* ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *)#), jfnL df]xL lgisfzg, /fdls;'g d08n lj= gf/fo0faxfb'/ v}/uf]nL e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg P]g, @)%# kZrft\ df]xLnfO{ klg cfwf hUufsf] :jfldTj k|bfg ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf jfnL ga'emfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq P]gsf] bkmf @(-!_ adf]lhd df]xL lgisfzg x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M ;'bLk b+ufn sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ sflQs ( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

#= df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g++ *!&^, u'7L sfod, /fh]Gb|s'df/ g]kfn lj= u0f]zaxfb'/ kf08], @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (&@$, ;]dGt/fh rfkfufO{ ;d]t lj= u0f]zaxfb'/ kf08] s;}sf gfpFdf s'g} hUuf btf{ x'g lglZrt ;|f]t / cfwf/ rflxG5 . lkmN8a'ssf]

syg g} Ps / Psdfq btf{sf] cfwf/ x'g ;Sb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf t ;f] hUufsf] u'7L ;+:yfg;Fu ;DaGw b]vfpg] tYosf] ;d]t ;j{yf cefj 5 . /fhu'7L jf 5'6u'7L ePsf] s'g} cfwf/ / ;|f]tlagf cfˆg} kl/kqsf] e/df pAh]sf] hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{n] btf{sf] cflwsfl/s :j?k u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g . u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)$@.!.!* sf] cfˆg} lg0f{oadf]lhd u'7L clwg:y ePsf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lghL u'7L g} dfGg'kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[t M ;'bLk b+ufn sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ sflQs ( ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

$= df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (!@^, lg0f{o btf{ ab/ btf{ sfod, k'gdfof dxh{g ;d]t lj= u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t tLy{ dxh{gsf lktfn] g} jfbLnfO{ hUufwgL b]vfPsf] s'/f lkmN8a's ;d]taf6 k'li6 e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm hUuf jfbLx¿sf] xs nfUg] lghL u'7Lsf] hUuf b]lvFbf sf7df8f}F u'7L txl;n sfof{non] u'7Lof/nfO{ pkl:yt gu/fO{ u/]sf] ldlt @)%#.$.$ sf] lg0f{o k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ;d]t ljk/Lt ePsf] b]lvFbf ab/ eO{ ls=g+= &) / &# sf hUufx¿ ysfnL lghL u'7L sfod x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M ;'bLk b+ufn sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ebf} * ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

%= df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (!@&, as;kq ab/ btf{ sfod, k'gdfof dxh{g ;d]t lj= tLy{dfg dxh{g ;d]t e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ kZoft\ df]xL nfu]sf] hUufdf cfwf xs :jfldTj df]xLsf] x'g] egL ;'lglZrt u/]sf]


44

b]lvG5 . ls=g+= &) sf] hUufdf oL bftf lglj{jfb ?kdf df]xL sfod ePsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] efudf cfwf hUuf kg{ cfpg] g} b]lvof] . o;/L cfwf hUuf;Dd dfq as; ul/lbg kfpg]df k"/f lsQf hUuf g} as;kq ul/lbPsf] xfn}b]lvsf] as;kqsf] lnvt df]xL tLy{dfgsf] xs ;b/ x'g] e} afFsL cfwf hUufsf] lnvt ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M ;'bLk b+ufn sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ebf} * ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

^= df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (%$$, c+z gfd;f/L, hulbz l;Fx If]qL lj= lx/fl;Fx If]qL ;d]t jfbL k|ltjfbLx¿ ;+uf]ns} c+lzof/ b]lvPsf] / k|ltjfbL hubLz l;Fxn] afa' u+uf l;Fxn] df]xLafkt kfPsf] hUuf j08f gx'g] lhsL/ lnPsf]df ;+uf]nsf cj:yf afa'afh]s} kfnfsf] df]xLsf] x}l;otaf6 ;DklQ k|fKt u/]df g} klg To:tf] ;DklQ Psnf}6L lghL cfh{gsf] eGg gldNg] x'Fbf ;Fuf]nsf] ;DklQ cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd ;a} c+lzof/sf] xs nfUg] ;DklQ xf] egL cbfntn] cg'dfg ug'{k5{ egL k|df0f P]g, @)#! df ;d]t Joj:yf eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df k]z ePsf] tfobftLdf plNnlvt bfjLsf] hUuf jfbL k|ltjfbLx¿ aLr j08f nfUg] g} b]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb k/fh'nL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ . o;} nufpsf] @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=

#%)$, hfn;fhL, hubLz l;Fx If]qL lj= lx/fl;Fx If]qL ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

&= df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ($^$, c+zj08f, /fdb]gL b]jL h};jf/ ;d]t lj= gf/fo0f /fpt h};jf/

jfbL k|ltjfbLaLrdf gftfdf s'g} ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5}g, lghx¿ c+lzof/ g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] jfbL ;Togf/fo0fn] @)@#.#.@* ut] cnu df]xLsf] ! g+= nut e/]sf] / @)!& ;fnb]lv g} cnu a;]sf x'Fbf c+z lbgkg]{ xf]Og egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr c+zj08f ePsf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lnvt k|df0f k]z u/L k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] lhsL/nfO{ k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . df]xLsf] ! g+= kmf/d cnu} e/]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPklg df]xLsf] ! g+= nut eg]sf] s] s;n] slt hUuf hf]t]sf] eGg] df]xL;DaGwL k|df0fsf nflu;Dd el/g] sfuh xf] . To:tf] sfuhdf c+lzof/ ;a}n] Pp6} kmf/fd geb}{df jf cnu cnu kmf/fd eb}{df To;n] 5'l§leGg ePsf] s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sb}g . s'g} klg lnvtsf] cl:tTj lglZrt k|of]hgnfO{ x'G5 . cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd df]xLsf] nflu tof/ x'g] jf tof/ ul/g] lnvtn] c+zj08fsf] lnvtsf] ?k lng g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb k/fh'nL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

*= df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof=>L k|sfz j:tL,@)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= $)*, st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= lbg]z /fo ofbj ;d]t hfx]/jfnL k/djtLb]jL tyf df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ ljn6 /fo ;d]tn] cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt eO{ oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] d[tsnfO{ df/]sf]df tYoo'Qm kf]n u/L n]vfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt eO{ jofg ubf{ s;"/ u/]df OGsf/ /xL jofg u/] tfklg ;f] OGsf/LnfO{ cGo e/kbf]{ tYo Pj+ :jtGq k|df0faf6 k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g eg] cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] jofg, nfz hfFr l/kf]{6, jfbLsf df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ Pj+ cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ askq ug]{ hfx]/jfnL k/djtL tyf ljn6 /fo ;d]tsf ;fIfLsf] askq, d[tss} 5f]/L rZdlbt rGb|snfsf] askq ;d]tn] ;[+vnfa4 ?kdf k'li6 ul//x]sf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLn] g}


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st{Jo u/L df/]sf] s'/f plNnlvt k|df0fx¿af6 osLg x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb k/fh'nL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @$ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

(= df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #&&*, d"No clej[l4 s/, cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu lj= ljhos'df/ le08f d"No clea[l4 s/ ltg'{ gkg]{ egL k|ToyL{n] d"No clea[l4 s/ ljefudf k]z u/]sf] lgj]bgdf laqmLaf6 ltg'{kg]{ d"No clej[l4 s/ a'emfPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf];Dd b]lvG5 . cfkm"n] a'emfpg' kg]{ s/ a'emfPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yf ePkl5 ;f] s'/fnfO{ lgM;Gb]xfTds ?kdf k'li6 x'g] ljZjf;nfos cfwf/ k|df0f;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{df ;f] s/ lt/]sf] egL ljZjf; ug'{kg]{ d'gfl;j cfwf/ k|df0f k]z ePsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvg gcfPaf6 k|ToyL{n] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] n'h aLnsf] /sdsf] d"No clea[l4 s/ lt/]sf] eGg] tYoo'Qm cfwf/ ldl;n k|df0faf6 b]lvg gcfPsf] cj:yfdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}Faf6 ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f :ki6 ljj]rgf gu/L u/]sf] km};nfdf ?=&,(),^!%.– qm]l86 /x]sf] 36fO{ afFsL d'=c= s/ dfu ug'{kg]{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf]df ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm km};nf s]xL pN6L eO{ z'? d"No clea[l4 s/ ljefun] u/]sf] lg0f{o d'gfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn sDKo'6/ M nIdLb]jL >]i7 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ ( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

!)= df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)%( ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @*&$, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, ljhos'df/ b'u8 lj= >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t cbfntaf6 dfu ePsf] kmfon cfkm" sxfF geP ;dodf g} ts{;+ut / d'gfl;a hjfkm k7fpFbf ;dod} cGo ljsNksf] vf]hL ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . o;tkm{ ;/sf/sf ;a} sfof{no tyf ljefusf k|d'vx¿n] ;hu /xg' kb{5 .

nfk/jfxLk"0f{ jf a]d'gfl;a 9Ën] emf/f 6fg]{ k|j[lQ /fvL GofofnonfO{ c;xof]u ug]{ cj:yf b]lvPdf Gofofno Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] ;Gbe{df sfg"gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;r]i6 /xG5 eGg] tYo ;a}n] dgg\ ug'{ g} k5{ . >d ljefusf k|d'vsf] cg'/f]w d'gfl;a} b]lvPsf] cbfntn] vf]h]sf] kmfon cys k|of; u/L vf]hL u/]/ k7fPsf] b]lvPsf] / cbfntsf] cfb]z kfngfdf k|fyldstf lbg] egL k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] kfObf o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.&.@# sf] cfb]zaf6 ul/Psf] h/Ljfgfaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn sDKo'6/ M ;Ltf u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ ( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

Psn Ohnf;

df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, )^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO–)$*), k/dfb]z, df]xg nf]xgL ;d]t k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t lgj]bsx¿nfO{ sfddf nufpFbf sfd nufpg] kqdf g} :ki6 ?kdf æb}lgs kfl/>ldsdf sfd nufOPsf] af/]Æ eg]/ ljifo vf]nL of]hgfsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ b}lgs kfl/>ldsdf sfd nufOPsf] Joxf]/f cfb]zfg';f/ ;"lrt ul/G5 egL :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . olb b}lgs Hofnfbf/Ldf sfd ug{ lrQ ga'em]sf] eP ;f]xL avt ph"/ ug'{kg]{df !^ jif{kl5 cfP/ c;dfg Jojxf/ eof] eGg ljnDasf] l;4fGtn] klg lgj]bsx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ub}{g eg] csf]{tkm{ Hofnfbf/Ldf sfd ug{ d~h"/ u/L sfd ug]{ lgj]bsx¿nfO{ Hofnfbf/Ldf sfd u/]afktsf] kfl/>lds lnO;s]kl5 cGo ;'ljwf klg kfpg' kb5{ egL bfjL lng' ljaGwgsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g] x'Fbf lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ /xg' gkg]{ e} l/6 vf/]h x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M ef]nfgfy 9sfn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\

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