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ច"កភពែខ(រ រំដួល.ស

KhmerRumduolMeasNo.1,March2017

NewsletterfortheACIARProjectCSE/2015/044:Sustainableintensificationanddiversificationinthe

lowlandricesysteminNorthwestCambodia

Contents

Contents.....................................................1

Themeaningof“KhmerRumduolMeas”.1

Introductiontotheproject........................1

CrawfordFundtrainingactivity.................2

Foresightworkshop...................................2

Stakeholderengagementworkshop.........5

Inceptionworkshop...................................5

ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)...........6

Diversificationoptions...............................7

Surveyofweedandweedyriceseedcontaminationinharvestedpaddy...........8

References.................................................9

Contacts...................................................10

Themeaningof“KhmerRumduolMeas”

Rumduolflowers:http://angkor.co/photo/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/romduol-flower.jpg

“Khmer”emphasizestheproject’sfocusonCambodiaandrumduol(Sphaerocoryne

affinis)isCambodia’snationalflower.Rumduoliswellknownforitsstrongfragrancewhichistraditionallyassociatedwithfemininityandhenceourproject’srecognitionoftherolesofwomeninagriculture.MeasmeansgoldinKhmerandtheprojecthopestohelpCambodiansmallholderfarmersprosper.

PhkaRumduol,theprideofCambodia,isajasminericevarietyreleasedbytheCambodianAgriculturalResearchandDevelopmentInstitute(CARDI).PhkaRumduolwasawarded“World’sBestRice”in2012and2013.Howevermuchremainstobedonewithproductionandvalue-chaindevelopmenttoensurethebenefitsofplantbreedingandagriculturalresearcharedeliveredtoCambodia’ssmallholderfarmers.

Introductiontotheproject

MeetingwiththeAgriculturalCooperativeforChamroeunPhal(ACC)inSvayCheatVillage,Battambangprovince

CSE/2015/044commencedinNovember2016andrunsforfiveyears.ItisfocusedonBanteayMeanchey,BattambangandPursatprovincesinnorthwesternCambodia.In2010,

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BattambangandBanteayMeancheywereCambodia’slargestriceproducingprovincesandthethreeprovincesaccountfor27%ofCambodia’swetseasonriceproduction.

Theprojectaimstoworkwithlocalcommunitiestoenhancesustainableintensificationanddiversificationtoimproveproductivityandlivelihoodsecurityforfarmers.

Theprojectobjectivesareto:

• Identifythelocalsocio-economicandagronomictrends,constraintsandopportunitiesforsustainableintensificationanddiversification;

• Establishparticipatoryon-farmtrialstotestsustainableintensificationoptions;

• Comparativeevaluationofdifferentscalingmodelsforsustainableintensificationanddiversification;

• Buildthecapacityoflocalfarmingcommunitiesandtertiaryagriculturaleducationalinstitutions.

CrawfordFundtrainingactivity

BillRathmell,CliveMurray,DaoXuanCuong,RosanneQuinnell,YornTry

Theprogramincludedpracticaltrainingoncropprotectionproducts

ACrawfordFund(CF)trainingactivitywasheldinBanteayMeancheyandBattambangprovincesfrom16thOctoberto1stNovember2016.

ThetrainingcoursewassetupfollowingvisitstoCambodiain2015byseniorCrawfordFundadministrators;theysawworkthathadbeendoneinthecountrybyUniversityofSydney(USyd)andSyngentaFoundationforSustainableAgriculture(SFSA)withadditionalfunding(ABVandDFAT)fromAustralia.Itwas

designedasthemostcomprehensiveinasuccessfulcascadeof“train-the-trainer”coursesinpracticalsustainabletechnologyforsmallholderfarmersinCambodia’sprovinces.

ThepracticalteachingwasdoneatMeanCheyUniversity(MCU)/SFSAfielddemonstrationtrials,inMCUlaboratories/classroomsandatnearbyfarmsrunbylocalsandexpatriates.ThecoursewasdesignedbySFSA’sCliveMurray,workingcloselywithDrYornTry,MCU’sVice-Rector.

Demonstrationofthedrumseederforwetseedingrice

TrainerscamefromCambodianandVietnameseresearchandeducationinstitutions,CropLifeAsia(partofaglobalfederationofagribusinesses)aswellasUSydandSFSA.Thetraineesweremostlyyounggraduateemployeesofgovernmentresearchinstitutesandextensionservices,NGOsandprivate-sectorinputsuppliers;afewofthelatterattendedattheirownexpense.

SomeundergraduatesfromMCUattendedassupernumeraries.TrainingwasconductedinEnglishandKhmer,andcopiesofthepresentationsweredistributedonUSBdrives.Thefeedbackfromthetraineesaboutallthetrainerswasuniformlypositive;almostalltraineessaidthecoursewouldhelpthemintheirjoboftransferringtechnologytofarmersandthattheywouldattendagainifofferedthechance.Manywishedthecoursehadbeenlongerandmoredetailed;afewhadhadproblemsoflanguagecomprehension,includingthesoletraineefromLaos.

Foresightworkshop

DanielTan

Projectinceptionmeetingswereheldfrom6thto8thNovember,2016attheAsiaHotel,PhnomPenh.Therewerethreecomponents:

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(1)foresightworkshop;(2)stakeholderengagementworkshopand(3)inceptionworkshop.

DrJohnDixon,ACIARResearchProgramManager(CroppingSystemsandEconomics)openingtheprojectinceptionmeetings

Thepurposeoftheforesightworkshopwastouseforesightmethodologytodefineclearlythespecifictrendsandscenarioswhichwillinfluencetheachievementoftheagreedprojectoutputs.TheforesightstudyusedthemethodologyofVoros(2003):

VorosJ.(2003).Agenericforesightprocessframework.Foresight5,10-21.

H.E.DrImKoch,SecretaryofState,MoEYSaddressingtheForesightWorkshop

ThemeetingwasaddressedbyHisExcellencyDrImKoch,SecretaryofStatefortheMinistryofEducation,YouthandSport(MoEYS).DrImKochhighlightedtheneedtoachieveahighqualityeducationwithanemphasisonScience,Technology,EngineeringandMathematics(STEM)disciplines.HesaidthatthereisaneedtostrengthentheMoEYScurriculumtofosterstudentstothinkcriticallyandtosolveproblemsrelevanttoNationaldevelopment.OurprojectwillalignwithMoEYStoexplorecommunityengagementstrategiestoencourageinnovationuptake,problemsolvingandcommunicationskills.

Currentchallengesinthenorthwest(JohnDixon)

• Exodusofrurallabourforce;• Limitedentrepreneurshipamongfarmers

andsmallbusiness;• Lackofavibrant,dynamicrurallandscape;• Howcanwehelptodevelopmore

entrepreneurshipandinnovation?• Lackofengagementofproducersinthe

ricevaluechain;• Technicalandeconomicchallengeswithall

aspectsofricecropproduction;• Limitedaccesstoirrigationisaconstraint

tointensificationanddiversification.

Futurescenarios(JohnDixon)

A500hasingle-ownerricefarminBattambangprovince,possiblyaremnantoftheFrenchcolonialera

Futurescenariosareneededtohelpinprojectplanningasprojectresearchresultshavemaximumimpactafter10-15years.Hencethereisaneedtotargetandthinkahead.Defininglikelyscenarioshelpsfocusonthemosteffectiveresearch,policyandinfrastructure.Threecontrastinghypothetical

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futuredevelopmentscenarioswereproposedfor2030innorthwestCambodia:

1. Largescalefarmledscenario:Small-holderssellout-transformationtolarge-scalecommercialagriculture(500-1,000hafarms),fullymechanised,bulkhandlingforexportmarketswithlimitedruralpopulation;

2. Localbusinessledscenario:input,machineryandservicecontractingandalsoshare-farmingwithmixedfarmsizes(mixofsmalltomediumsizefamilyfarmswithafewlargefarms),goodconnectionstodomesticandinternationalmarkets;

3. Communityscalespecialisation/valueaddingledscenario:Individualsmallfamilyfarmsandfarmergroups/cooperativesproducingend-productsfordomesticandexportmarkets.Diversifiedcropping,horticultureandanimalproduction,specialisedbyvillages.Well-developedmarketandvaluechainlinkages.

KeyLearningsoftheforesightstudy

• Ricecrisis:largelyinnorthernCambodia,whilefarmersinsouthernCambodia(closetoVietnameseborder)cangetadvice,technologyandcopytechnologyacrosstheborder,combinedwithbetterwateravailabilityandmarketaccesshavelessenedtheimpactofthecrisisinsouthernCambodia;

• Therearestilltechnologiesthatneedtobetested.Forexample,couldtheimpactofwetseasondroughtbereducedbyusingdrillseeders?

TheprojecthasarrangedtoacquirethisThaiseeddrilltoenablefarmerstocomparedrillseedingwithbroadcastingon-farm

• Needforobjectivemanagementonfarmagronomicpractices.Institutional

constraintsserveasmajorbarrierstoadoption.Priceisanissue.Themarketisnotnecessarilydistortedforrice.However,thecurrentsituationwithnocompetitionfromThailandorVietnamhasseenthepremiumforfragrantricediminish.Toavoidthisissue,farmerswillneedtoretainownershipoftheirricefurtherupthevaluechain.

• Socialcapacitybuildingisnecessaryforfarmer/communityempowermenttoenablethemtotakechargeoftheirownproductionsystemsandgenerateinnovation.

• Needtorefineandfullydescribepathwaysforfuturebymappingoutimpactpathways.

• Agronomy:focusshouldbeon-farmandin-villageintegratedmanagementofexistingtechnologies.DevelopmentofGoodAgriculturalPractices(GAP)forcropproductionthatcanbethebasisforsecuringcontractsforpremiumproducts.Somelevelofagronomyonfarmsneedstobeintegratedwiththesupplychainsandfarmergroupsorhubs(“softer”side).

• Adaptivemanagementofon-farmagronomyanddatamanagement.

• Soilconstraints:pH,ploughpans;betterunderstandingofsub-soilconstraintsacrosssoilgroups.

SunnhempcangrowonresidualsoilmoistureattheendofthewetseasontofixatmosphericNandtorestoresoilorganicmatter

• Theproductionofcropsotherthanriceisconstrainedbypoorhydraulicconductivityonheavyclaysoils.Soilimprovementoptionsincluderaisedbeds,deepripping,cropresidueretentionandmulchcrops

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suchassunnhemp(Crotalariajuncea),sesbania(Sesbaniarostrata)andpearlmillet(Pennisetumglaucum).

• Therearemanypotentialdiversificationoptionsbutwhataretheagronomicandsoilconstraintissues?Whichdiversificationoptionshavethepotentialtoincreasehouseholdincome?Theprojectcanrunfarmingsystemssimulationsondiversificationoptions(APSIM)andusewhole-farmeconomicmodelstotestopportunitycostsofalternativeenterpriseoptions.Valuechaincasestudiesarerequiredtotesttheviabilityofdiversificationoptions.

• ImportanttolinkupwithotherrelevantDonorandNGOprojectsaswellasprivatepartners,inputsuppliers,contractorsandbuyers.

Stakeholderengagementworkshop

DanielTan

Thepurposeofthestakeholderengagementworkshop,heldon7thNovember2016,wastouseoutcomesfromtheforesightworkshopandinputpresentationsfromexternalparticipantstakeholdersandprojectstoexplorepotentialinteractionsbetweentheACIARprojectandongoingworkinCambodia.

RepresentativesandspeakersfromthepublicandprivatesectororganisationsactiveinnorthwestCambodiathatattendedincluded:

• CambodianAgriculturalValueChainProgram(CAVAC);

• IFADProjectforAgriculturalDevelopmentandEconomicEmpowerment(PADEE):http://padee.org/public/;

• AgricultureServicesProgrammeforInnovation,ResilienceandExtension(ASPIRE);

• GeneralDirectorateofAgriculture(GDA);• ProvincialDepartmentsofAgriculture,

ForestryandFisheries(PDAFFs)fromBattambangandPursat;

• VoluntaryServicesOverseas(VSO)Cambodia;

• SdocSdomAgriculturalCooperative;• InternationalRiceResearchInstitute(IRRI);• UniversityofBattambang(UBB);and

• SM-Waypoint:http://www.smwaypoint.com/.

Inceptionworkshop

DanielTan

Thepurposeoftheinceptionworkshop,heldon8thNovember2016,wasto(1)initiateandcommunicateworkplansforcommencementofworkinthefirsttwelvemonths,(2)establishsurveyscopeandsustainabilityindicatorsinthesurveysand(3)coordinatethetimingofapproachestolaterobjectivesandmilestones.Themeetingwasattendedbytheprojectteam.

CropdiversificationoptionsinNWCambodia

Theworkshoplinkedprojectoutcomestothethreescenariosdiscussedattheforesightworkshop(i.e.thelargescale,localbusiness-ledandcommunity-ledscenarios).Theneedfordiversificationwasemphasisedasthecurrentricescenarioisseenasapovertytrap.Thefollowingcropdiversificationoptionswerediscussedfortheagro-ecologicalareasofnorthwestCambodia:includingtheOldAlluvialTerraces(OAT)andActiveFloodplain(Whiteetal.1997).

Linkingobjectiveswithforesightstudyscenarios

AdiscussionwasheldregardinglinkingprojectobjectivestotheforesightstudyscenariosonDay1oftheworkshops.

1.Largescalefarmscenario

• Developmentofdrillseeders(Output2.4.2).Thisappliestoallthreescenariosasdrillseedersarelikelytobeadoptedbycontractors

• Mobileapps(Output4.2.3)• Cropprotection(Output2.7.1)

Crop diversification options

OAT + No Irrigation

Active Floodplain Rice Diversity

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50

100

150

200

250

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

Rainfall(m

m)

Flood

OAT + WS Irrigation Rice Rice Diversity?

Photoperiod sensitive rice

OAT + DS Irrigation Rice Rice Diversity?Rice?

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2.Localbusinessledscenario

• Needtoengagewithexistingagribusinessesandlookfornewopportunities(Output3.3.1,3.3.2)

• Buildingpilotmodels(Output2.1.1)• Targetprovisionofscience-based

independentadvice(Output3.2.1)

3.Communityscalespecialisation/valueaddingscenario

• Economicassessmenttoidentifyagribusinessopportunities(Output3.2.1)

• Marketdemandandaccess(Output2.3.3)• Bestpracticeproduction(Output2.6.1)• Technology/agronomyneedstobe

integratedwithvaluechainandfarmergroups(Output2.6.1,2.6.2)

• Consumerneedsandmarketsystems(Output2.3.3)

• Linkwithwiderstakeholders–ASPIRE/CAVAC(Output3.1.2)

• Landusemapforcropsandnon-cropagriculturalproductivity(Output1.3.2)

• Studyresultsofpreviousprojects(Output1.2.3)

Projecttimeline

TheprojecttimelinewaspresentedbyDanielasfollows:

1. Year1–Baselinesurvey• Householdandfarmingsystem(Dr

CheaSareth,CARDI)• Adaptivecapacityoffarming

households(DrClemensGrunbuhel,AIT)

• Participatoryresearchondriversofchange(DrsPeterAmptandRebeccaCross,USyd)

• Analysisofprivatesectorrecordsofcropinputsandin-fieldmeasurementstodeterminefactorslimitingyields(BobMartin,USyd;VanTouch,USyd;BunnaSom,CARDI)

2. Years2–3Pilottestingatfield/farmscale• Testeffectivenessofleadingfarmers

versuscommunityhubs–whichisthebestmodel?Aneedsandriskanalysiswillbedonetoexplorelinkageswithexistingagribusinesshubsandfranchisesandpresentedtotheprojectteamforconsideration.

• Evaluatebestpracticechemicalandnon-chemicaloptionsforintegratedcropmanagement

• Precisionagriculture:useofreflectancetechnologyfornutrientmanagementandcropprotection;landlevelling;UnmannedAerialVehicle(UAV),EM38surveystodeterminesubsoilconstraints.

3. Years4-5–Scale-up• Workwithfarmergroupstoupscale

innovationstovillage/communitylevel–fromfourtoninevillages

• Concurrently,upscalingthroughengagementwithagronomistsinprivatesectorinputsuppliers–toworkwithPDAFFtoupskillinputsuppliersandcontractorsinyearlyrefreshereveryyear(e.g.productrecalls,issues).

ParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)

RebeccaCross,PeterAmpt,JinYu,AshleyRootsey,LouiseCapistrano,YehezkielHensonetal.

ThePRAteamfromMCU,UBBandUSYD

Overa13-dayperiodinNovember-December2016,staffandstudentsfromtheUniversityofSydney(USyd),MeancheyUniversity(MCU)andtheUniversityofBattambang(UBB)conducted144interviewsin8villages,4ineachofthetwoprovinces.Interviewswerefollowedupwithdailyworkshops,regionalworkshopstosumupeachprovinceandafinalworkshoptopullallinsightstogether.

ThemainfindingsofthePRAwereasfollows:

• Themajorityoffarmersinterviewedproducedricefordomesticconsumptionandforsale,aswellasagrowingarange

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ofothercropsandkeepingsmallnumbersoflivestock.

• Farmershadlittleornoinfluenceon,orpowerover,thecostofinputsorthepricestheyreceivedforrice.

• Therewaswidespreaduseofcredittopurchaseinputswhichwascausingincreasinglevelsofdebtandreducingopportunitiesforcapturingpost-harvestvalue.

• Increasingdebtmeantthatinmanyhouseholds,membersofworkingageleavetheirvillagestoworkelsewhere(usuallyinThailand)andsendremittancebacktotheirfamilies.

• Whendebtscouldnotbeserviced,familieswereleavingtheirlandandbecomingeconomicrefugees.Thiswashavingacompoundingeffectinfurtherreducingvillage-levelopportunities.

• Levelsofinputusewerehighlyvariable,withapparentunder-useandover-useoccurringfrequently.Thisindicatesthataccesstoreliableinformationandunderstandingofoptimuminputlevelsisinconsistent.Theneedtoavoidtherisksassociatedwithcreditandcropfailureatleastpartiallyexplainslowpurchasedinputstrategies.Thepervadingbeliefthatadoptionofhighyieldingricevarieties,fertilizersandpesticidesindicatesyouareasuccessfulmodernfarmerappearstodriveover-useofinputs.

• Controlofwaterinthewetseasonandaccesstowaterinthedryseasoniscriticalasdryseasonricecropsaremuchmoreprofitable,andwaterisneededformostsuccessfuldiversificationoptions.Wherefarmershadaccesstowaterinthedryseasonitwasrarelyreliableoradequateenoughforconsistentproductionandprofitability.

• Whenfarmersexplainedthecostsofproduction,itappearedthatprofitmarginsweregenerallyverylow,withmanyricecropsachievingnetlosses.

• Farmerswereacutelyawareoftheseissuesandexpressedeagernessfortrainingandwillingnesstoexploreoptionsforchangingpractices.

AstudentfromMCUdemonstratingtheproject’sWeedIDsmartphoneapptoafarmer

• Thereweresomeexistingexamplesofusefulstrategiesforsustainableintensificationofriceproductionthattheprojectcouldworktoenhance,andtheteamperceivedfurtheropportunitiesthatcouldbeexplored.

• Thereweremanyexamplesofsuccessfuldiversificationstrategiesthatappearedtobecommerciallyviable,withleadingfarmersprovidingstrongrolemodelsfromwhichotherscouldlearn.

ThenextstageoftheprojectistofollowtheleadsuncoveredbythePRAandtoquantifykeyfindingsusingabaselinesurveyinMay2017.FurtheranalysisofthetranscriptsfromthePRAwillbeundertakenin2017andfurtherreportingofthedetailswillbemadelaterin2017.

DiversificationoptionsnotedinthePRA

PRAteam

Oystermushroom(Pleurotusostreatus).DonorsandNGOshavelookedatawiderangeofdiversificationoptionsinCambodiabutvaluechainopportunitiesandthreatsarenotalwayscheckedout

ThePRAteamidentifiedarangeofpotentialenterprisediversificationoptions:

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• Livestock:cattle;chickens;ducks;fish;frogs;pigs.Forageproductionforcattlefeedingwasnotmentioned.Buffaloraisingwasnotmentioned.

• Fruit:banana;coconut;guava;jackfruit;lime;mango;orange;pineapple.Dragonfruit,durian;longan,mangosteen,pomeloandrambutanarealsogrownintheregionbutnotmentionedbyfarmersinthePRA.

• Vegetable:aubergine;bamboo(shoot?);cabbage;cauliflower;chili;climbinggourd;cucumber;lemongrass;longbean;lotus/waterlily;luffagourd;momeanh(Cleomegynandra);morningglory;mushroom(oyster,straw);pumpkin;sa-am(Acaciapennata);sweetcorn;watermelon;wingbean.

• Fieldcrops:cassava(notmentioned);cowpea;maize;mungbean;peanut;sesame;soybean;sugarcane;sunflower(notmentioned).

• Otherenterprises:bee-keeping;cricketfarming,silkworm/mulberry.

Importedvegetablesinclude:carrot;tomato;Chinesespinach;onion;potato;andredgarlic.Theeconomicfeasibilityofproducingtheselocallycouldbetested.

A/Prof.DanielTanandSamMalfroy,PlantHealthAustralia,checkingonhoneyproductionfromtheAsianhoneybee(Apiscerana)inasunflowerfieldinPailinprovince.MCU,withsupportfromAustralianAid,havedevelopedcapacityforbee-keeping.

Surveyofweedandweedyriceseedcontaminationinharvestedpaddy

BobMartin,YehezkielHenson,FlorisVanOgtrop,KeoukBroeum,RathaRien,PaoSreanandDanielTan

Paddysampleswerecollectedafterharvestandinspectedforweedyriceandweedseedcontamination

Cambodiaisexperiencingarapidshiftfromtransplantedtohand-broadcastseededricewithaconsequentincreaseinseedingratesfrom25-30kg/hato100-200kg/ha.Toreducecosts,farmerskeeptheirownseedforsowingwiththepotentialforweedseedcontamination.

Weedseedcontamination

AsurveyofweedseedcontaminationinharvestedricepaddywasconductedintwoprovincesofCambodia(BattambangandTakeo)attheendofthewetseasonin2016.Farmerswereinterviewedaboutriceseedingpracticesandatotalof114sampleswereinspectedforweedseedcontaminationfromthetwoprovinces.Inbothprovinces,themajorityoffarmerskepttheirownseedorboughtseedfromaneighbour.Farm-keptseedforsowinginBattambangaccountedfor88%andTakeo,89%ofsownseed.

Ischaemumrugosumwasthemostcommonweedseedcontaminant,apartfromweedyrice,inharvestedpaddy

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Seedsof42differentweedspeciesfrom13plantfamilieswerefoundinthepaddysamples.ThefivemostimportantspecieswereIschaemumrugosum(69%ofsamples),Melochiacorchorifolia(48%),Fimbristylismiliacea(32%)Ludwigiaoctovalvis(31%),andEchinochloacrusgalli(27%).

Despitetheshorterhistoryofdirect-seedinginTakeo,theweedspeciescompositioninricepaddywassimilartothatforBattambangwheredirect-seedinghasbeenpracticedforatleasttwodecades.However,weedseedburdenswerelessinTakeo.OptionsforimprovedweedmanagementinricesystemsarebeingdevelopedinCSE/2015/044.

Weedyricecontamination

AswithmanyAsiancountries,decliningavailabilityofrurallabourhascausedCambodianricefarmerstoshiftfromtransplantingtodirectseedingandthishasraisedconcernsabouttheincreasedincidenceofweedyrice.ToassesstheextentoftheweedyriceprobleminCambodia,asurveywasconductedtodeterminethelevelofweedyricecontaminationinharvestedpaddyaswellasincertifiedandgradedseedforsowing.

Farmerswereinterviewedabouttheirknowledge,attitudesandpracticesregardingthemanagementofweedyrice

Paddysamplesweretestedfrom64farmersinBattambangprovinceandfrom50farmersinTakeoprovinceand28samplesweretestedfromnineseedcompaniesand/orseedproducers.Eightyeight%offarmerssaidtheyhadweedyriceintheirfields,weregenerallyawareofmanagementoptionsbutrelied

predominantlyonincreasedseedingratestosuppressweedyrice.

TherearetwomaintypesofweedyriceinCambodia:awnlessnon-photoperiodsensitivetypesmaturingataround100daysaftersowing;andawnedphotoperiodsensitivetypesmaturinginNovember-December.

Ninetyfive%ofpaddysamplescollectedinBattambangcontainedweedyriceseedsand98%inTakeoprovince.Certified/gradedseedcontainedanaverageof29redseeds500g-1milledricewhichwasalmostsixtimesthelimitof5redseeds500g-1.ManagementoptionsforweedyriceinCambodia,includingtheintroductionofnon-transgenicimidazolinone-resistantricevarieties,arebeingconsidered.

MrRathaRein(UBB)millingpaddysamplesfordetectionofredseedsofweedyrice

Awnlessweedyrice(left),awnedweedyrice(centre)andSenKraOubvariety(right)

ThisworkwasfundedbyBASFSouthEastAsiaPte.Ltd.,Singapore.

Twoscientificpapershavebeenpreparedforpublicationonweedsandweedyrice.

References

VorosJ.(2003).Agenericforesightprocessframework.Foresight5,10-21.

WhitePF,OberthürT,SovuthyP,eds.1997.ThesoilsusedforriceproductioninCambodia.Amanualfortheiridentificationandmanagement.

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InternationalRiceResearchInstitute,P.O.Box933.Manila,Philippines.

Contacts

PleasebeactivecontributorsandsubmityourstoriestotheEditors:

BobMartin(bob.martin@sydney.edu.au);CliveMurray(clive.murray@syngenta.com);TryYorn(yorntry@yahoo.com);SarethChea(sareth.chea@uqconnect.edu.au);

VanTouch(van.touch84@gmail.com).