ifjp;;g vè;k; iwjh iqLrd osQ fy, ,d iwoZihfBdkçLrqr djrk gSA 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr dksledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkr dhrjg ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gh ledkyhu fo'ojktuhfr bl iqLrd dh fo"k;&oLrq gS blfy,;g mfpr gh gS fd ge dgkuh dh 'kq#vkr'khr;q¼ dh ppkZ ls djsaA bl vè;k; ls ;glkiQ gksxk fd fdl rjg nks egk'kfDr;ksala;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dkopZLo 'khr;q¼ osQ osaQæ esa FkkA ;g vè;k;gesa fo'o osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa 'khr;q¼ dhlejLFkfy;ksa rd Hkh ys tk,xkA bl vè;k;esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu ij bl n`f"V ls fopkjfd;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg blus nksuksa jk"VªksaosQ ncncs dks pqukSrh nhA xqVfujis{k ns'kksa }kjk^ubZ varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk* LFkkfirdjus osQ ç;kl dh ppkZ bl vè;k; esa ;gcrkrs gq, dh xbZ gS fd fdl rjg bu ns'kksaus xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dks vius vkfFkZd fodklvkSj jktuhfrd Lora=krk dk lk/u cuk;kAvè;k; osQ var esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu esaHkkjr dh Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSvkSj ;g ç'u iwNk x;k gS fd Hkkjr osQ fgrksadh j{kk esa xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr fdl lhekrd liQy jghA

vè;k; 1

'khr;q) dk nkSj

nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ var osQ ifj.kkeLo:i nks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvkAÅij osQ nks fp=k nwljs fo'o;q¼ esa la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lektoknhlksfo;r x.kjkT; dh fot; dks bafxr djrs gSaA

1- vejhdh lSfud 23 iQjojh] 1945 dks vkboks thek] tkiku dhyM+kbZ esa viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,A

2- lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; osQ lSfud ebZ] 1945 esa jkbLVSax fcfYMax(cfyZu] teZuh) ij viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,A

fp=k 1 tks jkslsUFkky (n ,lksfl,V çSl) ls vkSj fp=k 2 ;soxsuh [kYnsbZ(rk'k) ls lkHkkj

2019-2020

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr2

D;wck dk felkby ladV

1961 dh vçSy esa lksfo;r la?k osQ usrkvksadks ;g fpark lrk jgh Fkh fd vejhdklkE;okfn;ksa }kjk 'kkflr D;wck ij vkØe.kdj nsxk vkSj bl ns'k osQ jk"Vªifr fiQnsydkL=kks dk r[+rkiyV gks tk,xkA D;wckvejhdk osQ rV ls yxk gqvk ,d NksVk&lk}hih; ns'k gSA D;wck dk tqM+ko lksfo;r la?kls Fkk vkSj lksfo;r la?k mls owQVuf;d rFkkfoÙkh; lgk;rk nsrk FkkA lksfo;r la?k osQusrk uhfdrk [kzq'pso us D;wck dks :l osQ^lSfud vM~Ms* osQ :i esa cnyus dk iSQlykfd;kA 1962 esa [kzq'pso us D;wck esa ijek.kqfelkbysa rSukr dj nhaA bu gfFk;kjksa dhrSukrh ls igyh ckj vejhdk utnhdh fu'kkusdh lhek esa vk x;kA gfFk;kjksa dh bl rSukrhosQ ckn lksfo;r la?k igys dh rqyuk esa vcvejhdk osQ eq[; Hkw&Hkkx osQ yxHkx nksxqusfBdkuksa ;k 'kgjksa ij geyk cksy ldrk FkkA

D;wck esa lksfo;r la?k }kjk ijek.kq gfFk;kjrSukr djus dh Hkud vejhfd;ksa dks rhugÝrs ckn yxhA vejhdh jk"Vªifr tkWu ,iQoSQusMh vkSj muosQ lykgdkj ,slk oqQN Hkhdjus ls fgpfdpk jgs Fks ftlls nksuksa ns'kksaosQ chp ijek.kq ;q¼ 'kq: gks tk,A ysfduos bl ckr dks ysdj n`<+ Fks fd ∫q'psoD;wck ls felkbyksa vkSj ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dksgVk ysaA oSQusMh us vkns'k fn;k fd vejhdhtaxh csM+ksa dks vkxs djosQ D;wck dh rjiQtkus okys lksfo;r ”kgktksa dks jksdk tk,Abl rjg vejhdk lksfo;r la?k dks ekeys osQçfr viuh xaHkhjrk dh psrkouh nsuk pkgrkFkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g yxk fd ;q¼ gksdjjgsxkA blh dks ^D;wck felkby ladV* osQ:i eas tkuk x;kA bl la?k"kZ dh vk'kadk usiwjh nqfu;k dks cspSu dj fn;kA ;g Vdjko

ge nqfu;k dh lSj dj jgs gSaA ,slh txgksa ij tkuk tgk¡ cM+h&cM+h ?kVuk,¡ gqb± gSalpeqp cgqr e”ksnkj gSA

;g uD'kk D;wck esa rSukr dh tk jgh ijek.kq felkby dh igq¡p dk nk;jkfn[kkrk gSA uD'ks osQ uhps è;ku ls nsf[k,A ;g uD'kk la;qDr jk"Vª vejhdk dh[kqfiQ;k ,tsalh lh-vkbZ-,- }kjk D;wck felkby ladV ij gqbZ xksiuh; cSBd esaç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

lzksr% tkWu ,iQ- osQusMh çsflMsafl,y ykbczsjh ,aM E;wft;e

2019-2020

'khr;q¼ dk nkSj 3

dksbZ vke ;q¼ ugha gksrkA varr% nksuksa i{kksaus ;q¼ Vkyus dk iSQlyk fd;k vkSj nqfu;kus pSu dh lk¡l yhA lksfo;r la?k osQ ”kgktksaus ;k rks viuh xfr /heh dj yh ;k okilhdk #[k dj fy;kA

^D;wck felkby ladV* 'khr;q¼ dkpje fcanq FkkA 'khr;q¼ lksfo;r la?k vkSjvejhdk rFkk buosQ lkFkh ns'kksa osQ chpçfr}af}rk] ruko vkSj la?k"kZ dh ,d Üka[kykosQ :i esa tkjh jgkA lkSHkkX; ls bu rukoksavkSj la?k"kksZa us ;q¼ dk :i ugha fy;k ;kuhbu nks ns'kksa osQ chp dksbZ iw.kZO;kih jDrjaftr;q¼ ugha fNM+kA fofHkUu bykdksa esa ;q¼ gq,_nksukas egk'kfDr;k¡ vkSj muosQ lkFkh ns'k bu;q¼ksa esa layXu jgs_ os {ks=k&fo'ks"k osQ viuslkFkh ns'k osQ ennxkj cus ysfdu nqfu;krhljs fo'o;q¼ ls cp xbZA

'khr;q¼ fliQZ tksj&vktekb'k] lSfudxBca/u vFkok 'kfDr&larqyu dk ekeykHkj ugha Fkk cfYd blosQ lkFk&lkFk fopkj/kjkosQ Lrj ij Hkh ,d okLrfod la?k"kZ tkjhFkkA fopkj/kjk dh yM+kbZ bl ckr dks ysdjFkh fd iwjs fo'o esa jktuhfrd] vkfFkZdvkSj lkekftd thou dks lw=kc¼ djus dklcls csgrj fl¼kar dkSu&lk gSA if'pehxBca/u dk vxqvk vejhdk Fkk vkSj ;gxqV mnkjoknh yksdra=k rFkk iw¡thokn dkleFkZd FkkA iwohZ xBca/u dk vxqok lksfo;rla?k Fkk vkSj bl xqV dh çfrc¼rk lektoknrFkk lkE;okn osQ fy, FkhA vki bufopkj/kjkvksa osQ ckjs esa d{kk X;kjg esa i<+pqosQ gSaA

'khr;q¼ D;k gS\

nwljs fo'o;q¼ dk var ledkyhufo'o&jktuhfr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ iM+ko gSA

lu~ 1945 esa fe=k&jk"Vªksa vkSj /qjh&jk"Vªksa osQchp nwljs fo'o ;q¼ (1939&1945) dhlekfIr gks xbZA fe=k&jk"Vªksa dh vxqvkbZvejhdk] lksfo;r la?k] fczVsu vkSj çQkal djjgs FksA /qjh&jk"Vªksa dh vxqvkbZ teZuh] bVyhvkSj tkiku osQ gkFk esa FkhA bl ;q¼ esa fo'oosQ yxHkx lHkh rkdroj ns'k 'kkfey FksA;g ;q¼ ;wjksi ls ckgj osQ bykosQ esa HkhiSQyk vkSj bldk foLrkj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k]phu] cekZ (vc E;kaekj) rFkk Hkkjr osQiwoksZÙkj osQ oqQN fgLlksa rd FkkA bl ;q¼ esacM+s iSekus ij tugkfu vkSj /ugkfu gqbZA1914 ls 1918 osQ chp gq, igys fo'o;q¼us fo'o dks ngyk fn;k Fkk] ysfdu nwljkfo'o;q¼ blls Hkh T;knk Hkkjh iM+kA

nwljs fo'o;q¼ dh lekfIr ls gh 'khr;q¼dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA vxLr 1945 esa vejhdkus tkiku osQ nks 'kgj fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdhij ijek.kq ce fxjk;s vkSj tkiku dks ?kqVusVsdus iM+sA blosQ ckn nwljs fo'o;q¼ dkvar gqvkA ijek.kq ce fxjkus osQ vejhdhiSQlys osQ vkykspdksa dk roZQ gS fd vejhdkbl ckr dks tkurk Fkk fd tkiku vkReleiZ.kdjus okyk gSA ,sls esa ce fxjkuk xSj&”k:jhFkkA bu vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd vejhdkdh bl dkjZokbZ dk y{; lksfo;r la?k dks,f'k;k rFkk vU; txgksa ij lSU; vkSjjktuhfrd ykHk mBkus ls jksduk FkkA oglksfo;r la?k osQ lkeus ;g Hkh tkfgj djukpkgrk Fkk fd vejhdk gh lcls cM+h rkdrgSA vejhdk osQ leFkZdksa dk roZQ Fkk fd;q¼ dks tYnh ls tYnh lekIr djus rFkkvejhdk vkSj lkFkh jk"Vªksa dh vkxs dhtugkfu dks jksdus osQ fy, ijek.kq cefxjkuk ”k:jh FkkA fo'o;q¼ dh lekfIr osQdkj.k oqQN Hkh gksa] ysfdu bldk ifj.kke

cgqr ikl fiQj Hkh cgqrnwjA eSaus uD'ks esa ns[kkvkSj eq>s ;OkQhu ughagqvk fd egk'kfDr osQbrus ikl gksus osQ cknHkh D;wck esa lkyksa&lkyls vejhdk fojks/hljdkj dk;e gSA

2019-2020

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr4

;gh gqvk fd oSf'od jktuhfr osQ eap ijnks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gks x;kA teZuh vkSjtkiku gkj pqosQ Fks vkSj ;wjksi rFkk 'ks"kfo'o foèoal dh ekj >sy jgs FksA vcvejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k fo'o dh lclscM+h 'kfDr FksA buosQ ikl bruh {kerk Fkhfd fo'o dh fdlh Hkh ?kVuk dks çHkkfordj losaQA vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dkegk'kfDr cuus dh gksM+ esa ,d&nwljs osQeqdkcys [kM+k gksuk 'khr;q¼ dk dkj.k cukA'khr;q¼ 'kq: gksus osQ ihNs ;g le> Hkhdke dj jgh Fkh fd ijek.kq ce ls gksusokys foèoal dh ekj >syuk fdlh Hkh jk"VªosQ cwrs dh ckr ughaA ;g ,d lh/k&lknkysfdu vljnkj roZQ FkkA tc nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksaosQ ikl bruh {kerk osQ ijek.kq gfFk;kj gksafd os ,d&nwljs dks vlguh; {kfr igq¡pklosaQ rks ,sls esa nksuksa osQ chp jDrjaftr ;q¼gksus dh laHkkouk de jg tkrh gSA mdlkososQ ckotwn dksbZ Hkh i{k ;q¼ dk tksf[ke

eksy ysuk ugha pkgsxk D;ksafd ;q¼ lsjktuhfrd iQk;nk pkgs fdlh dks Hkh gks]ysfdu blls gksus okys foèoal dks vkSfpR;iw.kZugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA

ijek.kq ;q¼ dh lwjr esa nksuksa i{kksa dksbruk uqdlku mBkuk iM+sxk fd muesa lsfotsrk dkSu gS & ;g r; djuk Hkh vlaHkogksxkA vxj dksbZ vius 'k=kq ij vkØe.kdjosQ mlosQ ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dks ukdkedjus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS rc Hkh nwljs osQikl mls cckZn djus yk;d gfFk;kj cptk,axsA bls ^vijks/* (jksd vkSj laarqyu)dk roZQ dgk x;kA nksuksa gh i{kkssa osQ ikl,d&nwljs osQ eqdkcys vkSj ijLij uqdlkuigq¡pkus dh bruh {kerk gksrh gS fd dksbZ Hkhi{k ;q¼ dk [krjk ugha mBkuk pkgrkA blrjg] egk'kfDr;ksa osQ chp xgu çfr}fU}rkgksus osQ ckotwn 'khr;q¼ jDrjaftr ;q¼ dk:i ugha ys ldkA bldh rklhj BaMh jghAikjLifjd ^vijks/* dh fLFkfr us ;q¼ rksugha gksus fn;k] ysfdu ;g fLFkfr ikjLifjdçfr}fU}rk dks u jksd ldhA

'khr;q¼ dh çeq[k lSU; fo'ks"krkvksa ijè;ku nsaA blesa nks egk'kfDr;k¡ vkSj muosQvius&vius xqV FksA bu ijLij çfr}a}h xqVksaesa 'kkfey ns'kksa ls vis{kk Fkh fd os roZQlaxrvkSj ftEesnkjh Hkjk O;ogkj djsaxsA bu ns'kksadks ,d fo'ks"k vFkZ esa roZQlaxr vkSj ftEesnkjhHkjk cjrko djuk FkkA ijLij fojks/h xqVksa esa'kkfey ns'kksa dks le>uk Fkk fd vkilh ;q¼esa tksf[ke gS D;ksafd laHko gS fd bldhotg ls nks egk'kfDr;ksa osQ chp ;q¼ Butk,A tc nks egk'kfDr;ksa vkSj mudh vxqvkbZokys xqVksa osQ chp ^ikjLifjd vijks/* dklaca/ gks rks ;q¼ yM+uk nksuksa osQ fy,foèoald lkfcr gksxkA bl lanHkZ esa ftEesnkjh

;s rLohjsa ml foèoal dks fn[kkrh gSa tksvejhdk }kjk fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ijfxjk;s x;s ijek.kq ceksa osQ dkj.k gqvkA bu ceksadks ^fyfVy CokW;* vkSj ^iSQVeSu* osQ xqIrukefn, x,A egk'kfDr;ksa osQ ikl vkt ijek.kqgfFk;kjksa dk tks ”k[khjk gS mldh rqyuk esa ;sce cgqr NksVs FksA ;s ce Øe'k% 15 vkSj 21fdyksVu {kerk osQ FksA bruh de {kerk osQijek.kq ceksa us Hkh vdYiuh; foèoal fd;kA1950 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa gh la;qDr jk"Vªvejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k ,sls ijek.kq&ceksa dkijh{k.k dj jgs Fks ftudh {kerk 10 ls 15gtkj fdyksVu FkhA nwljs 'kCnksa essa ;s cefgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij fxjk;s x;s ijek.kqceksa dh rqyuk esa gtkjksa xquk T;knk foèoaldFksA 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku nksuksa gh egk'kfDr;ksa osQikl bl rjg osQ g”kkjksa gfFk;kj FksA tjk dYiukdhft, fd ;s gfFk;kj nqfu;k Hkj esa D;k rckghepk ldrs FksA

2019-2020

'khr;q¼ dk nkSj 5

1- çR;sd çfrLi/hZ xqVls de ls de rhuns'kksa dh igpku djsaA

2- vè;k; pkj esa fn,x, ;wjksih; la?k osQekufp=k dks ns[ksa vkSjmu pkj ns'kksa dksigpkus tks igys^okjlk laf/* osQlnL; Fks vkSj vc;wjksih; la?k osQlnL; gSaA

3- bl ekufp=k dhrqyuk ;wjksih; la?k osQekufp=k vFkok fo'oosQ ekufp=k ls djsaAbl rqyuk osQ cknD;k vki rhu ,slsu;s ns'kksa dh igpkudj ldrs gSa tks'khr;q¼ osQ cknvfLrRo esa vk,\

'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku ;wjksi nks çfr}a}h xBca/uksa esa c¡V x;k FkkA ekufp=k esa bl rF; dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA

rqdhZ

vadkjk

xzhl

bVyhjkse

dkyk lkxj

;kYVk

cqYxkfj;k

lksfiQ;kvYckfu;kfrjkuk

;qxksLykfo;kcsyxzsM

cq[kkjsLV

jksekfu;kcqMkisLVfLoV~tjySaM

cuZ fo;ukvkfLVª;k

psdksLyksokfd;k

çkx

Úkal

isfjl

iqrZxky

fyLcuLisu

eSfMªM

vVykafVd

egklkxj

yanu

czqlsYlcsfYt;e

if'pehteZuh

yDlecxZZ

uhnjySaM

gsx

ckWuiwohZteZuh

cfyZu iksySaMokjlk

vk;jySaMMcfyu

fczVsu

mÙkjh

lkxj

ukVks lnL;okjlk iSDV lnL;vU; dE;qfuLV ns'kvU; ns'k

ukWosZ

vksLyks

LohMu

LVkWdgkse

MsuekoZQdkWisugsxu

gsYkfladh

fiQuySaM

ekLdks

lkssfo;rla?k

dk eryc Fkk la;e ls dke ysuk vkSj rhljsfo'o;q¼ osQ tksf[ke ls cpukA 'khr;q¼ uslewph euq"; tkfr ij eaMjkrs [krjs dkstSls&rSls laHkky fy;kA

nks&/zqoh; fo'o dk vkjaHk

nksuksa egk'kfDr;k¡ fo'o osQ fofHkUu fgLlksaij vius çHkko dk nk;jk c<+kus osQ fy,rqyh gqbZ FkhaA nqfu;k nks xqVksa osQ chp cgqrLi"V :i ls c¡V xbZ FkhA ,sls esa fdlheqYd osQ fy, ,d jkLrk ;g Fkk fd ogviuh lqj{kk osQ fy, fdlh ,d egk'kfDrosQ lkFk tqM+k jgs vkSj nwljh egk'kfDr rFkkmlosQ xqV osQ ns'kksa osQ çHkko ls cp losQA

ijLij fojks/h xqVksa osQ vis{kkÑr NksVsns'kksa us egk'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFk vius&vius

tqM+ko dk bLrseky futh fgr esa fd;kA buns'kksa dks LFkkuh; çfr}a}h ns'k osQ f[kykiQlqj{kk dk ok;nk feyk] gfFk;kj vkSj vkfFkZdenn feyhA bu ns'kksa dh vius iM+kslh ns'kksals gksM+ FkhA egk'kfDr;ksa osQ usrRo esa xBca/udh O;oLFkk ls iwjh nqfu;k osQ nks [kseksa esa caVtkus dk [krjk iSnk gks x;kA ;g foHkktulcls igys ;wjksi esa gqvkA if'peh ;wjksi osQvf/drj ns'kksa us vejhdk dk i{k fy;ktcfd iwohZ ;wjksi lksfo;r [kses esa 'kkfey gksx;k blhfy, ;s [kses if'peh vkSj iwohZxBca/u Hkh dgykrs gSaA

if'peh xBca/u us Lo;a dks ,d laxBudk :i fn;kA vçSy 1949 esa mÙkj vVykafVdlaf/ laxBu (ukVks) dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftlesa12 ns'k 'kkfey FksA bl laxBu us ?kks"k.kk dh

gaxjh

2019-2020

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr6

fuEufyf[kr rkfydkesa rhu&rhu ns'kksa osQuke muosQ xqVksa dksè;ku esa j[kdjfy[ksa µ

iwathoknh xqV

µµµµµµµµµµµµµ

µµµµµµµµµµµµµ

µµµµµµµµµµµµµ

lkE;oknh xqV

µµµµµµµµµµµµµ

µµµµµµµµµµµµµ

µµµµµµµµµµµµµ

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu

µµµµµµµµµµµµµ

µµµµµµµµµµµµµ

µµµµµµµµµµµµµ

igyh nqfu;k

nwljh nqfu;k

rhljh nqfu;k

fd mÙkjh vejhdk vFkok ;wjksi osQ bu ns'kksaesa ls fdlh ,d ij Hkh geyk gksrk gS rksmls ^laxBu* esa 'kkfey lHkh ns'k viusÅij geyk ekusaxsA ukVks* esa 'kkfey gj ns'k,d&nwljs dh enn djsxkA blh çdkj osQiwohZ xBca/u dks ^okjlk laf/* osQ uke lstkuk tkrk gSA bldh vxqvkbZ lksfo;r la?kus dhA bldh LFkkiuk lu~ 1955 esa gqbZ FkhvkSj bldk eq[; dke Fkk ukVks* esa 'kkfeyns'kksa dk ;wjksi esa eqdkcyk djukA

'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku varjkZ"Vªh; xBca/uksadk fu/kZj.k egk'kfDr;ksa dh ”k:jrksa vkSjNksVs ns'kksa osQ ykHk&gkfu osQ xf.kr ls gksrkFkkA tSlkfd Åij crk;k x;k gS] egk'kfDr;ksaosQ chp rukruh dk eq[; v[kkM+k ;wjksicukA oqQNsd ekeyksa esa ;g Hkh gqvk fdegk'kfDr;ksa us vius&vius xqV esa 'kkfeydjus osQ fy, oqQN ns'kksa ij viuh rkdr dkbLrseky fd;kA iwohZ ;wjksi esa lksfo;r la?kdh n[kyankth bldk mnkgj.k gSA lksfo;rla?k us iwohZ ;wjksi esa vius çHkko dk bLrseky

fd;kA bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa esa lksfo;r la?k dhlsuk dh O;kid mifLFkfr us ;g lqfuf'prdjus osQ fy, viuk çHkko tek;k fd ;wjksidk iwjk iwohZ fgLlk lksfo;r la?k osQ ncncsesa jgsA iwohZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k rFkkif'pe ,f'k;k esa vejhdk us xBca/u dkrjhdk viuk;kA bu xBca/uksa dks nf{k.k&iwoZ,f'k;kbZ laf/ laxBu (SEATO) vkSj osaQæh;laf/ laxBu (CENTO) dgk tkrk gSAblosQ ”kokc esa lksfo;r la?k rFkk lkE;oknhphu us bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa elyu mÙkjhfo;ruke] mÙkjh dksfj;k vkSj bjkd osQ lkFkvius lEcU/ etcwr fd,A

'khr;q¼ osQ dkj.k fo'o osQ lkeus nksxqVksa osQ chp c¡V tkus dk [krjk iSnk gks x;kFkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu]elyu fczVsu vkSj çQkal osQ paxqy ls eqDrgq, uo Lora=k ns'kksa dks fpark gqbZ fd dghaos viuh bl vk”kknh dks ikus osQ lkFk [kksu cSBsaA xBca/u esa Hksn iSnk gq, vkSj cM+htYnh muesa njkj iM+hA lkE;oknh phu dh

2019-2020

'khr;q¼ dk nkSj 7

fo'o osQ ekufp=kij 'khr;q¼ osQçeq[k ?kVukLFkyksadks fpfÉr djsaA

mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.khdksfj;k vHkh rd D;ksafoHkkftr gSa tcfd'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj osQckdh foHkktu feV x,gSa\ D;k dksfj;k osQ yksxpkgrs gSa fd foHkktucuk jgs\

1950 osQ n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa lksfo;r la?kls vucu gks xbZA lu~ 1969 esa bu nksuksa osQchp ,d Hkw&Hkkx ij vkf/iR; dks ysdjNksVk&lk ;q¼ Hkh gqvkA bl nkSj dh ,degÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk ^xqVfujis{k vkanksyu* dkfodkl gSA bl vkanksyu us uo&Lora=k jk"Vªksadks nks&/zqoh; fo'o dh xqVckth ls vyxjgus dk ekSdk fn;kA

vki ;g loky iwN ldrs gSa fdvkf[+kj egk'kfDr;ksa dks viuk xqV cukus dh”k:jr D;ksa iM+hA vkf[+kj vius ijek.kqgfFk;kjksa vkSj viuh LFkk;h lsuk osQ cwrsegk'kfDr;k¡ bruh rkdroj Fkha fd ,f'k;krFkk vçQhdk vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ;wjksi osQvf/dka'k NksVs ns'kksa dh lk>h 'kfDr dk Hkhmuls dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha FkkA ysfdu] gesa;g le>us dh ”k:jr gS fd NksVs ns'k fuEudkj.kksa ls egk'kfDr;ksa osQ cM+s dke osQ Fks µ

(d) egÙoiw.kZ lalk/uksa (tSls rsy vkSj[kfut)]

([k) Hkw&{ks=k (rkfd ;gk¡ ls egk'kfDr;k¡vius gfFk;kjksa vkSj lsuk dk lapkyudj losaQ)]

(x) lSfud fBdkus (tgk¡ ls egk'kfDr;k¡,d&nwljs dh tklwlh dj losaQ) vkSj

(?k) vkfFkZd enn (ftlesa xBca/u esa'kkfey cgqr ls NksVs&NksVs ns'klSU;&[kpZ ogu djus esa ennxkj gksldrs Fks)A;s ,sls dkj.k Fks tks NksVs ns'kksa dks

egk'kfDr;ksa osQ fy, ”k:jh cuk nsrss FksAfopkj/kjk osQ dkj.k Hkh ;s ns'k egÙoiw.kZFksA xqVksa esa 'kkfey ns'kksa dh fu"Bk ls ;glaosQr feyrk Fkk fd egk'kfDr;k¡ fopkjksa dkikjLifjd ;q¼ Hkh thr jgh gSaA xqV esa'kkfey gks jgss ns'kksa osQ vk/kj ij os lksp

ldrh Fkha fd mnkjoknh yksdra=k vkSj iwathokn]lektokn vkSj lkE;okn ls dgha csgrj gSvFkok lektokn vkSj lkE;okn] mnkjoknhyksdra=k vkSj iwathokn dh vis{kk csgrj gSA

'khr;q¼ osQ nk;js

'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku vusd ladV lkeus vk;sAD;wck osQ ftl felkby ladV ls geus blvè;k; dh 'kq#vkr dh] og buesa ls ,dFkkA 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku [kwuh yM+kb;k¡ Hkhgqb±] ysfdu ;gk¡ è;ku nsus dh ckr ;g HkhgS fd bu ladVksa vkSj yM+kb;ksa dh ifj.kfrrhljs fo'o;q¼ osQ :i esa ugha gqbZA nksuksaegk'kfDr;k¡ dksfj;k (1950&1953)] cfyZu(1958&1962)] dkaxks (1960 osQ n'kddh 'kq#vkr) vkSj dbZ vU; txgksa ijlh/s&lh/s eqBHksM+ dh fLFkfr esa vk pqdhFkhaA ladV xgjkrk x;k D;ksafd nksuksa esa lsdksbZ Hkh i{k ihNs gVus osQ fy, rS;kj ughaFkkA tc ge 'khr;q¼ osQ nk;jksa dh ckrdjrs gSa rks gekjk vk'k; ,sls {ks=kksa ls gksrk gStgk¡ fojks/h [kseksa esa c¡Vs ns'kksa osQ chp ladVosQ volj vk;s] ;q¼ gq, ;k buosQ gksus dhlaHkkouk cuh] ysfdu ckrsa ,d gn ls T;knkugha c<+haA dksfj;k] fo;ruke vkSj vI+kQxkfuLrkutSls oqQN {ks=kksa esa O;kid tugkfu gqbZ]ysfdu fo'o ijek.kq ;q¼ ls cpk jgk vkSjoSeuL; fo'oO;kih ugha gks ik;kA dbZ ckj,sls volj vk, tc nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa osQchp jktuf;d laokn tkjh ugha jg ik;kvkSj blls nksuksa osQ chp X+kyriQgfe;k¡ c<+haA

,sls dbZ ekSosQ vk, tc 'khr;q¼ osQla?k"kks± vkSj oqQN xgu ladVksa dks Vkyus esanksuksa xqVksa ls ckgj osQ ns'kksa us dkjxj HkwfedkfuHkk;hA bl lanHkZ esa xqVfujis{k ns'kksa dhHkwfedk dks ugha Hkqyk;k tk ldrkA xqVfujis{k

2019-2020

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr8

'khr;q¼ dk ?kVukØe

1947 % lkE;okn dks jksdus osQ ckjs esa vejhdh jk"VªifrVªweSu dk fl¼karA

1947&52 % ek'kZy Iyku µ if'peh ;wjksi osQ iqufuZekZ.k esavejhdk dh lgk;rkA

1948&49 % lksfo;r la?k }kjk cfyZu dh ?ksjkcanhA vejhdk vkSjmlosQ lkFkh ns'kksa us if'peh cfyZu osQ ukxfjdksa dkstks vkiwfrZ Hksth Fkh mls lksfo;r la?k us viusfoekuksa ls mBk fy;kA

1950&53 % dksfj;kbZ ;q¼

1954 % fo;rukfe;ksa osQ gkFkksa nk;u ch;u iwQ esa çQkal dhgkj_ tsusok le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj_ 17oha lekukarjjs[kk }kjk fo;ruke dk foHkktu_ fl,Vks (SEATO)dk xBuA

1954&75 % fo;ruke esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA

1955 % cxnkn le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj_ ckn esa bls lsUVks(CENTO) osQ uke ls tkuk x;kA

1956 % gaxjh esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksiA

1961 % D;wck esa vejhdk }kjk çk;ksftr ^cs vkWiQ fiXl*vkØe.k

1961 % cfyZu&nhokj [kM+h dh xbZA

1962 % D;wck dk felkby ladVA

1965 % Mksfefudu fjifCyd esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA

1968 % psdksLyksokfd;k esa lksfo;r gLr{ksiA

1972 % vejhdh jk"Vªifr fuDlu dk phu nkSjkA

1978&89 % oaQcksfM;k esa fo;ruke dk gLr{ksiA

1979&89 % vI+kQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksi

1985 % xksckZPkso lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vªifr cus_ lq/kj dhçfØ;k vkjaHk dhA

1989 % cfyZu&nhokj fxjh_ iwohZ ;wjksi dh ljdkjksa osQ fo#¼yksxksa dk çn'kZuA

1990 % teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA

1991 % lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu_ 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIrA

vkanksyu osQ çeq[k usrkvksa esa ,d tokgjykyusg: FksA usg: us mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh dksfj;kosQ chp eè;LFkrk esa egÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkbZA dkaxks ladV esaa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQegklfpo us çeq[k eè;LFk dh HkwfedkfuHkkbZA varr% ;g ckr mHkjdj lkeus vkrhgS fd egk'kfDr;ksa us le> fy;k Fkk fd;q¼ dks gj gkyr esa Vkyuk ”k:jh gSA blhle> osQ dkj.k nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us la;ecjrk vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa ftEesokjhHkjk cjrko fd;kA 'khr;q¼ ,d {ks=k ls nwljs{ks=k dh rjiQ ljdrk x;k vkSj blesa la;edk roZQ gh dke dj jgk FkkA

gkyk¡fd 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku nksuksa ghxBca/uksa osQ chp çfr}afnrk lekIr ugha gqbZFkhA blh dkj.k ,d&nwljs osQ çfr 'kadk dhgkyr esa nksuksa xqVksa us Hkjiwj gfFk;kj tekfd, vkSj yxkrkj ;q¼ osQ fy, rS;kjh djrsjgsA gfFk;kjksa osQ cM+s ”k[khjs dks ;q¼ ls cpsjgus osQ fy, ”k:jh ekuk x;kA

nksuksa ns'k yxkrkj bl ckr dks le> jgsFks fd la;e osQ ckotwn ;q¼ gks ldrk gSAnksuksa i{kksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh nwljs osQ gfFk;kjksa dhla[;k dks ysdj X+kyr vuqeku yxk ldrkFkkA nksuksa xqV ,d&nwljs dh ea'kk dks le>usesa Hkwy dj ldrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr loky;g Hkh Fkk fd dksbZ ijek.kq nq?kZVuk gks xbZ rksD;k gksxk\ vxj X+kyrh ls dksbZ ijek.kqgfFk;kj py tk, ;k dksbZ lSfud 'kjkjru;q¼ 'kq: djus osQ bjkns ls dksbZ gfFk;kjpyk ns rks D;k gksxk\ vxj ijek.kq gfFk;kjosQ dkj.k dksbZ nq?kZVuk gks tk, rks D;kgksxk\ ,slh nq?kZVuk dk f'kdkj gq, ns'k osQusrkvksa dks oSQls irk pysxk fd ;g 'k=kqdk "kM+;a=k ugha vFkok nwljh rjiQ ls dksbZfelkby ugha nkxh xbZ gS] cfYd ;g egt,d nq?kZVuk gS\

2019-2020

'khr;q¼ dk nkSj 9

;s nksuksa dkVZwu e'kgwjHkkjrh; dkVZwfuLV oqQ^hus cuk, gSaA buesa'khr;q¼ dks ysdj HkkjrosQ u”kfj, dks fpf=krfd;k x;k gSA igykdkVZwu ml le; dk gStc lektoknh lksfo;rx.kjkT; dks va/sjs esaj[kdj vejhdk us phuosQ lkFk xqipqi nksLrhxkaBhA bl dkVwZu esafn[kk, x, fdjnkjksa osQckjs esa vkSj tkudkjhtqVkb,A nwljs dkVwZu esafo;ruke esa vejhdhnqLlkgl dks fpf=krfd;k x;k gSAfo;ruke&;q¼ osQ ckjsesa vkSj tkudkjh tqVk,¡A

,d u”kj b/j Hkh µ vejhdh jk"Vªifr tkWulu fo;ruke osQ elys ij cM+s d"V esa tku iM+rs gSaA

jktuhfrd clar µ phu osQ gkFkksa esa vejhdk dk gkFk

oqQ^h]

ykWfi

Qax fon

oqQ^h

oqQ^h]

ykWfi

Qax fon

oqQ^h

2019-2020

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr10

tkslsiQ czkW”k VhVks

(1892&1980);qxksLykfo;k osQ'kkld (1940&80)_nwljs fo'o ;q¼ esateZuh osQ f[kykiQyM+s_ lkE;oknh_lksfo;r la?k ls nwjhcuk, j[khA;qxksLykfo;k esa ,drkdk;e dhA

tokgjyky usg:(1889&1964)Hkkjr osQ igysç/kuea=kh (1947&64)_,f'k;kbZ ,drk]vukSifuos'khdj.k vkSjfujL=khdj.k osQ ç;klfd, vkSj fo'o&'kkafrosQ fy, 'kkafriw.kZlgvfLrRo dhodkyr dhA

bl dkj.k] le; jgrs vejhdk vkSjlksfo;r la?k us oqQNsd ijekf.od vkSj vU;gfFk;kjksa dks lhfer ;k lekIr djus osQ fy,vkil esa lg;ksx djus dk iSQlyk fd;kAnksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us iSQlyk fd;k fd^vL=k&fu;a=k.k* }kjk gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ijyxke dlh tk ldrh gS vkSj mlesa LFkk;hlarqyu yk;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls ç;kl dh'kq#vkr lu~ 1960 osQ n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z esagqbZ vkSj ,d n'kd osQ Hkhrj nksuksa i{kksa usrhu vge le>kSrksa ij nLr[+kr fd,A;s laf/;k¡ Fkha ijek.kq ijh{k.k çfrca/laf/] ijek.kq vçlkj laf/ vkSj ijek.kqç{ksikL=k ifjlheu laf/ (,aVh cSysfLVdfelkby VªhVh)A blosQ ckn egk'kfDr;ksa us^vL=k&ifjlheu* osQ fy, okrkZvksa osQ dbZnkSj fd, vkSj gfFk;kjksa ij vaoqQ'k j[kus osQfy, vussd laf/;k¡ dhaA

nks&/zqoh;rk dks pqukSrh µxqVfujis{krk

ge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd fdl rjg 'khr;q¼ dho”kg ls fo'o nks çfr}a}h xqVksa esa c¡V jgkFkkA blh lanHkZ esa xqVfujis{krk us ,f'k;k]vçQhdk vkSj ykfruh vejhdk osQ uo&Lora=kns'kksa dks ,d rhljk fodYi fn;kA ;gfodYi Fkk nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ xqVksa lsvyx jgus dkA

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dh tM+ esa ;qxksLykfo;kosQ tkslsiQ czkW”k VhVks] Hkkjr osQ tokgjykyusg: vkSj felz osQ xeky vCnqy ukflj dhnksLrh FkhA bu rhuksa us lu~ 1956 esa ,dliQy cSBd dhA baMksusf'k;k osQ lqd.kks± vkSj?kkuk osQ okes ,uØwek us budk tksjnkj leFkZufd;kA ;s ik¡p usrk xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ

laLFkkid dgyk,A igyk xqVfujis{k lEesyulu~ 1961 esa csyxzsM esa gqvkA ;g lEesyude ls de rhu ckrksa dh ifj.kfr Fkk µ

(d) bu ik¡p ns'kksa osQ chp lg;ksx]

([k) 'khr;q¼ dk çlkj vkSj blosQ c<+rsgq, nk;js] vkSj

(x) varjkZ"Vªh; iQyd ij cgqr lsuo&Lora=k vçQhdh ns'kksa dk ukVdh;mn;A 1960 rd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa16 u;s vçQhdh ns'k crkSj lnL;'kkfey gks pqosQ FksA

igys xqVufujis{k&lEesyu esa 25 lnL;&ns'k 'kkfey gq,A le; xqtjus osQ lkFkxqVfujis{k vkanksyu dh lnL; la[;k c<+rhxbZA 2016 esa osustq,yk esa gq, 17osa lEesyuesa 120 lnL;&ns'k vkSj 17 i;Zos{kd ns'k'kkfey gq,A

tSls&tSls xqVfujis{k vkanksyu ,dyksdfç; varjkZ"Vªh; vkanksyu osQ :i esac<+rk x;k oSls&oSls blesa fofHkUu jktuhfrdç.kkyh vkSj vyx&vyx fgrksa osQ ns'k'kkfey gksrs x,A blls xqVfujis{k vkanksyuosQ ewy Lo:i esa cnyko vk;kA blh dkj.kxqVfujis{k vkanksyu dh lVhd ifjHkk"kk djikuk oqQN eqf'dy gSA okLro esa ;g vkanksyugS D;k\ njvly ;g vkanksyu D;k ughagS& ;g crkdj bldh ifjHkk"kk djuk T;knkljy gSA ;g egk'kfDr;ksa osQ xqVksa essa 'kkfeyu gksus dk vkanksyu gSA

egk'kfDr;ksa osQ xqVksa ls vyx jgus dhbl uhfr dk eryc ;g ugha gS fd blvkanksyu ls tqM+s ns'k vius dks varjkZ"Vªh;ekeyksa ls vyx&Fkyx j[krs gSa ;k rVLFkrkdk ikyu djrs gSaA xqVfujis{krk dk eryc

xqVfujis{k vkanksyuosQ laLFkkid

2019-2020

'khr;q¼ dk nkSj 11

xqVfujis{k vkanksyuosQ laLFkkid

lqd.kksZ

(1901&1970)baMksusf'k;k osQ igysjk"Vªifr (1945&65)_Lora=krk laxzke dkusr`Ro_ lektokn vkSjlkezkT;okn&fojks/ osQfy, çfrc¼_ ckaMqa x &lEesyu osQ vk;kstdAlSfud foæksg esar[+rkiyV gqvkA

i`Fkdrkokn ughaA i`Fkdrkokn dk vFkZ gksrkgS vius dks varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa ls dkVdjj[kukA 1787 esa vejhdk esa Lora=krk dhyM+kbZ gqbZ FkhA blosQ ckn ls igys fo'o;q¼dh 'kq#vkr rd vejhdk us vius dksvarjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa ls vyx j[kkA mlusi`Fkdrkokn dh fons'k&uhfr viukbZ FkhAblosQ foijhr xqVfujis{k ns'kksa us] ftlesaHkkjr Hkh 'kkfey gS] 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrk cuk,j[kus osQ fy, çfr}a}h xqVksa osQ chp eè;LFkrkesa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA xqVfujis{k ns'kksa dhrkdr dh tM+ mudh vkilh ,drk vkSjegk'kfDr;ksa }kjk vius&vius [kses esa 'kkfeydjus dh iqjtksj dksf'k'kksa osQ ckotwn ,slsfdlh [kses esa 'kkfey u gksus osQ muosQladYi esa gSA

xqVfujis{krk dk vFkZ rVLFkrk dk /eZfuHkkuk Hkh ugha gSA rVLFkrk dk vFkZ gksrk gSeq[;r% ;q¼ esa 'kkfey u gksus dh uhfr dkikyu djukA rVLFkrk dh uhfr dk ikyudjus okys ns'k osQ fy, ;g ”k:jh ugha fdog ;q¼ dks lekIr djus esa enn djsA ,slsns'k ;q¼ esa layXu ugha gksrs vkSj u gh ;q¼osQ lgh&X+kyr gksus osQ ckjs esa mudk dksbZi{k gksrk gSA njvly dbZ dkj.kksa ls xqVfujis{kns'k] ftlesa Hkkjr Hkh 'kkfey gS] ;q¼ esa'kkfey gq, gSaA bu ns'kksa us nwljs ns'kksa osQchp ;q¼ dks gksus ls Vkyus osQ fy, dkefd;k gS vkSj gks jgs ;q¼ osQ var osQ fy,ç;kl fd, gSaA

uo varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkkxqVfujis{k ns'k 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku egteè;LFkrk djus okys ns'k Hkj ugha FksAxqVfujis{k vkanksyu esa 'kkfey vf/dka'k

ns'kksa dks ^vYi fodflr ns'k* dk ntkZfeyk FkkA bu ns'kksa osQ lkeus eq[; pqukSrhvkfFkZd :i ls vkSj T;knk fodkl djusrFkk viuh turk dks X+kjhch ls mckjus dhFkhA uo&Lora=k ns'kksa dh vk”kknh osQ fygk”kls Hkh vkfFkZd fodkl egÙoiw.kZ FkkA cX+kSjfVdkÅ fodkl osQ dksbZ ns'k lgh ek;uksa esavk”kkn ugha jg ldrkA mls /uh ns'kksa ijfuHkZj jguk iM+rkA blesa og mifuos'kdns'k Hkh gks ldrk Fkk ftlls jktuhfrdvk”kknh gkfly dh xbZA

blh le> ls uo varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZdO;oLFkk dh /kj.kk dk tUe gqvkA 1972 esala;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ O;kikj vkSj fodkl lslaacaf/r lEesyu (;wukbVsM us'kal dkWuçsaQlvkWu VªsM ,aM MsoyiesaV& vadVkM) esa^VqokMZ~l v U;w VªsM ikWfylh iQkWj MsoyiesaV*'kh"kZd ls ,d fjiksVZ çLrqr dh xbZA blfjiksVZ esa oSf'od O;kikj&ç.kkyh esa lq/kjdk çLrko fd;k x;k FkkA bl fjiksVZ esa dgkx;k Fkk fd lq/kjksa ls µ

(d) vYi fodflr ns'kksa dks vius muçkÑfrd lalk/uksa ij fu;a=k.k çkIrgksxk ftudk nksgu if'pe osQfodflr ns'k djrs gSa_

([k) vYi fodflr ns'kks a dh igq¡pif'peh ns'kksa osQ ck”kkj rd gksxh_os viuk lkeku csp losaQxs vkSj blrjg X+kjhc ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g O;kikjiQk;nsean gksxk_

(x) if'peh ns'kksa ls eaxk;h tk jghçkS|ksfxdh dh ykxr de gksxh vkSj

(?k) vYi fodflr ns'kksa dh varjkZ"Vªh;vkfFkZd laLFkkuksa esa Hkwfedk c<+sxhA

xeky vCnqy ukflj(1918&70)lu~ 1970 rd felzosQ 'kkldA vjcjk"Vªokn] lektoknvkSj lkezkT;okn&fojks/osQ fy, çfrc¼A Lostugj dk jk"Vªh;dj.kfd;kA bldh otg lslu~ 1956 esavarjkZ"Vªh; la?k"kZ gqvkA

2019-2020

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr12

xqVfujis{k vkanksyuosQ laLFkkid

ik¡p ,sls ns'kksa osQuke crk,¡ tks nwljsfo'o;q¼ dhlekfIr osQ cknmifuos'kokn osQpaxqy ls eqDr gq,A

rks bldk eryc ;gfd uo varjkZ"Vªh;vkfFkZd O;oLFkk clfopkj gh jgk& dHkhlkdkj ugha gqvk!

okes ,uØwek

(1909&1972)?kkuk osQ igys ç/kuea=kh(1952&66)_ vktknhdh yM+kbZ osQ vxqvk_vçQhdh ,drk vkSjlektokn osQ i{k/jAuo&mifuos'kokn dkfojks/ fd;kA lSfud"kM~;a=k esa budkr[+rkiyV gqvkA

xqVfujis{krk dh çÑfr /hjs&/hjs cnyhvkSj blesa vkfFkZd eqíkas dks vf/d egÙofn;k tkus yxkA csyxzsM esa gq, igyslEesyu (1961) esa vkfFkZd eqís T;knkegÙoiw.kZ ugha FksA lu~ 1970 osQ n'kd osQeè; rd vkfFkZd eqís çeq[k gks mBsA blosQifj.kkeLo:i xqVfujis{k vkanksyu vkfFkZdncko&lewg cu x;kA lu~ 1980 osQ n'kdosQ mÙkjk¼Z rd uo varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZdO;oLFkk dks cuk;s&pyk;s j[kus osQ ç;klean iM+ x,A bldk eq[; dkj.k Fkk fodflrns'kksa }kjk fd;k tk jgk rst fojks/A fodflrns'k ,d lqj esa fojks/ dj jgs Fks tcfdxqVfujis{k ns'kksa dks bl fojks/ osQ chpviuh ,drk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, th&rksM+esgur djuh iM+ jgh FkhA

Hkkjr vkSj 'khr;q¼

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ usrk osQ :i esa 'khr;q¼osQ nkSj esa Hkkjr us nks Lrjksa ij viuh HkwfedkfuHkkbZA ,d Lrj ij Hkkjr us ltx vkSjlpsr :i ls vius dks nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa dh[ksescanh ls vyx j[kkA nwljs] Hkkjr us mifuos'kksaosQ pqaxy ls eqDr gq, uo&Lora=k ns'kksa osQegk'kfDr;ksa osQ [kses esa tkus dk iqjtksjfojks/ fd;kA

Hkkjr dh uhfr u rks udkjkRed Fkh vkSju gh fuf"Ø;rk dhA usg: us fo'o dks ;knfnyk;k fd xqVfujis{krk dksbZ ^iyk;u*dh uhfr ugha gSA blosQ foijhr] Hkkjr'khr;q¼dkyhu çfr}afnrk dh tdM+ <hyhdjus osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa lfØ;:i ls gLr{ksi djus osQ i{k esa FkkA Hkkjr usnksuksa xqVksa osQ chp ekStwn erHksnksa dks dedjus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj bl rjg mlus buerHksnksa dks iw.kZO;kih ;q¼ dk :i ysus ls

jksdkA Hkkjr osQ jktuf;dksa vkSj usrkvksa dkmi;ksx vDlj 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj osQ çfr}af};ksaosQ chp laokn dk;e djus rFkk eè;LFkrkdjus osQ fy, gqvk_ felky osQ rkSj ij1950 osQ n'kd osQ 'kq#vkrh lkyksa essa dksfj;kbZ;q¼ osQ nkSjkuA

;gk¡ ;g ;kn j[kuk Hkh ”k:jh gS fdHkkjr us xqVfujis{k vkanksyu esa 'kkfey vU;lnL;ksa dks Hkh ,sls dkeksa esa layXu j[kkA'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku Hkkjr us yxkrkj mu {ks=kh;vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dks lfØ; cuk;sj[kus dh dksf'k'k dh tks vejhdk vFkoklksfo;r la?k osQ [kses ls ugha tqM+s FksA usg:us Lora=k vkSj ijLij lg;ksxh jk"Vªksa osQ ,dlPps jk"VªoqQy* osQ Åij xgjk fo'okltrk;k tks 'khr;q¼ dks [kRe djus esa ulgh] ij mldh tdM+ <hyh djus esas ghldkjkRed Hkwfedk fuHkk;sA

oqQN yksxksa us ekuk fd xqVfujis{krkvarjkZ"Vªh;rk dk ,d mnkj vkn'kZ gS ysfdu;g vkn'kZ Hkkjr osQ okLrfod fgrksa ls esyugha [kkrkA ;g ckr Bhd ugha gSA xqVfujis{krkdh uhfr us de ls de nks rjg ls Hkkjr dkçR;{k :i ls fgrlk/u fd;k µ

igyh ckr rks ;g fd xqVfujis{krk osQdkj.k Hkkjr ,sls varjkZ"Vªh; I+kSQlys vkSji{k ys ldk ftlls mldk fgr l/rkgksrk gks u fd egk'kfDr;ksa vkSj muosQ[kses osQ ns'kksa dkAnwljs] Hkkjr ges'kk bl fLFkfr esa jgk fd,d egk'kfDr mlosQ f[kykiQ tk, rksog nwljh egk'kfDr osQ djhc vkus dhdksf'k'k djsA vxj Hkkjr dks eglwl gksfd egk'kfDr;ksa esa ls dksbZ mldh vuns[khdj jgk gS ;k vuqfpr ncko Mky jgkgS rks og nwljh egk'kfDr dh rjiQ

2019-2020

'khr;q¼ dk nkSj 13

pj.k© d{kk dks cjkcj la[;k okys rhu lewgksa esa ck¡VsA çR;sd lewg

nqfu;k osQ bu rhu [kseksa esa ls fdlh ,d dh uqekbanxhdjsxk& iw¡thoknh nqfu;k] lkE;oknh nqfu;k ;k rhljh nqfu;kA

© vè;kid ,sls nks laosnu'khy eqíksa dks pqusaxs tks 'khr;q¼ osQnkSjku fo'o 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks [+krjk mRiUu dj pqosQ gksa(dksfj;k vkSj fo;ruke ladV vPNs mnkgj.k gks ldrs gSa)A

© çR;sd lewg dks lacaf/r eqís ij ^?kVuk&pØ* cukus dksdgsaA mudks vius lewg osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ,d çLrqfr djuhgksxhA bl çLrqfr esa ?kVuk dk dkyØe] mlosQ dkj.k vkSjleL;k osQ lek/ku osQ fy, mudk dk;ZØe 'kkfey gksxkA

© çR;sd lewg dks d{kk osQ lkeus ^?kVuk&pØ* çLrqr djusdks dgsaA

vè;kidksa osQ fy,

* Nk=kks a dks è;ku fnyk,¡ fd fdl çdkj bu ladVksa us lacaf/r ns'kks a

vkSj 'ks"k fo'o dks çHkkfor fd;kA bu ns'kks a dh orZeku fLFkfr lsHkh tksM+dj ppkZ djsaA

* bu {ks=kksa esa 'kkafr LFkkfir djus esa la;qDr jk"Vª vkSj rhljh nqfu;k osQ

usrkvksa dh Hkwfedk dks js[kkafdr djsa (dksfj;k vkSj fo;ruke ladV esaHkkjr dh Hkwfedk dks lanHkZ osQ fy, fy;k tk ldrk gS)A

* ^'khr;q¼ osQ ckn okys nkSj esa ge bl çdkj osQ ladVksa dks oSQls Vkyldrs gSa* bl fo"k; ij okn&fookn 'kq: djsaA

viuk #[k dj ldrk FkkA nksuksa xqVksa esals dksbZ Hkh Hkkjr dks ysdj u rks csfI+kQØgks ldrk Fkk vkSj u gh /kSal tekldrk FkkA

Hkkjr dh xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dh dbZdkj.kksa ls vkykspuk dh xbZA ge ;gk¡ ,slhnks vkykspukvksa dh ppkZ djsaxs µ

vkykspdksa dk ,d roZQ ;g gS fdHkkjr dh xqVfujis{krk ^fl¼karfoghu*gSA dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr vius jk"Vªh;fgrksa dks lk/us osQ uke ij vDljegÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa ij dksbZlqfuf'pr i{k ysus ls cprk jgkAvkykspdksas dk nwljk roZQ gS fd HkkjrosQ O;ogkj esa fLFkjrk ugha jgh vkSj dbZckj Hkkjr dh fLFkfr fojks/kHkklh jghAegk'kfDr;ksa osQ [kseksa esa 'kkfey gksus ijnwljs ns'kksa dh vkykspuk djus okysHkkjr us Lo;a lu~ 1971 osQ vxLr esalksfo;r la?k osQ lkFk vkilh fe=krk dhlaf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A fons'kh i;Zos{kdksaus bls Hkkjr dk lksfo;r [kses esa 'kkfeygksuk ekukA Hkkjr dh ljdkj dk nf"Vdks.k;g Fkk fd ckaXykns'k&ladV osQ le;mls jktuf;d vkSj lSfud lgk;rk dh”k:jr Fkh vkSj ;g laf/ mls la;qDrjkT; vejhdk lfgr vU; ns'kksa ls vPNslaca/ cukus ls ugha jksdrhA

xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr 'khr;q¼ osQ lanHkZesa iuih FkhA nwljs vè;k; esa ge i<+saxs fdlu~ 1990 osQ n'kd osQ 'kq#vkrh o"kks± essa'khr;q¼ dk var vkSj lksfo;r la?k dkfo?kVu gqvkA blosQ lkFk gh ,d varjkZ"Vªh;vkanksyu vkSj Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dhewy Hkkouk osQ :i esa xqVfujis{krk dhçklafxdrk rFkk çHkkodkfjrk esa FkksM+h deh

vk;hA cgjgky] xqVfujis{krk esa oqQNvk/kjHkwr ewY; vkSj fopkj 'kkfey gSaAxqVfujis{krk bl ckr dh igpku ij fVdhgS fd mifuos'k dh fLFkfr ls vk”kkn gq,ns'kksa osQ chp ,sfrgkfld tqM+ko gSa vkSj;fn ;s ns'k lkFk vk tk;sa rks ,d l'kDr

2019-2020

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr14

lhfer ijek.kq ijh{k.k

lhfer ijek.kq ijh{k.k laf/ (,yVhchVh)ok;qeaMy] ckgjh varfj{k rFkk ikuh osQ vanj ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ ijh{k.k ij çfrca/ yxkus okyh bl laf/ ij vejhdk]fczVsu rFkk lksfo;r la?k us ekLdks esa 5 vxLr 1963 dks gLrk{kj fd,A ;g laf/ 10 vDrwcj 1963 ls çHkkoh gks xbZA

ijek.kq vçlkj laf/ (,uihVh);g laf/ osQoy ijek.kq 'kfDr&laiUu ns'kksa dks ,Veh gfFk;kj j[kus dh vuqefr nsrh gS vkSj ckdh ns'kksa dks ,sls gfFk;kj gkflydjus ls jksdrh gSA ijek.kq vçlkj laf/ osQ mís';ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, mu ns'kksa dks ijek.kq&'kfDr ls laiUu ns'k ekukx;k ftUgksaus 1 tuojh 1967 ls igys fdlh ijek.kq gfFk;kj vFkok vU; foLiQksVd ijek.kq lkefxz;ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj foLiQksVfd;k gksA bl ifjHkk"kk osQ varxZr ik¡p ns'kksa & vejhdk] lksfo;r la?k (ckn esa :l)] fczVsu] çQkal vkSj phu dks ijek.kq&'kfDrls laiUu ekuk x;kA bl laf/ ij ,d tqykbZ 1968 dks okWf'kaXVu] yanu vkSj ekLdks esa gLrk{kj gq, vkSj ;g laf/ 5 ekpZ1970 ls çHkkoh gqbZA bl laf/ dks 1995 esa vfu;rdky osQ fy, c<+k fn;k x;kA

lkefjd vL=k ifjlheu okrkZ&I (LVªsVftd vkElZ fyfeVs'ku VkWDl & lkYV&I)lkefjd vL=k ifjlheu okrkZ dk igyk pj.k lu~ 1969 osQ uoEcj esa vkjaHk gqvkA lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk fy;ksusM czs>usovkSj vejhdk osQ jk"Vªifr fjpMZ fuDlu us ekLdks esa 26 ebZ 1972 dks fuEufyf[kr le>kSrs ij nLr[+kr fd, µ

(d) ijek.kq felkby ifjlheu laf/ (,ch,e VªhVh)A

([k) lkefjd :i ls ?kkrd gfFk;kjksa osQ ifjlheu osQ ckjs esa varfje le>kSrkA

;s 3 vDrwcj 1972 ls çHkkoh gq,A

Lkkefjd vL=k ifjlheu okrkZ&II (LVªsVftd vkElZ fyfeVs'ku VkWDl&lkYV&II)

okrkZ dk nwljk pj.k lu~ 1972 osQ uoEcj eghus esa 'kq: gqvkA vejhdh jk"Vªifr fteh dkVZj vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk fy;ksusMcsz>uso us fo;uk esa 18 twu 1979 dks lkefjd :i ls ?kkrd gfFk;kjksa osQ ifjlheu ls lacaf/r laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A

Lkkefjd vL=k U;wuhdj.k laf/&I (LVªsVftd vkElZ fjMD'ku laf/&LVkVZ&I)

vejhdh jk"Vªifr tkWtZ cq'k (lhfu;j) vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vªifr xksckZpso us 31 tqykbZ 1991 dks lkefjd :i ls ?kkrdgfFk;kjksa osQ ifjlheu vkSj mudh la[;k esa deh ykus ls lacaf/r laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A

Lkkefjd vL=k U;wuhdj.k laf/&II (LVªsVftd vkElZ fjMD'ku laf/&LVkVZ&II)

lkefjd :i ls ?kkrd gfFk;kjksa oQks lhfer djus vkSj mudh la[;k esa deh djus ls lacaf/r bl laf/ ij :lh jk"Vªifrcksfjl ;sYrflu vkSj vejhdh jk"Vªifr tktZ cq'k (lhfu;j) us ekLdks esa 3 tuojh 1993 dks gLrk{kj fd,A

2019-2020

'khr;q¼ dk nkSj 15

ç'ukoyh

1- 'khr;q¼ osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku X+kyr gS\(d) ;g la;qDr jkT; vejhdk] lksfo;r la?k vkSj muosQ lkFkh ns'kksa osQ chp dh ,d

çfrLi/kZ Fkh\([k) ;g egk'kfDr;ksa osQ chp fopkj/kjkvksa dks ysdj ,d ;q¼ FkkA(x) 'khr;q¼ us gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ 'kq: dhA(?k) vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k lh/s ;q¼ esa 'kkfey FksA

2- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk dFku xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu osQ mís';ksa ij çdk'k ugha Mkyrk\(d) mifuos'kokn ls eqDr gq, ns'kksa dks Lora=k uhfr viukus esa leFkZ cukukA([k) fdlh Hkh lSU; laxBu esa 'kkfey gksus ls badkj djukA(x) oSf'od ekeyksa esa rVLFkrk dh uhfr viukukA(?k) oSf'od vkfFkZd vlekurk dh lekfIr ij è;ku osaQfær djukA

3- uhps egk'kfDr;ksa }kjk cuk, lSU; laxBuksa dh fo'ks"krk crkus okys oqQN dFku fn, x, gSaA çR;sddFku osQ lkeus lgh ;k X+kyr dk fpÉ yxk,¡A(d) xBca/u osQ lnL; ns'kksa dks vius Hkw&{ks=k esa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ lSU; vM~Ms osQ fy, LFkku nsuk

”k:jh FkkA([k) lnL; ns'kksa dks fopkj/kjk vkSj j.kuhfr nksuks Lrjksa ij egk'kfDr dk leFkZu djuk FkkA(x) tc dksbZ jk"Vª fdlh ,d lnL;&ns'k ij vkØe.k djrk Fkk rks bls lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ij

vkØe.k le>k tkrk FkkA(?k) egk'kfDr;k¡ lHkh lnL; ns'kksa dks vius ijek.kq gfFk;kj fodflr djus esa enn

djrh FkhaA

4- uhps oqQN ns'kksa dh ,d lwph nh xbZ gSA çR;sd osQ lkeus fy[kas fd og 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku fdl xqVls tqM+k Fkk\(d) iksySaM([k) çQkal(x) tkiku(?k) ukbthfj;k(M) mÙkjh dksfj;k(p) Jhyadk

rkdr cu ldrs gSaA xqVfujis{krk dk vk'k;gS fd xjhc vkSj fo'o osQ cgqr NksVsns'kksa dks Hkh fdlh egk'kfDr dk fiNyXxwcuus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA ;s ns'k viuhLora=k fons'k uhfr viuk ldrs gSaA ;gvkanksyu ekStwnk vlekurkvksa ls fuiVus

osQ fy, ,d oSdfYid fo'o&O;oLFkkcukus vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk dks yksdra=k/ehZcukus osQ ladYi ij Hkh fVdk gSA viusvki esa ;s fopkj cqfu;knh egÙo osQ gSavkSj 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ ckn Hkhçklafxd gSaA

2019-2020

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr16

ç'ukoyh

5- 'khr;q¼ ls gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ vkSj gfFk;kjksa ij fu;a=k.k µ ;s nksuksa gh çfØ;k,¡ iSnk gqb±A bu nksuksaçfØ;kvksa osQ D;k dkj.k Fks\

6- egk'kfDr;k¡ NksVs ns'kksa osQ lkFk lSU; xBca/u D;ksa j[krh Fkha\ rhu dkj.k crkb,\

7- dHkh&dHkh dgk tkrk gS fd 'khr;q¼ lh/s rkSj ij 'kfDr osQ fy, la?k"kZ Fkk vkSj bldk fopkj/kjkls dksbZ laca/ ugha FkkA D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\ vius mÙkj osQ leFkZu esa ,dmnkgj.k nsaA

8- 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku Hkkjr dh vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ çfr fons'k uhfr D;k Fkh\ D;k vki ekursgSa fd bl uhfr us Hkkjr osQ fgrksa dks vkxs c<+k;k\

9- xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu dks rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa us rhljs fodYi osQ :i esa le>kA tc 'khr;q¼ viusf'k[kj ij Fkk rc bl fodYi us rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa osQ fodkl esa oSQls enn igq¡pkbZ\

10- ^xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu vc vçklafxd gks x;k gS*A vki bl dFku osQ ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSaA viusmÙkj osQ leFkZu esa roZQ çLrqr djsaA

2019-2020