khung canh lich su quanh bo kinh milinda van dao - tran truc lam

8/3/2019 Khung Canh Lich Su Quanh Bo Kinh Milinda Van Dao - Tran Truc Lam

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KHUNG CNH LCH SQUANH B KINH MILINDA VN O

(MILINDA-PANH) CA PHT GIOTrn Trc-Lm

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http://thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 6-8-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc Lc

Vng quc Bactria v x Gandhara u?Ni Tu-di: (Cn gi l Meru hay Meros)S Hng Thnh ca triu i Maurya nS hng thnh ca Vng quc Bactria (hay Bactriana) v cuc chinh phc t nNhng v vua ca vng quc Bactria vi cc nm tr vVua Menander hay MenandrosT Kheo Na-Tin (Nagasena)Cuc xm ln ca dn Scythian V KushanHang Kanishka IPG Hy-lp (Graeco-Buddhism) hay s giao ha gia PG v vn ha Hy-lpTng c Pht Thch Ca lc kh hnh; tm thy Taxila v hin lu Bo tng vin

Lahore.nh hng n cc tn gio khc phng tyB kinh Milinda Vn oc im ca B KinhVi im khc bit gia hai bn dch Pali v Hn vn

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Thng thng ai cng ngh rng o Pht ch mi c truyn sang ty

phng trong cc th k gn y m thi, m qun rng trong nhiu th ktrc ty lch PG thm nhun vng Tiu v ty bc n, ri nh hngtrn c nn trit hc Hy-lp v gio l ca vi tn gio ln c ngun gc ty

phng. Pht t Vit nam vn chu nh hng su m gio php truyn tTrung quc nn t bit n s giao ha ca hai nn vn ha Hy-lp v PGkhi u rt sm vng t ny.
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/


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Ngay c khi c Pht Thch Ca cn ti th, vng t xa xi ny tip xcvi PG ri. Trong mt b kinh ca Thng ta b (Theravada) c ghi cuchuyn hai thng nhn, tn Tapassu v Bhallika t x Bactria tm nving c Pht v tr thnh t. Lc v x h xy dng nhiu ni th Pht.

Khi Alexander xm chim Bactria vo 329-327 TTL (cng khang vi thiChin quc bn Tu: 403-221 TTL), th vng ny thun PG. n thi cahang Asoka Maurya (t 269 n 232 TTL), th bin cng ca n c m rng bao gm lun vng Gandhara nh ui c qun Hy lui v

bn kia dy ni Hindu-Kush. ng cng gi nhiu an truyn gio cra hi ngai truyn b Pht php, do PG c lan trn mnh mhn.

Chnh t nhng ht ging PG do hang Asoka gieo vng ny dn lnmnh v li nh hng kh su m trong vng ty bc n, v cn lumi n nay nh nh tng c Pht theo m thut Hy-lp, nhng nimmanh nha ca PG i tha pht sinh t nhng trung tm vn ha PG c mtthi rt rc r, v mt b kinh khng km phn quan trng, l bMilinda-Panh, c Vit dch l "Di Lan vn kinh" hay di nhiutn tng t.

Bi kho lun ny khng bn su vo gio ngha ca b kinh, vn cnhiu tc gi lun gii, m ch ch trng vo lc s thi i ca hai nhn

vt chnh ca b kinh sng, l vua Mi-Lan- v t kheo Na-Tin.

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Vng quc Bactria v x Gandhara u?

i vi dn Aryans trn vo t n (Arya-Varta) hn 15 th k TTL, thvng ty bc n l t ca Gandharvas hay ch thin vi ngai hnh tuytho, rnh v m nhc, gii v thn thng, vn thng c ni n trongKinh Rig-Vedas (V ), mt b lch s c nht ca nhn lai, cho nn dn

n gi vng ny l x Gandhara vi kinh Taxila, nay thuc Afghanistanv Pakistan, ni ph nhiu vi 5 con sng chy qua nn Hn vn cn gi lvng Ng H, chnh l ph lu ca con sng Indus bt ngun t Hy-m-lp-sn. Sau khi nn vn minh ca thung lng sng Indus b tn li th vuaDarius (522 to 486 TTL) dn qun Persia chim vng ny.


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Vo thi by gi li giao thng ch yu da vo ng b, v vng y linm trn tuyn chin lc t chu u pha ty qua chu pha ng, tTrung pha bc xung lc a n pha nam, cho nn dn tnh vng nykhng bao gi c yn n lu di v cc th lc quc lun lun xmlng n lm bn p tin xa hn.

Ngy nay, cc t liu v gai an lich s ny c cng b rt di do,v bi ny chn lc, so snh v tng hp t rt nhiu ngun khc nhaunh s liu c ca cc nc trong vng Pakistan, Afghanistan v Trungng do cc tc gi hin i bin san, t nhng c vt do cc nh kho cngi Php o xi c, t ri rc trong thnh in Pali v i tha, ccnh tng c Pht tn ti n nay vv y cng xin c lu c gin ngun s liu qu gi v cc v vua gc Hy-lp vng Tiu chai nh s hc danh ting Hy-lp c l Strabo v Plutarch ghi li.

Strabo (sinh 63 hay 64 TTL, mt khong 24 TL), mt s, trit v a l giaHy-lp. Tc phm ni danh ca ng l Geographia, gm 17 cun vit vokhang nm 7 hay 18 TL v nhn vt, a danh, trn th gii Hy-La vo thing.

Plutarch, tn y l Mestrius Plutarch, mt nh s hc v tiu s danhnhn hc, cng l ngi Hy-lp sau Strabo (khang 45-125 TL). ng sinhvo thi ca hang La m Claudius. ng tham quan rng ri vng atrung hi, v v sau ging dy ti Rome, kt giao vi nhiu nhn vt chnh

tr uy quyn trong Thng vin. Cui i, ng quay v sinh qun lChaeronea Hy-lp, tr thnh mt trong hai tu s chnh trong n thApollo Delphi, chuyn gii nhng li sm ca thn Pythia. ng cn chang Trajan c lm thi th ti vng Achaea. Trong thi gian ny ngvit nhiu b s quan trng.

Tc phm ni danh ca ng l Cuc i ca nhng danh nhn Hy-lp v Lam (Lives of the Noble Greeks and Roman); nhng b sch cn c chtrng khc l Nhng cuc i tng ng (Parallel Lives) so snh 23 cpdanh nhn Hy v La; v Cuc i ca Alexander(Life of. Alexander). Nichung nhng tc phm ca ng nh hng rt nhiu n nn vn hc vkch ngh ty phng, ngay c Shakespeare cng thng tham chiu.

Trc y, vua Darius I (521-486 TTL) ca Persia cng sai ngi xCarian tn Scylax thm him vng ty bc n, v ghi li trong cun


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``Peripulus''. Khng lu sau Hectaeus (500 TTL) v Herodotus (483-431TTL) cng c vit v cc thi th (Satrapy) ngi Persia vng ny.

n thi vua Alexander, nhng cuc kho st cng c ghi li biStrobe, Ptolemy, Pliny, Arrian v nhiu ngi khc. H cho bit 5 ph luca sng Indus l Hydaspes (Jehlum), Akesines (Chenab), Hydroatis (Ravi),Hyphasis (Satluj) v Hesidros (Beas); lm bin gii cho 4 vng quc trckhi Alexander xm lng.

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Ni Tu-di: (Cn gi l Meru hay Meros)

Trong vn chng v cc tn gio gc n u xem n nh l mtngn ni thn thai v l tr chng ca qu t, v theo n gio th cngl tr x ca v thn Shiva hay Vishnu.

Nhng o qun xm lng ca ca vua Alexander sau khi tin vo vngGandhara, tin l h khm ph ra ngn ni Meros v thnh Nysa trny, nm khang gia hai thnh Kapisa v Peucelaotis. Cng theo thn thaiHy-lp th l ni sinh ca thn Dionysus (ng ha vi thn Shiva).

Philostratus (khang 175-245) thut li trong cun Life of Apollonius ofTyanachuyn chng Apollonius ving thm Gandara v sau nhiu ni thng

trm tro o vt sui ln n nh ngn Meros, ni c n th thnDionysus vi tng trng mang dng v ngi thanh nin n.[Philostratus, Live of Apollonius of Tyana 2.8; dch bi F.C. Conybeare]

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S Hng Thnh ca triu i Maurya n

Khang TK 4 TTL kinh Pataliputta (Thnh hoa th - nay l thnh phPatna) ca nc Magadha (Ma-kit-) tr thnh trung tm quyn lc ca

n. Ngay trong Kinh i Bt Nit Bn, h Pali (Maha-parinibbana sutta) niv nhng nm sau cng ca c Pht ti th, Ngi c an s phnthnh ca thnh Pataliputta v mi mt. Pht dy: Ny Ananda, ch nocc v Ariyans an tr, ch no cc nh thng mi qua li, ch y s thit lpmt thnh th bc nht tn gi l Ptaliputta, mt trung tm thng mi.

Nhng ny Ananda, Ptaliputta s b ba him nn v la, v nc hay chiar bt ha. [Trong Trng B Kinh (Digha Nikaya): Tp 1; Kinh s 16;


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Tng phm 1; an 28 bn dch ca HT. Thch Minh Chu]. By gi cvua Mahpadma Nanda thay th triu i Haryanka cai tr mt vng rngln t sng Brahmaputra pha ng n Beas pha ty.

Nm 327 TTL, i tr tui ca Hy-lp Alexander bnh trng t ai,em qun nh bi qun Persia v thu tm lun vng Tiu . Hai nm k,ng n nh vng Hindu Kush v Bactria (Baluchistan - bc A-ph-hn),thit lp ln nhiu thnh ph nh Samarkand, Leninabad (thuc Nga ngynay) v Chankar (pha bc Kabul), ti dng c Kapisa v i tn lAlasandra gn Caucasus ( khi b nhm vi Alexandria Ai-Cp) v..v...

Tha thng ng nh vt sng Indus nm 325 TTL tin chim n th bchn li sng Jhelum (hay Hydaspes), vng Taxila (Takkasala) bi mttiu vng Paurava bit dng voi trn, v ri s chng tr mnh lit ca

tng Chandragupta Maurya; Alexander nh rt v Babylon v cht yv bnh st rt. Ngay sau khi Alexander mt vo ngy 10 thng 6, nm 323TTL, cc tng ty tng (diadochi hay diadochoi) lin chia ct qucthnh nhng vng quc t mnh cai tr. Seleukos I Nicator k vAlexander nm 323 TTL ng Babylon, lp nn triu i Seleukos caitr mt t nc rng ln bao gm cc nc ngy nay l Syria, Lebanon,Jordan, Mesopotamia, Persia, v Bactria. Phn t Ai-cp th hu du catng Ptolemy Soter thay nhau tr v; v Hy-lp th do AntigonusMonopthalmos nm gi. Nhng nm chin tranh dnh quyn lc k tip cacc dng h ny lm dn tnh vng Tiu v Ty bc n b kh nn

trin min.

Trong khi n vo nm 321 TTL. Chandragupta lt Nanda v lp ratriu i Maurya.

Hang Seleukos I Nicator

Nm 304 TTL Seleukos I li c xm lng n ln na, nhng cng b y lui bi Chandragupta Maurya. S cho rng Chandragupta x dng n


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100,000 lnh v 9,000 voi trn. Sau cng Seleukos I nh lp ha cnhng vng Baluchistan v g con gi cho Chandragupta i ly 500tht voi. Seleukos I cn gi s thn l Magasthenes n ng kinh Panaliputta (Thnh hoa th) di triu Chandragupta, m n nay nhng tuchng ca ng vn cn tn ti hu th bit c sinh hat chnh tr cax Magadha thi by gi.

Chandragupta tri v c 23 nm, ngi con trai k v l Bindusara ngic 25 nm v mt nm 273 TTL. Vua Bindusara cng c mt s thn Hy-Bactria ti triu tn l Deimachus (Strabo 170), v lun giao ho tt pvi vua Antiochus I Soter thuc dng Seleukos.

Sau khi vua Bindusara bng h, trong vng 4 nm c s tranh dnh ngigia thi t Tissa ang lm ph vng Ujjeni pha nam v mt hang t

khc tn l Asoka lm ph vng Taxila. Sau rt thi t b git trong trnv Asoka ln ngi hang nm 269 TTL, cai tr mt lnh th rng ln tBengal n Afghanistan, oai hng nht trong lch s n. Ch sau khi cucxm lng m mu nc Kalinga (bang Orissa ngy nay) 8 nm sau khi lnngi, vua Asoka mi hi hn v thnh tm qui y Pht gio, dc lngkhuych trng o Pht ra khp ni. ng cng gi nhiu an truyngio ra hi ngai, trong s c i s Dharmaraksita (v sau l s ph cat kheo Nagasena) hat ng rt tch cc vng tiu . (Mahavamsa, XII).

Asoka c mt mi quan h c bit vi vng ty bc n, bi ng tng

lm ph vng y v ng dinh ti Taxila (ting Sankrit l Takshasila,gn Rawalpindi thuc Pakistan by gi). Taxila by gi l mt trung tmdanh ting v thng mi, trit v thn hc, c bit l n gio v PG.

Nhiu t tng gia ni danh ng thi lui ti tm o, v ng tnggi thn dn gc Hy-lp vng ng cai tr l Yavanas. n khi ng trthnh hang v ng h PG th vng ny tr thnh mt trung tm PG nidanh.

Ngy nay ngi ta bit n rt nhiu php d khc bng do ng sai dngln khp quc; trong s nhng bia k thung lng Kabul c ghi

bng ting Hy-lp v Aramaic, v ni dung cn cho bit l ng chotruyn b chnh php n cc nc Ai-cp, Syria, Macedonia, Greece,Cyprus, Bactria, Kashmir, Gandhara, Himalayas, Sindh (Gujarat), vv.

Sau khi Asoka mt vo nm 227 TTL th quc Maurya bt u tan r.cng vi ci l tng tm nguyn ca ng l dharmarajya (thun tr theo


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Chnh Php), mc d cc con ca ng rng gi ngi v thm khang na thk na. Nm 185 TTL, v vua cui ca dng Maurya l Brihadratha, btng Pusyamitra Sunga trut ph v lp ra triu i Sunga (185-78 TTL).Vua Pusyamitra Sunga lin thi hnh chnh sch ng h n gio v tn hiPG.

V th k t nm 180 TTL cc vua x Bactria t Demetrios I, Demetrios IIn Menander vn tn sng PG lin tc xm lng n nhn danh gii cuPG.

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S hng thnh ca Vng quc Bactria (hay Bactriana)v cuc chinh phc t n

Vo nm 281 TTL vua Seleukos I b m hi, v sau khi ng cht th qucSeleucid cng b chia thnh 2 x: Syria (vi vua Antiochos I, dng di caSeleukos) v Parthia (vi vua Arsaces).

Vua Antiochos I c Diodotos lm thi th x Bactria (Kinh sch Hn vngi l nc i H, vng bao gm Pakistan v Afghanistan by gi). Bactria(hay Bactriana - ting Iran c l Paktra) l mt x mu m nm gia dy nixanh Hindu-Kush (Paropamisus) v con sng Amu Darya (Oxus).

Khi thy Syria v Parthia mi lo tiu dit ln nhau, Diodotos t xng lmvua vo nm 255 TTL, ng Bactra - nay l Balkh, tn c l Taxila ri chim lun x Sogdiana pha bc. Tuy vy vua Antiochus III ca Syriali xua qun ti lp nn thng tr ln Bactria.

Mi n khi Antiochus III b qun La-m nh bi th Bactria,Euthydemos vn l mt i thn ca Diodotos, ln ngi nm 227 TTL vy lui c nhng t tn cng ca vua Antiochos III. Nm 205 TTL.Euthydemos I chng c c cuc vy hm thnh Bactra sau hn hainm, rt cuc Antiochos III nh ging ha rt qun v g con gi cho contrai ca Euthydemos I l Demetrios. T vng quc Bactria mi hantan c lp, v cc v vua cai tr c s gi l vua Hy-Bactria.

Vua Diodotos

V sau, Euthydemos I cn bnh trng t ai mi nvng Tiu . Strabo vit h bnh trng vng quc


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xa n vng Seres v Phryni (Strabo XI.II.I). [Ch thch thm: C l Phryni y phi c vit l Phrygia].

Vua Demetrios I (khang 200-180 TTL) Ngi chinh phcn. (chn dung trn ng tin c).

Sau khi Euthydemos I mt nm 200 TTL, con l DemetriosI k v v nm 180 TTL ko qun xm lng t n spnhp thung lng Indus (vng Ng H) v chnh sch bchhi PG ca vua n l Sunga. T cc vua Bactria c gi l Hy-n. nnm 170 TTL i vua Demetrios II qun Bactria tin c n min ngvy hm lu di kinh n l thnh Pataliputra, sau khi chim bn oSurastra (Kathiavar), Gandhara, v Vahika (Punjab by gi). Vng qucn ca triu Sunga b thu hp pha ng.

Nm 169 TTL, trong khi vua Demetrios II ang hnh qun min ng nth tng Eucratides I cp ngi kinh Bactra t lp lm vua. Trnng tr v kinh dp lan th vua Demetrios II b t thng. Em lApollodots I ln thay, nhng khng bao lu sau cng b Eucratides I tncng h st vo nm 165 TTL. Vng quc ca Eucratides I cng b tan rnhanh chng sau khi ng b git nm 150 TTL.

Vua Menander ln k v, di v Sagala (X Kit) v ngng cuc vy hmPataliputra. Khi rt qun v li Sakala, ng mang theo v ci l tng thun

tr theo Chnh Php ca Asoka. Nh vy Pht php li c tip tc truynb mnh n c Taxila ri vng Trung v cn xa hn na. ng tr vc 35 nm, nhng sau khi ng mt th vng quc rng ln ca ng btu b chia x thnh nhiu tiu quc.

Sagala (by gi l Sialkot Punjab), kinh mi ca nc Bactria, ni ccuc m o gia vua Menander v t kheo Nagasena ti cha Sankheyya,l mt vng rt ph nhiu, nm gia hai con sng Chenab v Ravi gn bingii ca Kashmir, m trong b kinh (Miln. trang 83 cu 5, Chng 7) cp n l cch Kashmir 12 do-tun (yojanas) tc khang 84 miles.

Tng cng c c thy hn 30 v vua Hy-n trong vng cai tr trong vng2 th k t 323 n 10 TTL. Cc triu i huy hang ca Hy-n b suy tnk t 130 TTL v sau rt b ngi Kushan chim at. Vua cui cng lStrato II, ti v t 40-10 TTL.

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Nhng v vua ca vng quc Bactria vi cc nm tr v

Vng quc Hy-Bactria:Sophytes hay Seleukos (305-294 TTL)Diodotos I (khang 250 230 TTL)Diodotos IIEuthydemos I; lt Diodotos (khang 230-200 TTL)

Vng quc Hy-n:Demetrios I (khang 200-180 TTL) Con ca Euthydemos I. Ngi chinh

phc c n.Euthydemos II (190-171 TTL) Con ca Demetrios IPantaleon (190-180 TTL) Con ca Demetrios IDemetrios II (175-170 TTL)

Apollodotos I (khang 174165 TTL) Em ca Demetrios II, sau b phn lanEucratides I git.Antimachos I (171-160 TTL):Agathokles (171-160 TTL) Con ca Demetrios I ng tr vi Antimachos I

Menandros (khang 173130 TTL) K v Apollodotos I.Eucratides I (171-145 TTL)Eucratides II (145-140 TTL)Epander (135 - 130 TTL)Strato I (125 - 110 TTL)

Zoilos I (130 - 120 TTL)Lysias (120 - 110 TTL)Antialcidas (115 - 95 TTL)Heliokles II (110 - 100 TTL): V vua sau cng ca vng quc Bactria.Philoxenus (khang 10095TTL)Demetrios III & Aniketos (khang 100 TTL)Diomedes (95 - 90 TTL)Amyntas (95 - 90 TTL)Theophilos (khang 90 TTL)

Peukoloas (khang 90 TTL)Nicias (khang 9085 TTL)Menander II & Dikaios (90 - 85 TTL)Archebios (90 - 80 TTL)Hermaeus (khang 9070 TTL)Apollodotus II (80 - 65 TTL)Hippostratos (65 - 55 TTL)


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Dionysios (65 - 55 TTL)Artemidoros (60-40 TTL)Zoilos II (55 - 35 TTL)Apollophanes (35 - 25 TTL)Strato II (40 - 10 TTL)Hermaeus (10-1 TTL) (C v khng thc tr m ch c truy phong sau khimt).

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Vua Menander hay Menandros

Chn dung Vua Menander, vng quc Bactria, c

khc trn ng tin c. (National Museum, New Delhi)Vua Menander (c ch khc vit l Menandros, Minedrahay Menadra; ting Pali l Milinda) tr v khang t 160

135 TTL, l v vua v i trong nhng vua Hy-n, cai tr mt vng rng ln ty bc n, c gi lvng quc Bactria thc bn lc a n, chy di

hng ty ng t thung lng Kabul n sng Ravi, hng bc nam tthung lng Swat (Pakistan ngy nay) n Arachosia (thuc Afghanistanngy nay), v vnh Arab.

Menander sinh nm 183 TTL Alasandra (m ngy nay c bit lAlexandria ca vng Caucasus hay Alexandria trn sng Oxus), vn l kinh Kapisa ca vng Gandhara c b Alexander i tn vo nm 329 TTL,cch 150 km pha bc Kabul ngy nay; v theo b kinh Milinda-Panha thcch Sagala 200 yojanas, v ln ln thung lng Kabul. C hc gi cho ngl chu ca vua Demetrios II; khi ln ln tr thnh mt b tng anh dngca Bactria, tng theo ph vua Demetrios II nh ui qun Parthians

pha ty v uy hip Pataliputra, kinh ca n pha ng.

Menander c thn dn ngng m v t cch o c, c ti iu binhkhin tng, cch tr quc cng minh, li i x bnh ng vi cc truynthng Hy, PG, n gio v Bi Ha gio (Zoroastrianism), lm cho ncmnh dn giu. ng cn c mi ngi knh trng xem nh l Vua CngChnh, Dharmaraja. Khi v gi ng li thng hay ch trng n vic tholun v trit v thn hc. ng hay tranh bin vi nhng t tng gia canhiu o phi khc nhau v thng lm cho h sng st v nhng s hiu


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bit rt thm su ca ng. Trong mt cuc gp mt nh th vi t kheoNagasena, vua Menander bi phc v xin quy y theo PG. ng cho xymt tng vin ln cho Nagasena ti kinh Sagala gi l Milindavihara. Sau ng nhit tm h tr PG.

PG di triu Menander c mt a v rt quan trng. Mt an trong bMahavamsa ca Sri-Lanka ghi: Nhn c l t cho vic xy iThp ti Anuradhapura Sri-Lanka, mt phi an tng gi Hy-lp (ting

Pali: Yona) gm 30 ngn ngi dn u bi i s Mahadhammarakkhita(Sanskrit: Mahadharmaraksita) n t Alasandra (Mahavamsa -

XXIX).

S gia La-m Trogus Pompeius cp n cc vua Apollodotus vMenander trong b s dy cm ca ng. Hai nh s hc danh ting Hy-lp

l Strabo v Plutarch cng vit kh nhiu v cng trng ca vua Menander, cho thy ng khng nhng ni danh vng Tiu v ty bc n m cnc cao th gii Hy-La v sau. Strabo (XI. 516) cho rng Menander chinh phc nhiu b lc hn c Alexander, khi ng vt dy Hypanis v

pha ng n Isamus. ng ta cn chim x Patalene u lu vc sngIndus, n b bin Saraostes, v bnh trng n Seres (Trung quc) vPhryni.

B su tp c vt ca Mir Zakah gm 521 ng tin di triu Menander c cng b gn y chng t triu i lu di ca ng v s bun bn

thnh vng trong nc. Nhiu ng tin o xi c trong vng tAfghanistan n trung n di triu Menander u c khc hnh ng quanhiu thi k, lc tr v lc gi cng vi bnh xe php. Nhng ng tinkhc vi chn dung ca vua Menander mang dng ch Vua cu Menander bng ch Hy-lp Basileos Sothros Menandroy mt mt, v mtkia mang dng "Maharajasa Dharmika Menandrasa" (Vua v i Menandertruyn b PG) bng ch Prakrit v Kharoshthi.

Vua cu Menander (khang 173130 TTL).Theo vn hc truyn thng ca PG th ng nhngngi cho con lui v n tng vin, nhngPlutarch ghi l ng cht trn chin trng trongcuc vin chinh ti chim Bactria bt thnh khang130 TTL. Plutarch (Praec. reip. ger. 28, 6) vit vvua Menander nh sau: ng l mt v vua ni danhrt chnh trc v c lng dn dn khi ng mt


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trn tin, nhiu thnh ph tranh nhau tro ct ca ng; sau cng ng chia u mang v tn th trong cc ngi thp ln.

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T Kheo Na-Tin (Nagasena)

Nagasena, theo ting Sanskrit c ngha l an qun rng. T liu hin lutruyn v tiu s ca ngi t li rt m h, lm khi cn mu thun nhauna. C kh nhiu l do gii thch vic ny: 1) C th v truyn thng PGkhng coi trng bn ng v danh vng nn khng lu li nhiu chi tit. 2)i vi cc nhn vt tn gio ni danh vo thi i ca Nagasena, chuyntht nhiu khi c thn b ha bi tn thnh huyn thai. 3) Cng vothi i y, s liu ch c ch trng vo cc nh vua, v c lu

truyn nh vo nhng du tch xy dng lu di ca h. 4) Cc d kin nuc v Nagasena c th b tiu hy bi nhng bin ng chnh tr v tngio i khng trong vng; vv

Theo b kinh Milinda-panha th ngi sanh ti lng Casangala (Kajangala),di chn Hy M Lp sn, vng Ty bc n , trong mt gia nh B LaMn m thn ph tn l Souttara, cc s ph gm i s Rohana vAssagutta ca tng vin Vattaniya, Dharmarakshita ca tng vin Asokarma kinh Ptaliputta. Chnh i s Dharmarakshita tng c i Asoka phi i truyn o Aparanta pha ty nc n. Mt v thy khc

l i s yupla ca tng vin Sankheyya gn Sgala. Khi vua Menandern vn kinh th ngi ang tr tr tng vin Sankheyya c n 80 ngn tkheo lu tr.

George Woodcock sau khi tm hiu h thng truyn tha ca PG trong vng cho rng Nagasena c th l v s gc Hy Bactria. (Woodcock 95).

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Cuc xm ln ca dn Scythian V Kushan

Vo khang gia th k th 3 TTL, Tn Th Hang thng nht Trung qucvo nm 221 TTL, v ui c r Hung N ra xa b ci.

R Hung N (Xiongnu: Huns), v th di dn sang pha ty nh ui nhngb tc Yuezhi (Nguyt Chi hay Nhc Chi) sinh sng lu vc Tarim(Xinjiang v Kansu ngy nay) n vng sng Ili vo khang 175 TTL. n


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lc h li y cc b lc Sakas (m ting Hy-lp gi l Scythians), cngun gc Mng c, di dn v pha nam v ty vo cc x Parthia khang138-124 TTL, ri nm 130 TTL vo Bactria. Cc b lc Yuezhi tip tc xmln vo Bactria, v ui dn Scythians vo Afghanistan v bc Pakistantrong thung lng sng Indus.

Cc ging dn mi chu ng ha vi vn ha Hy. Ban u dn Scythianssng ha bnh vi cc triiu i n-Hy, nhng n khang cui ca TK 1TTL th h xm chim tan vng di triu vua Azes II v chm dt cc tiuvng quc n-Hy, lp nn vng quc Indo-Scythian t 90 TTL n 12TTL. Sau khi vua Indo-Scythian cui l Aze II mt th vng quc Indo-Scythian b ging Kushans, vn l mt b phn ca r Yuezhi, chim lpnn quc Kushan (nn s Tu hay gi ln ln l x Khut Chi hay NhcChi) ko di vi th k, ch b tm dt khang mt th k khi b dn

Parthians xm lng t 20 TL n 75 TL, ri phc hi tr li.

quc Kushan tn ti t TK th I n TK 3 TL, tri di t Tajikistan nbin Caspian v Afghanistan, cho mi n thung lng sng Ganges. Trongnhiu th k, quc ny l trung tm giao dch gia ng v ty. Cc triui huy hang nht l t 100 n 250 TL c Kanishka I (100-126 AD),Huvishka (126-164 AD), Vasudeva I (164-200 AD), Kanishka II (200-222AD) v Vashishka (232- 246 AD).

Nhng n TK th 3 TL th quc Kushan bt u tan r. Sau khi vua

Vasudeva I cht th quc Kushan b phn lm 2 x ng v ty. n nm224-240 TL Cc triu i Kushan b Shapur I cm u dn Sassanides lt ,ri ln lm vua. Shapur I cng nh bi qun La-m v bnh trng rtmnh trong vng. Cc triu i Sassanides cai tr vng ny t 224 n 651TL.

Di thi Sassanides Bi Ha gio li tr thnh quc gio, nhng cng rtnng tay vi nhng tn gio khc, nn PG vn c c hi pht trin mnh.Chnh vo thi k ny hai bc tng Pht s ln nht tan cu ng cao177 b dc tc vo ni Bamiyan, Afghanistan, m gn y b

bn cung tn Hi gio Taliban ph hy.

Bi Ha gio (m ty phng hay gi theo Hy ng l Zoroastrianism) l tngio c thn th Ahura Mazda, v trong nghi l xem la nh l ngun sngto tinh khit, l nh sng thnh thin i chi vi dc vng en ti c c,do nh tin tri Zoroaster to dng (thc ra tn gc Iran l Zarathushtra


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Spitama), v mt thi n l quc gio ca quc Persia. Nhiu hc gicho l Zoroaster sng trong khang 628 551 TTL, v c thin khi rini danh Bactria tui 30. ng sng to nn nhng thnh k trongquyn Gathas thuc b kinh Zand Avesta.

Mt iu th v khc l vi chc nm trc y Kim Dung, mt nh vit tiuthuyt v hip tr danh ca i Loan trong cun thin long k cp n su thanh Thnh ha lnh ca Bi ha gio Ba T, v Trng VK tr thnh gio ch Minh Gio tc Bi ha gio Trung Quc. Thc raMinh gio (Manichaeism), c gio thuyt gn ging Bi Ha gio xut hinnhiu th k sau, do Mani (khang 216-76 TTL) Babylonia sng lp,nhng li b git bi gii tng l o Zoroastrianism v ra mt i khng.Lc cn thanh nin, ng tng n Taxila hc o v chu nh hng PG.Trong vi trm nm Minh gio i u vi Ki-t gio trong vng Trung

ng.

n TK th 5 th quc Sassanides b tan r bi s xm lng khc ca rHung n mi v sau l s ln mnh ca quc Gupta n theo ngio, ri n lt cc th lc Hi gio. Theo PG cng b tn li dn.

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Hang Kanishka I

L mt ng vua qui y theo PG, v nhit tm chng km cc v hang khcnh Asoka, Menander I, v Harshavardhana (606-47 TL).Hang Kanishka I (100-164 TL) k v vua Vima Kadphises, ng Purushapura (Peshawar) l v vua v i ca vng quc Kushan. Lnh thca quc Kushan rt rng di thi Kanishka I, bao gm v kim satcon ng t la, l vng giao lu ca cc nn vn minh ln ca th gii

by gi, ty c La-m (trong thi ca cc hang Trajan v Hadrian: 98-138 TL), n ng c Trung-hoa. Di triu i ca ng, ngh thut PG-Hyt n tt nh to nn nn vn minh Gandhara.

Nhiu ng tin di triu KanishkaI, khang nm 120 TL, c khc hnhc Pht theo m thut Hy-lp, vmang dng ch Hy "Boddo" (cPht).


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Cng ging nh Asoka, hang Kanishka I xy dng rt nhiu n i, vd nh i thp Peshawar th x li Pht c ct bng g cao 400 b, khuSirsukh Taxila, thnh Kashmir vv.. nay vn cn du tch. Vua Kanishka t chc kt tp kinh in Jlandhar Kashmrthat, Kashmir, m trongvn hc PG hay gi l Trng (Udana). Ln kt tp ny nh du shnh thnh ca Phi i tha Mahayana, tch ri ra khi phi Thng ta b

Nikaya. ng cho lu gi nhiu bn kinh i tha vit bng th ng Gandhara l ting Prakrit, sau ny c dch sang ngn ng vn chngSanskrit v t c truyn sang ng phng theo con ng t la.(Foltz Religions on the Silk Road),

Cng trong thi k huy hang ny c s xut hin ca nhng i lun giaPG nh Nagarjuna, Asvaghosha and Vasumitra. Charaka, c xem nhcha ca nn y hc ca n khi s l ng y trong triu Kanishka.

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PG Hy-lp (Graeco-Buddhism) hay s giao ha gia PGv vn ha Hy-lp

C th ni cc vng quc Bactria ri Kushan l mi ni kt gia vng atrung hi, lc a n v Trung quc khi u cho s lin lc gia hai nnvn minh ty v ng phng.

S giao ha mi mt, nht l vn ha gia Hy v PG ang hng thnh trongvng ko di nhiu th k lu li mt sc thi c th cho nn vn hami vng ny, s hay gi l PG Hy-lp, ko di gn 8 th k (t TK 4TTL dn TK 5 TL), m nh hng vn cn ko di cho n ngy nay. nc mt vi thnh tu:

1. Kin trc Hy-lp. Nhiu thnh ph ln trong vng nh Taxila, Ai-Khanoum, Uddiyana, Sindh vv mang thm nhng c im ca nn vnminh Hy-lp qua cc cu trc nh rp ht, u trng v hng ct nhng dinh th vv.

2. Kin thc v khoa hc, thin vn, y hc v trit hc ca Hy-lp ha nhpvi vn ha bn x v o Pht, to nn mt nn vn ha mi v phttrin rc r vi th k t vng Gandhara, mi n sau khi cc vng qucHy-n bin mt lu. Taxila tr thnh mt trung tm hc vn quc tni danh.


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2. K thut tin b trong vic c tin bng kim lai. Cc nh vua ca vngquc Bactria khang u TK 2 TTL, nh Euthydemos II, Agathokles vPantaleon cho c nhng ng tin gm ng v bc, ri c bit kmm kn (nickel) c xem nh l ln u ca nhn lai. Ngi ta cho lnickel c du nhp t Trung quc hoc t nhng thin th (meteorites)ri xung t. K thut sn xut ng nickel ny bng bin mt cho mi nTK 19 TL mi c ti dng. iu ng ni l t l hp kim ny, 25%nickel 75% ng, ngy nay li c dng trong ng xu ca M. Hnhtng c Pht c khc ln trn nhng ng tin ny ln u.

3. Ngh thut iu khc t chn tht tn k. Cc ng tin vng v bc mangchn dung ca cc v vua Hy-n c iu khc rt sng ng cn t m hnxa nhng tc phm ng thi ca nhng vng quc phng ty.

4. Ring i vi PG th trc thi k ny, vng theo li dy ca c Phttrong kinh Digha Nikaya (Trng B Kinh), khng mun lu luynqua nh tng th gian vn sinh dit ca ngi nn hu th thng tngtrng c Pht bng hnh nh ca mt ngai vng b trng, cy b hoc

bnh xe php ch khng to theo hnh dng con ngi, bi cho nh th lphm thng. n khi PG c thm nhun Bactria th tng c Phtlch s mi c tc bng hay trn ng tin ln u theo truyn thngHy vi th ng v o chang di ph hai vai tn th, chng hn nhtng c Pht ng Gandhara vo TK 1, 2 TL.

V nhng hnh tng c Pht chu nh hng Hy vogiai an y din t c nt mt thanh tnh v tmcnh gic ng gii that ca ngi, mt ng gic ngrt gn gi vi ngi thng, nn c sc thu ht tn mnh lit hn, v c ph bin rng ri hn.

Vi hnh tng b tt PG c th chu nh hngHy-lp; v d thn Heracles (hay Hercules) vi o das t c lm mu cho thn Th kim cng(Vajrapani), mt v h php; m v sau Trung qucv Nht bin thnh cc h thn ng trn cccng cha.

PG Hy-lp v s hng thnh ca phi i tha:Khng t th nhiu, chnh s chung sng khng kht lu di gia hai nn vn


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ha PG v Hy-lp trong vng nh hng ln h thng trit hc ca nhau.PG ln trn nn trit hc ca Hy; v Hy ln trn s manh nha ca hc phii tha, trc c giai an nh hng ca Trung hoc ng bc .

Theo nhiu hc gi th nhng bn kinh i tha ch yu c sng tpkhang nm 100 TTL, khi c s khc bit trong s lun gii li dy ca cPht gia phi th cu (Thng ta b) v phi canh tn (i tha), v nhtl s tranh lun v ng thn (humanity) hay php thn (superhumanity) cac Pht v v A-t t-ma tng (metaphysical essentialism). [McEvilly,"The shape of ancient thought"]. Phi i tha bao dung v chp nhn nhng nim tin b hn ngai nhng kinh b truyn thng Nikaya, vt xa hn nim v gic ng gii that c nhn ca Thng ta b, th phng cPht gn nh nhn-thn linh thing (man-god status) tng t nh quannim thn linh ha nh vua (god-king) ca Hy-lp, v s xut hin mt lat

cc ch thnh b tt mun cu chng sinh (pantheon of deities -bodhisattva).

Theo Katsumi Tanabe, gio s ti Chuo University, Nht, trong cun"Alexander the Great.East-West cultural contact from Greece to Japan" thnh hng Hy-lp trong PG cn c truyn sang Nht bn v lu nhiu dutch, v d thn gi Fujin l gi t thn Boreas, hay thn m Hariti hocKishibojin t thn Tyche.

n triu Kanishka I th phi i tha cng c khi sc thm. Ting Palic dng trong vn hc thay th ting Sankrit v c im ni bc nht ls trng thnh tt nh ca ngh thut Gandhara. Ngh nhn vng ny kho lo trn ln hai truyn thng n v Hy-lp trong cc tc phm mtcch hi ha. R rt nht l cc tng Pht v ch b tt m hin nay vncn tn ti. Foltz trong cun Religions on the Silk Road cho rng s giao


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lu a vn ha trong vng trn con ng t la ng gp vo s phttrin v ln mnh ca phi i tha v Tnh tng.

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Tng c Pht Thch Ca lc kh hnh; tm thy Taxila v hin lu Bo tng vin Lahore.

Nhiu tng Pht tc theo ngh thut Gandhara cn mang v thn mt triApollo. Bentley trong cun "Old World Encounters" cho rng c th trit lkhc k (stoicism) ca Hy-lp c cht nh hng n s nhn nhn khnng bnh ng gic ng ca mi c nhn (ai cng c Pht tnh).

ng tic l s tng sinh ny chm dt vo khong TK 5 TL, khi vngbc n b r Hung xm ln, v k tip l s phc hi ca n gio v saucng l s bnh trng ca Hi gio lm cho nh hng Hy vo PG phaitn nhng ch cho nh hng ca Trung Hoa v sau.

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nh hng n cc tn gio khc phng ty

Xa hn na, s giao thoa PG - Hy-lp cng gy nh hng n s hnhthnh ca nhiu tn gio khc trong vng a trung hi, c bit l Ki-tgio.

Bentley, trong sch dn thng khng nh rng khi nim lun l caPG vo thi i ca Menander, da vo l tng thun tr theo Chnh Phpca Asoka c truyn qua phng ty nh hng n gio l ca Ki-txut hin khang 2 th k sau, nh nim v hiu sinh, bnh ng, thngxt k yu ui, trnh bo lc, bit dung ha v tha th vv

Nhng thnh ph Hy-lp quan trng vng Trung ng nh Antioch v cbit l Alexandria, v sau tr thnh nhng trung tm pht trin Ki-t giov ng vai tr khng nh trong s kt tp gio l ca Ki-t gio.

nh hng ca PG cn c thy phng pht trong vi phn khc caThnh Kinh Ki-t, v d s thin ng v s ra i ca Pht v Jesus; s botrc ca cc nh tin tri Asita v Simeon v a b s sinh s l ng cu


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th; Pht bc trn hoa sen, Jesus i trn nc; vic cha lnh cho ngibnh; vic nhn i nhiu tun trc khi thnh o; s cm d ca Mara vSatan; nim v tam bo v ba ngi; i sng c thn trong tu vin, vv(Sedlar 281).

Trong cun Intertextuality, Buddhism, and the Infancy Gospels, ZachariasP. Thundy khng nh khng phi l do s trng hp m cho rng vn hav vn hc PG v n cung cp nhiu yu t trong vn chng ThnhKinh Ki-t (Thundy 18). Thi k y, tn PG tng sinh sng Alexandria. Origen qua cun Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel, cncho l PG cng c mt Anh quc. Gio s Hajime Nakanura cn bo lng tm thy du tch ca cc tng vin PG vng bc u. (Ikeda 74).

Trong Cu c kinh, phn Thnh vnh, b Cc sch gio hun, c bit l

quyn th 4 Ecclesiastes (Truyn o, c ngi dch l Ging Vin), vnc bin son th k 3 TTL, nhng li ng l do vua Salomon ca Do-Thi. Tc gi v danh suy ngm v ngha cuc sng v cho rng tt c ul ph vn, sau khi quan st v vng sinh t, lun hi ca i sng. Ngaytrong cu m u ca cun sch Qohelet (Thy ging) phn: H khng, ttc u l h khng (emptiness, everything is emptiness) . ny cn cnhc i nhc li nhiu ln trong cun kinh. ng vn c quyn lc v khnng th nghim i sng mt cch tn cng v tr thc, ri cc th vuivt cht, tnh tin, nhng ri cng tht vng v au kh v ci gii hn cacuc sng. Rt li ng cho rng ch c cuc sng tm linh thnh thin mi l

ngun an lc lu di. Nm 1894, nh thn hc E. J. Dillon vn thy n rrng l chu nh hng ca PG, nn mun lai cun ny ra khi ThnhKinh Ki-t (Dillon 153-76).

Cng trong giai an ny trit gia Pyrrhon thp tng i Alexandervo vng ty bc n v khi tr v Hy-lp lp nn trng phi Cynic, saukhi chu nh hng ca K na gio v PG. Hin nhin s bnh trng catrng phi ny trong th gii Hy-lp c t nhiu nh hng n cunEcclesiastes.

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B kinh Milinda Vn o

Ngi ta tin rng b kinh Milindapanha c khu tp khng lu sau khivua Menander bng h. Thi gian y cc ngi k v l Hang huAgathocleia ri vua Strato I Soter ngi khang 40 nm na trc khi x


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Bactria b chia ra nhiu tiu vng quc. Ni dung k li nhng cu hi vp gia vua Milinda v t kheo Ngasena. Sau b kinh ny c kttp vng bc n khang gia TK 1.

V. Trenckner cho rng nguyn bn c vit bng ch Sanskrit, v khi ngdch bn Pali vo nhng nm 1860 nhn xt thy b kinh c bt u bngdng Tam yath nusuyat (c truyn li nh sau), ch khng theo likinh gc Pali thng thng c khi u bng Evam me sutam (ti nghenh vy).

iu ngc nhin na l cu m u ny cng c dch ra trong bn chHn, nh th t rng hai bn dch u bt ngun t nguyn bn ch Sanskrit.Cc dch gi Sylvain Levy v Specht cng khng nh l cc bn dch ra Hnvn ca b Milinda-panha c ngun gc khng t bn Pali, m c th t bn

kinh c hn.Nhiu hc gi nh W. W. Tarn, George Woodcock, v Rabindra Nath Basu gi rng c mt bn (c th l gc) vit bng Hy ng ca Milinda-

panha vi ta l the Letter of PseudoAristeas xut hin Alexandria trong vng 50 nm sau khi vua Menander t trn. iu ny htr cho thuyt bo rng b kinh c khu tp di thi Menander. (Basu3; Woodcock 113).

n nay ngi ta vn khng r ai l tc gi b kinh ny, nhng xem ra phi

l ngi tng sng vng ty bc n xa xi hay vng Punjab, bi v ngi khng h nhc nh n nhng thnh ph ni danh thi by gi ni an pha nam sng Hng. C hc gi, nh t kheo Pesala sau khi nghin cu

b kinh Milinda-panha, rt ngc nhin vi s hiu bit thm thy v PG cavua Menander cho rng c th tc gi n danh vn l mt i s, khi thutli cuc gp mt ca hai nhn vt lch s trong kinh im xuyt thm vos liu ng Pht php ca mnh ko di cu chuyn v lm p nh vua,ng thi lm sng t gio php ca o Pht v bc b nhng ng nhn tcc gio phi khc chng PG.

B kinh thng c truyn tng ty phng n nay l bn Pali; v ycng l b kinh khi thy thuc h nam tng khng xut pht t Tch-Lan. Theo th cuc m o gia vua Milinda v thnh tng Nagasenaxy ra vo khang t 400 n 500 nm sau khi c Pht nhp dit. V sau c i c Pitakaculbhaya, trung n bin tp li bng ting Plit nhng khu truyn.


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Theo bn Hn dch hin lu hnh th cho rng son gi l B tt Long Th(Nagarjuna), v i lun s ca phi i tha, xut hin khang u cathin nin k TL. C 3 bn dch ra Hn vn ln lt xut hin vo cc th kIII, IV, v V. Bn hin lu hnh l bn th nh, dch trong khong t nm317 n nm 420, nhan l "Na Tin T Kheo Kinh", c l t bn Prkrit.

Vo th k th V, i lun s Pht m (Buddhaghosa) cng thng trchdn kinh ny dng lm lun c chng minh cho cc tc phm ca ngi.

Ngi Th Thn (Vasubandhu) cng nhc n kinh Milindaphanh trong khison b lun tr danh ca ngi l b A t t ma Cu x lun(Abhidharmakosa).

Trong b Mahavamsa ca Tch Lan, vn do Mahnma vit vo u th kth 6 TL, nhc n tiu s ca Moggaliputta Tissa, sng khang trm

nm trc Nagasena, nhng li ging vi cu chuyn v Nagasena c cp n hai ln trong b kinh [Miln. pp 3-71]. Nh th r rng l Mahnma mn t b kinh Milinda-panha, v lc by gi b Milinda-panha lthnh in c Buddhaghosa (Pht m) sao lc. Trong cun Milinda Tika,lun v b Milinda Panha, cho bit l an m u v an kt ca b kinhl do Buddhaghosa vit.

Trong phn gii thiu ca b kinh, c an ni rng vua Menander tngm o vi Purana Kassapa, Makkhali Gosala v nhng v o s kh hnhkhc th c xem nh l h cu, bi ch v ny sng ng thi vi c

Pht Thch Ca. Cu chuyn c l mn t cun Smana Phala Sutta ca bDigha Nikya.

Ngy nay th b kinh, cng nh tam tng kinh in PG, u c dch rart nhiu ngn ng khc. chu u, b kinh Milinda-panha c nhiuhc gi dch ra v nghin cu ln u vo TK 19; n c: 1) V. Trenckner,Milinda-panho (London, 1880). 2) Rhys Davids, Questions of King Milinda(2 vols., Oxford, 1890-1894). 3) R. Garbe, Beitrdge zur indischenKulturgeschichte (Berlin, 1903, ch. 3, Der Milinda-panha).4) MilindaPrashnaya, in Sinhalese, (Colombo, 1877). 5) R. Morns, in the Academy(Jan. II, 1881). 6) Sylvain Levy, Proceedings of the 9th InternationalCongress of Orientalists (London, 1892), i. 518-529, and Journal of theRoyal Asiatic Society (1891), p. 476. (T. W. R. D.)

Phn i thoi phn nh gio php Kinh b Nikaya nh bn v v ng, lunhi, ti sanh ca danh sc, trng thi ca La Hn, bn th ca Nit Bn, s


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xut th ca Pht, tnh cch v thng ca Pht v.v. Trong cuc i thoiny, c mt iu lm cho vua Menander hi lng nht l cu gii p cangi Ngasena v s li ch ca i sng tu hnh m t trc nh vua chac nghe, l ngi xut gia chc chn t c thnh thin, v tc mau chng hn k ti gia.

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c im ca B Kinh

c im ca n l c xem nh mt cuc giao thoa u- u tin, mtcc hc o gia mt ngi ty phng (vua Menander) vi vn ha Hylp mun hc hi gio php uyn o ca o Pht ng phng qua sgii p ca mt v tng (T kheo Ngasena) thung lng sng Indus. Qua

Pht php c trnh by mt cch y thuyt phc v d nh.Vn dng di Hy-lp, vua Menander hi kh nhiu cu hi m ngi ty

phng thng thc mc v nhng ti rt cp thit i lai nh Nukhng c linh hn th ci g s ti sanh? hoc Nu khng c ci ta th aiang chuyn tr vi ngi?, cho nn b kinh Milindapanha rt gn gi vingi ty phng mun tm hiu v PG. Thc ra li m thai ny tngc c Pht s dng trong Kinh Tng Chi B (Anguttara Nikya); Biging cho ngi Klm. (Phm 5-7; an 65).

Mi cu hi c t ra t mt k ngo mn y uy quyn vi c a nghi,sc bn u c gii p ha nh, tha ng km vi nhiu t d c thv gin d bi mt v thnh tng. Cng v th m vua Menander liu ngPht php m qui y ri ng h PG mnh m di triu ng.

Vn phong trong b Milinda-panha hao hao li i thai ca Socrates (470-399 TTL) / Plato (428 347 TTL; hc tr ca Socrates v thy caAristotle). T.W. Rhys Davids, mt nh ng hc Pali cho l mt kittc vn chng c ca PG v cng ca nn vn hc n.

B kinh cng cho thy n cha nhng im t nh o diu manh nha ca ttng i tha. C l chnh v c im ny m ngi Long Th (xut hinhn 2 th k sau) cng trc son li b kinh Na Tin m mn cho giol trung qun xut hin. Xt kha cnh ny, c th xem t tng Ngasenal t tng chuyn tip gia Tiu tha v i tha. V th a v ca b kinhtrong tam tng kinh in khng km phn quan trng.


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Vi im khc bit gia hai bn dch Pali v Hn vn

i khi chng ta c th nu vi im khc bit nh sau:

1. Bn Hn vn ly tn t kheo lm ta l Ngasena-bhikshusutra (Na-tin t kheo kinh) chia lm 3 phn. Bn Pali li tn vua lm l Milinda-Panha (Milinda Vn Kinh), phn lm 7 quyn.

2. i dung ca mt phn quyn I, trn quyn II, v quyn III ca hai bnging ht nhau. Nhiu hc gi cho rng bn quyn cn li, t quyn IV nquyn VII, l do phi Thng ta b Nam tng thm dn vo t th k thV, cho hp vi lp trng gio ngha ca phi mnh.

3. Bn Pali c d tri 12 cu hi. y l do s sp xp khc nhau ca nhngln bin tp v sau, nn c s khc bit. Bn Pali: c 6 quyn, 22 chnggm 262 cu hi, m nay ch cn 237 cu hi. Bn Hn vn c 250 cu hi.

4. Gia hai bn, chuyn tin thn ca Ngasena v Milinda khng gingnhau.

5. Trong bn Hn vn khng thy cp n Abhidhamma (A-t-t-ma:Thng Php), vn thng c nhc n trong bn Pali.

6. Trong phn sp xp Bodhipakkhiya Dhammas (B- Phn), ngi dchra Hn vn xem ra khng quen vi bn Pali.

7. Bn Pali ni rng sc vt c suy tnh nhng thiu khn ngoan; bn Hnvn th bo sc sinh c khn ngoan nhng ci tm th khc nhau.

Li Kt: Nhn tm hiu lch s ca giai an quanh thi k xut hin bkinh Milindapaha, chng ta thy c nhiu chng c kt lun rng:Cuc m o gia vua Menander (hay Milinda, Di-Lan-) v T kheo

Ngasena (hay Na-Tin) l mt s kin lch s, tng xy ra tng vinSankheyya, thuc kinh Sagala ca nc Bactria vo khang gia th kth 2 TTL.

S liu cng cho thy vng ty bc n sau khi b ngi Hy-lp xm chim c mt thi thm nhun PG c truyn t lu vc sng Hng. C th

bo y l thnh qu sm nht ca cc cuc truyn php ca PG sang


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phng ty, cn trc c phng ng. S giao ha gia hai nn vn ha vtrit hc ca PG v Hy-lp trong vng to nn mt sc thi c th cat thnh Gandhara, ni pht xut v ng gp nim i tha vo PG vsau.

Nhng nhn vo s thng trm sinh dit nhanh chng ca cc nn vn hatrong vng cng lm cho ngi c chnh lng. Vi tham vng qucthng tr tan cu, nht l t ty phng k t thi Alexander, th sc mnhca bo lc l ch yu. Mnh c yu thua. H chng cn m xa g no l. o l ch c to dng sau khi han tt s khng ch bingii cho vic git ngi cp ca ca h; v th m vai tr ca tn gio vgii tng l vn lun c gi tr li dng cho k xm lc.

Sut dng lch s nhn lai hn hai ngn nm, tham vng y ca ty phng

vn lin tc c tin hnh vi chiu thc c thay i ty theo thi i kthut mi. n nay th h khng cn chim t m ch mun p t quynlc ln cc nc nhc tiu. D nhin song hnh vi tham vng ny, h vnl x dng v kh mm l bnh trng tn gio Ki-t li hi, m mangnc Cha o v i cng c li nh tng lm trong qu kh quacc ch xm chim thc dn.

c bit bao nhiu tiu quc, bao sc dn, bao nn vn ha v tn gio cath gii b hy dit bi nhng tham vng ny. T ta thy thm rngch nhng tn gio no c k mnh x dng l hy vng tn ti, v v th

tn gio no mun c tn trn th gian u phi da vo li gm ca thlc, ch chng phi t thn linh hay gio l m gii tng l thng ku gitn tun phc. Thn quyn lun lin kt vi th quyn cng hng li.Tn cng nhiu, cng ng cng ln th vai tr ca gii tng l mi cngquan trng bo v quyn li kinh t v vt cht cho nhau. Gio ch xath sng trong thanh bn p bc lm sng thin tm, nhng gio hi nhndanh h c dng ln th sng trn xa hoa, d dt ca vt cht v quynlc. Ha ra nhng li thuyt ging ch l nhng xo ngn la m. Nhng tn th chng my bn tm vi nhng iu tri khuy y khi quyn li kinh t

ca h c bo m bi gio hi.Ring PG, vi bn cht t bi, nhn nhc, hiu sinh v thanh tnh, gii tnggi th nghin v that tc (nhng cha hn han tan th), xem ra thiukh nng t chc v lnh o khi tn tr thnh mt lc lng kinh t vchnh tr quan trng trong tng quc gia (ngai tr mt vi nc theo phiTiu tha), ch ng ni n mt trung tm hong php ch o quc t. V


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th PG ch thch nghi vi nhng x hi nng nghip t bin ng, ch khngc sc mnh khng c khi b ngai xm. Khi b tn cng n p, thtn PG li hay chn thi d ha vi qu, co rt, t dit hn l chng limt cch i hng i lc.

Do m ta thy PG sau nhiu th k sng lng huy hang n v vngty bc n b han tan tiu dit mt cch d dng bi nhng tn giomi vn ch da vo bo lc v o p kinh t truyn o. Hin nay nhiuPht t cm thy phn khi khi cha chin ua nhau mc ln, nht l hingai, nhng xt k li th mi thy rng gc r PG lung lay ngay tinhng x thng t ho l t Pht nh Ty tng, Trung Hoa v Vit-nam.

Nhng bi hc lch s ny c gy c s xt li ng li sinh hat vtruyn gio ca gii tng ni hin nay hay khng? Bi v c tip tc thi th ng, xa ri qun chng tn , thiu t chc, thiu uyn chuyn thch

nghi vi thi i v thiu an kt ca gii lnh o th vai tr ca PG trongx hi, vn l ng lc ca dn tc, e mt ngy kia s b mai mt. Hi th mun.

Trn Trc-LmSeattle, Ma thu 2004

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khung canh lich su quanh bo kinh milinda van dao - tran truc lam

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