king abdulaziz university english language institute...

King Abdulaziz University

English Language Institute

Distance Learning and External Programs

Women’s Campus

ELCA 102

Student Booklet

اللغة ا�نجليزية ملزمة مادة

ELCA 102

لطالبات برنامجي ا�نتساب والتعليم عن بعد بمعھد اللغة ا�نجليزية

ا&صفرويشمل الكتابين نيالثاالمستوى وا&زرق للمستوى ما قبل المتوسط

للمتوسط

Based on the ELI Curriculum

1ELCA 102

Table of contents

New Headway Plus Special Edition

Pre-Intermediate Book Intermediate Book

Unit 3 – It all went wrong Page 3

Unit 4 – Let’s go shopping! Page 9

Unit 5 – What do you want to do? Page 19

Unit 6 – Tell me! What’s it like? 6

Unit 7 – Fame Page 31

Unit 8 – Do’s and Don’ts Page 38

Unit 9 – Going places Page 45

Unit 10 – Scared to death Page 50

Unit 11 – Things that changed Page 55

the world

Unit 3 – Telling tales Page 61

Unit 4 – Doing the right thing Page 70

Unit 5 – On the move Page 78

Unit 6 – I just love it! Page 82

Unit 7 – Just the job! Page 86

Unit 8 – Just imagine! Page 94

Unit 9 – Making connections Page 102

Unit 10 – Special interests Page 105

2ELCA 102

ELCA 102

based on

New Headway Plus

Pre-Intermediate

3ELCA 102

Unit 3 – It all went wrong

Grammar

3.1 Past Simple

Spelling

Rule Examples

The normal rule is add -ed worked finished

If the verb ends in –e, add -d liked moved

If the verb has only one syllable + one vowel + one consonant,

double the consonant.

shopped planned

If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the –y to -ied studied carried

There are many common irregular verbs See the list below.

Irregular Verbs

Base form Past Simple Past Participle

be was / were been

become became become

begin began begun

break broke broken

build built built

come came come

do did done

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

feel felt felt

find found found

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

have had had

know knew known

leave left left

lose lost lost

make made made

meet met met

read read read

run ran run

say said said

see saw seen

sell sold sold

send sent sent

speak spoke spoken

spend spent spent

take took taken

understand understood understood

write wrote written

4ELCA 102

Form

Positive Negative

The form of the Past Simple is the same for all persons. The negative of the Past Simple is formed with didn’t.

I

He/She/It

We

You

They

finished

arrived

went

yesterday.

She walked.

Question She didn’t walk .

The question in the Past Simple is formed with did.

She finished.

When did she finish ? Short answer

Use

Rule Examples

The Past Simple expresses a past action that is now finished.

We played tennis last Sunday.

They lived in Makkah from 2008 to 2011.

She went shopping yesterday.

Certain time expressions are commonly used with the Past

Simple.

I watched TV last night.

last year

last month

four years ago

yesterday morning

in 1999

3.2 Past ConBnuous

Form

was/were + -ing (present participle)

Positive and negative Question

Short answer

Were you working yesterday?

Was she studying when you arrived?

Yes, I was.

No, she wasn’t.

I

He/She/It

We

You

They

didn’t (did not)

arrive yesterday.

When did

she

you

they

etc.

arrive?

Did you go to school today?

Did it rain last night?

Yes, I did.

No, it didn’t.

I

He

She

It

was

wasn’t (was not)

working.

We

You

They

were

weren’t (were not)

What

was

I he she it doing?

were we you they

5ELCA 102

Use

Rule Examples

The Past Continuous expresses a past activity that has

duration.

I saw her while I was shopping at the mall.

You were making a lot of noise last night.

The activity began before the action expressed by the

Past Simple.

The teacher was talking when we entered class.

When you phoned, I was sleeping.

The Past Continuous expresses an activity in progress

before, and probably after, a time in the past.

What were you doing at 9:00 last night?

3.3 Past Simple and Past ConBnuous

Rule Examples

The Past Simple expresses past actions as

simple facts.

I did my homework last night.

A: What did you do yesterday evening?

B: I visited my friend.

The Past Continuous gives past activities

time and duration. The activity can be

interrupted.

A: What were you doing at 9:00 last night?

B: I was visiting my friend.

I was doing my homework when the phone rang.

In stories, the Past Continuous can

describe the scene. The Past Simple tells

the action.

It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining, and

the birds were singing, so we decided to go on a

picnic.

Questions using Past Simple ask about

what happened after.

A: What did you do when it started to rain?

B: We went home.

Questions using Past Continuous ask about

activities before.

A: What were you doing when it started to rain?

B: We were playing football.

Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. Last weekend my family and I __________ to Riyadh.

a. go b. went c. goes d. are going

2. A: What __________ yesterday at 4?

B: I was sleeping.

a. you doing b. did you do c. were you doing d. are you doing

3. We __________ a lot of money at the mall last night.

a. spended b. spend c. spends d. spent

4. A: When __________ you travel to London?

B: In 2012.

a. did b. are c. were d. do

5. Ali had an accident while he ___________ to work.

a. was driving b. was drive c. drives d. drove

6. Fatima went to bed early last night. She __________ out with her friends.

a. not go b. went not c. didn’t go d. didn’t went

6ELCA 102

VOCABULARY – Noun, verb and adjective endings

Common noun and adjective endings in English

The employment of women has increased in the past few years. (noun)

Many companies now employ women. (verb)

Sara is not employed at the moment. She is still looking for a job. (adjective)

Noun Verb

explanation explain

invitation invite

translation translate

decision decide

enjoyment enjoy

employment employ

improvement improve

discussion discuss

organization organize

imagination imagine

advertisement advertise


1. Here is an __________ to my wedding. I hope you can come.

a. employment b. organization c. imagination d. invitation

2. People who work with young children need to have a lot of __________.

a. patient b. patients c. patience d. patiently

3. Your English will __________ if you read a lot of books in English.

a. improve b. discuss c. translate d. explain

4. Lionel Messi is a ___________ football player.

a. fame b. famous c. guilty d. guilt

5. We were very __________ when our football team won the match. We had a big party.

a. happiness b. happy c. difference d. different

6. If you don’t understand something, ask your teacher to __________ it.

a. employ b. enjoy c. explain d. imagine

7. There are many __________ for toys during children’s TV programmes.

a. advertisements b. decisions c. dangers d. friends

8. The assistant at that dress shop was very __________. She found the right size and color for me.

a. lazy b. laziness c. helpful d. help

nouns the name of a person, place animal or

thing

-ation -sion -ment -ness -ence -ance

adjectives used to describe nouns -y -ly -ous -ful -ent -ant

Noun Adjective

friend friendly

fame famous

laziness lazy

patience patient

happiness happy

care

care

careful

difference different

help helpful

beauty beautiful

guilt guilty

importance important

danger dangerous

7ELCA 102

VOCABULARY – Making negatives

We can make adjectives and verbs negative by using these prefixes. A prefix is a small part of a word added

at the beginning.

Exercise 3: Write the word shown by each picture.

Positive Negative

Verbs

agree disagree

appear disappear

like dislike

pack unpack

employed unemployed

fair unfair

Adjectives legal illegal

polite impolite

possible impossible

tidy untidy


1. I really __________ waking up early at the weekend, but sometimes I have to.

a. appear b. disappear c. like d. dislike

2. It is very __________ to ask a woman how old she is.

a. polite b. impolite c. patient d. impatient

3. It is _____legal to drive while talking on a mobile phone.

a. un- b. im- c. dis- d. il-

4. I wanted to travel to the UK to study but my father __________. He wanted me to stay in Jeddah.

a. disappeared b. appeared c. disagreed d. agreed

5. Dad, you gave Ali more money than me! It’s not __________!

a. fair b. unfair c. tidy d. untidy

6. Oh! This math homework is __________! I don’t understand how to do it!

a. helpful b. unemployed c. impossible d. guilty

7. This living room is so ______tidy! Please clean it up before our guests come.

a. un- b. in- c. dis- d. il-

adjectives un- im- il-

verbs un- dis-

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

8ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. a 6. c

Exercise 2: 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. c

Exercise 3: 1. pack 2. unpack 3. agree 4. disagree 5. Jdy 6. unJdy

Exercise 4: 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. c 7. a

9ELCA 102

Unit 4 – Let’s go shopping!

Grammar

4.1 Expressions of quanBty

Count and uncount nouns – There are several differences between count and uncount nouns.

NOUNS Rule Examples

COUNT

We can say three cups, two girls, ten riyals. We can

count them.

a cup, a glass, an apple, an egg, a

pound, two dollars, a riyal, a

minute

Count nouns can be singular or plural.

This cup is clean.

Those cups are dirty.

UNCOUNT

We cannot say three waters, two rices or one money.

water, sugar, bread, milk, rice,

money, time

Uncount nouns can only be singular. The water is cold.

The weather was terrible.

much and many

NOUNS Rule Examples

COUNT We use many with count nouns in questions and

negatives.

How many people were at the party?

I didn’t take many photos on holiday.

UNCOUNT We use much with uncount nouns in questions and

negatives.

How much money have you got?

There isn’t much milk left.

a few and a little

NOUNS Rule Examples

COUNT We use a few with count nouns. There are only a few biscuits left.

UNCOUNT We use a little with uncount nouns. Can you give me a little time?

some and any

Rule Examples

We use some in positive sentences. I’d like some sugar.

We use any in questions and negative sentences. Is there any sugar in this tea?

We don’t have any sugar.

We use some in questions that are requests or offers. Can I have some cake?

Would you like some tea?

The rules are the same for the compounds someone,

anything, anybody, somewhere, etc.

I’ve got something for you.

Hello? Is anybody home?

There isn’t anywhere to go in this town.

A lot/lots of (a lot of = lots of)

Rule Examples

We use a lot / lots of with both count and

uncount nouns.

There’s a lot of milk in the fridge.

I’ve got a lot of friends.

We can use a lot / lots of in questions and

negative sentences.

Are there lots of students in your class?

There isn’t a lot of milk left, so we need to go

shopping.

10ELCA 102


1. Have you got __________ butter? I need it to make a cake.

a. two b. a few c. some d. any

2. There isn’t __________ time left before the exams.

a. many b. much c. some d. a few

3. We got __________ money from the bank.

a. one b. any c. some d. many

4. Do you have __________ friends at school?

a. lots of b. much c. a little d. a

5. Please wait for me. I’ll be ready in ___________ minutes.

a. a little b. a few c. much d. lots of

6. A: Would you like __________ sugar in your coffee?

B: Yes, please. Just __________.

a. some….. a little b. many….a lot c. much…..a few d. any……some

4.2 ArBcles – a and the

Rule Examples

The indefinite article a or an is used with singular,

countable nouns to refer to a thing or an idea for the first

time.

We have a Toyota and a BMW.

There’s a supermarket in Tahliya Street.

The definite article the is used with singular and plural,

countable and uncountable nouns when both the speaker

and the listener know the thing or idea already.

We have a Toyota and a BMW. I drive the

Toyota and my wife drives the BMW.

I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want

anything? (We both know which

supermarket.)

Rule Examples

Indefinite

article (a /

an)

Used with professions I’m a teacher.

She’s a doctor.

Used with some expressions of quantity a pair of a little a couple of

a few

Used in exclamation with what + count nouns What a lovely day!

What a pity!

Definite

article (the)

Used before seas, rivers, hotels, museums and

newspapers

the Atlantic, the Nile, the Hilton,

the British Museum,

Used if there is only one of something the sun, the government , the

king,

Used with superlative adjectives He’s the richest man in the world.

11ELCA 102

Rule

Examples

No article

There is no article before plural and uncountable

nouns when talking about things in general

I like potatoes.

Milk is good for you.

There is no article before countries, towns, streets,

languages, magazines, meals, airports, stations and

mountains.

I had lunch with Reem.

I bought a newspaper at

Heathrow Airport.

There is no article before some places and with some

forms of transport.

She goes to work by bus.

They go to school on foot.

I was at home yesterday evening.

I went home early yesterday.

(NOT I went to home.)

No article is used in exclamations with what + an

uncount noun

What beautiful weather!


1. I need to go to the mall to buy __________ pair of shoes.

a. the b. a c. an d. ----

2. When Mary went to London, she flew into __________ Gatwick Airport.

a. a b. an c. the d. ----

3. My brothers go __________ on foot.

a. to school b. school c. to a school d. the school

4. There’s __________ park in front of my house.


5. What ___________ awful day! Nothing is going right.


6. We all need to drink lots of __________ water every day.


7. I was very tired yesterday, so I went __________ early.

a. to home b. home c. to the home d. a home

8. When they went to Egypt, they took a boat trip on __________ Nile.


at home into bed at/to work by bus by car

by plane on foot at/to school/ university

12ELCA 102

VOCABULARY – Buying things


1. I’d like __________ with my cappuccino, please.

a. a piece of cake b. conditioner c. a sweater d. a sore throat

2. Customer: I’d like to try on this dress.

Shop assistant: The _________________ are over there.

a. envelopes b. stamps c. editions d. changing rooms

3. I need to buy some __________ and conditioner for my hair.

a. espresso b. shampoo c. toothpaste d. deodorant

4. I have a ___________ . Could I have some Strepsils, please?

a. stomach ache b. sore throat c. headache d. pharmacy

5. I need to buy a __________ to send this letter to the UK.

a. stamp b. shelf c. tie d. parcel

6. Every month, my brother buys the new __________ of Saudi Auto magazine.

a. customer b. doughnut c. edition d. envelope

a clothes shop a pharmacy a café a post office a newsagent’s

a sweater

a shirt

a tie

What size are you?

small/medium/large

changing room

too small / too big

I’ll have it, please.

I’ll leave them, thanks.

conditioner

deodorant

shaving foam

shampoo

sore throat

stomach ache

toothpaste

toothbrush

a black / white coffee

an espresso/a cappuccino

a doughnut

a pot of tea

a sparkling / still mineral

water

a piece of chocolate cake

some stamps

a phone card

a letter/postcard to

Japan

send this parcel to the

UK

buy some envelopes

a newspaper

a magazine

edition

(middle) shelf

shop assistant

customers cashier

13ELCA 102

READING – Markets around the world

The Floating Markets of Bangkok

Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is a city of contrasts. The tall glass

buildings look like any other modern city. But behind them is a place

where life hasn't changed for over 100 years - the canals. Built in 1866

by the King of Thailand, these canals are home to many Thai people

who still live and work there today. There are four floating markets

around Bangkok and the oldest and most popular is in the town of

Damonen Saduak.

This market opens every day from 6.30 a.m. It's best to shop early and go by water taxi. ANer 9 a.m.

the tourist buses arrive, and it's much too busy.

It's a colourful, noisy, fascinating place. Old ladies with huge hats sit in small boats, filled with tropical fruit

and vegetables, fresh coconut juice and local food. Did you miss your breakfast? Then just call a seller for a

bowl of hot soup. He'll get it from a cooker at the back of his boat!

But the boats don't just sell food. Would you like a traditional hat? A silk dress? A flowered shirt? Then just

call and point. After the noise and excitement of the market, continue along the canal. Soon you'll see the

wooden houses, orchards, and floating flowers of the canal villages. It's a lovely, peaceful way to finish your

trip.

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer.

1. The best way to visit the market in Damonen Saduak is __________.

a. by water taxi b. on foot c. by bus d. by car __________.

2. What happens aNer 9.00?

a. The market opens.

b. Old ladies sell hats.

c. Tourist buses arrive.

d. People eat breakfast.

3. The word them in paragraph 1 refers to __________.

a. contrasts b. glass buildings c. canals d. 100 years

4. Which statement is TRUE?

a. There are three floating markets in Bangkok.

b. The canals were built in 1896.

c. Damonen Saduak is the capital of Thailand.

d. The market is open seven days a week.

.

14ELCA 102

A perfect day in Provence

Every Sunday in a small town called Isle-sur-la-Sorgue in

southern France there is a truly amazing market. Isle-sur-la-

Sorgue is like Venice. The River Sorgue runs in and out of the old

narrow streets and under the many bridges, and on market day

every street and bridge is packed with stalls. From early

morning, this sleepy little town becomes a noisy, busy place,

with sellers calling to you in the accent of the south.

You can choose from an amazing selection of olives, hundreds of cheeses, and delicious roast chickens. But

it is not just a food market. Antique sellers fill the pavements with beautiful old French furniture, and there

are tables covered with antique lace and cloth. Flower sellers invite you to pick from their brightly coloured

bunches of flowers. The air is filled with the smell of soaps, herbs, and lavender, all made and grown in

Provence. Do you need a sun hat? Did you forget your beach towel? Your choices are endless.

Travellers fill their backpacks with delicious things for Sunday lunch: olive bread, tomatoes, chicken, melon,

and of course, a boOle of local mineral water. At 1 o’clock everything closes, and everyone goes home.

Then it’s time to find a cool place next to the river for a perfect picnic on a perfect day in Provence.


1. The market in Isle-sur-la-Sorgue opens __________.

a. every day b. on Sunday c. on Saturday d. on Monday

2. The word stalls in paragraph 1 means places where people __________.

a. sleep b. run c. sell things d. live


a. Isle-sur-la-Sorgue is in Venice.

b. Isle-sur-la-Sorgue is a big city.

c. The market closes at 1:00.

d. Provence is in the north of France.

4. The topic of this passage is __________.

a. shopping in Venice b. having picnics in France c. rivers in Provence d. a market in southern France

The Souks of Marrakech

Marrakech in Morocco is a city of ancient, sand-coloured buildings and

palm trees in the middle of the desert.

In the centre is the main square, Jemaa el Fna. Here you can see snakes

and drink Moroccan coffee. But behind the square is the real heart of

the city. This is the souk (the Arabic word for market). Hundreds of little

shops and stalls are open from early morning till lunchtime, and again in

the evening. The souk, with its narrow, busy streets, is divided into lots

of smaller souks. There's the aromatic spice souk, the noisy meat souk,

the colourful clothing souk, the gold and silver souk, and many more.

Finally, there's the carpet souk. Here, hundreds of handmade Moroccan rugs and carpets cover the

pavements. No two rugs are the same. In Mr. Youssef's rug shop, he invites you to sit down among all the

beautiful carpets. A silver teapot arrives with little glasses and Mr. Youssef talks about the different rugs,

15ELCA 102

while his assistants roll them out one by one. Two hours later, after many glasses of traditional mint tea

and lots of bargaining, you finally choose your rug and leave much poorer. Then it's time to return to the

main square to watch the snakes and count your money.


1. Jemaa el Fna is __________.

a. a city in Morocco b. a carpet shop c. a square in Marrakech d. a desert

2. The shops and stalls behind Jemaa el Fna are open __________.

a. in the morning and evening b. in the morning only c. in the evening only d. all day

3. The word Here in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. the gold souk b. rugs and carpets c. Mr. Youssef’s shop d. the carpet souk

4. Which statement is NOT TRUE?

a. You can find rugs in the carpet souk.

b. Mr. Youssef sells snakes.

c. Marrakech is a city in Morocco.

d. The streets in the souk are narrow.

Everyday English – Prices and shopping

In a clothes shop

Shop assistant: Can I help you?

Customer: I’m just looking, thanks.

In a newsagent’s

Customer: Could you help me? I’m looking for this month’s edition

of Top Gear. Can you tell me where it is?

Shop assistant: Over there. Middle shelf. Next to Max Power.

I’m looking for a

sweater like this,

but in blue.

I’ll just have a look.

What size are you? Medium.

Hello. Can I

help you?

How would you

like to pay?

Cash

How much is it?

It’s £ 29.99.

Could you help me? I’m looking for this month’s

edition of Top Gear. Can you tell me where it is?

16ELCA 102

In a pharmacy

In a café

Customer: Good morning. Can I have a black coffee, please?

Shop assistant: Espresso?

Customer: Yes, please. Oh, and a doughnut, please.

Shop assistant: I’m afraid there aren’t any left. We’ve got some

delicious carrot cake and chocolate cake.

Customer: OK. Carrot cake, then.

Shop assistant: Certainly. Is that all?

Customer: Yes, thanks.

Shop assistant: That’ll be £2.85, please.

Customer: Thank you.

Exercise 7: Choose the best response or question to complete each dialogue.

1. A: Can I help you?

B: ______________.

a. It’s $4.50

b. By credit card.

c. I’m just looking, thanks.

d. Medium.

2. A: Hello. Could I have a piece of chocolate cake, please?

B: _________________________________

a. Black or with milk?

b. No, thanks.

c. Can I try it on?

d. Certainly. Would you like anything else?

Could you help me? I’ve got

a bad cold and a sore throat.

Can you give me something

OK. You can take these

three times a day.

17ELCA 102

3. A: Do you have this shirt in large?

B: __________________________

a. I’ll just have a look.

b. I’m just looking.

c. Can you give me something for it?

d. How would you like to pay?

4. A: ________________________

B: It’s 250 riyals.

a. Is that all?

b. Can I help you?

c. Sure. Anything else?

d. How much is this shirt?

5. A: _______________________________

B: By credit card.

a. How would you like to pay?

b. Have you got this dress in green?

c. Could I have a cappuccino, please?

d. Could I have some tissues, please?

6. A: Do you have today’s edition of Arab News?

B: __________________________________

a. Of course. The changing rooms are over there.

b. I’m afraid there aren’t any left.

c. What size are you?

d. It fits you very well.

18ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. a

Exercise 2: 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. c

Exercise 3: 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. c

Exercise 4: 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. d

Exercise 5: 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d

Exercise 6: 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b

Exercise 7: 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b

19ELCA 102

Unit 5 – What do you want to do?

Grammar

5.1 Verb paKerns 1

Here are four common verb patterns:

Rule Examples

verb + to +infinitive

choose help

decide hope

forget try

promise want

manage would like

need would love

When did you decide to study business?

Ali needs to buy a new car.

They want to have lunch at a restaurant.

verb + -ing

like

love

enjoy

hate

finish

stop

We love going to the beach at the weekend.

Do you enjoy learning English?

They finished studying for their exam.

I hate getting up early.

verb + -ing or to + infinitive with no change in

meaning

begin

continue

start

It began raining / It began to rain.

They continued playing./ They continued to

play.

verb + preposition + -ing

look forward to

think of

I’m looking forward to going on holiday.

We’re thinking of moving to Riyadh.

5.2 like doing and would like to do

Rule Examples

like + -ing

like doing and love doing express general

enjoyment

I like studying at KAU. (I’m a student and I enjoy it.)

Question

Do you like swimming?

Short answer

Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

would like/love + to+ infinitive

would like to do and would love to do express

a preference now or at a specific time

I’d like to be a student at KAU. (I’m not a student

there now, but I hope to be one later.)

I’m hungry. I’d love to have pizza. (I want some now.)

Question

Would you like to come with us to the mall?

Would you like to have a cup of tea?

Short answer

Yes, I would. / No, thanks.

Yes, I’d love to. / No, thank you.

No, I wouldn’t is not

common because

it’s impolite.

20ELCA 102


1. At first I had some problems with my homework, but I managed __________ it on time.

a. finish b. finishing c. to finish d. to finishing

2. Would you like __________ to France in the summer?

a. travel b. to travel c. travelling d. to travelling

3. I’m really looking forward to __________ to Dubai.

a. go b. going c. will go d. went

4. Sara enjoys __________ computer games with her brother.

a. play b. plays c. to play d. playing

5. Do you like ___________ on the beach?

a. walk b. walked c. walking d. to walking

6. I’d love __________ a cup of coffee now. I’m really sleepy.

a. have b. to have c. having d. to having

5.3 will

Form

will is a modal auxiliary. It is used with another verb. will + base form of the verb (no to)

’ll = short form of will won’t = short negative form

The form is the same for all persons.

Positive and negative sentences: Questions

I will (’ll)

won’t come to the party. He/She/It

We/You/They

Yes/No Question and short answer:

Will you help me? Yes, I will. / Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t.

When will he /she

help me? you

they

Use

Rule Examples

Will is used when the speaker wants to

express a future decision or intention made at

the moment of speaking.

A: Sara is getting married.

B: Is she? I’ll buy her a present.

A: Which shirt do you want – the green one or the blue

one?

B: I’ll take the green one, thanks.

Will is also used to express an offer.

A: This bag is really heavy.

B: I’ll carry it for you.

A: There are so many dirty dishes!

B: We’ll do the washing-up.

No, I won’t is not

common because

it’s impolite.

21ELCA 102

going to

Form

am/is/are + going+ to + infinitive


I ’m (am)

’m not

He/She/It ’s (is)

isn’t

going to work.

We/You/They ’re (are)

aren’t


Are they going to get married?

Are you going to travel during the next break?

Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.

Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

When

am I

is he /she/it going to work?

are we/you/they

Use

Rule Examples

Going to is used when the speaker wants to express a

future decision or intention made before the moment

of speaking.

A: How long are you going to stay in Turkey?

B: One week. We’re going to visit Istanbul and

Bursa.

I can’t go to your party next weekend because I’m

going to visit my grandmother.

Note: The Present Continuous can be used in a similar

way for a plan or arrangement, especially with the

verbs come and go.

My sister and her family are coming on Saturday.

I’m going to the beach this weekend.

Going to is used when the speaker can see or feel now

that something is certain to happen in the future.

Look at those dark clouds! It’s going to rain.

Watch out! That box is going to fall.

Difference between will and going to

I’m going to make spaghetti for dinner tonight.

(I decided this morning and I have everything

I need to make it.)

What shall I cook for dinner tonight? Er…. I know!

I’ll make spaghetti! That’s a good idea!

(I decided at the moment of speaking.)


1. A: Are you going to Makkah this weekend?

B: Yes, ________________.

a. I am b. I’m c. I will d. you are

2. A: I don’t feel very well. I have a sore throat.

B: Sit down. ______________ a hot lemon drink for you.

a. I’ll make b. I make c. I’m making d. I’m going to make

3. We__________ our holiday in Malaysia. We bought the tickets yesterday.

a. spend b. will spend c. spent d. are going to spend

4. I’m a little sick, but I __________ the doctor. I’m just going to rest at home.

a. ’m not going to see b. will not see c. not seeing d. don’t see

Don’t use contracted

forms in short positive

answers.

Yes , they’re. /Yes, I’m.

22ELCA 102

5. Will you __________ this exercise to me, please?

a. explain b. explaining c. to explain d. going to explain

6. A: Nora is in the hospital.

B: Really? I didn’t know that. I __________ her and take some flowers.

a. visit b. am visiting c. ’ll visit d. am going to visit

7. A: Why are you putting on your trainers?

B: Because I _________ in the park.

a. will jog b. ’m going jogging c. jogging d. jog

VOCABULARY – collocations with have / go / come


1. Saleh didn’t come to class yesterday because he __________ an accident.

a. made b. had c. did d. went

2. I had many problems on my last holiday. Everything __________ wrong.

a. made b. had c. came d. went

3. Did you have __________ to travel when you were a child?

a. a picnic b. an opportunity c. a meeting d. an advertisement

4. Fahd ran very fast but he didn’t win the race. He __________ second.

a. came b. went c. made d. had

5. I have a terrible _____________. Do you have any Panadol?

a. shower b. headache c. wrong d. sweater

6. Last winter, they travelled to Switzerland and __________ skiing there.

a. went b. had c. made d. came

have go come

an accident

a class

a cold

a good time

a headache

a meeting

an opportunity to

a picnic

a shower

abroad

home

out for a meal

shopping

skiing

to school

wrong

first / second / last (in a race)

home

on

round (to my house)

to school

true

23ELCA 102

READING

The Children of Gaza

For the children of the Gaza Strip, geSng an educaJon isn't easy. There are 640 schools for nearly ½ million

students, and schools have two shifts a day – some children have classes in the evenings. School buildings

and surrounding roads are often closed, and going to school can be impossible for long periods.

However, a good education still comes first in most Gazan parents' ambitions for their children, and among

15-24 year-olds literacy is 98.2%, higher than in America.

'The children really want to learn, and they are tough here', said one teacher. Teachers persuade young

people to come to school rather than get involved in the protests and fighting. 'We try to explain that there

are other ways to fight for our rights, through our words, and through learning and teaching others about

what is happening, by helping each other.'

The young people of Gaza can't go abroad, and they need to feel that the world can hear their voices. In

2010, with The Gaza Mono-Logues project of ASHTAR Theatre, children in Gaza had the opportunity to

record their experiences of life. On October 17th, they read their monologues aloud on the sea shore, and

then sent them in paper boats across the sea. Later that day, 1000 young people presented the

monologues in 50 ciJes across the world.

Exercise 4: Questions: Choose the best answer.

1. There are nearly __________ students in the Gaza Strip.

a. half a million b. 1524 c. 640 d. two million

2. The students in Gaza __________.

a. don’t want to go to school

b. are tough

c. go abroad every year

d. have an easy education

3. The word their in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

a. schools b. Americans c. Gazan parents d. Gazan students

4. The phrase go abroad in paragraph 4 means __________.

a. stay home b. travel to another country c. talk to other people d. go to school


a. 98.2% of 15-24 year-olds in Gaza are literate.

b. The Gaza Mono-Logues project happened in 2001.

c. Schools in Gaza have three shifts every day.

d. 100 young people presented the monologues in 5 ciJes.

6. The passage is mainly about __________.

a. teaching children

b. the ASHTAR theatre

c. young people in Gaza

d. education in the Middle East

24ELCA 102

Everyday English – How do you feel?

Look at the sentences with the replies.

Sentence A Reply B

1. I feel nervous. I’ve got an exam tomorrow. Good luck. Do your best.

2. I don’t feel very well. I think I’m geSng the flu. Why don’t you go home to bed?

3. I’m feeling a lot beOer, thanks. I’ve got a lot more

energy.

That’s good. I’m pleased to hear it.

4. I’m really excited. I’m going on holiday to Australia

tomorrow.

That’s great! Have a good time.

5. I’m fed up with this weather. It’s so wet and

miserable.

I know. We really need some sunshine, don’t we?

6. I’m really Jred. I couldn’t get to sleep last night. Poor you. That happens to me sometimes. I just

read in bed.

7. I’m a bit worried. My grandfather’s going into

hospital for tests.

I’m sorry to hear that, but I’m sure he’ll be OK.

8. I feel really depressed at the moment. Nothing’s

going right in my life.

Cheer up! Things can’t be that bad.


1. A: I’m really tired. I have a big project at work.

B: ______________.

a. Poor you. Hope you can get some rest next weekend.

b. I’m sorry to hear that, but I’m sure they will be fine.

c. Have a good time.

d. Why don’t you go shopping?

2. A: I’m a bit worried. _____________________

B: Sorry to hear that, but I’m sure they’ll be fine.

a. I’m going on holiday tomorrow.

b. I have a lot of homework to do.

c. My children have the flu.

d. Nothing’s going right now.

3. A: I’m feeling much better than last week.

B: ____________________________

a. Why don’t you go home to bed?

b. I’ve got an exam today.

c. Poor you. That happens to me sometimes.

d. That’s great. I’m happy to hear that.

4. A: ________________________

B: I know. It’s so hot and humid.

a. I’m fed up with this weather.

b. I’m really excited!

c. I have to see the doctor tomorrow.

d. I think I’m getting a cold.

25ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. b

Exercise 2: 1. a 2. a 3. d 4. a 5. a 6. c 7. b

Exercise 3: 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. a

Exercise 4: 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c

Exercise 5: 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a

26ELCA 102

Unit 6 – Tell me! What’s it like?

Grammar

6.1 What … like?

Form

What + to be + subject + like?

Question Answer

What

’s (is) your teacher

like?

She’s funny and very patient.

are his parents They’re very kind.

was your holiday It was OK. Paris was beautiful but the weather wasn’t very nice.

were the malls They were amazing! There were so many shops to choose from.

Use

Rule Examples

What … like? means ‘Describe somebody or something. Tell me about them. I don’t know anything about them.’

In this question, like is a preposition, not a verb. A: What’s Ahmed like?

B: He’s intelligent and kind, and he’s got brown eyes.

Notice the difference in these sentences where like

is a verb.

A: What does Sara like?

B: She likes swimming and reading.

Note: How’s your father? Asks about health. It

doesn’t ask for a description.

A: How’s your mother?

B: She’s very well, thank you.


1. A: What’s Jeddah like?

B: ____________________

a. It’s big and modern with many malls.

b. I like living in Jeddah.

c. It’s like big and modern.

d. I don’t like the traffic in Jeddah.

2. A: How’s your sister?

B: ____________________

a. She likes cooking.

b. She is patient and kind.

c. She’s still a little sick.

d. She is twenty years old.

3. A: ____________________

B: It was wonderful. We stayed in a great hotel.

a. What’s your friend like?

b. What do you like doing?

c. What are the restaurants like?

d. What was your holiday like?

! We don’t use like in the answer.

27ELCA 102

6.2 ComparaBve and superlative adjectives

Form

Comparative Superlative

Short adjectives cheap

small

*big

cheaper

smaller

*bigger

cheapest

smallest

*biggest

Adjectives that

end in -y

funny

early

heavy

funnier

earlier

heavier

funniest

earliest

heaviest

Adjectives with

two syllables or

more

careful

boring

expensive

interesting

more careful

more boring

more expensive

more interesting

most careful

most boring

most expensive

most interesting

Irregular

adjectives

far

good

bad

further

better

worse

furthest

best

worst

Rule Examples

Than is often used after a comparative adjective. I’m younger than my friend.

Reem is more intelligent than her brother.

Much can come before the comparative to give

emphasis.

She is much nicer than her sister.

Is Dubai much more modern than Sharjah?

The is used before superlative adjectives. Ali is the funniest boy in the class.

Which is the tallest building in the world?

Use

Rule Examples

We use comparatives to compare one thing, person

or action with another.

She’s taller than me.

London’s more expensive than Jeddah.

We use superlatives to compare somebody or

something with the whole group.

She’s the tallest in the class.

That’s the most expensive hotel in the world.

As…as shows that something is the same or equal. Sami is as tall as Fahad.

I’m as nervous as you are about the exam.

Not as/so…as shows that something isn’t the same

or equal.

Nora isn’t as tall as her sister.

My phone wasn’t as expensive as yours.


1. Jeddah has __________ flagpole in the world.

a. the tall b. tallest c. the tallest d. taller

2. What is __________ restaurant in Jeddah?

a. best b. the best c. better d. better than

3. He is a __________ driver than his brother.

a. careful b. more careful c. most careful d. as careful

4. Do you think visiting museums is __________ as going shopping?

a. interesting b. more interesting c. as interesting d. the most interesting

*In short adjectives

with one vowel + one

consonant, double the

consonant.

hot → hoOer, hoOest

28ELCA 102

5. Sara is sometimes late to class because she lives __________ from the university.

a. far than b. the far c. most further d. the furthest

6. My bag is ___________ than yours.

a. as heavy b. heavy c. heavier d. heaviest

VOCABULARY – Synonyms and Antonyms

Synonym = a word that means the same as another word

Antonym = a word that means the opposite of another word

We often use synonyms and antonyms because we don’t want to repeat words.


1. I’m __________ with this job. I want to find a new one.

a. generous b. rich c. fed up d. modern

2. A: Did you watch the exciting football match last night?

B: Yes. It was __________ ! Our team won in the last minute!

a. messy b. brilliant c. legal d. boring

3. Nouf didn’t want her mother to see her room because it was __________.

a. wealthy b. fed up c. clean d. messy

4. A: Is Mr. Gates rich?

B: Yes, he’s very __________.

a. wealthy b. mean c. horrible d. tidy

5. A: What was the food like at that new restaurant? Was it good?

B: No. It was __________!

a. brilliant b. generous c. awful d. boring

Word Synonym Word Antonyms

lovely beautiful interested bored fed up

rich wealthy horrible nice brilliant

new modern mean kind generous

exciting brilliant old new modern

kind generous poor rich wealthy

untidy messy tidy messy untidy

bored fed up short tall

dirty clean

expensive cheap

awful nice

miserable happy

stupid intelligent

To be more polite, we use

not very + opposite adjective:

A: Sara is so short.

B: Well, she’s not very tall.

29ELCA 102

Everyday English – Directions

Look at these questions and answers about places on the map.

Question Answer

Where’s the hotel? It’s opposite the station car park.

Where can I find the bank? It’s on the corner of Lower Road and Hill Road. It is next to the baker’s.

Where’s the supermarket? It’s between the pharmacy and the greengrocer.

Is there a bus stop near here? There is a bus stop in front of the flower shop in Station Road.

Where’s the museum? It’s in Station Road, opposite the flower shop near the railway bridge.

Where can I find the bookshop? It’s in Silver Street, behind the school.

Exercise 4: Looking at the map, choose the best response or question to complete each dialogue.

1. A: Where’s the pond?

B: ______________.

a. It’s near the farm.

b. It’s next to the post office.

c. It’s opposite the library.

d. It’s on the corner of Station Road and Hill Road.

2. A: Where can I find the newsagent’s?

B: ____________________________

a. It’s next to the bridge.

b. It’s in front of the school.

c. It’s between the café and the post office.

d. It’s behind the station.

3. A: Is there a greengrocer’s near here?

B: Yes, _________________.

a. it’s in Silver Street, behind the bank

b. it’s opposite the station

c. it’s next to the library

d. it’s on the corner of Silver Street and Lower Road

wood

bridge

hill

pond

river

path

gate

bank pharmacy

greengrocer

flower shop

museum

bookshop

hotel

baker’s

supermarket

30ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. a 2. c 3. d

Exercise 2: 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. c

Exercise 3: 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c

Exercise 4: 1. a 2. c 3. d

31ELCA 102

Unit 7 - Fame

Grammar

7.1 Present Perfect

Form

have l has + past participle (V3)

The past participle of regular verbs ends in –ed. Irregular verbs have different forms. See list in Unit 3.

Positive and negative sentences:

I /

We/You/They

have (’ve)

haven’t worked in a hospital.

He/She/It has (’s)

Questions and short answers:

Questions Answers

Have I / we / you /they

been to the UK?

Yes, I have.

No, they haven’t.

Has he /she Yes, she has.

No, he hasn’t.

Use

Rule Examples

The Present Perfect looks back from the present into the past,

and expresses what has happened before now. The action

happened at an indefinite time in the past.

The action can continue to the present and probably into the

future.

I’ve met a lot of famous people (before now)

She has won many awards. (in her life)

He’s written many books (up to now)

They’ve lived here for 15 years. (they sJll live here)

The Present Perfect expresses an experience as part of

someone’s life.

Ever and never are common with this use.

I’ve travelled to Africa.

He’s lived all over the world.

Have you ever been in an accident?

My grandmother has never flown in a plane.

The Present Perfect expresses an action or state which began

in the past and continues to the present.

Note: The time words for and since are common with this use.

for - period of time since - specific point in time

two days last night

one year 2013

five hours 9:00

I’ve known Aisha for five years. (I met her 5 years

ago and I still know her)

How long have you worked as a teacher?

She has lived in Jeddah for three years.

(period of time)

She has lived in Jeddah since 2012.

(specific point in time)

The Present Perfect expresses a past action with results in the

present. It is often a recent past action.

The adverbs just, already and yet are common with this use.

Yet – used in negatives and questions.

I’ve lost my mobile phone. (I haven’t got it now.)

The guests have arrived. (They are at the door now.)

We’ve just heard the good news.

I’ve already had breakfast.

Have you had breakfast yet?

It’s 12:00, and she hasn’t got up yet.

! We cannot use I’ve, they’ve,

he’s etc. in short answers.

Yes, I have. NOT Yes, I’ve.

Yes, she has. NOT Yes, she’s.

! Don’t use present tense for this situation.

Sara has been a teacher for 10 years.

NOT Sara is a teacher for 10 years.

32ELCA 102


1. Ali and Ahmed __________ worked in the same company for ten years.

a. has b. have c. having d. are having

2. I __________ seen that film. Is it good?

a. not have b. not has c. hasn’t d. haven’t

3. __________ your homework yet?

a. Have you finished b. Have you finish c. Do you finish d. Did finish you

4. Saleh __________ his passport. Now he needs to get a new one.

a. is losing b. loses c. was losing d. has lost

5. Sara has __________ to many countries.

a. be b. been c. went d. go

7.2 Present Perfect and Past Simple

Past Simple Present Perfect

The Past Simple refers to an action that

happened at a definite (specific) time in the past.

He died in 1884.

She got married when she was 20.

The action is finished.

I lived in London for a year. (but not now)

The Present Perfect refers to an action that happened

at an indefinite (not specific) time in the past.

She has won many awards.

She’s written ten books.

The action can continue to the present.

She’s lived in London for 20 years. (she still lives there

now)

Time expressions + Past Simple

in 1999.

last week.

I did it two months ago.

on February 3.

for two years when I was a child.

Time expressions + Present Perfect

for 15 years.

I’ve worked here since 2000.

since I left school.

Compare these sentences:

�

�

I’ve broken my leg last year.

I broke my leg last year.

�

�

He works as a teacher all his life.

He has worked as a teacher all his life.

�

�

When have you been to Italy?

When did you go to Italy?

�

�

How long do you have your car?

How long have you had your car?

33ELCA 102


1. Heba has __________ many books. She plans to write more in the future.

a. wrote b. write c. written d. writes

2. Last summer, we ____________ to Malaysia.

a. travelled b. travel c. are travelling d. have travelled

3. How long __________ your laptop?

a. you have b. are you having c. do you have d. have you had

4. We have lived in this house __________ thirteen years.

a. in b. for c. since d. ago

5. Reham has been a teacher since __________.

a. all her life b. two months c. 2005 d. five years

6. They went to the UK __________.

a. tomorrow b. 2 days ago c. next week d. since October

READING – Celebrity Interview

Bruno and Maria Cruz

They are one of the most famous married couples in the sporting world. He is the racing driver who has

won seven Formula One championships. He has won Grands Prix in nearly every country possible. She is the

tennis player who has won more Grand Slam titles than any other woman. She has been the number one

female tennis player in the world for the last 8 years. They invited Hi! Magazine into their luxury home.

You’re both incredibly busy in your separate careers. How do you find time to be together?

Bruno: A lot of the time we’ve been together, we’ve been in different countries! Naturally, we try to spend

more time together, but it’s not easy. We’ve both flown all over the world for a weekend, just to be

together.

Maria: Yes, it can be crazy sometimes. Occasionally we both have championships in the same country. That

doesn’t happen often, so it’s a real treat. But now that we’ve got this beautiful home, we’re working hard

to make sure we get enough time together here – private time.

It must be difficult to find enough private time. What’s it like being in a marriage when you’re both

superstars?

Maria: I don’t know what ‘superstar’ means really. It’s a word that other people use. We’re both just very

good at, and feel passionate about, our different sports. And we’ve been very lucky to have the chance to

show that to the world. But when we’re not doing that…. Well, we’re just normal people really. We are

normal, aren’t we, Bruno?

Bruno: Yes! I don’t think that fame and fortune have changed me. We don’t spend all our time dressing up

and going out to fancy, expensive restaurants. Most evening we’re happy to cook a meal and sit and watch

TV together. But is obviously helps that we both know about the problems of being famous. And

fortunately for me, people don’t recognize me as much as Maria!

34ELCA 102

How did you two meet?

Bruno: I was practicing for the Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne, and a friend had tickets for the final of

the Australian Tennis Open there. I met Maria at the celebration dinner afterwards. I already knew about

her as a tennis player, of course. But when we started talking for the first time… well, it was that wonderful

feeling you’ve known someone all your life!

Maria: I knew very little about Formula One, so I wasn’t sure what to ask him. I’ve never been very

interested in it to be honest – too much about tyres and engines for my liking! But I’ve certainly learnt a lot

about it since then.

And what about the future?

Bruno: We’re both at the point where we know that it can’t go on for much longer, being at the top. But

we’ve had wonderful careers, and I think we can both look forward to retiring. We’d like to have some

peace and quiet and spend more time here with each other, and…

Maria: …and with one or two little Cruzs! I’ve always wanted to have a family, and the good thing about

being a professional tennis player is that you stop at an age where that’s still possible. And this will be such

a fantastic home to bring up children in!


1. Bruno is a __________.

a. tennis player b. racing driver c. pilot d. sports teacher

2. Bruno and Maria met __________.

a. in Melbourne

b. in France

c. at a breakfast in Australia

d. at a Formula One race

3. The word It in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. sport b. time c. other people d. superstar

4. The word fortune in paragraph 3 means __________.

a. sports b. marriage c. a lot of money d. a house


a. Maria has been the number one female tennis player for three years.

b. Maria and Bruno have two children.

c. Bruno and Maria have a luxury home.

d. Bruno and Maria always play sports in the same country.

35ELCA 102

VOCABULARY – adverbs

An adverb modifies (gives more information about) a verb, adjective or another adverb.

Many adverbs end in –ly

Adverb Example

slowly I can’t understand you. Could you please speak slowly?

carefully My grandfather drives carefully.

usually We usually eat lunch at 3:00.

nearly Ali had an accident and nearly died, but fortunately, he got better.

only Ahlam doesn’t like a lot of kinds of food. She eats only burgers and chips.

exactly A: Do you really have no money at all in your bag?

B: Exactly. Not even one riyal.

especially I love all kinds of seafood, especially salmon.

There are also many adverbs that don’t end in –ly

Adverb Example

together Reem and I work together. We have been in the same office for two years.

hard Mariam’s boss likes her because she works very hard.

still It’s 11:30 in the morning. Why are you still in bed?

just Sami got to class at 7:56, just before the teacher arrived.

of course A: Did you like Turkey?

B: Of course I did. It was fantastic!

at last At last we finished painting our house. It took us three weeks!

too A: I hate washing dishes.

B: Me too! It’s so boring!


1. The train will leave at __________ 8:40. It will not wait for even one minute, so don’t be late.

a. at last b. only c. exactly d. still

2. I met Sara when I was five years old and we are __________ friends.

a. carefully b. still c. too d. nearly

3. Mary walks very __________ because her foot hurts.

a. at last b. nearly c. hard d. slowly

4. A: Do you like Italian food?

B: Yes, __________ spaghetti.

a. exactly b. nearly c. especially d. together

5. My father is a doctor, and my mother is a doctor, _____________.

a. too b. of course c. together d. just

slowly carefully usually nearly

36ELCA 102

Everyday English – Short answers

When we answer Yes /No questions, we often repeat the subject and the auxiliary verb. We also often add

more information to continue the conversation.

Sentence A Reply B

1. Is it raining? No, it isn’t.

2. Are you from Jeddah? No, I’m not. I’m from Makkah.

3. Have you been to Spain? No, I haven’t, but I’d like to go next year.

4. Are you good at tennis? Yes, I am. I usually win my matches.

5. Do you like cooking? Yes, I do, especially Italian food.

6. Can you speak Japanese? Yes, I can. I’ve studied it for three years.

7. Did you watch the football match last night? Yes, I did. It was really exciting!


1. A: Have you ever been to Red Sea Mall?

B: No, I ____________.

a. am not

b. don’t

c. wasn’t

d. haven’t

2. A: Did you go to Madinah last weekend?

B: Yes, _________________________.

a. I did. It was a great trip.

b. I have. I love travelling.

c. I do. It’s my favourite city.

d. I can. My grandparents live there.

3. A: Is your teacher nice?

B: __________________

a. Yes, it is. It’s my favourite class.

b. Yes, she is. She’s patient and funny.

c. No, it isn’t. I can’t understand maths.

d. No, she doesn’t. She lives in Taif.

4. A: Are you going to Sara’s party?

B: No, ____________. It’s too far away.

a. you aren’t

b. I’m not

c. I don’t

d. you haven’t

37ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. b

Exercise 2: 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. b

Exercise 3: 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. c

Exercise 4: 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. a

Exercise 5: 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. b

38ELCA 102

Unit 8 – Do’s and Don’ts

Grammar

8.1 have to

Form

has/have + to+ infinitive


I

We

You

They

have

don’t have

to work hard.

He

She

It

has

doesn’t have


Do you have to wear a uniform?

Does he have to work now?

Yes, I do.

No, he doesn’t.

Past form Questions

I/We/You/They had

didn’t have to work last week.

Did

I /we/you/they

he/she/it have to work last week?

He/She/It

Do

I

we

you

they have to work hard?

Does

he

she

it

Use

Rule Examples

Have to expresses a strong obligation. The

obligation comes from ‘outside’ - maybe a

law, a rule at school or work, or someone in

authority.

You have to have a passport if you want to travel outside your

country. (the law)

Khalid has to start work at 8:00. (his company’s rule)

The doctor says I have to do more exercise.

Don’t / doesn’t have to expresses absence of

obligation (it isn’t necessary).

I don’t have to get up early at the weekend.

She doesn’t have to teach in the summer. It’s a school holiday.


1. When I was a child, I __________ go to bed at 8:00.

a. had b. was having c. had to d. have to

2. __________ to help take care of your younger brothers and sisters?

a. Do you have b. Have you c. Were you have d. Are you have

3. I love the weekends because I __________ to go to work. I can relax.

a. have not b. don’t have c. didn’t have d. haven’t

4. Does Reem __________ to wear a uniform to school?

a. have b. had c. has d. having

5. When our grandparents were young, they _________ to walk to school. They didn’t have a car.

a. were had b. has c. have d. had

39ELCA 102

8.2 Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs

Form There are many different modal auxiliary verbs. They have different meanings but they have certain things

in common.

Rule Examples

Modals help the main verb. The main verb form is the

infinitive without to.

She can speak French.

I must get my hair cut.

There is no do / does in questions using modals. Can she speak French?

Should I get my hair cut?

The form is the same for all persons. There is no –s in the

third person singular.

He can sing well.

She should try harder.

It will rain soon.

To form the negative, add n’t to the modal.

There is no don’t / doesn’t.

Note: will not = won’t

I wouldn’t like to be a bus driver.

You mustn’t steal.

It won’t rain tomorrow.

Most modal verbs refer to the present and future. Only can

has a past tense form – could. I could swim when I was four.

8.3 should

Form

should + infinitive without to The form is the same for all persons.


I

You

He/She

We

They

should eat more vegetables.

shouldn’t eat a lot of fast food.


Should I ask my teacher for help?

Should I buy a new phone?

Yes, you should.

No, you shouldn’t.

What should I

he/she

we

you

they

study for the exam?

Do you think should see a doctor?

Use

Rule Examples

Should is used to express what the speaker

thinks is right or the best thing to do. It

expresses mild obligation or advice.

Should is often introduced by I think … or I

don’t think….

I should study more for my exam. (This is my opinion.)

You should do more work. (I’m telling you what I think.)

Do you think we should buy a new car? (I’m asking you for

your opinion.)

I think you should do more exercise.

I don’t think you should buy a new phone. It’s too

expensive.

Shouldn’t expresses negative advice (advice

NOT to do something). You shouldn’t sit so close to the TV. It’s bad for your eyes.

can could might must

shall should will would

40ELCA 102

8.4 must

Form

must + infinitive without to The form is the same for all persons.


I

You

He/She

We

They

must study harder.

mustn’t steal.

Questions with must are possible, but it’s more common to use have to in questions.

Must I bring my ID card to enter the university?

Do I have to bring my ID card to enter the university?

Yes, you must.

Yes, you do.

Use

Rule Examples

Must expresses strong obligation. Generally, this

obligation comes from ‘inside’ the speaker. I must get my hair cut. (I think this is necessary.)

Be careful when using You must…. It sounds very

bossy or impolite.

You must help me. (This sounds more like an

order.)

It’s better to say:

Could you help me?

You must…. can express a strong suggestion. You must come over to my house for dinner some

time. (I really want you to visit me some time.)


1. You ___________ go shopping so much. Try to save your money.

a. shouldn’t b. don’t have c. must d. can

2. My room is getting really untidy. I __________ clean it up today.

a. mustn’t b. don’t have c. have d. must

3. __________ to use a pencil when I take the English exam?

a. Can I b. Should I c. Must I d. Do I have

4. Mother: Aboodi, you __________ tell lies. You have to tell the truth.

a. mustn’t b. must c. have to d. don’t have to

5. I don’t think you should __________ cola every day. It’s not good for you.

a. to drink b. drinks c. drink d. drinking

41ELCA 102

VOCABULARY – Words that go together

Look at these verbs and nouns (complements) that go together.


1. I had a very interesting __________ with my friend yesterday.

a. decision b. exercise c. diet d. conversation

2. If you’re not ready to order now, it’s OK. __________ your time.

a. Have b. Get c. Take d. Make

3. Susan really wants to lose __________ before her sister’s wedding.

a. weight b. a diet c. exercise d. a job

4. After Reem finished her university studies, she __________ a job at a bank.

a. went on b. did c. made d. got

5. Do you __________your problems with your parents?

a. decide b. discuss c. talk d. speak

Compound nouns - We can also put two nouns together to make a new word. Sometimes they are joined,

but sometimes they are not.

Exercise 4: Write the word for each picture.

Verb Complement

get a job

go to university

discuss problems

go on a diet

lose weight

do exercise

have a conversation

take your time

make a decision

Noun 1 Noun 2 New word

alarm clock alarm clock

car park car park

traffic lights traffic lights

credit card credit card

ice cream ice-cream

sun glasses sunglasses

time table timetable

rain coat raincoat

hair dryer hairdryer

sun set sunset

ear ring earring

sign post signpost

book case bookcase

rush hour rush hour

text message text message

earth quake earthquake

4. 3. 2. 1.

8. 6. 7. 5.

42ELCA 102


1. There was a terrible __________ in Turkey last year. Many people died.

a. sunset b. car park c. timetable d. earthquake

2. Nora’s parents gave her some gold __________ for her birthday.

a. traffic lights b. ice-cream c. earrings d. raincoats

3. Drive carefully and send me a __________ when you arrive home.

a. rush hour b. credit card c. text message d. bookcase

4. Do you use __________ to wake up in the morning?

a. a hairdryer b. an alarm clock c. a timetable d. an earring

5. They love to go to the beach in the late afternoon and watch the __________.

a. sunset b. signpost c. sunglasses d. ice-cream

Everyday English –At the doctor’s

Illness Symptoms

1. I’ve got a cold. I can’t stop sneezing and my nose is runny.

2. I’ve got the flu. I’ve got a temperature, my whole body aches, and I feel awful.

3. I’ve got a sore throat. My glands are swollen, and it hurts when I swallow.

4. I’ve twisted my ankle. It hurts when I walk on it.

5. I’ve got diarrhoea. I keep going to the toilet.

6. I’ve got food poisoning. I keep being sick, and I’ve got diarrhoea.

12. 11. 10. 9.

cold sore throat twisted ankle food poisoning

43ELCA 102


1. A: What seems to be the matter?

B: ______________.

a. It’s on the corner of Main Street and Centre Road.

b. I’ve got a bit of a temperature and I feel terrible.

c. Of course. The changing rooms are over there.

d. You can take these three times a day.

2. A: My nose is runny and I can’t stop sneezing.

B: Hmmm, _________________________

a. can you give me anything for it?

b. sure. Anything else?

c. I think you twisted your ankle.

d. I think you have a cold.

3. A: I keep being sick, and I’ve got diarrhoea. B: ________________________.

a. I think you might have food poisoning.

b. That’s great. I’m happy to hear that.

c. I have to see the doctor tomorrow.

d. Can I have a black coffee, please?

44ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. d

Exercise 2: 1. a 2. d 3. d 4. a 5. c

Exercise 3: 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b

Exercise 4: 1. sunglasses 2. alarm clock 3. hairdryer 4. earring 5. raincoat 6. traffic lights

7. bookcase 8. signpost 9. rush hour 10. Jmetable 11. car park 12. earthquake

Exercise 5: 1. d 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. a

Exercise 6: 1. b 2. d 3. a

45ELCA 102

Unit 9 – Going Places

Grammar

9.1 Time Clauses

Look at this sentence: I’ll give her a ring when I get home.

It consists of two clauses: (main clause) (secondary clause)

These conjunctions of time introduce secondary clauses.

These time conjunctions are not usually followed by the future tense, even when they refer to a future

time. We use a present tense.

When I get home, …..

While we’re away, ….

As soon as I hear from you, ….

Wait here until I get back.


1. I’ll have a bath __________ I go to bed. It will help me sleep.

a. when b. after c. until d. before

2. I’m travelling to Riyadh this afternoon. I’ll call you __________ I arrive at the hotel.

a. because b. while c. as soon as d. until

3. Could you please water my plants __________ I’m away?

a. as soon as b. while c. after d. before

9.2 will

Form – See Unit 5

Use

Rule Examples

Will expresses a decision or intention made at the

moment of speaking. Give me your bag. I’ll carry it for you.

It also expresses a future fact or prediction. The speaker

thinks “This action is sure to happen in the future.”

My football team will win the match.

It will be hot and sunny tomorrow.

9.3 First condiBonal

If + Present Simple, will + base form of verb

secondary clause (main clause)


If

I work hard, I

she has enough money, she

we don’t hurry up, we

you’re late, I

will (’ll)

won’t

pass my exams.

buy a new car.

be late.

wait for you.

when while as soon as after before until

46ELCA 102

Questions

What

Where will

you do

they go if

you can’t find a job?

they don’t travel abroad?


Will you have a party if you pass your exams?

If Ali has enough money, will he buy a new house?

Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.

Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.

Note: The condition clause if … can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. If it comes at the

beginning, we put a comma at the end of the clause. If it comes at the end, we do not use a comma.

If I work hard, I’ll pass my exams. (comma)

I’ll pass my exams if I work hard. (no comma)

Use

Rule Examples

The first conditional is used to express a possible

condition and a probable result in the future.

If I get my salary tomorrow, I’ll buy lunch for

everyone.

Schools will be closed if it rains tomorrow.

English uses a present tense in the condition clause,

not a future form.

If it rains tomorrow… NOT If it will rain….

If I work hard… NOT If I will work hard, …

If expresses a possibility that something will happen;

when expresses what the speaker see as sure to

happen.

If I find your keys, I’ll call you.

(It’s possible but not sure that I will find the keys.)

When I get home, I’ll have lunch.

(I’m sure I will get home.)


1. If you __________ some exercise every day, you will lose weight.

a. do b. doing c. will do d. did

2. When Hala finishes university, she ____________ to get a job.

a. try b. tries c. is trying d. will try

3. We will go to the beach tomorrow if it __________.

a. didn’t rain b. wasn’t raining c. doesn’t rain d. won’t rain

4. Sara and Reem __________ in the UK if their parents agree.

a. studied b. are studying c. study d. will study

5. Where __________ you travel when you have a holiday?

a. will b. are c. have d. did

6. If you __________ late, you won’t be able to take the exam.

a. be b. are c. will be d. were

7. I will visit my grandparents next weekend if I __________ enough time.

a. has b. had c. have d. will have

47ELCA 102

READING

Sunset in the West

The first industrial economies were European, until the 1890s, when the US

became the world's economic superpower. In the 1960s the 'Asian Tigers'

arrived, and suddenly everything we bought was 'Made in Japan/ South Korea'.

But the populations of these new industrial nations are much smaller than

America's, and could never produce enough to move the centre of the world

economy from West to East.

Made in China

Now the East's Jme has come. China, with its populaJon of 1.3 billion, has already become 'the world's factory'.

If its economy conJnues to grow at 10%, it will become the biggest economy in the world by 2018. It will also take

America's place as the world's largest oil market, thirsty for petrol to run the 140m private cars on its roads.

The West was once afraid of China because of its communist

ideas. Now it's more worried about China's success in capitalism.

China has nearly 100 billionaires. Although many of its people are

still poor, a third of the world's luxury products - Chanel perfume,

Rolex watches, Lacoste clothing - are now sold in China.

The sky's the limit?

The pollution in the skies over cities like Beijing is one of the costs of this incredible success. Five out of ten

of the world's most polluted cities are in China, and its economy will have to become 'greener' as quickly as

it has become more capitalist. Another problem for China's future economy is its population growth.

Because of the 'one child per family' policy, started in the 1980s, the working populaJon of China will start

to get smaller in 2015.

What about India?

Everyone is talking about China as the future world superpower, but India isn't far behind. India already has

over 1 billion people, and here there will be no problems finding enough workers for its fast growing

economy. If the populaJon conJnues to grow as quickly as now, it will be bigger than China's by 2040.

And although it has enough cheap workers to produce a car for $2000,

India is not just a gigantic factory. It has an enormous number of highly

educated scientists, engineers, and IT specialists. Many of the West's

successful technology companies use Indian teams to design software

for their mobile phones and computers. The Vice-President of Cisco

Systems said recently, 'I find Bangalore one of the most exciting

places in the world. It's what Silicon Valley in California was in 1999.'

From West to East

Between them, China and India have a third of the world's population. Every year they produce a million

graduates in science and engineering (the US produces 70,000), entering industry and doing research in

university departments.

Whether China or India becomes the leading economic power, the result for the West will be the same.

America's time as the world's most powerful nation will soon be over, and all Western countries will have

to live in a changing world, where the sun rises in the East once more.

48ELCA 102


1. The US became the world’s economic superpower in the __________.

a. 1960s b. 1890s c. 1980s d. 1990s

2. According to the passage, which country has become the world’s factory?

a. America b. China c. Japan d. South Korea

3. India’s populaJon is ___________ .

a. growing quickly b. getting smaller c. staying the same d. bigger than China’s


a. a car b. a factory c. India d. China


a. Every month, the US produces 1 million science graduates.

b. China has nearly one thousand billionaires.

c. Half of the world’s population lives in India and China.

d. There is a lot of pollution in China.

VOCABULARY – collocations with the verbs take, get, do and make


1. Did your friends __________ you out for a meal on your birthday?

a. make b. take c. get d. do

2. I can’t make __________. Should I get an iPhone or a Samsung?

a. a reservation b. care c. up my mind d. a complaint

3. Fahd __________ angry when his brother broke his PlayStation.

a. got b. made c. came d. took

4. A: Are the car doors locked?

B: I think so, but I’ll just __________.

a. do research b. take care c. get ready d. make sure

5. Can you __________ me a favour?

a. get b. do c. take d. make

6. Ahmed can’t go out with his friends because he has to __________ his homework.

a. write b. do c. take d. make

TAKE GET DO MAKE

two tablets a day back home some shopping sure

a photo a cold me a favour friends

somebody out for a meal angry homework up your mind

care on well with someone research a reservation

someone’s place ready a complaint

better / smaller / bigger mistakes

49ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. d 2. c 3. b

Exercise 2: 1. a 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. c

Exercise 3: 1. b 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d

Exercise 4: 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b

50ELCA 102

Unit 10 – Scared to death

Grammar

10.1 Verb paKerns 2 (see also Unit 5) Rule Examples

verb + to + infinitive

choose help need want

decide hope promise would like

forget manage try would love

They managed to finish the report before 2:00.

Ali tries to visit his uncle every month.

Sara decided to open her own business.

go + -ing for sports and activities

We went swimming last weekend.

Have you ever gone sailing?

Ahmed goes jogging every morning.

Verb + (somebody) + to + infinitive without to

let

make

Please let me go home early. I don’t feel well.

My mother made my sister cook lunch yesterday.

The teacher made the students write a report.


1. I promised __________ to take my sister out for lunch for her birthday.

a. take b. taking c. to taking d. to take

2. You need __________ harder if you want to get a high mark.

a. to study b. study c. studying d. to studying

3. My parents didn’t let me __________ up late when I was a young child.

a. stays b. staying c. stay d. to stay

4. I want to go __________ next winter.

a. to ski b. ski c. skiing d. to skiing

5. Ali’s boss made him ___________ late to finish the report.

a. work b. works c. working d. to work

6. Sara hopes __________ a lawyer when she finishes university.

a. be b. to be c. being d. will be

10.2 used to

Form

used + to + infinitive without to The form is the same for all persons.


I

He/She

We

You

They

used to

didn’t use to

play tennis.

go to bed late.


Did you use to swim a lot? Yes, I did / No, I didn’t.

What did

I

use to do?

he/she

we

you

they

! Notice that the ‘d’ is removed in the question and

negative forms.

What did you use to eat when you were young?

NOT What did you used to eat when you were young?

51ELCA 102

Rule Examples

Used to is used to express a past habit. Ali used to play football every weekend, but now he

doesn’t.

It’s used to express a past state. They used to be happy with their house, but now

they want to move.

The question form is not often used. We ask a

question in the Past Simple, and reply using used to.

Where did you go on holiday when you were young?

We used to go to Egypt.

Never is often used. I never used to read the newspaper, but now I do.

Don’t confuse the verb to use (e.g. I use a pencil to do my maths homework.) with used to

10.3 used to and the Past Simple

Rule Examples

The Past Simple can also be used to express a

past habit or state.

He played football every Sunday when he was a boy.

They were happy with their house when they first bought

it.

Only the Past Simple can be used to express

an action which happened once in the past.

We used to go to Egypt every summer, but once, in 1996,

we went to Lebanon.


1. Reem used __________ for her family every day, but now her daughter does the cooking.

a. cooked b. to cook c. cooks d. to cooking

2. When we lived in England, we didn’t __________ the AC because it was never hot.

a. using to need b. used to need c. use to need d. used needing

3. Did you __________ outside when you were a child?

a. use to play b. used to play c. use to playing d. used to playing

4. Sami used to get excellent marks in school, but once he __________ a low mark because he was sick.

a. used to get b. got c. gets d. to get

5. I never ___________ exercise, but now I do.

a. use to doing b. use to do c. used to do d. used to doing

10.4 Infinitives

Rule Examples

Infinitives are used to express purpose. They answer the

question Why…? This use is very common in English.

I’m learning English to get a good job.

(because I want to get a new job)

She’s saving her money to buy a new phone.

(because she wants to buy a new phone)

English does not use for in this situation.

I went to the mall to buy a bag.

NOT I went to the mall for to buy a bag.

I went to the mall for buy a bag

Infinitives are used after certain adjectives.

I’m pleased

surprised

to see you.

It’s hard

important

impossible

to learn Chinese.

52ELCA 102

Infinitives are used after the question words who,

what, where, how, etc.

Can you tell me how to get to the airport?

I don’t know who to ask.

Show me what to do.

Infinitives are used after the compounds something,

nothing, nowhere, anybody, etc.

Have something to eat.

I’ve got nothing to do!

There’s nowhere to go in this town.

Is there anybody to talk to?


1. I’m really confused. I don’t know what _____________.

a. do b. doing c. to doing d. to do

2. It’s important ____________ healthy food.

a. eats b. eat c. to eating d. to eat

3. Hana went to the UK ___________ English.

a. to study b. to studying c. study d. for to study

4. Do you have anything __________? I’m hungry!

a. eat b. for eating c. to eat d. to eating

5. I was happy __________ that Nadia is getting married.

a. learned b. to learn c. learning d. to learning

VOCABULARY – -ed/-ing adjectives

Exercise 4: How do these people feel?

-ing adjectives describe a situation, thing or person -ed adjectives describe how people feel

interesting I read an interesting book last week. interested Hala is interested in photography.

boring This is a boring match. Let’s watch a film. bored We were bored at home so we went out.

exciting Our trip to Turkey was very exciting, excited They are excited about their holiday to France.

frightening Getting stuck in a lift can be very frightening. frightened People were frightened by the loud noise.

confusing This manual for the TV is so confusing! confused Can you explain this to me? I’m so confused!

disappointing The match was disappointing. Our team lost. disappointed Ali was disappointed when his team lost.

worrying Ali is 3 and can’t talk. It’s very worrying. worried Mum gets worried when I come home late.

surprising The ending of the film was surprising. surprised I was surprised by the ending of the film.

terrifying Being in a fire is a terrifying experience. terrified The girls were terrified to see a lizard in the class.

exhausting Running for 30 km is exhausting. exhausted After cleaning all day, Sara was exhausted.

1. 2. 3. 4.

53ELCA 102


1. We’re going to South Africa on holiday next week! I’m so _________!

a. exciting b. excited c. frightened d. frightening

2. This book is so __________. I can’t understand anything!

a. interesting b. interested c. confusing d. confused

3. Khalid was __________ after playing football for two hours.

a. surprising b. surprised c. exhausting d. exhausted

4. Mona doesn’t travel to places if she has to take a plane because she’s __________ of flying.

a. exciting b. excited c. terrifying d. terrified

5. A: Are you __________ in photography?

B: Yes! I love it!

a. interesting b. interested c. worrying d. worried

6. It is __________ that our teacher didn’t give us any homework tonight. She usually gives us a lot.

a. exhausting b. frightening c. surprising d. disappointing

5. 6. 7.

54ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. b

Exercise 2: 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. c

Exercise 3: 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b

Exercise 4: 1. terrified/frightened 2. exhausted 3. confused 4. disappointed

5. bored 6. excited 7. worried

Exercise 5: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. b 6. c

55ELCA 102

Unit 11 – Things that changed the world

Grammar

11.1 The passive

Form

Tense form of be

Present am/is/are

+ -ed (past participle)

form of verb Past was / were

Present (to express a habit/ fact)

Positive and negative sentences: Questions & short answers

English is spoken all over the world. Where is rice grown?

Renault cars are made in France. How is paper made?

Coffee isn’t grown in England. A: Are cars made in your country?

B: Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.

Past (to express an action finished in the past)


My bag was stolen yesterday. When was the television invented?

Ten people were injured in the bus accident. A: Were the students told to bring pencils?

B: Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.

Use

Rule Examples

The object of an active verb becomes the subject of

a passive verb.

Object

Active Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.

Passive Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

Subject

We use the passive when we are more interested in

the action than who did the action.

We sometimes use by in a passive sentence if we

want to show who did the action.

Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

(we’re more interested in Hamlet)

If we are more interested in who did the action, we

use the active.

Shakespeare wrote many plays and poems.

(we’re more interested in Shakespeare)

We also use the passive when we don’t know or it’s

not important to mention who did the action.

BMWs are made in Germany.

Oil is produced in Saudi Arabia.


1. The classrooms __________ every day.

a. clean b. cleaned c. are cleaned d. is cleaned

The past participle of regular verbs ends in –ed.

For irregular verbs, see list in Unit 3.

56ELCA 102

2. Oil __________ in Saudi Arabia in 1938.

a. discovers b. discovered c. was discovered d. is discovered

3. Paper __________ from trees.

a. is made b. made c. makes d. is making

4. Nora __________ a report for her boss yesterday.

a. writes b. was written c. wrote d. is writing

5. Millions of text messages __________ every day.

a. are sending b. send c. sent d. are sent

6. Alexander Graham Bell __________ the telephone in 1876.

a. is invented b. invented c. was invented d. invents

7. Rice __________ in Saudi Arabia.

a. not grown b. isn’t grown c. not grows d. isn’t growing

8. _______ camels ________ in Australia?

a. Did… find b. Do …. find c. Have….found d. Are … found

VOCABULARY

These words appear in the reading passages for this unit.

nouns weblink structure company cure cell disease result search engine

verbs contain borrow commit (a crime) dream be related to


1. Did the police catch the person who __________ the crime?

a. invented b. committed c. made d. contained

2. If we want to look for information on the internet, we can use a __________ like Google.

a. cell b. disease c. structure d. search engine

3. Mr. AlGhamdi works for a big __________ in Riyadh.

a. reservation b. conversation c. company d. weblink

4. Mona went to the library to __________ some books.

a. dream b. borrow c. invent d. contain

5. The students got their __________ two weeks after the exam.

a. results b. cures c. earrings d. structures

6. My friend __________ our teacher. She is her aunt.

a. contains b. borrows c. is related to d. is exhausted by

57ELCA 102

READING – A discovery and an invention that changed the world

The discovery of DNA

Did you know that a tiny piece of your hair gives us information about who you are

related to, which career you could be successful in, any crimes you have

committed, what illnesses you could get, how and when you could die?

This is possible thanks to the information in DNA (or deoxyribonucleic acid). Your

hair and every cell in your body contains your own unique DNA. It can tell you a lot

about your family, health, and personality.

DNA was discovered by a German scienJst, Friedrich Miescher, in 1869, but nobody realized its

importance then. Other scientists thought that it was too simple to contain the map of how we are made!

In1953, a group of BriJsh scienJsts at Cambridge University finally discovered the structure of DNA and

how it worked. They were given the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1962.

Gradually, scienJsts learned to “read” more and more of the informaJon in DNA. In 1986, for the first Jme

DNA testing was used by the police. Some DNA is usually left by a criminal at the place where the crime

was committed. This can be matched with DNA from a suspect. The test shows if the suspect is guilty.

In 1990 the Human Genome Project was begun. ScienJsts wanted to make a map of the 3 billion chemical

leOers in human DNA. Over 1,000 scienJsts all over the world worked on the project, and it took 10 years.

With this information, it is possible that a cure for many diseases will be found in the future. But it also

brings with it many questions. Do we want to be able to choose what our babies will look like, or pick the

best person for a job with DNA tests?


1. Who first discovered DNA?

a. British scientists b. a German scientist c. a French scientist d. American scientists

2. The Human Genome Project took __________ years.

a. 1,000 b. 3 billion c. ten d. 1990

3. The word then in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. 1953 b. 1869 c. 1962 d. 1986


a. DNA tesJng was first used by the police in 1986.

b. One thousand scientists worked on the Human Genome Project.

c. A human hair contains DNA.

d. A British scientist discovered DNA.

5. This passage is mainly about __________.

a. how DNA was discovered

b. how police use DNA

c. Human Genome Project

d. the Nobel Prize for Medicine

58ELCA 102

The Invention of Google

Google is the most popular Internet search engine in the world. It was

invented by two students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin. They met in 1995, when they were both studying

computer science at Stanford University, USA. They were also both fans of the science fiction TV

programme Star Trek, and they loved the spaceship computer. They dreamed of producing something that

could also answer any question in seconds.

Internet search engines at the time were slow and gave many websites that weren’t useful. In January

1996, Page and Brin decided to make a beOer and faster search engine. They thought the results should be

based on the popularity of each website – the most popular ones have the highest number of ‘weblinks’

(links to other websites).

Nobody would give them money for their project, so they used their credit cards and bought as much

computer memory as possible. They also borrowed money from family and friends. Then, in 1998, they

were given a cheque for $100,000, and they started their own company. Their first office was in a friend’s

garage! The company name Google comes from mathematics. A googol is a very high number – 1 followed

by a hundred zeros.

The Google search engine was soon used by thousands of people worldwide because it was fast, easy and

accurate. By 2002 it was the biggest search engine on the Internet. Now, more quesJons have been

answered by Google than any other Internet service, from sport to science, and from travel to technology.

Google hopes that in the future all the world’s information will be put on the Internet, so that everybody

can find everything.


1. Where did Larry Page and Sergey Brin meet?

a. In a garage. b. On TV. c. At university. d. On the Internet.

2. Page and Brin wanted to make __________.

a. a better Star Trek film b. a fast search engine c. a spaceship computer d. a popular TV programme

3. The word fans in paragraph 1 means people who __________ something.

a. buy b. study c. understand d. love


a. By 1998, Google was the biggest search engine.

b. Page and Brin got $10,000 to start their company.

c. Page and Brin borrowed money to start Google.

d. A googol is a term from sports.

59ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. d 6. b 7. b 8. d

Exercise 2: 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c

Exercise 3: 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a

Exercise 4: 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. c

60ELCA 102

ELCA 102 continued…

based on

New Headway Plus

Intermediate

61ELCA 102

Unit 3 – Telling tales

Grammar - Introduction to past tenses

3.1 Past Simple

Form

Positive Negative

The form of the Past Simple is the same for all persons. The negative of the Past Simple is formed with didn’t.

I

He/She/It

We

You

They

finished

arrived

left

yesterday.

last week.

Question Short answer

Use

Rule Examples

The Past Simple expresses a past action that is now finished.

I met my best friend in 2009.

She graduated last year.

They went to Madinah three days ago.

The Past Simple also expresses actions that follow each

other in a story.

Sara woke up at 6:00 and took a shower.

Then she ate breakfast and brushed her

teeth. She left home at 7:00, and…

The Past Simple is also used for a past situation or habit. When I was a child, I lived in Taif.

Certain time expressions are commonly used with the Past

Simple.

I watched TV last night.

last year

last week

two months ago

yesterday afternoon

in 2003

Spelling

Rule Examples

The normal rule is add -ed wanted watched

If the verb ends in –e, add -d liked moved

If the verb has only one syllable + one vowel + one consonant,

double the consonant.

shopped planned

The final consonant is not doubled if it is –y or -w played showed

If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the –y to -ied studied carried

There are many common irregular verbs See the list below.

I

He/She/It

We

You

They

didn’t (did not)

finish yesterday.

When did

she

you

they

(etc.)

finish school?

Did you like the film? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

62ELCA 102

Irregular Verbs


be was / were been

become became become

begin began begun

break broke broken

build built built

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cut cut cut

do did done

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

find found found

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

have had had

hit hit hit

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

know knew known


leave left left

let let let

lose lost lost

make made made

meet met met

pay paid paid

put put put

read read read

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

run ran run

say said said

see saw seen

sell sold sold

send sent sent

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

speak spoke spoken

spend spent spent

swim swam swum

take took taken

teach taught taught

tell told told

think thought thought

understand understood understood

win won won

write wrote written

3.2 Past ConBnuous

Form

was/were + -ing (present participle)


Short answer

Were you working yesterday?

Was she studying when you arrived?

Yes, I was.

No, she wasn’t.

I

He /She

It

was

wasn’t (was not) working.

We

You

They

were

weren’t (were not)

What

was

I he /she it

doing?

were we you they

63ELCA 102

Use

Rule Examples

The Past Continuous expresses an activity in progress

before, and probably after, a time in the past.

What were you doing at 9:00 last night?

It’s used for descriptions in the past. It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining and

the birds were singing.

It’s used to express an interrupted past activity. It started to rain while we were having a picnic.

When you phoned, I was taking a shower.

3.3 Past Simple and Past ConBnuous?

Rule Examples

The Past Continuous refers to longer, background activities, and the Past Simple refers to shorter,

completed actions.

The Past Simple expresses past actions as simple

facts.

I did my homework last night.

A: What did you do yesterday evening?

B: I visited my friend.

The Past Continuous gives past activities time and

duration. The activity can be interrupted.

A: What were you doing at 9:00 last night?

B: I was visiting my friend.

I was doing my homework when the phone rang.

Questions using Past Continuous ask about activities

before.

A: What were you doing when the guests arrived?

B: I was cooking.

Questions using Past Simple ask about what

happened after.

A: What did you do when the guests arrived?

B: I greeted them and invited them to sit down.


1. Fahad __________ a new job last month.

a. has got b. gets c. got d. was getting

2. A: What were you doing last night at 10?

B: I ______________.

a. was studying b. study c. studied d. am studying

3. Last week Nora __________ to New York. There, she visited museums and went shopping.

a. was flying b. flew c. is flying d. has flown

4. A: Why __________ the phone when I called you last night?

B: I was sleeping.

a. don’t you answer b. weren’t you answering c. didn’t you answer d. aren’t you answering

5. Mary ___________ her finger while she was making lunch.

a. has cut b. was cutting c. cuts d. cut

6. The mall was very crowded because everyone __________ to buy things during the sales.

a. has tried b. tries c. was trying d. tried

64ELCA 102

3.3 Past Perfect

The Past Perfect refers to an action in the past that was completed before another action in the past.

It is the same form for all persons. had + past participle


Short answer

Had he already left? Yes, he had.

No, he hadn’t.

Use

Rule Examples

The Past Perfect is used to make clear

that one action in the past happened

before another action in the past.

When they got home, they found that

someone had broken into their house.

PAST NOW

____________________________________________________

Someone broke into their house. They got home.

AcJon 1: Someone broke into their house.

AcJon 2: They got home.

Notice the difference between

these two sentences:

When I got to the party, Mary went home.

(First I arrived, then Mary left.)

When I got to the party, Mary had gone home.

(First Mary left, then I arrived.)


1. Reem got up late. She was the only one at home because everyone had already _________ for school.

a. leaves b. leave c. leaving d. left

2. Sami couldn’t get on the plane to London because he __________ his passport.

a. has forgotten b. had forgotten c. was forgetting d. forgets

3. I didn’t want to watch the film with my friend because I __________ it before.

a. had seen b. have seen c. saw d. was seeing

4. A: I met my neighbours for the first time yesterday.

B: Really? __________ them before?

a. Weren’t you meeting b. Hadn’t you met c. Didn’t you meet d. Haven’t you met

5. The teacher __________ Hind come in the classroom because the exam had already started.

a. isn’t letting b. hadn’t let c. didn’t let d. wasn’t letting

I

He/She

We

You

They

‘d (had)

hadn’t

seen him before.

finished work at 6.00.

Where had

I he/she we you they

been before?

65ELCA 102

VOCABULARY

These words appear in the reading passages for this unit.

Nouns Verbs Adjectives

award

childhood

novel

educate

encourage

fascinated

strict


1. Khuloud spent her __________ in the UK, so her English is very good.

a. childhood b .opportunity c. conversation d. award

2. A teacher’s job is to __________ students.

a. borrow b. dream c. commit d. educate

3. Reading __________ in English is a good way to improve your vocabulary.

a. cells b. novels c. awards d. crimes

4. Were your parents __________ with you as a child, or did they let you do anything you wanted?

a. wealthy b. bored c. generous d. strict

5. Nuha won __________ for her painting. It was the best in her school.

a. a signpost b. a disease c. an award d. a timetable

READING – Two writers Agatha Christie

Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie is possibly the world’s most famous

detecJve story writer. She wrote 78 novels, and her sales (4

billion copies of her novels) outnumber those of William

Shakespeare. However, behind her 4,680,000 words was a

painfully shy woman whose life was often lonely and unhappy.

She was born in 1890 in Devon, the third child of Clarissa and

Frederick Miller, and grew into a beautiful and sensitive girl. She didn’t go to school but was educated by

her parents. Her father taught her mathematics through stories and games, and her mother encouraged

her to write her own stories. Unfortunately her father died in 1901 when she was 11, and both she and her

mother were grief-stricken.

When World War I came in 1914, she became a nurse in a hospital dispensary, which

proved very useful to her later career. Many of the murders in her books were carried

out by a clever use of drugs and poisons, showing how much she had learnt about them

as a nurse.

She wrote her first detective novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, in 1920. In it she

introduced Hercule Poirot, the Belgian detective who appeared in many subsequent

novels. Her other main detective was an elderly spinster called Miss Marple, who was

based on Agatha’s grandmother and her circle of friends. Christie’s stories have

ingenious plots, and keep the reader guessing who the murderer is until the very end of

the story.

66ELCA 102

In 1914, at the beginning of the war, she married Archibald Christie, but the marriage was unhappy. It

didn’t last and they divorced in 1926. It was a very difficult Jme for her, as her much-loved mother had

died earlier that year. Agatha suffered a nervous breakdown and one night she abandoned her car and

mysteriously disappeared.

She went missing for eleven days and was eventually found in a hotel in Harrogate, in the north of England.

Agatha desperately wanted solitude and felt bitter towards the media because the newspapers had given

her a hard time over her breakdown and disappearance. She was determined never to let them enter her

private life again.

She enjoyed a very happy second marriage to Max Mallowan, an archaeologist, who she met in Baghdad

and married in 1930. Her detecJve skills were a help to him in his excavations in Syria and Iraq. By

successfully staying out of the media’s spotlight, she ultimately found happiness with her beloved husband.

Her best novels were wriOen aNer 1930, and she conJnued wriJng unJl 1973. Christie was awarded

England’s highest honour, an OBE, by the Queen in 1971. She died peacefully in 1976.

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. When was Agatha ChrisJe born?

a. In 1809. b. In 1890. c. In 1901. d. In 1910.

2. Hercule Poirot was __________.

a. Agatha’s first husband

b. Agatha’s second husband

c. a detective in Agatha’s novels

d. a friend of Agatha’s grandmother

3. Agatha wrote her best novels __________.

a. in 1920 b. during the war c. aNer 1930 d. when she married Archibald

4. The pronoun they in paragraph 5 refers to __________.

a. Agatha’s mother and father

b. Agatha and her mother

c. Agatha and her father

d. Agatha and Archibald

5. Which statement is TRUE about Agatha?

a. She had no brothers or sisters.

b. She got an award in 1971.

c. She never got married.

d. She wrote 87 novels.

Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway was one of the great American writers of the

twentieth century. He was born on 21 July 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, the

second of six children. His family was very strict and he ran away from

home twice. His father taught him hunting and fishing. Ernest caught his

first fish at the age of three, and was given a shotgun for his twelfth

birthday. Hemingway's love of outdoor activity and danger showed in his

67ELCA 102

later career as a war correspondent. At school, he was good at English and wrote for the school newspaper.

He graduated in 1917, but he didn't go to college. He went to Kansas City and worked as journalist for the

Star newspaper. He learned a lot, but left after only six months to go to war.

Hemingway was fascinated by war. He had wanted to become a soldier. Instead, in

the First World War, he became an ambulance driver and was sent to Italy, where he

was wounded in 1918. ANer the war, he went to live in Paris, where he was

encouraged in his work by the American writer Gertrude Stein. In the 1930s, he

became a war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Many of his

books were about war. His most successful book, For Whom the Bell Tolls, was written

in 1940 and is about the Spanish Civil War. Another novel, A Farewell to Arms, is about

the futility of war.

Hemingway's success in writing was not mirrored by similar success in his personal life. He married four

Jmes. His first wife divorced him in 1927. He immediately married again and moved to Key West, Florida,

where he enjoyed hunting and fishing, but he also suffered from depression. This wasn't helped when his

father died in 1928. Hemingway's health was not good, and he had many accidents. Two more marriages

failed. In 1954, he survived two plane crashes. In October of the same year, he was awarded the Nobel

Prize for literature, but he was too ill to receive it in person.

His final years were taken up with health problems. He began to lose his memory and he couldn't write any

more. He died on 2 July, 1961.

Exercise 5: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. Hemingway was born in __________.

a. Italy b. America c. Spain d. England

2. Hemingway __________ in the First World War.

a. drove an ambulance b. was a soldier c. wrote novels d. lived in Paris

3. Hemingway got the Nobel Prize in __________.

a. 1928 b. 1927 c. 1954 d. 1961

4. The word This in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. success b. depression c. hunting d. fishing

5. Which statement is NOT TRUE about Hemingway?

a. He was born in 1899.

b. He wrote books about war.

c. He was married four times.

d. He went to college.

68ELCA 102

Everyday English – Giving Opinions

Asking for opinions Response

1. Did you like the hotel?

It was excellent! The room was great, the beds were

really comfortable, and the view from the balcony was

fantastic.

2. Did you enjoy the football match? It was really boring! I fell asleep and missed the only

goal!

3. Did you like your pizzas? They were delicious. I had the chicken and Sara had

the mozzarella and tomato.

4. Do you like Malcolm Baker’s novels? I didn’t like his first one, but I couldn’t put his last one

down. It was so exciting, right up until the last page!

5. What do you think of Jim and Anne’s children? I think they spoil them. They always give them

whatever they want.

6. What was your holiday like? It was a nice break, but the weather wasn’t very good.

7. Was the lecture good? I thought it was very interesting. I took a lot of notes,

and he gave us some useful handouts, too.

8. Are you happy with your new car? I love it! It’s got six gears, and it’s brilliant on the

motorway.


1. A: What was your holiday like?

B: ______________.

a. We like going on holiday.

b. I didn’t like his first one.

c. It was great! Malaysia is a beautiful country.

d. Amazing! It’s got six gears and a great radio.

2. A: _________________________

B: Yes, it was really exciting! Our team won in the last minute!

a. What do you think of their children?

b. Do you like Khaled Hosseini’s novels?

c. Was the lecture good?

d. Did you enjoy the football match?

69ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. c

Exercise 2: 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c

Exercise 3: 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. c

Exercise 4: 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b

Exercise 5: 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. d

Exercise 6: 1. c 2. d

70ELCA 102

Unit 4 – Doing the right thing

Grammar - Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs

Form

There are many different modal auxiliary verbs. They have different meanings but they have certain things

in common.

Rule Examples

Modals help the main verb. The main verb form is the

infinitive without to.

She can speak Japanese.

You must come and visit us.

There is no do / does in questions using modals. Can she speak Chinese?

Should I see a doctor?

The form is the same for all persons. There is no –s in the

third person singular.

He can cook well.

She should try harder.

It will rain soon.

To form the negative, add n’t to the modal.

There is no don’t / doesn’t.

Note: will not = won’t

I can’t swim.

You mustn’t steal.

It won’t rain tomorrow.

Most modal verbs refer to the present and future. Only can

has a past tense form – could. I could read when I was five.

Modal verbs of obligation and permission

4.1 have (got) to

Form

has/have + to+ infinitive It’s not a modal verb because it has different forms.


I

We

You

They

have

don’t have

to work hard.

He

She

It

has

doesn’t have


Do you have to wear a uniform?

Does he have to work now?

Yes, I do.

No, he doesn’t.

Past form Questions

I/We/You/They had

didn’t have to work last week.

Did

I /we/you/they

he/she/it have to work last week?

He/She/It

Do

I

we

you

they have to work hard?

Does

he

she

it

can could might must

ought to shall should will would

71ELCA 102

Use

Rule Examples

Have to expresses a strong obligation. The

obligation comes from ‘outside’ - maybe a law, a

rule at school or work, or someone in authority.

You have to have a driver’s licence if you drive. (the law)

Sara has to start work at 8:00. (her company’s rule)

The doctor says I have to eat less red meat.

Don’t / doesn’t have to expresses absence of

obligation (it isn’t necessary).

I don’t have to get up early at the weekend.

She doesn’t have to teach in the summer. It’s a school holiday.

Have got is common in British English but it is

more informal than have to.

I’ve got to go now. See you later!

Reem can’t go out because she’s got to help her mum.

4.2 can and be allowed to

Form


I

can / can’t

am allowed to

am not allowed to

take photos here.

We

You

They

can / can’t

are allowed to

aren’t allowed to

He

She

can / can’t

is allowed to

isn’t allowed to

Past form

We

You

They

could / couldn’t

were allowed to

weren’t allowed to stay up late.

I /He/She could / couldn’t

was allowed to

wasn’t allowed to

Can I/we/you/she etc.

take photos here?

Am I

allowed to Are

we

you

they

Is he

she

Use

Rule Examples

Can and be allowed to express permission. Can is

more informal.

You can go out and play when you finish your homework.

Students aren’t allowed to use a dictionary during the exam.

Were you allowed to stay up late when you were a child?


1. Students in Saudi high schools __________ wear uniforms. They can’t wear anything they want.

a. has got b. are allowed to c. have to d. can

2. A: __________ to stay out late with your friends?

B: No, I have to be home by 8 pm.

a. Do you have b. Can you c. Must you d. Are you allowed

3. You __________ leave class as soon as you finish the exam. You don’t have to stay.

a. can b. must c. don’t have to d. aren’t allowed to

4. Ahlam: Mum, __________ I go to a restaurant with my friends?

Mum: No, sorry. We’re going to visit your grandmother tonight.

a. Can b. Must c. Have d. Will

72ELCA 102

5. Ali _________ to play computer games on school days. He can play them only at the weekend.

b. can’t b. isn’t allowed c. mustn’t d. doesn’t have

4.2 should, ought to and must

Form

should (not) The form is the same for all persons.

ought (not) to + infinitive without to

must (not)


I

You

He

(etc.)

should/shouldn’t

ought to

must

work hard.

Use

Rule Examples

Should and ought to express mild obligation or

advice. They express what the speaker thinks

is right or the best thing to do.

They are often introduced by I think … or I

don’t think….

I should do more exercise. (This is my opinion.)

You ought to eat less last food. (I’m telling you what I

think.)

Do you think we should buy a new car? (I’m asking you for

your opinion.)

I think you ought to look for a new job.

I don’t think you should buy that bag. It’s too expensive.

Shouldn’t expresses negative advice (advice

NOT to do something). Oughtn’t is not very

common.

You shouldn’t sit so close to the TV. It’s bad for your eyes.

Must expresses strong obligation (like have

to). It generally expresses an obligation that

involves the speaker’s opinion. It is more

personal.

I must get a new laptop. My old one is broken. (my

opinion)

Must is also used with a formal, written style.

All students must show their KAU IDs at the gate.

Visitors must have a visa before they can enter the

country.

have to and must / don’t have to and mustn’t

Rule Examples

Have to and must are sometimes interchangeable. But

have to is used more often than must.

I must be home by 10:00.

I have to be home by 10:00.

For questions, Must I …? is possible, but questions with

have to are more common.

Do I have to clean my room?

Does he have to go to work tomorrow?

Have to can be used in different tenses and forms, but

must can’t.

We had to study hard in high school. (Past)

You’ll have to work hard next year. (Future)

Ali hates having to drive in heavy traffic. (-ing

form)

In the negative form, have to and must have

completely different meanings. Don’t have to shows

absence of obligation (you can but it isn’t necessary).

Mustn’t shows negative obligation – it is very

important NOT to do something.

When you go into a shop, you don’t have to buy

anything. You can just look.

You mustn’t use a mobile phone when the plane

is taking off or landing.

73ELCA 102


1. If you can’t see well when you’re reading, you __________ to get your eyes checked.

a. must b. can c. ought d. should

2. I don’t think you __________ eat out so much. You’ll save money if you eat at home.

a. have b. should c. can d. must

3. Mum: Billy, are you ready for your day at the beach? You _________ forget your towel and suncream.

a. mustn’t b. don’t have to c. ought to d. should

4. Tariq _________ wear a uniform at his last job, but he does where he works now.

a. shouldn’t b. doesn’t have to c. didn’t have to d. mustn’t

5. What time _________ to be at the university?

a. can we b. must we c. do we have d. should we

4.3 Making requests: can, could, will and would

There are many ways to make requests in English.

Can

Could

Will

Would

you help me, please?

Would you mind helping me, please?

Can

Could I ask you a question?

Do you mind if I open the window?

Would you mind if I opened the window?

Ways of responding to requests:

Request Response

Excuse me! Could you help me?

Sure.

Of course.

Sorry, I’m afraid I’m a little busy right now.

Would you mind if I turned on the AC?

No, not at all.

No, that’s fine.

Well, I’m a little cold, actually.

4.4 Making offers: will and shall/should

Rule Examples

will and shall/should are used to express offers.

The contracted form of will (’ll) is used to express a

decision or offer made at the moment of speaking.

Come to my office. I’ll make you some tea.


B: Really? I’ll call her to congratulate her.

! Don’t use present tense to express offers. I’ll carry your bags. NOT I carry your bags.

Shall / Should …? are used in questions with the first

person (I and we). They express an offer, suggestion

or a request for advice.

Shall I help you with your bags?

Shall we go out to eat tonight?

What should we do this weekend?

Could is more

formal than can

74ELCA 102


1. ____________ if I turned on the TV?

a. Should you b. Would you mind c. Do you mind d. Could you

2. You look like you need help. I __________ the door for you.

a. ’ll open b. am opening c. open d. would open

3. A: __________ we go to the mall tomorrow?

B: Sure! That’s a good idea.

a. Have b. Must c. Shall d. Will

4. Could _________ me with this math problem, please? I don’t understand it.

a. I helping b. you helping c. I help d. you help

VOCABULARY

These words appear in the reading passage for this unit.

Nouns Verbs Adjectives

bow (greeting)

colleague

greeting

manners

rule

tip

behave

bow (greeting)

socialize

global

local

modest


1. Fahad __________ with his colleagues after work. They often go to the coffee shop and chat.

a. bows b. socializes c. behaves d. encourages

2. We show good __________ when we say “Please” and “Thank you.”

a. rules b. tips c. awards d. manners

3. Shaking hands is a common _________ in Western countries.

a. disease b. greeting c. novel d. colleague

4. Pollution is a __________ problem. All countries need to work together to solve this problem.

a. global b. strict c. modest d. generous

5. People who come to live in Saudi Arabia should learn some Arabic because it is the _________

language.

a. tidy b. modern c. local d. wealthy

75ELCA 102

READING- How to behave abroad A World Guide to Good Manners

Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a

global village, but this doesn’t mean that we all behave in the same way.

How should you behave when you meet someone for the first time? An

American or Canadian shakes your hand firmly while looking you straight in

the eyes. In many parts of Asia, there is no physical contact

at all. In Japan, you should bow, and the more respect you

want to show, the deeper you should bow. In Thailand, the

greeting is made by pressing both hand together at the chest and bowing your head

slightly. In both countries, eye contact is avoided as a sign of respect.

Many countries have rules about what you should and shouldn’t wear. In Asian and

Muslim countries, you shouldn’t reveal the body, especially women, who should wear

long sleeved blouses and skirts below the knee.

In Japan, you should take off your shoes when entering a house or a restaurant. Remember to place them

neatly together facing the door you came in. This is also true in China, Korea, Thailand, and Iran.

In Italy, Spain, and Latin America, lunch is often the biggest meal of the day, and can last two or three hours. For

this reason many people eat a light breakfast and a late dinner. In Britain, you might have a business lunch and do

business as you eat. In Mexico and Japan, many people prefer not to discuss business while eating. Lunch is a time

to relax and socialize. In Britain and the United States, it’s not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast,

and in China it’s common to have business banquets, but you shouldn’t discuss business during the meal.

In most countries, an exchange of business cards is essential for all

introductions. You should include your company name and your

position. If you are going to a country where your language is not widely

spoken, you can get the reverse side of your card printed in the local

language. In Japan, you must present your card with both hands, with

the writing facing the person you are giving it to.

In many countries, business hours are from 9.00 or 10.00 to 5.00 or 6.00. However, in some countries, such

as Greece, Italy, and Spain, some businesses close in the early afternoon for a couple of hours then remain

open until the evening.

Japanese business people consider it their professional duty to go out to restaurants after work with

colleagues. If you are invited, you shouldn’t refuse, even if you don’t feel like staying out late.


1. It is good manners to take off your shoes when you enter a house in __________.

a. Canada b. Mexico c. Italy d. China

2. The Japanese think it’s important to __________.

a. look at each other in the eyes

b. go out with colleagues after work

c. shake hands

d. eat a big lunch

3. The phrase both countries in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

a. Canada and America b. Japan and Canada c. Japan and Thailand d. Thailand and America

76ELCA 102

4. The word light in paragraph 5 means __________.

a. small b. sunny c. late d. delicious


a. In China, you should discuss business during the meal.

b. People in Thailand greet each other by shaking hands.

c. Lunch is the biggest meal of the day in Spain.

d. Koreans leave their shoes on when they enter a house.

6. The passage is mainly about __________.

a. the best way to travel around the world

b. how to do business in Asia

c. clothes around the world

d. how to behave in different countries

Everyday English – Requests and Offers

Request / Offer Response

1. Could you bring us the bill, please? Yes, sir. I’ll bring it right away.

2. Would you give me your work number, please? Of course. Oh, shall I give you my mobile number, too?

3. Can I help you? Just looking, thanks.

4. Two large coffees, please. White or black?

5. Can you tell me the code for Paris, please? One moment. I’ll look it up.

6. I’ll give you a liN if you like. That would be great! Could you drop me off at the library?

7. Would you mind opening the window? No problem. It’s stuffy in here.

8. Could I have extension 238, please? That line’s engaged. Would you like to hold?

Exercise 6: Choose the best response or quesBon to complete each dialogue.

1. A: One black coffee, please.

B: ______________.

a. It’s next to the bank.

b. Large or small?

c. Just looking, thanks.

d. I’ve got a sore throat.

2. A: Could you tell me the phone code for the UK, please?

B: _________________________

a. No problem. It’s stuffy in here.

b. Shall I give you my mobile number?

c. That would be great!

d. One moment. I’ll look it up.

3. A: ________________________.

B: Of course. I’ll bring it right away.

a. Could we have the bill, please?

b. Would you mind opening the window?

c. Can I help you?

d. Can I try this on?

77ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. b

Exercise 2: 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. c

Exercise 3: 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. d

Exercise 4: 1. b 2.d 3. b 4. a 5. c

Exercise 5: 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c 6. d

Exercise 6: 1. b 2. d 3. a

78ELCA 102

Unit 5 – On the move

Grammar - Introduction to future forms

English has several forms that can refer to the future. The difference between one form or another

depends on how the speaker sees the future event. Is it a plan, a decision, an intention, an offer, a

prediction, or an arrangement?

5.1 will /going to and the Present Continuous

Form

The form is the same for all persons.


I

She

They

(etc.)

’ll

won’t

watch TV tonight.

I’m /I’m not

He’s / He isn’t

We’re / We aren’t

going to

I’m /I’m not

She’s / She isn’t

You’re / You aren’t

taking the bus tomorrow.

What time

will you

are you going to arrive?

are you seeing the doctor?

Use

Plans, decisions and intentions (will and going to)

Rule Examples

Will is used when the speaker wants to

express a future decision, intention or

offer made at the moment of speaking.

(See also Unit 4.)

A: Would you like soup or salad with your steak?

B: I’ll take the salad, thanks. (decision)


B: Is she? I’ll buy her a present. (intention)

A: This bag is really heavy.

B: I’ll carry it for you. (offer)

Going to is used when the speaker wants

to express a future decision or intention

made before the moment of speaking.

When I grow up, I’m going to be an engineer.

Khalid and Nora are going to get married next month.

Facts and predictions (will and going to)

Rule Examples

The most common use of will is to express a

future fact or prediction. The prediction can be

based on the speaker’s opinion.

You’ll be sick if you eat all those chips!

Those flowers won’t grow in this weather. It’s too hot.

I think our team will win the match tomorrow.

Going to is used when the speaker can see or feel

now that something is certain to happen in the

future.

Look at the blue sky. It isn’t going to rain today.

There’s only one minute leN and the score is 3-0! Our

team is going to win!

We avoid saying going to come or

going to go

We’re coming tomorrow.

79ELCA 102

Arrangements (Present Continuous)

The Present Continuous can be used to express a future

arrangement. It usually refers to the near future. These are

often things you might put in a diary or agenda as reminders.

We’re going out with the boss for lunch.

Reem is seeing the dentist tomorrow.

I’m meeting my professor next week.


1. A: Are you going to the supermarket? We need some milk.

B: OK, I __________ some.

a. got b. ’ll get c. ‘m going to get d. ’m getting

2. Here’s an interesting book to read. I think you _________ it.

a. like b. ’re liking c. ’ll like d. liked

3. Look at those black clouds! I think it _________.

a. won’t rain b. isn’t raining c. is raining d. is going to rain

4. Oh no! The score is 6-0 and the match is almost finished. We __________.

a. ’re going to lose b. were losing c. lose d. will lose

5. They __________ to Dubai next weekend. They already have their tickets.

a. went b. are going c. will go d. going to go

VOCABULARY – weather


1. You should wear your heavy coat today because it’s __________.

a. snowy b. snow c. sunny d. sunshine

2. It’s dangerous to drive when the roads are __________.

a. cloud b. cloudy c. ice d. icy

3. Last night the wind was _________ very hard, and a tree fell on our car.

a. shining b. blowing c. snowing d. raining

4. The flight to New York was cancelled because there was a terrible __________ .

a. cloudy b. cloud c. stormy d. thunderstorm

Adjective Noun Verb

It’s sunny. sunshine The sun is shining.

It’s rainy. rain It’s raining.

It’s snowy. snow It’s snowing.

It’s windy. wind The wind’s

blowing.

Adjective Noun

It’s cloudy. cloud

It’s stormy. storm

thunderstorm

It’s foggy. fog

It’s icy. ice

80ELCA 102

READING - Hotels with a difference

Kevin’s ideal holiday has a little bit of everything. He likes lazing on the beach with a pile of books, but then

he gets bored and needs to do something. He likes exploring new places, especially on foot, and nosing

around in shops, museums, and restaurants. He is very into trying local foods.

However, he must confess that his favourite “holiday resort” is home. He travels so much in his job that just

waking up in his own bed is heaven. He potters around the house in his pyjamas, reads the paper, does

some gardening, shops for some food, then makes a delicious meal in the evening and watches a film on

TV.

He has three trips coming up. He is looking forward to going to Canada soon,

where he is staying for four nights at the Ice Hotel. This is a giant igloo

situated in Montmorency Fall Park, just 20 minutes from downtown Quebec.

It is made from 4,500 tons of snow and 250 tons of ice, and it takes 5 weeks

to build. It will stay open for three months. When the spring arrives, it will

melt. Then it will be built again next year – maybe in a different place! Each

room is supplied with a sleeping bag made from deer skins. The hotel has an

ice café, ice sculptures, and all the furniture is made of ice.

In complete contrast to the Ice Hotel, he's going to Dubai the following month, to stay a

few days at the spectacular Burj al-Arab, which means the Arabian Tower. It's shaped like

a giant sail, and it rises dramatically out of the beautiful blue water. Each room has sea

views. He really wants to try the restaurant in the tube at the top next to the helipad.

Other must-dos include shopping in the markets, called souks. Shoppers can buy designer

clothes, perfumes, and spices, but what Kevin wants is some gold jewellery for his mother.

He is also going to visit the camel races.

The next trip, different again, is to Baobab River, in Selous, Tanzania, for a seven-

day safari and he is looking forward to a visit to his favourite resort spas.

Exercise 3: QuesBons: Choose the best answer.

1. Kevin’s favourite place to spend his holiday is __________.

a. in a museum b. at home c. in Canada d. in Dubai

2. The Ice Hotel takes __________ to build.

a. 3 months b. 5 weeks c. 20 minutes d. 4 days

3. The Burj al-Arab is shaped like __________.

a. an igloo b. the sea c. a sail d. a souk


a. the Ice Hotel b. the furniture c. Dubai d. the Burj al-Arab


a. Kevin has a travel agency in London.

b. The Ice Hotel is in Canada.

c. Kevin is going to Dubai before he goes to Canada.

d. Kevin is planning to go on safari in Tanzania.

81ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b

Exercise 2: 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. d

Exercise 3: 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. c

82ELCA 102

Unit 6 – I just love it!

Grammar - Introduction to like

Like can be a verb or a preposition.

like as a verb like as a preposition

It has a person as the subject.

I like photography.

They like Italian food.

It has an object after it.

He looks like his father.

Don’t act like a child.

It can be followed by another action, using the -ing or to form.

We like swimming.

She doesn’t like to get up early.

6.1 What … like?

Rule Examples

What is/are/was/were … like? is used to ask about

the permanent nature of people and things. It asks

for a description or an impression or a comparison.

A: What’s Taif like?

B: It’s a nice small city in the mountains.

When we’re answering, giving a description or an

impression, we don’t use like in the answer.

A: What’s Aisha like?

B: She’s intelligent and funny.

NOT She’s like intelligent and funny.

With a comparison, we can use like in the answer.

Here, like means similar to / the same as

A: What’s London like?

B: It’s like New York, but without so many tall buildings.

(= It’s similar to New York…)

6.2 How….?

Rule Examples

How..? is used to ask about the present condition of

something that can change.

A: How are classes this semester?

B: They’re harder than last semester.

To ask about the weather, we can use both questions.

How’s the weather where you are?

What’s the weather like

How…? asks about people’s health and happiness. It

doesn’t ask for a description.

A: How’s your father?

B: He’s still in the hospital.

How…? is also used to ask for people’s reactions and

feelings.

A: How was your meal?

B: It was delicious.


1. A: What’s King Abdulaziz University like?

B: ____________________

a. It’s like big and modern.

b. I like studying in Jeddah.

c. It’s big and has many modern buildings.

d. My father teaches at the university.

2. A: How’s your new job?

B: ____________________

a. I started last month.

b. It’s like wonderful.

c. I’m just looking.

d. It’s very interesting.

83ELCA 102

3. A: ____________________

B: He’s got a bad cold, so he’s staying in bed.

a. How was your father?

b. How’s your son?

c. What’s your brother like?

d. What was grandfather like?

4. A: What was the weather like in London?

B: ____________________________.

a. I like visiting London.

b. It’s sunny and warm.

c. It was cold and foggy.

d. London is like Paris.

VOCABULARY – Adjectives for food, cities and people


1. London is a/an __________ city. You need a lot of money to live there.

a. polluted b. young c. expensive d. busy

2. Do you use fresh vegetables in your dishes or __________ ones?

a. frozen b. junk c. agricultural d. vegetarian

3. My grandparents are very __________, so they can’t live alone now.

a. historic b. elderly c. antique d. ancient

4. Ugh! This soup is __________! I don’t want to finish it.

a. starving b. tasty c. tasteless d. messy

5. Sara is very ___________. It is hard for her to talk to people she doesn’t know.

a. shy b. rude c. cosmopolitan d. outgoing

6. Makkah is very __________ during Ramadan. Millions of people go there for prayers.

a. sociable b. outgoing c. modern d. crowded

Food City People Other

delicious ancient boring / bored agricultural

disgusting busy elderly antique

expensive capital outgoing long

fast cosmopolitan rude

fresh crowded shy

frozen exciting sociable

home-grown expensive sophisticated

junk historic starving

plain industrial tall

rich modern vegetarian

tasteless polluted wealthy

tasty small young

84ELCA 102

READING Global Pizza

So you thought the burger was the world's most popular fast food? In fact, there is another truly universal

fast food, the ultimate fast food. It's easy to make, easy to serve, much more varied than the burger, can be

eaten with the hands, and it's delivered to your front door or served in fancy restaurants. It's been one of

America's favourite foods for over 50 years. It is, of course, the pizza.

A brief history of pizza

It's kind of silly to talk about the moment when pizza was

'invented'. It gradually evolved over the years, but one

thing's for certain - it's been around for a very long time.

The idea of using pieces of flat, round bread as plates

came from the ancient Greeks. They called them

'plakuntos' and ate them with various simple toppings

such as oil, garlic, onions, and herbs. The Romans

enjoyed eating something similar and called it 'picea'. By

about 1000 A.D. in the city of Naples, 'picea' had become

'pizza' and people were experimenting with more toppings: cheese, meat, anchovies, and finally the tomato

brought to Italy from Mexico and Peru in the sixteenth century. Naples became the pizza capital of the

world. In 1889, King Umberto and Queen Margherita heard about pizza and asked to try it. They invited

pizza maker, Raffaele Esposito, to make it for them. He decided to make the pizza like the Italian flag, so he

used red tomatoes, white mozzarella cheese, and green basil leaves. The Queen loved it and the new pizza

was named 'Pizza Margherita' in her honour.

Pizza migrated to America with the Italians at the end of the

nineteenth century. The first pizzeria in the United States was

opened in 1905 at 53½ Spring Street, New York City, by

Gennaro Lombardi. But the popularity of pizza really exploded

when American soldiers returned from Italy after World War II

and raved about 'that great Italian dish'. Americans are now

the greatest producers and consumers of pizza in the world.

Exercise 3: QuesBons: Choose the best answer.

1. Plakuntos were __________.

a. ancient Greeks b. pieces of round bread c. Roman pizzas d. Italian toppings

2. Raffaele Esposito was __________.

a. the King of Naples b. an Italian flag maker c. a pizza maker d. an American restaurant owner

3. The word migrated in paragraph 3 means __________.

a. ate b. opened c. cooked d. moved

4. The pronoun it in paragraph 2 refers to __________.

a. Naples b. pizza c. capital d. the world


a. Gennaro Lombardi opened a restaurant in Naples.

b. A Pizza Margherita is red, white and green.

c. The people who eat the most pizza are the Americans.

d. Tomatoes arrived in Italy in the 16th century.

85ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. c

Exercise 2: 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. d

Exercise 3: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. a

86ELCA 102

Unit 7 – Just the job!

Grammar

7.1 Present Perfect

Form

have l has + past participle (V3)

The past participle of regular verbs ends in –ed. Irregular verbs have different forms. See list in Unit 3.


I /

We/You/They

have (’ve)

haven’t lived in Riyadh.

He/She has (’s)

Questions and short answers:

Questions Answers

How long have I / we / you /they

lived in Jeddah? For three years.

has he /she Since 2003.

Have I / we / you /they lived in

Makkah?

No, I haven’t.

Yes, we have.

Has he /she Yes, she has.

No, he hasn’t.

Use

Rule Examples

The Present Perfect looks back from the present into the past,

and expresses what has happened before now. The action

happened at an indefinite time in the past.

The action can continue to the present and probably into the

future.

I’ve met a lot of famous people. (before now)

She has invented many things. (in her life)

He’s made many albums. (up to now)

They’ve been married for 18 years.

(they are still married)

The Present Perfect expresses an experience as part of

someone’s life. When the action happened is not important.

Ever and never are common with this use.

I’ve travelled to Australia.

He’s lived all over the world.

Have you ever had an operation?

My grandfather has never flown in a plane.

The Present Perfect expresses an action or state which began in

the past and continues to the present.

Note: The time words for and since are common with this use.

for - period of time since - specific point in time

two days last night

one year 2011

four hours 7:30

I’ve known Reem for ten years. (I met her 10

years ago and I still know her)

How long have you worked as a teacher?

She has lived in Jeddah for three years.

(period of time)

She has lived in Jeddah since 2012.

(specific point in time)

The Present Perfect expresses a past action with results in the

present. It is often a recent past action.

I’ve lost my mobile phone. (I don’t have it now.)

The guests have arrived.

(They are at the door now.)

! Don’t use present tense for this situation.

Sara has been a teacher for 10 years.

NOT Sara is a teacher for 10 years.

87ELCA 102

The adverbs just, already and yet are common with this use.

Yet – used in negatives and questions.

We’ve just heard the good news.

I’ve already had breakfast.

Have you had breakfast yet?

It’s 12:00, and she hasn’t got up yet.

We often use the Present Perfect to announce the news

headlines.

A hurricane has hit the Philippines.

Ronaldo has won the Ballon d’Or award again.

! Be careful with been and gone. She’s been to the UK. (experience in her life – she isn’t there now)

She’s gone to the UK. (present result - she’s there now)

7.2 Present Perfect and Past Simple

Past Simple Present Perfect

The Past Simple refers to an action that

happened at a definite (specific) time in the past.

He died in 1884.

Shakespeare wrote 30 books.

The action is finished.

I lived in London for a year. (but not now)

The Present Perfect refers to an action that happened at an

indefinite (not specific) time in the past.

She has won many awards.

She’s written ten books.

The action can continue to the present.

She’s lived in London for 20 years. (she still lives there now)

Time expressions + Past Simple

in 1998.

last month.

I did it three weeks ago.

on October 3.

for two years when I was a child.

Time expressions + Present Perfect

for 8 years.

I’ve worked here since 2006.

since I left school.


1. Have you ever __________ sushi?

a. eat b. eaten c. ate d. eating

2. A: Where’s Nada? I haven’t seen her for a while.

B: Oh, she ___________ to Canada to study. She’ll be there for 4 years.

a. has been b. had gone c. was going d. has gone

3. They have lived in that apartment __________.

a. in June b. for a long time c. last month d. when they were young

4. I had a history exam yesterday. It __________ hard.

a. has been b. had been c. is d. was

5. A: How many times __________ this film?

B: Oh, about 5 or 6 Jmes, and I can’t wait to see it again!

a. have you seen b. did you see c. were you seeing d. are you seeing

88ELCA 102

7.3 Present Perfect Passive

have l has been + past participle (V3)

The uses are the same in the passive as in the active.

Millions of mobile phones have been sold so far this year. (unfinished past)

Have you ever been given a gift you didn’t like? (past experience)

Today’s headlines: Hundreds of houses have been damaged by an earthquake in Iran. (news - present importance)

It has been sold.

They have


1. Did you hear the news? The exam __________ postponed because of the rain.

a. had b. has been c. has d. been

2. Faisal drives very carefully. He __________ a ticket.

a. never gave b. had never given c. has never been given d. has never given

3. The winners of the competition __________ yesterday.

a. were announcing b. are announced c. had been announced d. were announced

4. Mahmoud __________ English for 7 years.

a. has studied b. studies c. was studied d. has been studied

VOCABULARY – phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs are verbs which are made up of two or more words, usually a verb + preposition or verb + adverb.

Phrasal Verb Meaning

come across find by chance

come up with think of an idea for

cut off from separate from

end up arrive unexpectedly / do something unplanned

fall out with argue and no longer be friends with

get on (well) with have a good relationship with

give up stop (a job or habit)

hand down pass from one generation to another

look for search for / try to find

look forward to feel excited about something nice that will happen

put up build/construct

put up with tolerate /accept

run out of have none left

take away remove

take up start doing an activity or hobby

89ELCA 102

Some phrasal verbs are literal (the meaning is the same as the words used to form it) and some are idiomatic.

The cat is looking out of the window. Look out! You’re going to fall!

Phrasal Verb Example

take off literal Please take off your coat and sit down.

idiomatic When will the plane take off?

go out literal We went out with our friends last night.

idiomatic The electricity went out during the thunderstorm.

cut off literal Hala cut off some leaves from the mint plant to make tea.

idiomatic I was trying to talk on the phone to my uncle in Taif, but we got cut

off. The connection was bad.

look out literal She looked out of the window at the beautiful trees.

idiomatic Look out! There’s a car coming fast!

look up literal When the plane flew over his head, the little boy looked up.

idiomatic Ali looked up the new words in his dictionary.

pick up literal Please pick up your dirty clothes and put them in the washing

machine.

idiomatic Did you pick up any French while you were in France?


1. Scientists in Europe __________ a way to make cars run on used cooking oil.

a. put up with b. ran out of c. fell out with d. came up with

2. I’m __________ going to Turkey next week. I really need a break!

a. taking away b. looking forward to c. ending up d. cutting off from

3. Mona couldn’t print her report because she had __________ paper.

a. run out of b. come across c. ended up d. picked up

4. A: What’s the biggest country in the world?

B: I’m not sure, but I can __________ the answer on the Internet.

a. take off b. take up c. look out d. look up

5. The little girl was frightened when the lights ____________ because it was very dark.

a. looked up b. took off c. went out d. turned on

90ELCA 102

READING – Dream Jobs

Stanley Karras works as a meteorologist in Tampa, Florida. It's

his job to follow hurricanes by plane and provide information

about them to scientists.

How did you get the job?

I was working for the National Meteorological Office in

Bracknell, near London, in the autumn of 1999, and I saw a

documentary with my family called Stormchasers. It was about

hurricane hunters and I thought, 'Wow, that's an interesting job!' As it happened, two months later I came

across an ad in a newspaper for a meteorologist to work in Florida with the same people who had made the

documentary. I applied, was interviewed over the phone, moved to the US, and started work here in Tampa

in May 2000.

What do you like most about it?

I love the travel. Chasing hurricanes has taken me all over the

world. It's exciting to end up in different cities and different

countries day after day. If you're a meteorologist, you have to

love flying. I also love working with top scientists. I've learned

so much from them and we've had a lot of exciting times

together. For me, it's like a classroom in the sky.

What's an average day like?

There's no such thing as an average day in my job! It all

depends on the weather, and you can't control that. It's constantly changing. We often take off at a

moment's notice to chase storms. I'm the one who decides whether we fly low through a storm. I don't

want to take us into a hurricane that could be particularly nasty. There's a lot on my shoulders.

Have you made any sacrifices to do this job?

Yes, one big one. I'm so far away from my family. They all live in the UK. My wife's with me, of course, but

her family is also in the UK, so we're pretty cut off from them all over here.

What would you like to do next?

I'd like to join a space programme and be the first meteorologist in space, but I haven't come up with an

experiment to do in space yet. There aren't any hurricanes!

What advice would you give to someone who wanted to do your job?

Study maths and science and get a degree in meteorology. There are many areas in meteorology to study.

I've taken the hurricane hunter path, but you could be a weather forecaster or do research in other areas.

It's a fascinating subject and the pay's pretty good.


1. Stanley Karras now works in __________.

a. Bracknell b. London c. Tampa d. New York

2. Stanley’s job is to __________.

a. study maths and science

b. fly airplanes

c. give information about hurricanes to scientists

d. make documentaries about the weather

91ELCA 102

3. The pronoun them in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. scientists b. hurricanes c. cities d. countries

4. The phrasal verb came across in paragraph 2 means __________.

a. left b. arrived c. wrote d. found


a. Stanley’s wife lives in the UK.

b. Stanley is a meteorologist.

c. Stanley wants to work in space.

d. Stanley loves flying.

Cowboy in the sky

Michael Doyle is an ironworker in New York City. He’s one of 100 or so

ironworkers currently employed by Boston Properties to erect the steel

frame of a new 40-storey building in Times Square. These ironworkers

are known as ‘cowboys in the sky’.

How did you get the job?

Ironwork is a trade that is still handed down from father to son. Many of

today’s ironworkers are descendants of the men who built New York’s

first skyscrapers. My great-grandfather was Irish. He came over from

Ireland in 1930 to work on the construcJon of the Empire State Building.

My father and grandfather were also ironworkers. My father did it for 40

years. I’ve never wanted to do any other job.

What do you like most about it?

To me, ironworkers are the kings of construction. We make the skeleton that the

other workers build on. We have real pride in our work - you look at the New York

skyline and think ‘I helped build that’. Also, we work hard, we play hard. Ironworkers

have to get on well together. We depend on each other for our lives so we can’t fall

out. Oh, and the pay is good!

What’s an average day like?

You never stop in this job. Eight hours a day, from seven in the morning until three in

the afternoon. You’re moving all the time. The crane lifts the iron girders, and you

have to catch them and move them into place. There’s always danger. It’s a fact of

life for us.

Have you made any sacrifices to do this job?

Yes, one big one - physical health. The wear and tear to the body is enormous. I’ve fallen three times. My

father fell two storeys, lost a finger, and broke his ankles. He needed two new knees when he retired.

92ELCA 102

What would you like to do next?

I’d like to help put up a really important building like my great-grandfather did. And I’d like to travel. I’d like

to see some of the world’s tallest buildings, such as the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, and the world’s

tallest hotel, the Burj al-Arab in Dubai. I’d love to see that.

What advice would you give to someone who wanted to do your job?

You need to be strong, really strong. You have to be OK with height. It usually takes about a year to get

used to it. Many guys who look strong and want to earn good money try it once, but then give up. It’s just

too frightening.


1. Michael Doyle started working as an ironworker because __________.

a. his teacher advised him to

b. his father, grandfather and great-grandfather did it

c. he couldn’t find a better job in New York

d. he wanted to move all the time

2. To do his job, Michael has to __________.

a. be really strong

b. fall several times

c. see the world’s tallest buildings

d. have a lot of education


a. crane b. place c. iron d. danger

4. The word skyscrapers in paragraph 2 means __________.

a. big parks b. expensive houses c. blue skies d. tall buildings


a. Michael works in Boston.

b. Michael is afraid of heights.

c. Ironworkers have to get on well together.

d. Michael’s father came from Ireland in the 1930s.

93ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. a

Exercise 2: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a

Exercise 3: 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. c

Exercise 4: 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. a

Exercise 5: 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. c

94ELCA 102

Unit 8 – Just imagine!

Grammar - Introduction to Conditionals

In order to know how to make sentences with if, you have to understand the difference between sentences

that express real possibilities and those that express unreal situations.

8.1 First condiBonal

Form

If + Present Simple , will + base form of verb

condition clause result clause


If

I work hard, I

she has enough money, she

we don’t hurry up, we

you don’t study, you

will (’ll)

won’t

pass my exams.

travel to Dubai.

be late.

pass the test.

Questions

What

Where will

you do

they go if

you can’t find a job?

they don’t travel abroad?


Will you have a party if you pass your exams?

If Ali has enough money, will he buy a new house?

Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.

Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.

Note: The condition clause if … can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. If it comes at the

beginning, we put a comma at the end of the clause. If it comes at the end, we do not use a comma.

If I work hard, I’ll pass my exams. (comma)

I’ll pass my exams if I work hard. (no comma)

Use

Rule Examples

The first conditional is used to express a possible

condition and a probable result in the future.

Condition Result

If I get my salary tomorrow, I’ll buy you dinner.

If you can’t understand, I’ll explain it to you.

If you touch the oven, you’ll burn yourself!

English uses a present tense in the condition

clause, not a future form.

If it rains tomorrow… NOT If it will rain….

If I work hard… NOT If I will work hard, …

If can be replaced by unless (= if…not) or in case (=

because of the possibility)

Unless we hear from you, we’ll leave at 8.00.

(We will leave at 8 if we don’t hear from you.)

I’ll take a book to read in case I have to wait a long

time.

95ELCA 102

8.2 Time Clauses

These conjunctions of time introduce secondary clauses.

These time conjunctions are not usually followed by the future tense, even when they refer to a future

time. We use a present tense.

When Sami gets to the office, he’ll start working on his weekly report.

While we’re away, our neighbours will take care of our cat.

As soon as I hear any news, I’ll let you know.

Wait here until I get back.

8.3 Zero conditional

8.4 Second conditional

Form

if + Past Simple + would + base form of verb


Positive - If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.

Negative - If I didn’t have a cold, I would come to your party.

Questions - What would you do if you saw someone cheating on an exam?

Note: For the verb to be, it is common to use were for all persons in the condition clause.

If I

If he were rich,

I

he wouldn’t have to work.

Use

Rule Examples

We use the second conditional to express an

unreal situation and its probable result. The

situation or condition is improbable,

impossible, or contrary to known facts.

If I were a famous football player, I would earn a lot of money

from advertisements.

(but I’m not a famous football player and probably never will be)

If my brother needed money, I would give some to him.

(but he doesn’t need it)

Other modal verbs are possible in the result

clause.

I could learn English quickly if I lived in the UK.

If I saved some money every week, I might be able to travel in

the summer.

If I were you, I’d … is used to give advice. If I were you, I’d talk to the boss about the report.

I wouldn’t spend so much money on clothes if I were you.

If + Present Simple , + Present Simple


Zero conditional sentences refer to ‘all time’, not just

the present or future. They express a situation that is

always true. If means when or whenever.

If you spend SR500, you get a SR50 voucher.

when as soon as after before until

96ELCA 102

8.5 First or second conditional?

Both first and second conditional refer to the present and future. The difference is about probability, not time.

First conditional = real, possible situations

If I lose my job, I’ll look for a new one.

(My company is doing badly. There’s a strong

possibility that they will lay off workers.)

If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the beach.

(It’s possible that there will be rain.)

Second conditional = unreal, probably impossible

situations

If I lost my job, I would look for a new one.

(I probably won’t lose my job.)

If it rained a lot in Jeddah, there would be a lot of

problems on the roads.

(It doesn’t rain a lot in Jeddah.)


1. If you mix yellow and blue paint, you __________ green.

a. got b. get c. would get d. are getting

2. Talal would feel better if he ____________ smoking.

a. stops b. has stopped c. would stop d. stopped

3. If you can’t find your book, I __________ you use mine.

a. ’ll let b. let c. would let d. am letting

4. You will get sick if you __________ all that cake.

a. ate b. are eating c. eat d. will eat

5. I __________ a house if I won a million dollars.

a. bought b. would buy c. buy d. am buying

6. What would you do if you __________ some money on the ground?

a. are finding b. find c. will find d. found

7. If I were you, I __________ eat so much junk food. It’s not good for you.

a. didn’t b. wouldn’t c. won’t d. don’t

8. Can you please watch my bag __________ I get back?

a. when b. as soon as c. until d. after

97ELCA 102

VOCABULARY – Base and strong adjectives

Some adjectives are similar in meaning to other adjectives but with the idea of ‘very’.

For example, delicious = very tasty

We can also make adjectives more extreme with adverbs such as very and absolutely.

This pizza is absolutely delicious! OR This pizza is very tasty.


1. A: I’m hungry! Shall we get a pizza?

B: Good idea. I’m absolutely __________!

a. tasteless b. starving c. delicious d. hilarious

2. A: Was Fahad’s father angry when he had an accident in the new car?

B: Yes, he was _________!

a. furious b. filthy c. thrilled d. exhausted

3. Have you seen their new house? It’s __________! It must have been very expensive.

a. elderly b. happy c. surprised d. enormous

4. A: Were you frightened during the thunderstorm last night?

B: Yes, I was __________. The wind was blowing so hard!

a. delighted b. terrified c. outgoing d. sophisticated

5. Clean up your room, Ali. It’s __________!

a. filthy b. superb c. ancient d. tidy

Base adjectives Strong adjectives

angry furious

bad horrible, awful, terrible, disgusting

big enormous

dirty filthy

frightened terrified

funny hilarious

good great, wonderful, fantastic, superb

happy thrilled, delighted

hungry starving

surprised astonished, amazed

tasty delicious

tired exhausted

98ELCA 102

VOCABULARY – from the reading


1. It is good for Muslims to _________ some of their money to the poor.

a. improve b. fund c. donate d. behave

2. You can __________ your English by reading books. This will really help you learn.

a. socialize b. borrow c. commit d. improve

3. King Abdulaziz University was __________ in 1967.

a. delighted b. founded c. encouraged d. contained

READING - Philanthropists Giving Away Your Money

Many rich people are ambitious and hard-working, some are mean and uncaring, but others see their

enormous wealth as an opportunity to be generous to people less fortunate than themselves. These are

philanthropists.

19th century philanthropists

The two richest men in history, America's Rockefeller and Carnegie, both 19th century industrialists, were

great philanthropists. Carnegie, who built the US steel industry, was once a factory worker. Like many

philanthropists, he made his own way to the top, and never forgot the difficulties faced by ordinary people.

He gave over $350m to libraries, schools, and universiJes, and started his own Foundation for International

Peace. He believed that the rich should use their money to improve society. Be said, 'if a man dies rich, he

dies disgraced'.

Modern philanthropists

Today's philanthropists have billions, not millions, to give away. The most

famous modern philanthropist is Bill Gates, who dropped out of university to

start his own company, Microsoft. Gates would easily be the richest man in

the world if he didn't give so much money to charity. The Bill and Melinda

Gates Foundation is the largest private foundation in the world and donates

$1.5billion a year, much of it to fund health projects in Africa.

Word Meaning

ambitious determined to succeed

to donate to give away

enormous very big

to found to set up, to start (a company or school)

to fund to pay for

generous kind

to improve to make better

wealthy very rich

99ELCA 102

Chuck Feeney, another American businessman, started as a radio operator and then made his fortune

opening airport shops. 'I had an idea that you should use your wealth to help people', he says. 'I try to live a

normal life, the way I grew up. I set out to work hard, not to get rich'. Feeney put $9billion into The Atlantic

Philanthropies, which funds medical programs in many countries, including South Africa, and Vietnam. He

doesn't own a house or car and flies economy class. His biographer says Feeney isn't a typical billionaire: 'If

you saw him in the street he'd probably be wearing an old raincoat, and he'd be picking up bits of rubbish

and putting it in rubbish bins'.

Practical but fun

Modern philanthropists are practical, and bring business skills as well as money to their charitable work.

Many give to universities, knowing that if they fund research, it will result in knowledge that helps all of

society. Mark Evans of Coutts Wealth Management in London gives advice to donors, he believes that

successful philanthropy is enjoyable: 'The people we work with say that they have more fun giving the

money away than they ever did making it".

Philanthropy around the world

Philanthropy has always been important in the Muslim world, where zakat

makes it a duty to give part of one's income to charity. Sheik Mohammed bin

Rashid Al Maktoum of Dubai has given $10bn, one of the largest donations in

history, to create an educational foundation in the Middle East. Saudi banking

billionaire Sheikh Suleiman Al Rajhi, who started life as a cook and a porter,

founded the Suleiman Al Rajhi University, and has recently announced that

he will donate most of his $6bn fortune to charity.

In 2011 China became the country with the second highest number of

billionaires after America, and now has its own big philanthropists. Cao

Dewang started as a salesman for a car window company, and is now Director

of Fuyao Glass. He has given away over $750m, mostly to the China

Foundation for Poverty AlleviaJon. When asked why he works 16 hours a day,

Cao replied: 'To get rid of poverty. I grew up in poverty, I know what poverty

is. In my life there is too much leisure. And if I played three games of golf, I'd

spend the equivalent of a year's salary for a Chinese farmer.'


1. Carnegie ___________.

a. was a Muslim philanthropist

b. gave a lot of money to universities

c. lived in the eighteenth century

d. built the US computer industry

2. Who has given billions of dollars to The Atlantic Philanthropies?

a. Bill Gates b. Sheikh AlMaktoum c. Chuck Feeney d. Mark Evans

3. Cao Dewang was a ___________ when he started working.

a. philanthropist b. company director c. billionaire d. salesman

4. The pronoun it in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

a. Microsoft b. a year c. $1.5 billion d. the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation


a. Sheikh AlRajhi got his wealth from a glass company.

b. Bill Gates is the richest man in the world.

c. Philanthropists give money to help others.

d. Sheikh AlMaktoum has a fortune of $6 billion.

100ELCA 102

EVERYDAY ENGLISH – Making suggestions

Here are some ways to make suggestions: Let’s ….. / Why don’t we ….. / Shall we…..

Here are some ways to reject suggestions: I’d rather…. I don’t feel like…

Here are some ways to accept suggestions: That’s a good idea. / That would be great.

A: I’m bored.

B: Well, it’s a nice day. Why don’t we go for a walk?

A: No, I don’t feel like it. I’m too tired.

B: You need to get out. Let’s go shopping!

A: Oh, no! I’d rather do anything than that!

B: OK, shall we see what’s on television?

A: That’s a good idea.

B: Do you want to watch the news?

A: I’d rather watch the football.

A: I’m broke, and I don’t get paid for two weeks. What am I going to do?

B: Well, you’d better get a loan from the bank, then.

A: No, I can’t. I owe them too much already.

B: Why don’t you ask your parents?

A: No, I’d rather not. I’d rather work out my problems for myself.

B: You ought to ask your boss for a pay-rise!

A: Good idea, but I’ve tried and it didn’t work.

B: Oh well, I suppose I could lend you some money.

A: Really? Oh, that would be great! Thanks, you’re a real friend.

A: My head is killing me! And my nose is running!

B: I think you should go to bed with a hot drink.

A: That’s a good idea. I’ll go right now.

B: How about a hot lemon drink? I’ll make it for you.

A: Oh, that would be great! Thanks.

Exercise 5: Choose the best response or quesBon to complete each dialogue.

1. A: I’m broke. B: ______________.

a. Why don’t you go to bed?

b. Let’s go shopping!

c. The weather is fantastic! Shall we go for a walk?

d. Why don’t you ask your brother for some money?

2. A: _________________________

B: Why don’t we play computer games?

a. Your room is very messy.

b. I’m bored.

c. It’s a beautiful day.

d. My computer is broken.

3. A: How about some hot tea for your sore throat? I’ll make it for you.

B: ____________________________

a. Oh, that would be great! Thanks.

b. Could we have the bill, please?

c. I’m sorry. That line is busy now.

d. Of course. I’ll bring it right away.

101ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. c

Exercise 2: 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. a

Exercise 3: 1. c 2. d 3. b

Exercise 4: 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. c

Exercise 5: 1. d 2. b 3. a

102ELCA 102

Unit 9 – Making connections

Grammar - Modal verbs of probability

9.1 Expressing possibility / probability: the present/future

Rule Examples

Must and can’t express the logical conclusion

of a situation. We don’t have all the facts, so

we’re not completely sure, but it makes sense

to us.

must = logically probable

can’t = logically improbable

You want to take a walk in this heat? You must be joking!

Ahmed has just come home from standing all day at work. He must

be exhausted.

Dina can’t have a 10-year-old son! She’s only 25!

Could and may/might express possibility in

the present or future. We are less sure than

when we use must or can’t.

Negative: may/might + not

Sara isn’t in class now. She might be sick, or she may be late.

Take your umbrella. It might rain later.

I might not be able to go to the party. I might have to work then.

Hamza may not pass his exam because he didn’t study very much.

must /can’t/ could /may/might + be + -ing

make the continuous form in the present.

Nancy’s kitchen is beautiful. She must clean it regularly. (habit)

What’s Nancy doing in the kitchen? She might be cleaning. ( now)


1. A: Whose blue bag is this?

B: It __________ be Khadija’s. Or it could be Aisha’s. They both have blue bags.

a. must b. can’t c. may not d. could

2. A: I think I’ve lost my mobile phone.

B: You __________ worried.

a. are b. must be c. can’t be d. may be

3. A: Where’s the boss?

B: She __________ having a meeJng. I saw her going to the meeJng room 10 minutes ago.

a. can’t be b. must be c. can’t d. must

4. 850 riyals for a shirt? This __________ be on sale! It’s too expensive!

a. can’t b. must c. might d. may

9.2 Expressing possibility / probability: the past

Use

Rule Examples

must / could /can’t/ might + have + past participle

This is used to express degrees of probability in the

past.

Ali ate 5 pizzas! He must have been starving.

Our guests haven’t arrived yet. They might have got lost.

103ELCA 102


1. She’s only 30, and she has a daughter in high school. She must _________ married young.

a. got b. have got c. be getting d. get

2. Lina _________ on holiday. I just saw her this morning!

a. may be going b. might be c. mustn’t go d. can’t have gone

3. A: I can’t find my keys.

B: You __________ them in your office.

a. may leave b. can’t leave c. might have left d. must be leaving

4. Samir has lost a lot of weight! He must _________ on a diet.

a. have gone b. be going c. go d. went

VOCABULARY – Character adjectives


1. Heba is very __________. It is hard for her to make new friends.

a. shy b. sociable c. outgoing d. easygoing

2. My father is very __________. He doesn’t like to wait for anything.

a. reserved b. untidy c. impatient d. generous

3. If you are very _________ , you won’t do well at your job.

a. hardworking b. lazy c. ambitious d. reliable

4. Fatima can’t stop talking. She’s so __________!

a. moody b. sensitive c. reserved d. talkative

Qualities Adjective (Meaning) This person ….

Positive cheerful is usually smiling and happy

easygoing is usually calm and not worried by things

generous often gives presents, money

hardworking works hard

reliable can be depended on

optimistic thinks the future will be good

sociable enjoys being with other people

Negative impatient gets annoyed if he/she has to wait

lazy doesn’t work hard

moody has mood changes often and for no reason

untidy often has a messy room

Both ambitious has definite plans for the future

reserved keeps feelings and ideas to himself /herself

sensitive notices other people’s feelings

shy has a hard time meeting new people

talkative talks a lot

104ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. a

Exercise 2: 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. a

Exercise 3: 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. d

105ELCA 102

Unit 10 – Special interests

Grammar

10.1 Present Perfect ConBnuous

Form

have l has + been + verb + -ing


I /

We/You/They

have (’ve)

haven’t been working.

He/She has (’s)

hasn’t

Questions:

How long

have I / we / you /they been working?

has he /she

Use

Rule Examples

The Present Perfect Continuous expresses an activity

that began in the past and is continuing now.

She’s been studying English for three years.

How long have you been living here?

It can express a past activity that has caused a present

result.

Hmm… Mum has been cooking. It smells great!

Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?

The past activity might be finished or it might not. We

can usually tell from the context.

Look out of the window! It’s been snowing!

(It has stopped snowing now.)

I’ve been working on this report for six days.

(I’m not finished.)

10.2 Present Perfect Simple or Continuous?

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Simple can express a completed

action.

I’ve painted the kitchen, and now I’m doing the

bathroom.

The Present Perfect Continuous expresses an activity

over a period and things that happened during the

activity.

I’ve got paint in my hair because I’ve been painting.

We can use it with a number or quantity of things.

I’ve read ten chapters of this book.

She’s eaten four packages of chips and six biscuits.

We can’t use the continuous form with a number.

I’ve been reading all day.

She’s been eating all afternoon.

Some verbs don’t have the idea of a long time, so

they are usually found in the simple form:

For example:

find, start, arrive, buy, die, lose, break, stop

Some verbs have the idea of a long time, so they are

often found in the continuous form:

For example:

wait, work, play, try, learn, rain

State verbs rarely take the continuous form.

Examples of state verbs are think / understand / like

/ love / want / know / have / need

They have had their car for 5 years.

I have always liked drawing.

106ELCA 102


1. A: Your clothes are dirty. What __________?

B: I’ve been working in the garden.

a. did you do b. do you do c. are you doing d. have you been doing

2. Nadia __________ a book about her travels for a year and a half. She hopes to finish it next month.

a. has written b. has been writing c. wrote d. writes

3. Abdullah __________ to the US five times, but he’s never been to Canada.

a. is being b. went c. has been d. has been going

4. Ouch! I __________ my finger!

a. ’ve cut b. had cut c. am cutting d. ’ve been cutting

5. A: How long __________ for the chemistry exam?

B: Oh, about five hours. I still have a few chapters left to revise.

a. did you study b. have you been studying c. were you studying d. are you studying

10.3 Time expressions

Past Simple I lived in Dammam for two years when I was young.

We moved to a new house one month ago.

They didn’t sleep during the flight.

He started working at the bank in 2006.

Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous

They’ve been married since 2011.

I’ve been studying for seven hours. I’m exhausted!

He’s taken three computer courses so far.

Future

We’re going to Madinah for a few days.

The class ends in 15 minutes.

I’ll be home in half an hour.

Sara is going to study abroad next year.

Prepositions with dates, months, years

October Saturday 6 o’clock

the morning Monday morning the end of May

in summer on 18 January at New Year

the 1960s New Year’s Day the age of nine

the 20th century holiday lunch time

the holidays

1986


1. We’re going to move to Riyadh _________.

a. in 3 months b. in 2009 c. two months ago d. since November

2. On Fridays, all my relatives get together __________ lunch time.

a. on b. at c. to d. in

3. Najwa has been learning English __________ .

a. yesterday b. for three years c. in two months d. when she was a child

4. We have a meeJng ________ 9:00 ________ Tuesday morning.

a. at…. in b. on….. at c. at…. on d. in…. on

107ELCA 102

VOCABULARY – Things I’m passionate about

There are many verbs that express different degrees of how much we like or don’t like something.

.

Examples:

He likes ice-cream very much. He absolutely adores ice-cream.

Fish is OK, but I prefer chicken. I don’t mind fish, but I prefer chicken.

Talal doesn’t really like tea. Talal isn’t that keen on tea.

Mary hates rainy weather. Mary can’t stand rainy weather.

I hate washing the dishes. I loathe washing the dishes.


1. Ahmed __________ going to museums. He really likes going there to learn about history.

a. can’t bear b. is fond of c. loathes d. doesn’t mind

2. My brothers love watching football, but I __________it. I think it’s so boring!

a. adore b. quite like c. am keen on d. can’t stand

3. Nowadays many children __________ computer games. They spend a lot of time playing them.

a. don’t mind b. loathe c. are crazy about d. aren’t that keen on

4. I absolutely __________ chocolate. I eat it every chance I get.

a. loathe b. quite like c. adore d. can’t bear

Degree of feeling Positive Negative

average don’t mind be not that keen on

quite like

strong

adore can’t bear

(be) fond of can’t stand

(be) crazy about loathe

(be) keen on

108ELCA 102

Everyday English – Making the right noises

There are different ways to respond to what people say in conversations, depending on what feelings we

want to show.


1. A: I failed my maths test again.

B: ______________.

a. Fair enough.

b. That’s too bad.

c. Brilliant!

d. How fantastic!

2. A: _________________________

B: Of course. It’s the best way to learn the language.

a. Do you think I should study abroad?

b. Would you like sugar with it?

c. My computer doesn’t work.

d. My father doesn’t want me to go to London.

3. A: My boss just told me I’m getting a pay-rise!

B: ____________________________

a. That’s a shame.

b. Definitely.

c. Bad luck.

d. Good for you!

Pleasure Agreement Surprise Sympathy

How fantastic! Absolutely. Did you? What a pity!

That’s great! Definitely. You didn’t! That’s a shame.

Lovely! Of course. That’s amazing. Oh dear.

Congratulations! Fair enough. You’re kidding. That’s too bad.

Brilliant! Fine. You did what? How awful!

Good for you! OK. Really? Bad luck.

A: Statement B: Response

My grandfather hasn’t been too well lately. Oh dear.

He’s 79. Don’t you think at his age he should slow down a bit? Absolutely.

But he won’t listen to me. He says he wants to enjoy his life to the full. Fair enough.

Last summer he went on a two-week cycling holiday in France. You’re kidding!

We’re going to have a big family meal for his 80th birthday. That’s great!

But before that, I’m going to talk with him and tell him to take things easy. Good for you.

109ELCA 102

ANSWERS

Exercise 1: 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. b

Exercise 2: 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. c

Exercise 3: 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. c

Exercise 4: 1. b 2. a 3. d

king abdulaziz university english language institute...

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