kinh te vi mo-tham khao

8/2/2019 Kinh Te Vi Mo-tham Khao

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Chng 4

Qu trnh sn xut v

chi ph


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Sn xut

iu g quyt nh s lng hng ha ca mt hng sn

xut? Cc yu t u vo (K, L, lao ng, nguyn vt liu)

c nng sut nh th no?

Cng ngh trong qu trnh sn xut l g?

Chng tn bao nhiu? Chng ta mun ti thiu hacc chi ph.

Mc sn lng mang li li nhun ti a l baonhiu?

Hy bt u bng mt hm sn xutbiu din mi quanh gia cc yu t u

vo v u ra:Q = f(L, K, M, )

N cho chng ta bit mc sn lng ti a, Q, ng vinhng yu t u vo cho trc (L, K, M, v.v..) bng

cch s dng cng ngh f


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Mi quan h gia sn xut v chi ph

Cng ngh sn xut

u vo (cc yut sn xut)

Qu trnh sn xut(hm sn xut)

Xut phm

Kha cnh kinh t ca sn xut

Chi ph u vo

La chn kinh ttrong sn xut

Chi ph (gi thnh)ca xut phm

Qunlcngnghvc

hiph


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Sn xut v chi ph

INPUTS (NHP LNG)

CHI PHOUTPUT

(XUT LNG)(Sn phm hu hnh )


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Phn tch sn xut trong ngn hn

Ngn hnl khong thi gian trong vic thay imt yu t sn xut rt tn km. (t, nh, v.v)Trong di hn, tt c cc yu t u vo u thayi.

Trong sn xut d nhin c hng chc (hng trm?)yu t u vo.Gi s K c nh trong ngn hn v L l yu t uvo duy nht l hng c th thay i. (m hnh hai

yu t u vo.Hm sn xut Q = F(K,L)

Mc sn lng ti a c th c sn xut vi

K v vn v L v lao ng.


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Tng sn lng

V d Hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas V d: Q = F(K,L) = K.5 L.5

K c c nh 16 v.

Hm sn xut ngn hn:Q = (16).5 L.5 = 4 L.5

Sn xut khi 100 v lao ng c sdng?

Q = 4 (100).5= 4(10) = 40 v


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Nng sut bin ca lao ng

MPL =D

Q/D

L o lng sn lng to ra bi cngnhn cui cng.

dc ca hm sn xut ngn hn (theolao ng).


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Nng sut lao ng trung bnh

APL = Q/L y l ch s o lng nng sut v mtk ton.


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Sn xut vi mt yu t bin i

Vn Lao ng Tng SL (Q)3 0 0

3 1 5

3 2 18

3 3 30

3 4 40

3 5 45

3 6 48

3 7 49

3 8 49

3 9 45

APL= Q/L MPL= (DQ/D L)--- ---

5 5

9 13

10 12

10 10

9 5

8 37 1

6.1 0

5 -4


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Nng sut (li tc) bin gim dn

Nng sut bin gim dnl quan st thc nghim vs phn ng ca yu t u ra i vi s gia tng cc yut u vo.

Ngha l khi lng ca mt yu t u vo no tng ln(theo mc gia tng bng nhau), s thay i cc yu tu vo s tr nn nh hn sau mt im no .

Cc c im:

1. MPLbt u gimsau mt im no , khng phi trnn m.

D on ca nh kinh t hc c in Malthus: Vi lng

t ai c nh v MPL gim dn, cc ngun cung thcphm s tr nn khng . ng y b st iu g?

2. Ceteris paribus. tc l nhng yu t u vo khc cgi khng i: K, nng lng, nguyn liu, & cng ngh.Nu bn tm ra mt cng ngh sn xut tt hn, ton b

ng tng sn lng TP s dch chuyn!


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Q

L

Q=F(K,L)

Nng sutbin tng

dn

Nngsutbin

gimdn

Nng sut binm

MP

AP

Cc giai on sn xut

Cc c im:Nu MPL> 0, Q tng

Nu MPL< 0, Q gim

Nu MPL= 0, Q t cc i

Nu MPL > APL, APLtngln

Nu MPL < APL, APLgimxung

MPL = APLti APLcc i


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Nng sut theo quy m

Trong di hn tn ti mi quan h no gia cc yu t u vo v yu

t u ra?

Tt c inputs: Output qu trnh sn xut cho thy

Tng gp i tng gp i NS khng i theo quy m

Tng gp i < tng gp i NS gim dn theo quy mTng gp i > tng gp i NS tng dn theo quy m


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ng ng lng

S kt hp cc inputs (K, L) em li cho nh sn xut cng

mc sn lng. Hnh dng ca ng ng lng phn nh mc thay thd hay kh gia cc yu t trong khi vn duy tr cng mc snlng.

T l m nh sn xut c th thay th gia cc inputs v duytr cng mc sn lng gi l t l thay th k thut binMRTS. MRTSmang du m v thng gim dn

MRTSKL = K/L l s lng lao ng tng ln thay th chos lng vn gim xung nhm m bo mc sn lngkhng i.

Gi tr tuyt i ca t l thay th k thut bin chnh l dcca ng ng lng.

Trong mi quan h vi nng sut bin MP

MRTSKL

= MPL

/MPK


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dc ca ng ng lng

dco lng K m hng

c th gim dng thmmt n v L, sao cho gi Qkhng i

Slng tng thm t Y n X= DL * MPL

Slng mt i t Y n X

= DK * MPK Trn cng mt ng ng

lng DL * MPL + DK * MPK =0

DK/ DL = - MPL/ MPK - MPL/ MPKc gi l T l

thay th k thut bin MRTS,

K

L

Q = 500

Y

X


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ng ng lng tuyn tnh

Vn v lao ng lnhng yu t thayth cho nhau honho

Q3Q2Q1

Sn lngtng

L

K


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ng ng lng Leontief

Vn v lao ng lnhng yu t bsung hon ho

Vn v lao ngc s dng theo tl c nh

Q3

Q2

Q1

K

Sn lng

tng

L


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ng ng lng Cobb-Douglas

Cc inputs khngthay th cho nhauhon ton

T l thay th k

thut bin gim dn Phn ln cc quytrnh sn xut cng ng lng

dng ny

Q1

Q2

Q3K

L

Sn lng tng


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ng ng ph

S kt hp cc inputsvi cng mc chi ph

Vi gi cc inputs chotrc, ng ngph cng xa gc ta gn lin vi nhngmc chi ph cao hn.

S thay i gi cc

input lm thay i dc ca ng ngph

K

LC1

C0

L

Kng ng ph mido gim tin lng(gi ca lao ng).


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ng ng ph

ng ng ph cho thy

tt c nhng kt hp (L,K)c th c mua vi mtmc tng chi ph chotrc.

TC = wL + rK K = (-w/r)L + (TC/r)

Tung gc l TC/r

Honh gc l TC/w

dccho bit cc mcgi tng ica hai input( dc = -2 ngha l munmua thm 1 n v L, phi

mua t i 2 v K)

Lng

Vn (K)TC3/r

TC2/r

TC1/r

TC1/w

TC2/w

TC3/w

dc = -w/r


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Ti thiu ha chi ph

Nng sut bin trn mi ng b ra phibng nhau cho tt c cc inputs:

Ni cch khcr

MP

w

MPKL

rwMRTS

KL


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Ti thiu ha chi ph

Q

L

K

im ti thiuha chi ph dc ng

n ph= dc ng

ng lng


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Thu cng nhn c nng sut cao nht?

Ti sao cu tr li i khi l Khng?

Chng ta gi s hng mun thu thm mt cng nhnna. Hng c th chn mt cng nhn tay ngh caov mt cng nhn tay ngh thp.

MPtay ngh cao = 2 MPtay ngh thp

Nhng nng sut khng phi l yu t duy nht phixem xt

Ptay ngh cao = 3Ptay ngh thp

S ti u ha i hi rng MPcao / Pcao =

MPthp/Pthp Tuy nhin, MPcao / Pcao < MPthp/Pthp

V vy, hng nn thu cng nhn tay ngh thp v hc sn lng cao hn trn mt ng b ra.

Ki h t & b t h


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Kinh t xy & v san bng cc ta nh

Xy dng Gara u xes dng hai

input B tng & t ai Trc ht cho MPC/ PC = MPLand/Pland

vng ngoi ca M

Nu xy bi u xe trong khu vc nithnh, Ptcao hn, cc yu t khc

khng i MPC/ PC > MPLand/Pland Cng ty xy dng chuyn sang s

dng nhiu B tng v chng ta thycc bi u xe cao tng trong cc thnhph

San bng ta nh: dng cht n hay ruMPCht n/ PCht n ? MPL/PL

Cch no p dng Hong Kong v M?

Plr hn nhiu Hong Kong cc hng chuyn san bng ta nh Hong Kong s dng nhiu L

Ph h hi h


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Phn tch chi ph

Cc loi chi ph Chi ph c nh

(FC)

Chi ph bin i(VC)

Tng chi ph(TC)

Chi ph chm


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Tng chi ph v chi ph bin i

C(Q): Tng chi ph tithiu sn xut cc mcsn lng :

C(Q) =VC+FC

VC(Q): Chi ph thay

i theo sn lng

FC: Chi ph khng thay

i theo sn lng

$

Q

C(Q) =VC+FC

VC(Q)

FC

hi h h hi h h


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Cc chi ph c nh v chi ph chm

FC: chi ph khng ikhi sn lng thay i

Chi ph chm: chi ph bmt vnh vin sau khi nc tr

$

Q

FC

C(Q) = VC + FC

VC(Q)

Chi h t b h


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Chi ph trung bnh

Tng chi ph trung bnh

ATC = AVC + AFCATC = C(Q)/Q

Chi ph bin i

trung bnhAVC = VC(Q)/Q

Chi ph c nh

trung bnhAFC = FC/Q

Chi ph bin

MC = DC/DQ

$

Q

ATC

AVC

AFC

MC

Quan h chi ph trung bnh chi ph bin


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Quan h chi ph trung bnh-chi ph bin

Nu chi ph bin < chi ph

trung bnh, chi ph trungbnh s gim

Nu chi ph bin > Chi phtrung bnh, Chi ph trungbnh s tng ln

MC = AC ti im cc tiuca AC

$

Q

Q

$/unit4

4

20

100

TC

MC

TVC

TFC

AVC

ATC

Chi ph trung bnh c chtrong vic phn tch cc chi

ph m hng pht sinhcho n hin ti.

Chi ph bin c ch trongvic phn tch cc chi ph mhng s pht sinh trong

tng lai.


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Chi ph c nh

$

Q

ATC

AVC

MC

ATC

AVC

Q0

AFC Chi ph C

Q0

(ATC-AVC)

= Q0 AFC

= Q0(FC/ Q0)

= FC

hi h bi i


30/47

Chi ph bin i

$

Q

ATC

AVC

MC

AVCChi ph B

Q0

Q0AVC

= Q0[VC(Q0)/ Q0]

= VC(Q0

)

hi h


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$

Q

ATC

AVC

MC

ATC

Tng CP

Q0

Q0ATC

= Q0[C(Q0)/ Q0]

= C(Q0)

Tng chi ph

T h ki h hi ki h h


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Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t do quy m pht sinh t mi quan

h phi tuyn tnh gia cc inputs v output.Sn xut giai on IKhi cc inputs tng, output tng theo t l ln hn. V d:Gp i inputs th output tng hn gp i.

Nguyn nhn: Tng thm cc inputs to iu kin cho vicchuyn mn ha.

Sn xut giai on IIKhi inputs tng, output tng nhng theo t l nh hn. V

d: Gp i inputs th output tng t hn gp i.

Nguyn nhn: Tng thm inputs to ra s cht chi khnggian v/hoc nhng kh khn trong vic phn vic v qunl.

Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy m

T h ki h h


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Tnh kinh t nh quy m

LRAC

$

Sn lng

Kinh t theoquy m

Phi kinh ttheo quy m

T h ki h t hi ki h t th


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Cc giai on sn xut dn n tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy

m

Kinh t theo quy m: chi ph trung bnh gim khi sn lng tng.

Phi kinh t theo quy m: chi ph trung bnh tng khi sn lng gim.

v slng Tng chiph

Tng chi ph trung bnh

10,000 $1.0 triu $1.0 triu/10,000 = $100

15,000 $1.4 triu $1.4 triu/ 15,000 = $93

20,000 $1.9 triu $1.9 triu/ 20,000 = $95

Kttheo

quy m

Phi kttheo quym


T h ki h t hi ki h t th


35/47

$

v sn lng

ATC

AVC

MC

AFC

chuyn mnha

Trong khong ny, hng tip tc c tnh kinh t theoquy m mc d s cht chi bt u xut hin S cht chi cha trm trng ln t tc ng

dng tch ly ca chuyn mn ha

Kt theo quy m


V d


36/47

V d

Tng chi ph: C(Q) = 10 + Q + Q2

Hm chi ph bin i:VC(Q) = Q + Q2

Chi ph bin i khi sn xut 2 v:

VC(2) = 2 + (2)2 = 6

Chi ph c nh:FC = 10

Hm chi ph bin:MC(Q) = 1 + 2Q

Chi ph bin sn xut 2 v:MC(2) = 1 + 2(2) = 5

H hi h hi h


37/47

Hm chi ph ca nhiu sn phm

C(Q1

, Q2

): Chi ph sn xut hai sn phmchung

Dng hm s tng qut:

C(Q1, Q

2)= f+ aQ

1Q

2+ b(Q

1)2 + c(Q

2)2

T h ki h t th h i


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Tnh kinh t theo phm vi

C(Q1

, Q2

) < C(Q1

, 0) + C(0, Q2

)

Sn xut lin kt hai sn phm r hnsn xut ring bit.

V d?

S r hn cho Time-Warner cung cpnhng dch v kt ni Internet v dch vtin nhn Instant Messaging chung so vi

cung cp dch v ring l.

B sung chi ph


39/47

B sung chi ph

Chi ph bin sn xut hng ha 1 gimkhi sn xut nhiu hn hng ha 2:

DMC1/DQ2 < 0.

V d?

Da b v tht b

H hi h hi h


40/47

Hm chi ph nhiu sn phm

C(Q1, Q2) = f + aQ1Q2 + (Q1 )2 + (Q2 )2

MC1(Q1, Q2) = aQ2 + 2Q1

MC2(Q1, Q2) = aQ1 + 2Q2

Tnh b sung chi ph: a < 0 Tnh kt theo phm vi: f > aQ1Q2

C(Q1 ,0) + C(0, Q2 ) = f + (Q1 )2 + f + (Q2)2C(Q1, Q2) = f + aQ1Q2+ (Q1 )

2 + (Q2 )2

f > aQ1Q2: sn xut lin kt r hn

V d:


41/47

V d:

C(Q1, Q2) = 90 - 2Q1Q2 + (Q1 )2 + (Q2 )2

C tnh b sung chi ph?

C, v a = -2 < 0

MC1(Q1, Q2) = -2Q2 + 2Q1

C tnh kt theo phm vi?

C, v 90 > -2Q1Q2 Hm cho vic st nhp cng ty?

Kt lun


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Kt lun

ti a ha li nhun (gim thiu chiph) cc nh sn xut

phi s dng inputs sao cho nng sutbin ca mi input phn nh gi m

hng phi tr s dng input s kt hp ti u cc inputs c c

khi

MRTSKL = (w/r). Cc hm sn xut l nn tng gip xc

nh hnh vi ti a ha li nhun trong

nhng chng tip theo.

p dng


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Hng A-1 cung cp cc tm kim loi dng bnngoi my bay. Sn xut cc tm ny ch ihi 5 my to tm kim loi vi chi ph $300 mimy, v cng nhn.

Cng nhn c th c tuyn dng bt k lcno trn th trng vi mc lng $7000 mtngi.

Th trng tm kim loi mang tnh cnh tranh

rt cao v gi th trng cho mi tm l $50. Da trn bng di y Hng A-1 nn thubao nhiu cng nhn ti a ha li nhun?

p dng


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My to tmkim loi Cng nhn S tm csn xut

5 0 0

5 1 6005 2 1000

5 3 1290

5 4 14805 5 1600

5 6 1680


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Nu A-1 thu 4 cng nhn, li nhunca n l

1480 x 50-7000x4-300x5=44500

Nu n thu thm mt cng nhn,doanh thu s tng thm 120x50=6000,v chi ph s tng thm 7000.

Do nu thu thm mt cng nhn

li nhun ca n s gim.

Chi ph bin hay chi ph trung bnh


46/47

Hng ca bn c th sn xut 10,000 nv sn phm vi tng chi ph $1 triu, hay11,000 n v sn phm vi tng chi ph$1.2 triu. Hng c th bn ra th trng

vi gi c nh $120 n v tt c nhngsn phm m n c th sn xut.

Hng nn sn xut 10,000 n v hay11,000 n v?

Chi ph bin hay chi ph trung bnh


47/47

Phn tch chi ph trung bnh

Chi ph TB @ 10,000 v = $1 triu / 10,000 = $100/ v Chi ph TB @ 11,000 v = $1.2 triu / 11,000 = $109/ v

Ti mc gi $120/ v, gi ln hn chi ph cho mi v sn phm.

Nn sn xut thm 1,000 v.

Phn tch chi ph bin

Chi ph bin ca vic sn xut thm 1,000 v

= TC / v sn lng = ($1.2 tr $1 tr) / (11,000 10,000)= $200/ v

mc gi $120/ v, gi thp hn chi ph bin. Khng nn sn xut thm 1,000 v.

kinh te vi mo-tham khao

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