K.M.Joshi Department of Economics,

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar

India is Complex…………. 1.2 Billion people 29 States and 6 Union Territories set upon

linguistic basis 22 (Modern) Indian languages coexist; 1576

other mother tongues 3592 Newspapers in 35 different languages Radio broadcasts in 146 Languages and

Dialects Education in the concurrent list of

Constitution- both Centre and State have a stake

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Higher Education Institutions in India TYPES OF UNIVERSITIES

UNIVERSITIES

STATE

GOVERNMENT PRIVATE

CENTRAL DEEMED

GOVERNMENT PRIVATE

Structure of Higher Education Institutions and the Degrees Three types of Universities: Central Universities, State Universities & ‘Deemed Universities’. Central Universities - Act of Parliament State Universities - State Legislation Deemed Universities - Gazette Notifications

of Central Government.

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Structure contd… The universities are of unitary type with single or

even multiple campuses or of affiliating type. The concept of an affiliating university is unique

to South Asia where a university affiliates colleges. These colleges conduct teaching-learning under the academic supervision of the university to which they are affiliated. The colleges do not award their own degrees, but award the degree of the university to which they are affiliated.

Universities and Colleges- Government, Private aided and Private unaided. K.M.Joshi 5

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Region Wise % of Institutions

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Faculty Wise Enrolment - 2005 and 2011

46%

20%

20%

1% 7%

3% 1% 2%

36%

18% 17%

4%

18% 4%

1% 2%

Arts

Science

Commerce/Management

Education

Engineering/Technology

Medicine

Agriculture

Others

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2011

2005

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Household Expenditure on Higher Education

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Tuition & other fees 41%

Books 16%

Transportation 12%

Stationery 11%

Private Coaching 10%

Uniform 4%

Other Expenses 6%

GER- Future Projections

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Demand Influencing Factors Economic Development- Urbanization etc. Social Status Equity- State Policies Quality

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Trends in Urbanization in India (1961-2011)

Levels of Urbanization- 2011

Unemployment Rate In India -Year 2011-2012 – Top 15 States (Ranked with lowest unemployment rate on top)

Rank State Unemployment Rate

1 Mizoram 0.3

2 Daman & Diu 0.6

3 Gujarat 0.9

4 Chattisgarh 1

5 Himachal Pradesh 1.3

6 Rajasthan 1.4

7 Meghalya 1.5

8 Punjab 1.6

9 Madhya Pradesh 2.1

10 Tamil Nadu 2.1

11 Uttar Pradesh 2.2

12 Karnataka 2.4

13 Odisha 2.4

14 Manipur 2.5

15 Maharashtra 2.6

Unemploment rising with rise in education ladder

Overall unemployment in higher education around 9.9

Graduate Unemployment around 9.6 Postgraduate Unemployment around 10.3 Unemployment level higher in States with

higher GER.

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Emergence of Private Institutions- Demand Resultant

By the 1980s, improvements in basic education and Indian society’s growing aspirations had resulted in a huge capacity gap in higher education.

The changing structure of the economy demanded new skills which the public institutions were not able to provide.

Growing fiscal deficit and reforms laid foundation for private higher education.

Most of the private institutions were colleges in the initial period, followed by deemed Universities and then Private Universities.

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Many of these institutions set up by various religious and linguistic minorities enjoy certain privileges under law.

Private institutions are usually established and operated under the provisions of charitable societies or trusts. There are genuine not for- profit private institutions, many even funded by the government (private aided institutions) or supported by charitable and religious trusts.

A large number of private institutions run self-financing programmes that meet all of their expenses from tuition revenue, reinvesting any surpluses in programmes and facilities.

In contrast to these not-for-profits, a significant number of private institutions are run as business enterprises, many among them owned by powerful families

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Institutions and Enrolment

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Public and Private Institutions- Professional Programme

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Growth of State Private Universities

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Public and Private Deemed Universities

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Distance Education

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Quality Issues

48% of universities and 69% of colleges have infrastructure deficiencies.

Poor academic standards: The system is plagued with outdated curricula and ill-equipped libraries

As of March 2011, only 161 universities and 4,371 colleges had been accredited by NAAC

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Access and Equity Indian society is highly stratified on the basis

of - Economic lines, Social Groupings, Urban-Rural divide and Gender

The GER for indigenous people is found to be 13.1 for males and 7.5 for females, and the aggregate GER of ST students it is 10.3. Disparities across tribal regions visible. States like Jharkhand have 5.1 %.

Scheduled Castes the second largest socially deprived group too has low access. K.M.Joshi 32

Access and Equity Other social backward groups too reveal low

GER. Gender disparity in access existing in majority

of the states. The disparity is more visible amongst the disadvantaged groups.

High drop out and low completion rates amongst these segment of population.

Access to higher education is constrained by poverty, lack of resources, high opportunity cost, inadequate infrastructure, and low emphasis on education. K.M.Joshi 33

0,58

0,54

0,53

0,66

0,72

1,07

0,94

0,51

0,82

1,18

0,79

0,67

0,76

0,36

1,03

0,64

0,86

0,83

0,71

0,79

1,64

0,74

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Chhattisgarh

Gujarat

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Manipur

Odisha

Punjab

Rajasthan

Sikkim

Tamil Nadu

Tripura

Uttar Pradesh

Uttarakhand

INDIA

Gender Parity Index- All India All Categories

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Region Wise GER

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Government Policies for Enhancing Access 22.5% quota/seats reserved for Schedule Caste

and Schedule Tribe students. An additional quota of 27% for other backward castes in federal educational institutions. It means 49.5% seats reserved for the

marginalized social groups. Effective caste based seats crosses 65 %. Many States of India already have reservation

above 50% since long.

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Government Policies for Enhancing Access Various study reveals that relatively better off

segment among the marginalized social group gain largely because of this quota. Admission and equality criteria gets distorted

on a larger pattern. No government capable of reducing the quota

because of political reasons. Other financial assistance schemes

insufficient. Is this an appropriate affirmative action?

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Accreditation & Assessment Scenario

NAAC has not been able to cover even 40 % of the institutions.

The accreditation of NAAC has focused on institutional accreditation rather than programme evaluation.

It looks difficult that just one agency like NAAC will be able to address the quality assurance issues in India.

Accreditation is voluntary but many State governments have made it mandatory for all institutions.

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The Story so far………

State government withdrawing from higher education – Funding and Sustainability

Quality assurance outcome not influential in selection of institutions and demand

Private institutions proliferation- Absence of Control and Regulation

Private higher education – Urban agglomeration and Disparity in Quality

State policies for enhancing the demand for deprived group not effective

Unemployment more in urbanized regions and those with high GER in higher education

State run institutions in deplorable state

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The story so far………

Private higher education has enhanced the access and participation.

Increase in the professional courses. A shift of students from traditional to professional programme.

Private providers less interested in running traditional courses.

Pure and natural science losing talented students. This will hamper the basic science research in future.

Except few majority of the providers function for profit motive.

Similarly the quality of programmes not of acceptable level.

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