koch_indo-european from the east and celtic from the west

7/21/2019 Koch_Indo-EuropEan From the East and Celtic From the West

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SoCietAS Celto SlAviCA7ed ColoCiwm, Prifysgol Bangor, 4 6 medi 2014

7th Colloquiu m, Bangor u niversit y, 4–6 sept emBer 2014

Indo EuropEan fromthE East and

CEltIC from thE wEst:rEConCIlIng

modEls for languagEsIn latEr prEhIstory

Bangor — 4 Medi 2014

J t. K c

CAnolfAn UWChefrydiAU CymreigA CheltAidd PrifySgol CymrUuniversity of Wales Centre for

adva nC ed We ls h and Ce ltiC st ud ies


7th Colloquiu m, Bangor u niversit y, 4–6 sept emBer 2014





J t. K c


advanCe d We ls h an d Celt iC stud ies

Y Ganolfan Geltaidd

CAWCS



T t t CUnliffe (2001) : [P -] C c

a as ua a ca A a c eu p

c pa b w , bu s qu ,renfreW’s (1987) i -eu p apa w a A a a

1987 2001



[Alternative theories of the Indo-European homeland andexpansion will be returned to shortly.]

¶ r c c s. . .

¶ A c c p ua /c p b :

“S c w k w i -eu p a [=? i -eu p a s] ca w s eu p as , w c u C c [=? C

p ss b a c w s ?”

¶ W a s s p b ?! [p ss b a p a s u b b ck

W s k a i a -C c ( la Ps s*p (w w a a s) c

eu p , us s b c C c , a a pa p- ss -i -eu p a a ua s

[ib a a Pa a -Basqu ] w s a b c C c p c ss?



Sp cu a s p ss b bas s c c p ua a -up

¶ ie pa s k B Ba w c u us u wau a p

¶ s a , as a a , w b a c s w u waa , ap ca

¶ k a ua s (ie a C c) as p s

up s (i -eu p a s a C s) a aa ac s ca a the CeltS a s a a a s a s i -eu p a s b , b w ak *p

a ccu , a s u c a s C c – sC s b C c

¶ supp s a p s c sp ak s i -eu p a a ua sas c c a ubb s capab sa a u eu p ap su a, bu wa k , , ac ss ( c p s w ac B a a i a )[ ku h ie]



Cu ’s C c as ua a ca a C u subs a u u c (ib a a / Pa a -

Basqu ) a s c pa b a a b s a w as as . t k s u c a , w c as b us

c C c Pie, s w ak ie *p . t k a s s u s ccu as a su c ac w p- ss ib a as b p p s pb mcC (1996, 43), Ba s (2004, 114–117; 2012, 10–11),Sc j (2011), a K c (2011, 171; 2013a, 264–5).

Ballester, X. 2004a ‘Hablas indoeuropeas y anindoeuropeas en la Hispania prerromana’, Real Academia deCultura Valenciana, sección de estudios ibéricos. Estudios de lenguas y epigra ía antiguas – ELEA 6, 107–38.

Ballester, X. 2012b Falas Indo-Europeias e Anindo-Europeias na Hispânia Pré-Romana. Lisboa, Apenas Livros.Koch, J. T. 2011 Tartessian 2: The Inscription of Mesas do Castelinho, ro and the Verbal Complex, Preliminari

to Historical Phonology . Aberystwyth: University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.McCone, K. R. 1996 Towards a Relative Chronology of Ancient and Medieval Celtic Sound Change. Maynooth

Studies in Celtic Linguistics I. Department of Old and Middle Irish, St Patrick’s College, Maynooth.Schrijver, P. 2011 ‘Pruners and Trainers of the Celtic Family Tree: the Rise and Development of Celtic in the

Light of Language Contact’ (handout), XIVth International Congress of Celtic Studies, Maynooth.



f mcC P -B qu /aqu , h ch v p b b - (m ch 1977, 261;

T k 1997, 126; e u z 2013, 146), k c .

Michelena, L. 1977 Fonética histórica vasca, 2nd edn. ( irstpublished 1961). Donostia–San Sebastián.

Trask, R. L. 1997. The History of Basque. London, Routledge.Egurtzegi, A. K. 2013 ‘4. Phonetics and Phonology’, Basque and

Proto-Basque: Language-Internal and Typological Approachesto Linguistic Reconstruction, Minority Language Studies vol 5,ed. M. Martínez-Areta, 119–72. Frankfurt, Peter Lang.



This theory can be extended beyond the fate of IE *p. The stop consonants in aLate PIE of the western ‘Centum’ variety were as follows (McCone 1996, 43):

I k k [b] b

At the next stage, it is possible that Proto-Italo-Celtic developed the followingsystem proposed by Schrijver (2012):

Schrijver, P. 2012 ‘The Origin of Celtic: How, When, Where?’ The Anders AhlqvistLecture 12/6/2012 (handout), Helsinki.

II k k [b] realized phonetically as lenis [β δ γ] in Proto-Celtic

β δ γ γ

Whether or not Pre-Celtic shared these Proto-Italic developments, speci icallyCeltic innovations occurred afterwards. First, * gw shifted its articulation to mergewith the rare inherited *b, as the henceforth more common *b. After that, *b *d *gand the re lexes of *bh *d h *gh of Stage I merged as *b *d *g.



PC merged the re lexes of PIE */b d g/ (now including the output of */b/ <*/g w/) and those of */b h dh gh/ as */b d g/. Another PC development was theweakening and, in most phonetic environments, eventual loss of */p/. Thefollowing, much reduced, PC system resulted.

III _ k k

b

Michelena’s ‘sistema fonológico principal del vasco antiguo’ is as follows(1977, 374; cf. Trask 1997, 124–36).

e : _ c ć k n l r

e e : b ś

The key point presently is that an adult who spoke Palaeo-Basque as hisirst language would ind Centum PIE and Proto-Italo-Celtic relatively

dif icult to pronounce. The sound system to which he was conditionedlacked p, k w, gw, bh, dh, gh, and g wh (or Proto-Italo-Celtic p, k w, gw, β, δ, γ, γw). But, as far as the stop consonants were concerned, PC presented lessdif iculty. Only the labio-velars (k w and g w[ or γ w]) had no counterpart.



I e ke p e -B q e e e Ce pIE p -I -Ce ic, b i e cq i e e e , e e

e e b e p -Ce ic, e i e c e

w k b u ib ph , h u h u v v , bu h v c u h , b

p c c - , u h P -B qu h h h C u Pie P

i -C c (c . T k 1997, 381–3).1 Th , h xpp h h p k h u -ieu p u u h- eu p c bu h

Pie ( i -C c) C c.

1 The idea that Iberian and Basque are closely related is not widely accepted, butcontinues to be developed by some researchers (e.g. Ferrer i Jané 2009). In the light oftheir geographical proximity and apparently similar sound systems, it has been dif icultto disprove the possibility conclusively (cf. Trask 1997, 378–88).Ferrer i Jané, J. 2009 ‘El sistema de numerales ibérico: avances en su conocimiento’, Acta Palaeohispanica X / Palaeohispanica 9, 451–79.

B



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" a w k p s sB z f a a a qu 2(m c 2012, p . 81)A a c BA cau s abuck s (g 2010, p a s144–51)ib a sc p s, ne sc p(h z 2011, apa 1.1;g c a u 2013, .1)m a (Se) ib a

sc p s (h z 2011, apa1.1)p ac - a s - , - , - z,- tz, - é (apug c a u 2013, . 4)

A a c B z A ii (c .ha s 2004, . 2.1)

m a a sa u s(Aub 2001, .40)

a c

l B a i i

c . 1 0 0 0 B C

pre-colonialTartessos

(tršš)Huelva

Baiões

Hío

300 km{

{ 300 km



Historical homelands of theIndo-European languages



efforTs To combine archaeology & linguisTics (doomed? )theorieS of the indo eUroPeAn homelAnd And exPAnSion

6500 5000 BP 1 , 9000/10,000 BP 2 20,000+ BP (4)

1. ‘ a a s pp a (“Ku a ”) ’(g bu as; ma ; A )Gimbutas, M. 1970 ‘Proto-Indo-European Culture: The Kurgan Culture During the 5th to the 3rd millennia BC’, Indo-

European and Indo-Europeans, ed. G. Cardona, H. M. Koenigswald & A. Senn, 155–98. Philadelphia, University ofPennsylvania Press.

Mallory, J. P. 1989 In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. London, Thames and Hudson.Anthony, D. 2007 The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the

Modern World , Princeton, Princeton University Press.

2. ‘ a / a ua sp sa ’(r w; Cu ; h a )Heggarty P. 2014 ‘Prehistory by Bayesian Phylogenetics? The State of the Art on Indo-European Origins’, Antiquity 88,

566–577.Renfrew, A. C. 1999 ‘Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: “Old Europe” as a PIE

Linguistic Area’, Journal of Indo-European Studies 27, 257–93.

3. ga k z & i a – m s p a aGamkrelidze, T, V. & V, V. Ivanov 1995 Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical

Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.

4. Pa a c C u Pa a (PCP)(A , o , Ba s , B zz )Otte, M. 2012 ‘Les Indo-européens sont arrivés en Europe avec Cro-Magnon’, Aires linguistiques, aires culturelles—

Études de concordances en Europe occidentales : zones Manches et Atlantique, ed. D. Le Brise, 13–34. Brest, Centrede Recherche Bretonne et Celtique.



Sir William ‘Orientalist’ Jones 1746–1794

1786:the discovery of Indo-European

The Sanscrit language ,whatever be its antiquity, is ofa wonderful structure;more

perfect than the Greek,

more copious than the Latin, andmore exquisitely refined thaneither , yet bearing to both of them a strong-er affinity, both in the roots of verbs and theforms of grammar, than could possibly havebeen produced by accident; so strong indeed,that no philologer could examine them allthree, without believing them to have sprungfrom some common source, which, perhaps,no longer exists; there is a similar reason,though not quite so forcible, for suppos-

ing that both the Gothic and the Celtic ,though blended with a very different idiom,had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and theold Persian might be added to the same family.



‘...some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exThe essence of the Indo-European theory (in which theanalogy of Rome, Latin, and the Romance languages is strong) enfor every systematically related family of languages, (1) a singledialectallyundifferentiatedcommon ancestor, (2) as the property of a culturally unificommunity, who (3) once occupied a geographically compact home

But that could be Wrong.Not unlike thetres linguae sacrae reflecting the perfect pre-Babel language —in the light of modern linguistic science, Hebrew is out and Sanskrit

Not everyone will agree on this, but . . . a general proposal:The main purpose forseeking to combine historical linguistics and prehistoric archaeology fully and meaningfully, as we can understand the historical past, theof the real world in times and places for which we lack written reco Finding theIndo-European homeland is not an essential part of this mission statem



August

W s

a -s a

s c s

August SCHLEICHER (1821 – 1868)worked out an IE family tree.



Tocharian Anatolian

Celtic Italic

GermanicAlbanian

GreekArmenian

SlavicBaltic

Iranian

Indic

Ringe, D., T. Warnow & A. Taylor 2002 ‘Indo-European and Computational Cladistics’,Transactions of the Philological Society 100/1,59–129.

Hamp, E. P. (with D. Q.Adams) 2013 The

Expansion of the Indo-European Languages:

An Indo-Europeanist’sEvolving View , Sino-

Platonic Papers239, Philadelphia,

Department of EastAsian Languagesand Civilizations,

University ofPennsylvania.

m ie t :

t t

p t



a a s a - 1:

h a a . 2010

Heggarty, P., W. Maguire, & A. M. S. McMahon2010 ‘Splits or Waves? Trees or Webs? HowDivergence Measures and Network Analysiscan Unravel Language Histories’, PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society B: BiologicalSciences365: 3829–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0099

t s p s pup s s:

• t sp s a - a a accu ap s a a s ca s ua w c a u s c

c u s b a w subs qu ss c ac .

• Wa s, w c ss-cu s ss s, a bp s a s c uu a su s w a a uaa ua pa s a w c ac a

sus a u ua b .

• t s i -eu p a a ua s bp c ss s.



population density

high linguistic diversitylow linguistic diversity

large-scalepolitical

integration

low linguistic diversity

high

high

low

low

dialectcontinuums

agriculture

tribal dialects

regional tradelanguages

pidgins andcreoles

c. 10,000–5000 BC

c. 3000 BC

c. 1000 BC

a a s a - 2:r bb 1993

Robb, J. 1993 ‘ASocial Prehistory

of EuropeanLanguages’, Antiquity 67, 747–60.



Ἕλληνες

Garrett, A. 1999 ‘A new model of Indo-Europeansubgrouping and dispersal’, Proceedings of theTwenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the BerkeleyLinguistics Society, February 12–15, 1999, ed.S. S. Chang, L. Liaw, J. Ruppenhofer, 146–56.Berkeley, Berkeley Linguistics Society.

a a s a - 3:ga 2006

Garrett, A. 2006 ‘Convergence in the Formation of Indo-European Subgroups: Phylogeny and Chronology’,Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages, ed.P. Forster & C. Renfrew, McDonald Institute Monographs,139–151. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for ArchaeologicalResearch.



a a s a - 4:g 2006 pp C c



P p t t

— the South-western (a.k.a.

Tartessian)inscriptions in

the contextof the stelae,

statue-menhirs,and rock art oflater European

prehistory

40N

4W8W

40N

Río Tinto

GADIRCá diz

Doña

Blanca Cerro del Villar

MAINAKEMezquitilla

MAENUBAToscanos

SEXIAlmu ñé car

Lisbon

Quinta doAlmaraz

SALACIA

ONOBAHuelva

LACCOBRIGALagos

AESURIS

SCALLABISAlcáç ova

de Santor ém

MALAKAMalaga

Chorreras

56 Almoroqui

57 Mede llín 55 Siruela55

54 Ca pote

C I L B I C E N I

FRETUM TARTESSIUM

{

SALACIA

Alcácer doSal/Abul

150 km

51 Puente Genil52 Villa-

manrique

53 Alcaládel Rí o

UAMA

Castelo deMoura

TUROBRIGA

K U N E T E S

KONISTURGIS

Cabezadel Buey

SALACIA/?beuibon

KONIMBRIGA

Alcorr í n

Niebla

150 km

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Cabezadel Buey

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K O N I O I

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MBA Alentejo stelae (c. 1800–1300 BC.)

the - briga lineplace-names with IP(P)OSW (Tartessian) inscriptions (c. 750–400 BC)LBA warrior stelae (c. 1250–750 BC)pre-colonial Phoenician trading posts (c. 950–800 BC)Phoenician colonies (c. 800–500 BC)

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t c t t sW p

“A syntagm like k i ś ŕk ee ii (Untermann 1997,

J.56.1) seems undoubtedly to be a funerary formula froman Indo-European language with a thematic nominativesingular anthroponym followed by a third person singularverb, also with thematic in lexion.” (Villar 2004, 264)

[?Cf. κεῖται Πάτροκλος ‘[here] lies Patroklos’(Iliad23.210)]

Villar, F. 2004 ‘The Celtic Language of the Iberian Peninsula’, Studies in Baltic andIndo-European Linguistics in Honor of William R. Schmalstieg, eds. P. Baldi & P. U.Dini, 243–74. Amsterdam, John Benjamins.



Onomastics of the SW corpus widely acknowledged to besigni icantly Celtic. Of the 72 most readable inscriptions (1752

e ic i ) , the sequences of signs that I have provisionallyidenti ied as names all have Indo-European or Palaeohispanicparallels, usually both. Most often these forms have speci icallyCeltic af inities, including case endings that are consistent with aclassi ication as Celtic. This onomastic subset comprises 590 i

33.7% of the corpus.

Variations of the epigraphic formula – b ee- -b e b -ŕk ee ii | u̯ar aman de-ro-bāre ma-narkenti| – comprise 33.2% e 72 i c i i ex i e i ic = 581 i e

1752 50.3% of the matrix language, i.e. excluding the names –hard to explain away as non-IE (cf. Villar above). Cf. eee-b e ii.



a c a ca back u SW sc p s 1:ap a c u w lBA wa s a

ga 1( t),s. P u

C b z Bu iV,

sw sp



overlappingdistributions of

the SW inscribedstones and the

LBA ‘warrior’stelae

Note alsoEBA/MBA

alentejanas.

40N40N

4W8W

40N

Río Tinto

GADIRCádiz

DoñaBlanca Cerro del Villar

MAINAKEMezquitilla

MAENUBAToscanos

SEXI

Almu ñécar

Lisbon

Quinta doAlmaraz

SALACIA

ONOBAHuelva

LACCOBRIGALagos

AESURIS

SCALLABISAlcáç ova

de Santor ém

MALAKAMalaga

Chorreras

56 Almoroqui

57 Mede llí n 55 Siruela55

54 Ca pote

C I L B I C E N I

FRETUM TARTESSIUM

{

SALACIA

Alcá cer doSal/Abul

150 km

51 Puente Genil52 Villa-

manrique

53 Alcal ádel R ío

UAMA

Castelo deMoura

TUROBRIGA

K U N E T E S

KONISTURGIS

Cabezadel Buey

SALACIA/?beuibon

KONIMBRIGA

Alcorrín

Niebla

150 km

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B B B B B B

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FRETUM TARTESSIUM

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Quinta doAlmaraz

SALACIA/?beuibon

ONOBAHuelva

LACCOBRIGALagos

AESURIS

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de Santorém

MALAKAMalaga

Chorreras

56 Almoroquí

57 Medellín 55 Siruela55

54 Capote

Alcácer doSal/Abul

52 Villa-manrique

53 Alcaládel Río

51 Puente Genil

UAMA

Castelo deMoura

TUROBRIGA

K U N E T E S

KONISTURGISKONISTURGIS

Cabezadel Buey

KONIMBRIGA

Alcorrín

K O N I O I

Niebla

MBA Alentejo stelae (c. 1800–1300 BC.)

the - briga lineplace-names with IP(P)OSW (Tartessian) inscriptions (c. 750–400 BC)LBA warrior stelae (c. 1250–750 BC)pre-colonial Phoenician trading posts (c. 950–800 BC)Phoenician colonies (c. 800–500 BC)

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%

% %%

%% %

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

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%

%

%

%

SacrumPromontori um

SacrumPromontor ium

HIPTUCIH IPORCA

HEPORA?

H IPSCA

H IPONUBAHIPPO NOVAH

IPAGRUM IPOCOBULCOLAH

HH

HOSTIPPOVENTIPPO

ILIPULAMINORH

HACINIPPO

SERIPPO

H SAEPOHLACIPPO

H BAESIPPO

BASILIPPOH

HORIPPO

H ILIPAMAGNA

HILIPULA

H KALLIPOUSCANTIPO

H OLISIPO

H COLLIPO

H LACIPEA

H

HIPSES

HLIPPOS

HLAEPIA

HIULIPA

HLIPPOS

HDIPPOS



a j h u u h m a c p (a P h , ou qu ), u h P uRuiz-Gálvez Priego, M. 1998 La Europa atlántica en la Edad del Bronce: Un viaje a las raíces de la

Europa occidental.Barcelona, Crítica.



c bj c s p c eBA/mBA A j

s a , lBA ‘wa ’ s a ,

a SW s a w w

Brandherm, D. 2013b.‘Mediterranes, Atlantischesund Kontinentales in der

bronze- und ältereisenzeitlichenStelenkunst der IberischenHalbinsel’, Petasos: Festschift für Hans Lohmann zugeeignetvon sein Schülern, Freundenund Kollegen su seinem65. Geburtstag, ed. G.Kalaitzoglou & G. Lüdorf,131–48. Mittelmeerstudien 2,Paderborn, Fink & Schöningh.



1. eBA/mBA 1800–1300 BC > 2. lBA 1300–900/800 BC > 3. eiA

a s as a sp s o a za (P c a s a ta ss a s)



4.7. Bronze Age rock-art chariots:a & b from Backa, Brastad, Bohuslän, western Sweden;c warrior stela with addedTartessian inscription, Cabeza del Buey IV, Badajoz, upper Guadiana region, Spain

b

c



Telegin, D. Y. & J. P. Mallory 1994 The Anthropomorphic Stelae of the Ukraine: The Early Iconography ofthe Indo-Europeans, Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph 11. Washington, D.C., Institute forthe Study of Man.

Almagro Basch, M. 1966 La estelas decoradas del suroeste peninsular , Bibliotheca PraehistoriaHispana VIII. Madrid, Imprenta Fareso.

K s ka, n sk sk s c ,d p p sk, Uk a ( =1.75 )

Ass , Sa a v a,B ja, P u a



Chobruchi, Tiraspol district,Moldova 2.58m

Alentejo stelaefrom near Beja,south Portugal



a p ss (?) —

1. 3 u BC: nw P c u v c u

p v , t c , ku(Kemi-Oba Culture)

2. 2 u BC:a j u cu c cu p v “b ”

3. 1 u BC: h a j u c u

c cu p v “b ”

Mefodiyevka, Nikolayev district,west of the lower Bug, Ukraine

Kemi-Oba cist burial



Anthony, D. 2007 The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian

Steppes Shaped the Modern World , Princeton, Princeton University Press.Telegin, D. Y. & J. P. Mallory 1994 The Anthropomorphic Stelae of the Ukraine: The Early Iconographyof the Indo-Europeans, Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph 11. Washington, D.C.,Institute for the Study of Man.

Mallory, J. P., & D. Q. Adams (eds.) 1997 Encylopedia of Indo-European Culture. Chicago & London,Fitzroy Dearborn.

n c as as bu .



Fig. 7. Proposed sequence of construction and remodelling of the founding tomb M VI at Le Petit-Chasseur I(after Bocksberger 1976a, fig. 22 on p. 189)

t p ,a p ss b ss k

c

B ak p w s -c a eu p , a 3

u BC:. . l P -C ass u ,

Sw z a

Harrison, R. J. & V. Heyd 2007 ‘TheTransformation of Europe in the ThirdMillennium BC: the Example of ‘LePetit-Chasseur I + III’ (Sion, Valais,Switzerland)’, Prähistorische Zeitschrift ,Band S, 129–214.



Southern province

Western province

Eastern province

0 500 km

Continental collective grave tradition

Single grave tradition

.

t e i i b i i e e BeBe ke ne k c. 2400 BC

[drawing by Liz James, WessexArchaeology]

Fitzpatrick, A. P. 2013 ‘TheArrival of the Bell Beaker Setin Britain and Ireland’, Celtic from the West 2: Rethinking

the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe, Celtic StudiesPublications 16, ed. John T.Koch & Barry Cunliffe, 41–70.Oxford, Oxbow Books.



map s u -w seu p a s bu

‘ ac - a s’

ib a P su a a u BC;

c p s ‘p -B ak

Packa ’ a c a P u a

2700/2600 BC[ w 2800 BC] a

ca upp pa

[ h‘y p ck ’

c eu p ]

Harrison, R. J. & V. Heyd 2007 ‘The Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC: theExample of ‘Le Petit-Chasseur I + III’ (Sion, Valais, Switzerland)’, Prähistorische Zeitschrift ,Band S, 129–214.



t e h i & he e e c i e - i e cii E e i e 3 i e i BC

i e i ie ee i e c i c ck e

1. middle eAStern UrBAn PACKAge ac as A a2500/2600 BC U uk c za m s p a a, c u m a a a : s, w a , s

2. yAmnAyA PACKAge c a eu p P c-Casp a s pp s b a 2950–2500 BC: s ‘ku a ’ bu a sw a p p c s a , sp c c p s c pp w ap s,

s ca s s, w c s, é a w k s, &c.

3. BeAKer PACKAge : ‘p -packa ’ b 2800/2700 BC l sb a a:B ak s (= ca b a ), a c qu p , c pp a s

Harrison, R. J. & V. Heyd 2007 ‘The Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC: the Exampleof ‘Le Petit-Chasseur I + III’ (Sion, Valais, Switzerland)’, Prähistorische Zeitschrift , Band S, 129–214.

Cf. Heyd, V. 2011 ‘Yamnaya Groups and Tumuli West of the Black Sea’, Ancestral Landscapes, TMO[Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient] 58, 535–55. Lyon.



ConClUSionS

• A a p ca a c s uc a ua p s usb a .

• h w , w a c a ca cu u a a s c asc a p s c a c s, s p .

• t a s w a ua w s eu p ccu s SWsc p s, w C c s u c su

c p bu a s ’s eBA/mBA.• W ha s & h 3

c p s s w SW sc p s k back a pas a sya a a, m a a B ak .

• t s B z A a c s s w a s b a c s ws a s a us s a c p bu a s P c ( sp c a K -oba Cu u ) C pp A .



• t s s s w a su p s : C c SW sc p s ab s as c pa b w ‘ku a ’ ie aa supp A a a Pa a c s.

• t a p s s: c ss cu s eu p ’s C ppa B z A s, Pie was a p b sp ak s -iea ua s w s , su P -C c.

• C pp a B z A ck a , s a u - s, a s ap s bj c s a s a cu p c a –

us a p a u u a a w s a p s i -eu p a -sp ak ups.

• t ck a , &c., w s ib a P su a s b c z as i -eu p a , u s ws c s

s a s w ck a , &c., Sca a a a P c a a a c z as i -eu p a .

• fu a c pa a w k s s ab ( . . p sa a s).



SoCietAS Celto SlAviCA7ed ColoCiwm, Prifysgol

Bangor, 4 6 medi 20147th Colloquium, Bangor uni

vers ity, 4–6 septemBer 2014






7th Colloquiu m, Bangor u niversit y, 4–6 septe mBer 2014





J t. K c


advanCe d We ls h an d Celt iC stud ies

Y Ganolfan Geltaidd

CAWCS

koch_indo-european from the east and celtic from the west

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