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© Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa, 2012. Pūmau te mana.Kia kaua rawa he wāhi o tēnei tuhinga e tāruatia ki te kore te whakaaetanga a te Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa.

Koiora, Kaupae 3, 201290715M Te whakaahua i te wāhi o te pītau ira e pā ana ki

te whakatinana ira

2.00 i te ahiahi Rātū 13 Whiringa-ā-rangi 2012 Whiwhinga: Whā

Tirohia mehemea e ōrite ana te Tau Ākonga ā-Motu (NSN) kei tō pepa whakauru ki te tau kei runga ake nei.

Me whakautu e koe te KATOA o ngā pātai kei roto i te pukapuka nei.

Ki te hiahia koe ki ētahi atu wāhi hei tuhituhi whakautu, whakamahia te (ngā) whārangi kei muri i te pukapuka nei, ka āta tohu ai i ngā tau pātai.

Tirohia mehemea kei roto nei ngā whārangi 2–15 e raupapa tika ana, ā, kāore hoki he whārangi wātea.

HOATU TE PUKAPUKA NEI KI TE KAIWHAKAHAERE HEI TE MUTUNGA O TE WHAKAMĀTAUTAU.

MĀ TE KAIMĀKA ANAKE Paearu Paetae

Paetae Paetae Kaiaka Paetae KairangiTe whakaahua i te wāhi o te pītau ira e pā ana ki te whakatinana ira.

Te whakamārama i te wāhi o te pītau ira e pā ana ki te whakatinana ira.

Te matapaki i te wāhi o te pītau ira e pā ana ki te whakatinana ira.

Whakakaotanga o te tairanga mahinga

SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY

See back cover for an English translation of this cover

He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu. Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei

raro iho i te pouaka nei.

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Kia 50 meneti hei whakautu i ngā pātai o tēnei pukapuka.

PĀTAI TUATAHI

He pūmua a myostatin e hangaia ana i ngā waikawa amino e 376. Ko tāna mahi he whakahaere i te whanake o ngā uaua mā te ārai i te hanganga o ngā ioio uaua hōu.Ko te whakauaua pūrua (te whakapikinga o te papatipu uaua) he āhuatanga o tētahi momo kau e kīia ana he Pehiamu Purū (Belgian Blue).

Kua whāia te āhuatanga whakauaua pūrua ki tētahi irakē tōtahi, whai pūira taihemahema-kore (autosomal), i puta ai ko te mukunga o ētahi takirua pāpāhua tekau mā tahi i te ira myostatin. Ko te hua o tēnei ko te hanganga o tētahi pūmua kore-mahi.

Kei raro e whakaaturia ana tētahi wāhanga o ngā raupapatanga pītau ira, waikawa amino hoki mō ngā āhuaira pūnoa, āhuaira whakauaua pūrua hoki. E whakaaturia ana ki te tae whero ngā takirua pāpāhua kua pāngia.

Tau Waikawa Amino

273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289

Āhuaira Pūnoa TGTcys

GATasp

GAAglu

CAChis

TCCser

ACAthr

GAAglu

TCTser

CGAarg

TGCcys

TGTcys

CGCarg

TACtyr

CCTpro

CTAleu

ACTthr

GTGval

Āhuaira Whakauaua Pūrua

TGTcys

GACasp

AGAarg

ATCile

TCGser

ATGmet

CTGleu

TCGser

CTAleu

CCCpro

TCTser

AACasn

TGTcys

GGCgly

TTCphe

TGA-

Matapakitia ngā pānga o te irakē myostatin ki te whakatinana ira ki tēnei tauira.

Whakaaroarotia te whai hiranga o ēnei pānga ki ngā kaiahuwhenua ka whakatipu i ngā kau Pehiamu Purū.

I tāu whakautu me:

• whakaahua i ngā wāhanga matua o te kōtuitanga pūmua me te whakamārama i ngā pānga ki ēnei o te irakē myostatin

• whakamārama ka pēhea te ira hē e whakarerekē ai i te whakatinana tohuāhua i ngā kau Pehiamu Purū

• tūhono i te pānga o tēnei irakēnga ki te whai hiranga ki ngā kaiahuwhenua e whakatipu ana i aua kau.

http://www.skewsme.com/img/myostatin_bull1.jpg

You are advised to spend 50 minutes answering the questions in this booklet.

QUESTION ONE

Myostatin is a protein made up of 376 amino acids that regulates muscle development by blocking the formation of new muscle fibres.Double muscling (increased muscle mass) is a characteristic found in a breed of cattle called Belgian Blue.

The double muscling characteristic has been traced to a single, autosomal, gene mutation, causing an eleven base pair deletion in the myostatin gene. This results in a non-functioning protein being made.

A section of the DNA and amino acid sequences for the normal and double muscle alleles are shown below. The affected base pairs are shown in red.

Amino Acid Number

273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289

Normal Allele TGTcys

GATasp

GAAglu

CAChis

TCCser

ACAthr

GAAglu

TCTser

CGAarg

TGCcys

TGTcys

CGCarg

TACtyr

CCTpro

CTAleu

ACTthr

GTGval

Double Muscle Allele

TGTcys

GACasp

AGAarg

ATCile

TCGser

ATGmet

CTGleu

TCGser

CTAleu

CCCpro

TCTser

AACasn

TGTcys

GGCgly

TTCphe

TGA-

Discuss the effects that the myostatin gene mutation could have on gene expression in this example.

Consider the significance of these effects for farmers who breed and raise Belgian Blue cattle.

In your answer you should:

• describe the key stages of protein synthesis and explain how they may be affected by the myostatin gene mutation

• explain how the faulty gene can cause changes to the expression of phenotype in Belgian Blue cattle

• link the effect of this mutation to its significance to farmers who breed and raise these cattle.

http://www.skewsme.com/img/myostatin_bull1.jpg

For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be reproduced

here.

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PĀTAI TUARUA

Ka tū te whakatinana ira o te huakita Escherichia coli ki te operon, arā, he raupapatanga poto o ngā ira whakarite.

He Tauira o te Operon o te Reihuka (Lac)

I urutaungia mai i http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/expression/smoperon.gif

Ka whakakāhia te operon ina kei reira te reihuka kia whakaraupūngaotia.

Matapakitia te wāhi o te mahinga operon ki te wāwāhinga o te reihuka ki roto ki ngā wae māmā o te kūhuka me te huka roro (galactose).

I tāu whakautu me:

• whakaahua i te wāhi o te rāpoi ngota kaipēhi

• whakamārama mai he pēhea e whakahaere ai te operon i te tukanga o te whakaraupūngao reihuka

• matapaki i te whai hiranga o te mahinga a te operon ki te huakita E. coli.

He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu. Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei.

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QUESTION TWO

Gene expression in the Escherichia coli bacterium takes place at the operon, a short series of regulatory genes.

Model of the Lac Operon

adapted from http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/expression/smoperon.gif

The operon is turned on when the sugar lactose is present to be metabolised.

Discuss the role of the operon mechanism in the breakdown of lactose sugar into simple glucose and galactose units.

In your answer you should:

• describe the role of the repressor molecule

• explain how the operon controls the process of lactose metabolism

• discuss the importance of the operon mechanism to the E. coli bacterium.

For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be reproduced here.

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PĀTAI TUATORU

I roto i te kānga, e rua ngā ira ka whai wāhi ki te putanga o ngā tae ki ngā kākano.

E rua ngā āhuaira o te ira tuatahi, ā, ka tuku a P i te tae pāpura, ā, ka tuku a p i te tae whero. E whakawhirinaki ana ēnei āhuaira e rua ki te kitenga o te āhuaira ngoi1 C mai i te ira tuarua hei whakatinana i te tae. Mēnā e kitea ana ngā āhuaira ngoikore2 cc anake, ka whakaaturia ko te mā.

I maha tonu ngā whakawhitinga o te tipu kākano whero ki te tipu kākano mā, ā, i ia wā ka hua mai ko ngā tipu kākano pāpura.

Matapakitia i pēhea tēnei huanga i tupono ai.

I tāu whakautu me:

• whakaahua i ngā momoira pea mō ngā tipu matua

• whakamārama ka pēhea ngā momoira, ina whakawhitia, e taea ai anake te whakaputa ngā tipu whai kākano pāpura, ā, kaua ko ngā tipu whai kākano whero, mā rānei.

• matapaki, mā tētahi hoahoa, ka pēhea tēnei huanga e whakamāramatia ai mā tētahi ara matūriaka.

1 tāpua2 huna

QUESTION THREE

In maize, two genes are involved with the production of colour in the seeds.

The first gene has two alleles, where P gives a purple colour, whilst p gives red. Both of these alleles depend on the presence of the dominant allele C from the second gene to express colour. If only the recessive alleles cc are present, then white shows.

A red-seeded plant was crossed several times with a white-seeded plant and, each time, produced all purple-seeded plants.

Discuss how this outcome could have happened.

In your answer you should:

• describe the probable genotypes for the parent plants

• explain how the genotypes, when crossed, can produce only plants with purple seeds and not red or white seeded plants.

• with the aid of a diagram, discuss how this outcome can be explained through a metabolic pathway.

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MĀ TE KAIMĀKA

ANAKETAU PĀTAI

He puka anō mēnā ka hiahiatia.Tuhia te (ngā) tau pātai mēnā e hāngai ana.

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QUESTION NUMBER

Extra paper if required.Write the question number(s) if applicable.

© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2012. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

Level 3 Biology, 201290715 Describe the role of DNA in relation to gene expression

2.00 pm Tuesday 13 November 2012 Credits: Four

Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page.

You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.

If you need more space for any answer, use the page(s) provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 – 15 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY Achievement Criteria

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with ExcellenceDescribe the role of DNA in relation to gene expression.

Explain the role of DNA in relation to gene expression.

Discuss the role of DNA in relation to gene expression.

Overall level of performance

English translation of the wording on the front cover

90

71

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