konkan coast deed national seminar updated abstracts

National Seminar Konkan Coast DEED (Dynamics, Evolution, Ecosystem and Development)

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12-13

2008

2 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


Our Sponsors 1. Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS), BARC, Mumbai. ( ) ( ), , .

2. Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, New Delhi. ( ),

3. South Konkan Education Society, Belgaum. ,

Support expected from

University Grants Commission (UGC) ( )

Department of Science & Technology (DST) ( )

Department of Enonment& Forests (DoEn & F) ( )

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) ( )



Conveners NoteGovindram Seksaria Science (GSS) Degree College is a Four Star NAAC accredited, premier institution in Science catering for the need of society in providing quality education in this part of the country. It is run by South Konkan Education Society, under the supervision of a progressive management. It has a beautiful campus with well equipped laboratories, departmental museums, well qualified and dedicated staff. The library is known to have largest collection of books in the northern Karnataka. The Department of Geology is one of the oldest departments and is well known for its academic Department excellence in this part of the country. The alumni of the department have spread all over India. The department is active in Coastal Research of Uttara Kannada and Southern Maharashtra Coast; through major research projects funded by DST, UGC & MoES; and have contributed many National & International publications. About the present Seminar: The land-sea interface or the coastal zone is highly dynamic and fragile environment where every micro environment of coast is changing by every passing moment. The most fragile ecosystems within the coastal environment, such as beaches, mud flats, marshes, mangroves and coral reefs are subjected and influenced by intense land-sea interactions as well as human interference by way of fishing, agriculture, aquaculture, coastal construction, mining, tourism and recreation, harbour development and navigation. Added to these pressures the impact of changing climate, such as sea level rise, seasonal variation in temperature and rainfall etc., affect many of regulatory and social and economic functions of coastal zones. As more than 50% of the worlds population live along the coastal zone, the need for data base on the above aspects, on any coast is a prerequisite for the coastal zone management and planning towards creating better infrastructure and better planning and developmental activity of the coast. Further, efforts are needed towards better understanding of the structure and functioning of coastal systems in their complexity and interactions, their response to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The present seminar offers a platform to discuss and identify gaps in research areas for integrated and interdisciplinary studies concerning the coastal studies of Konkan. The focus of the seminar is also to share and disseminate the knowledge acquired through various researches and strengthening the governmental and non-governmental organisations involved in implementing sustainable coastal zone management measures for the benefit of the coastal community and above all for the betterment of the coastal environment. I have received immense help from our research scholars Mr.Praveen Dube, Rajesh Hood and Asst. Deepak Adiandra for preparing the abstract volume. I am grateful to all the sponsoring agencies/firmsfor their kind guestures. I also thank advisory and organising committee members for their constant support, guidance and help. My special thanks to Omega Offset, Belgaum for printing this abstract volume. Dr.P.T.Hanamgond Convenor, National Seminar & Selection Grade Lecturer, Department of Geology G.S.Science Degree College, Tilakwadi, BELGAUM 590 006.4 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


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SEMINAR COMMITTEESOrganising CommitteePatron Dr.S.K.Saidapur, Vice-Chancellor, Karnatak University, Dharwad. President Shri. R.D.Shanbhag, Chairman, South Konkan Education Society, Belgaum. Chairman Prof.(Mrs).M..M.Shanbhag Principal, GSS College, Belgaum. Co-ordinator Prof.S.Y.Prabhu, Dept. of Zoology, GSS College, Belgaum. Organising Secretary Prof.A.K.Mense, Head, Dept. of Geology, G.S.S.College, Belgaum. Advisory Committee Dr.V.C.Chavadi, Retd.Professor, K.U.Dharwad Dr.Charles W. Finkl, Jr., CERF; Principal Marine Geologist, Coastal Planning & Engineering, USA. Dr.M.Prithviraj, DST, New Delhi. Dr.S.A.S.Naqvi, MoES, New Delhi. Prof. N. Vinod Chandra Menon, NDMA, New Delhi. Dr.G.N.Nayak, Goa University, Goa. Dr. Rajiv Nigam, NIO, Goa. Dr.A.R.Gujar, NIO, Goa. Dr. D.Mitra, IIRS, Dehradun. Dr. R.C.Krishnaiah, OASTC, Mangalore. Dr.K.R.Subrahmanya, Bangalore. Dr.Victor Rajamanickam, Dean, Shastra, Tamilnadu. Dr.A.C.Narayana, Central University, Hyderabad. Dr.R.K.Sukhtankar, Retd. Professor, Pune. Dr.V.S.Kale, University of Pune, Pune. Dr.M.Basavanna, Karnatak University, Dharwad. Convener

Dr.P.T.HanamgondDept. of Geology, G.S.S.College, Belgaum



Reception and Registration CommitteeProf. H.G.Patil, Geology Dept. Chairman Prof. S.F.Patroti, Botany Dept. - Member Prof. S. K. Hukkeri, Physics Dept. - Member Prof. Nagsuresh, Maths Dept Member Prof. Ambuja Chitnis, Chemistry Dept- Member Mr. Praveen Dube, JRF Geology Dept Member Mr.Madhu Karande, Geology Dept - Attender

Stage & Entertainment CommitteeProf. U.S.Arlimatti, Dept of English Chairman Prof. Anuja Naik Dept. of English - Member Prof. Pratibha Naik, Dept. of Zoology Member Prof. Pranav Pitre Dept. of Chemistry Member Mr. Deepak Adiandra, Res. Asst, Geol Dept - Member Mr. Jyotiba Ravaluche, Geology Dept Attender

Catering CommitteeProf. B. L. Majukar, Dept. of Botany Chairman Prof. B.M.Topinkatti, Dept. of Physics Member

Transportation & Accommodation CommitteeProf. A. A. Halgekar, Dept. of Zoology Chairman Prof. Shrikant Sambrekar, Dept. of Botany Member Mr. Rajesh Hood, JRF Geol Dept. Member Mr. Sagar Waghmare Student member Mr.Suresh Khot- Student Member Mr.Anand Nadagoudar Student Member Mr.Uttam Banoshi, Biology Dept. - Attender

AccountsShri. A. M. Samant.



CONTENTSTitle of Research Paper with Authors Page No.

Lead Papers 1. ICZM Study for Goa Coast J. DeSouza and G.N.Nayak 2. Analysis of Coastal Data using Multivariate Statistical, GIS and Image Interpretation Techniques Shrikant Karlekar 3. Geo-environmental Study of Hooghly Estuary, Bay of Bengal with Spatial Emphasis on Port and Harbour using Geo-Informatics D.Mitra and A. Mukhopadhyay 4. Stucturally Controlled Vengurla Port Lighthouse Headland D I Deendar 5. Benthic Foraminifera as indicator of changing environment during last three decades in Mandovi-Cumbarjua-Zuari estuarine complex, Goa, India D.H. Shanmukha, R. Panchang, R. Nigam and G.N. Nayak 6. Marine Products in Ayurveda and Their Therapeutic Usage Prasad B S Coastal Dynamics 1. Land use Studies along the Coast from Velanganni to Vedaraniyam, Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu. P.Chellapandi., K.Chittibabu., G.Theenadhayalan and R.Baskaran. 2. A Study on the Landforms and Shoreline Changes along the Coast Of Karikal, Pondicherry K.Chittibabu., P.Chellapandi., G.Theenadhayalan and R.Baskaran 25 25 24 24 19 18 14 13



3.

Coastal changes at Mandve- Rewas, Maharastra, India Bhagyashree Yargop

26

4.

Evolution and major issues of Kudrus in Netravati-Gurpur Estuaries, Karnataka K. S. Jayappa., Avinash Kumar and Deepika B

27

5.

Phased Beach Protection Works D. Kudale., S.P.Kulkarni., B.R. Tayade and S.P. Jagtap.

28

6.

Morphology and Behaviour of River Mouth Bar in the Outflow Area of Dabhol Creek on Konkan Coast of Maharashtra S.N.Karlekar.

29

7.

Source And Compositionof Mud At Padle, Konkan Coast Of Maharashrta A Geomorphic Study Manojkumar P.Devne.

30

8.

Mineral magnetic properties of beach sands from Vengurla, Aravali and Redi of Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra, India P.B.Gawali., N.Basaviah and P.T.Hanamgond.

31

9.

Foraminifera, Paleoecology and Neotectonics of the Coastal Sediments of South Andaman, Andaman Sea, Bay Of Bengal C.Rajshekhar.

32

10.

Morphodynamics of Mirya Bay And Beach At Ratnagiri, Maharashtra Sunil W.Gaikwad.

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11.

The Study of Sea cliffs and Shore platforms of Kolambe-Golap Plataeu, Ratnagiri. S.C. Thakurdesai.

34

12.

Coastal Sand Dune System at Tambaldeg (Mithbav) as an Indicator of Sea Level Fluctuation Tushar Shitole.

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13.

Micro-Time Scale Beach Dynamics Study at Belambar, West Coast, India M. M. Korakoppa., Chavadi V.C and P. T. Hanamgond.

36

14.

Beach Dynamics along Redi Coast, Maharashtra, India. P. T. Hanamgond.

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15.

Down Hole Variation Of Sediment Texture , Clay Mineralogy And Geochemistry Of A Box Core SK-72/1, Bengal Deep Sea Fan, Northern Indian .Ocean Pradeep Kumar R., Thrivikramanji K.P., and Rafeek P.M.

38

16.

Paleomonsoon and its influence on marine environment- A sediment core study from southwestern continental margin of India V. Yoganandan, H. Gangadhara Bhat and C. Krishnaiah

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17.

Geo-Morpho-Tectonic Evolution of the Coast between Rajpuri Creek and Vijaydurga Creek Raigad Ratnagiri- Districts Maharashtra. P.T. Sawant Hydrographic Conditions of Near Shore region off Honnavar and Bhatkal, Central West Coast of India. Kanchanagouri,D.Gosavi; Shalini,G., V.S.Hegde., And Tejaswini,B.

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18.

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Applications of Remote Sensing 19. Estuarine accretion erosion by digital image processing-a case study Hooghly estuary Anirban Mukhopadhyay., Debasish Mitra and Sugata Hazra. 20. Coastal Geomorphologic Study with Multi-Temporal Satellite Data around Konkan Coast, Maharashtra, India. Deepmala Nilamwar., D.Mitra and P. T. Hanamgond. 21. Tectonically controlled land form development in the coastal region of Bhatkal and Baindur, Central West Coast of India. Hegde V.S., Krishnaprasad P.A., Tejaswini,B., Girish, K.H., and Shalini,G. Coastal Ecosystem and Environment10 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).

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22.

A study on communication and technological adaptation in Marine fishing Sector, West Bengal Sourav Maity and Sugata Hazra

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23.

Heavy metal concentration in the mullet Mugil cephalus from Karwar Central West coast of India Praveen N. Dube and J. L. Rathod

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24.

Heavy metals in the Oyster Crossostrea madrasiensis from Karwar Coast Central west coast of India Sameer G.Chebbi and J. L. Rathod

44

25.

The Study of Foraminifera Distribution in Savitri River Esturary, Raigad District, North Konkan Coast, India. Shaikh N.H.B and Prabhakar P.

45

26.

Status of clams, Meritrix meritrix and Paphia malabarica from Aghanashini estuary, Uttara Kannada, West Coast of India Praveen N.Dube, and M. David

46

27.

Ostracoda as Bio-indicators of Environmental Changes in Modern Seas A.S.Vaidya

47

28.

Biodiversity of Malvan Coast A note on Preliminary Observations.

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Sagar Waghmare, Suresh Khot, Praveen Dube*, Rajesh Hood* and P. T. Hanamgond** Therapeutically Use of Coastal Resources 29. Therapeutical importance of Marine originates in Ayurveda. R. S. Hiremath 30. Physiological changes in the Human Body by the Coastal Climate (Tidal Fluctuations) H.G.Patil. 31. Usage of Marine Originates as Medicine in Ayurveda Poornima Pyati.11 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).

48

49

49


32.

Influxes of Sea Water into Venkatapur and Sarbi Rivers and its Impact on Groundwater Quality, Bhatkal Taluka, Uttar Kannada District, Karnataka S. M. Didgur and S. C. Puranik

50

33.

Eco tourism with special reference to Konkan Coast. Vandana Ravindran, Smita Patil (UG Students) and S. Y. Prabhu

51

Full Papers 34. Dynamics of Konkan Coast - A Review Hanamgond P.T. 35. Sediment Observations in Muvattupuzha, Kerala, Southwest India B. K. Purandara 36. Prediction of Extreme Storm Surge Level for Mumbai Coast A. V. Sitarama Sarma and M. D. Kudale 37. Dynamic Evolution of the Maharashtra Coast Milind A., Herlekar and R.K. Sukhtankar. 38. Geomorphic Development of River Basins of Konkan Coastal Belt with Raigad District, Maharashtra, With Respect to Sinuosity Index P.T. Sawant 39. Pharmaceutical Processing Techniques for Marine Originates in Ayurveda P.G.Jadar 88 84 78 70 64 52



ICZM Study for Goa CoastJ. DeSouza and G.N.Nayak, Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University, Goa 403 206 ([email protected]) Coastal and estuarine environments, world over are facing immense impact due to both natural and anthropogenic processes. The natural processes include climatic changes, rise in sea level, cyclone, flood, tsunamis, coastal erosion, salinity ingress and siltation. And, anthropogenic pressures include population expansion, ocean traffic, dredging, resource exploitation, pollution, unplanned urbanization and intensive industrialization. Due to these impacts the fragile coastal ecosystem and its entities, like sub ecosystems, resources, morphological units are undergoing unprecedented degradation, rendering these coastal regions vulnerable, impinging risk to human population, livestock, properties, as also, devastation of resourceful lands. This accelerates economic fatalities and irreversible obliteration to the ecosystems. Evidences on the global concern towards this issue have been well established. The countries world over, including India, pledged consensus towards the protection of the fragile coastal ecosystems through UNCED, Agenda-21. India, on 19th February 1991, has designated specified corridors along the landward side of the coastline as Coastal Regulatory Zones (CRZ), through appropriate policy and law. In context with the CRZ notification, scientific database at local and site-specific areas, developed in this study, will be an appraisal document earmarking permissible and prohibiting activities for coastal communities, stakeholders and resource users. Synergy of ecosystems, landscape and resources with demographic, tourism data, vis--vis, economic corridors/sectors aided the paradigms and criterion for local and site specific prescriptions. The concept of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is based on the general system theory. It is a holistic and multidisciplinary approach covering the full cycle of information collection, design of planning, management and implementation. ICZM is an attempt to understand the coastal areas, their functioning and their problems. It helps us to realize that coastal areas have to be managed as a broad and extended ecosystem. Modern tools and techniques namely, Satellite remote sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) are used in the present study. Based on origin, the landforms of structural, denudational, fluvial, marine and aeolian have been mapped. Shore line changes along the coast as well as estuaries have been computed. Further, various coastal ecosystem of Goa like estuarine, island, rocky, beaches and wetlands vegetated and nonvegetated and man made wetlands were mapped. Also marine and coastal resources like living, non-living and service sector resources have been mapped, quantified and documented. The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) has been applied to State of Goa. An approach integrating landscape, resources, ecosystems along with demographic pressures, tourism, fishery resources as also stake holders and users, has been attempted. Coastal stretches of Goa have been classified13 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


and earmarked for conservation, preservation, development and utilization, under various CRZ categories. Permissible and prohibitive activities have also been enlisted. In addition, disaster and risk prone coastal areas have been identified. Based on the investigations undertaken appropriate site and area specific location propositions, under the CRZ guidelines, have been documented, for the State of Goa.

***Analysis of Coastal Data using Multivariate Statistical, GIS and Image Interpretation TechniquesDr. Shrikant Karlekar Reader and Head, PG Department of Geography, Sir Parashurambhau College, Tilak Road, Pune ([email protected]) Considerable amount of data are being presently collected and generated from a variety of coastal environments in various parts of India. The data collected are plentiful, precise and represent most of the coastal land facets such as beaches, dunes, tidal inlets, cliffs and shore platforms. The data base creation is spatial as well as temporal. At the time when we were trying to edit a special issue on Coastal Zone Management, it was found that the quantum of data generated is really voluminous, but it is scattered, non coherent, heterogeneous and piecemeal that needs proper integration and analysis. In case of Konkan coast of Maharashtra, the creation of coastal data base is very poor as compared to other states. Our effort to increase and enrich the data base for coastal Maharashtra has definitely helped in knowing the nature of coastal environments along this coast in a better way. For last few years we are creating, generating and widening the data base for this coast by using conventional and modern techniques. They include the techniques such as profile leveling, water and sediment sampling, litho section and stratigraphic studies, drift and current measurements, subsurface sampling and georeferencing by GPS. It appears that the data from the coastal environments in India in general lacks proper analytical treatment making it less useful in decision making process in management practices. Many multivariate statistical, mathematical and GIS techniques can be effectively applied to coastal data and more accurate and meaningful knowledge of coastal processes and landforms can be acquired. Attempts were made to apply such techniques to data collected on Konkan coast of Maharashtra. The results of application are quite promising especially in terms of our understanding of processes and landforms on this coast. Following techniques were found more applicable in the analysis of coastal data. 1. Discriminant analysis 2. Trend surface analysis14 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


3. 4. 5. 6.

Harmonic analysis Directional derivatives Satellite image analysis GIS modeling

Discriminant analysis is a powerful multivariate statistical technique by which the samples are discriminated into groups on the basis of measured variables. The samples are as far as possible homogeneous and distinct from each other. The number of groups in a discriminant function is set prior to the analysis on the basis of a dummy variable. In a coastal scenario various sedimentary deposits require discrimination in distinct groups. The technique was applied to discriminate the beach and dune sediments from the samples collected in beach dune environment. The fossil deposits of dune and beach origin could also be discriminated. The regional trends and local anomalies in the data collected in a two dimensional space are determined by trend surface analysis. The linear and higher order quadratic and cubic trend surfaces proved most appropriate in the analysis of data related to inter tidal and sub tidal flats, pattern of pools developed on shore platforms and trends in the elevation of embryo, fore and back dunes in a dune system. A time series coastal data representing a truly periodic phenomenon such as quantum of seasonal beach erosion, monsoonal growth of sediment plumes in the outflow areas of tidal creeks and tidal fluctuations are best analysed by applying harmonic analysis. The technique is used to decompose the series into various component parts. The directional derivatives of first and second order were attempted to understand the complexity in the morphology of estuarine bed forms. Bed contours on the hydrographic charts of certain creeks were used to obtain their gridded surfaces. Sounding datum in Indian hydrographic charts coincides with the local leveling datum with reference to a bench mark. The mean sea level is also provided. Using level datum and mean sea level the depths were reduced to constant level and used as Z in X, Y Z domain. The depth values on the hydrographic charts after reducing to datum level were digitized and gridded using GIS software. The directional derivatives were obtained and surfaces created using same software. The hydrographic charts for Dabhol, Kajali, Mithbav, Anjarle and Karli creeks and estuaries were used to calculate directional derivatives based on depth contours. The contour map of any form gives a clear idea about its geometry. If these contours are gridded in an X, Y, Z domain, at the location of each node, magnitude and direction of the steepest slope can be calculated to generate its slope map. The result is based on the direction of the general gradient. The directional derivative of the contours calculates rate of change of slope along a predetermined direction. The result is a contour map that shows isolines of constant slope along this direction. The rate of change of slope along predetermined direction is obviously zero. The rate of change of slope is reported as rise over run and approaches negative or positive infinity as it approaches vertical in a downhill or uphill direction. The rate is positive in uphill direction and negative in downhill direction. First directional derivatives can be obtained along various15 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


predetermined lines. Second derivatives produce contour maps that show isolines of rate of change of slope across the surface. The technique of satellite image enhancement and interpretation can be used very effectively in the mapping of placer deposits, on the beaches, dunes and creeks, covered by ilmenite black sand. To obtain exact limits of the various pockets of ilmenite deposits on beaches and creeks on Konkan coast , technique of image analysis was used. The IRS ID LISS III Pan Point Geocoded image of the study area was transformed by using HLS color algorithm. The trace contour technique was then employed and a series of binary feature maps were prepared indicating presence of a particular feature. Low pass filter was used to remove the sharp edges and unwanted information, leaving smooth gradients and low frequency details. Gray tone variations of the beach sediments could be used to differentiate ilmenite in the beach sand. Light minerals in the beach sands show white tone and the proportion of heavies increases the tone that changes dark gray to black. It was concluded from the analysis that the littoral assemblages of heavy minerals are best developed along coastal areas where sediment budget is low. It indicated presence of placer deposits on the beaches, dunes and inlets in the study area at specific locations. The river mouths in the study area, although tidal, are moderately deep to shallow and do not restrict the movement of sediment to the sea. There is an unrestricted flow of heavy minerals derived from the hinterland to the sea. The image analysis technique helped in drawing exact limits, a thing that is usually difficult to achieve by the conventional field methods. For many reasons, it is often difficult to demarcate and interpret the coastal environments due to complexity of shoreline processes. The waves, the tides and the currents shape the near shore zone over the years and even nearby places on the coast exhibit marked variations. The visual interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite images is being used as a most suitable and helpful technique to overcome the relative difficulty of subject matter. However there are several limitations to such interpretations and the information gathered can be scanty and subjective. Computer assisted image analysis is a part of broader information revolution and can be convincingly and effectively used in the study of coastal environments. The major goal of this technique is to generate knowledge about the processes influencing the development of a variety of features in the near shore areas. The computer assisted image analysis has a great potential in generating more meaningful data necessary for coastal studies. An 8 bit, gray scale image of Kolthare beach was used to demonstrate the technique. The image was subjected to specific image analysis options. The image was first edited in its original mode as the color conversion process can result in a loss of color information. The image tone was adjusted by using Gamma correction mode. The terrain details could be easily picked out by adjusting gamma in a low contrast image. Other options which were used to adjust the tone to recognize various features included tonal curve, level equalization and brightness contrast. Level equalization for the image, splitted in Lab separation was more useful as it helped in clearly16 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


demarcating the beach, tidal channel, terrace, settlement and hill slopes. Lab color mode is based on two chromatic components and hence was found to be more effective in the coastal environment. Ground truthing can be carried out to ascertain the identification of various features and environments identified by Gamma correction and Trace contour mode. Many morphodynamic models of coastal landforms simulate the coast in only two dimensions. However it is now a well known fact that the form and process in the coastal environment operates in 3 dimensions. To monitor and model the coastal process in 3 D still remains a challenge to coastal Geomorphologist. There are many computational constraints on creating 3 D models. They require more computational time. Such models can be however developed now by using 3D generating GIS softwares. Cell based simulations of various processes are also possible using 3D GIS. A series of studies were undertaken at the mouth of river Banganga in Thane district of Maharashtra. The area is locally known as Ucheli Creek. The overall morphology is simple. The river discharges through the creek whose southern bank is bordered by a spit and a terrace. The complex interplay of waves, currents and tides through the river mouth with monsoon and pre and post monsoon season variations has produced a 3D system of shoals and bars in the creek. The sedimentation pattern was found to change seasonally, which influences the formation of sand bars and lenses inside the creek. Preliminary modeling of processes in 3D provided considerable insight into the pattern of sedimentation and development of bars.The sedimentation pattern of creeks, estuaries and tidal inlets in Konkan is still not perfectly understood. 3D modeling of the creek processes discussed here may enable to deduce generalizations and develop insights into the coastal processes. GIS softwares can also be used to make specific queries to obtain the delineation of major regions of dune systems. Initially the vector maps of different variables used for identification of regions are converted to their raster formats. Using AND as a logical Boolean operator in raster environment various regions can be easily obtained. There are many sand dune systems on Konkan coast. These systems are very complex in terms of their elevation, extent, moisture content and vegetation cover. The dunes in the systems could not be classified in fore dunes and back dunes just on the basis of their distance inland. The boundaries suggested by GIS overlay of different variables give clear idea of the extent of fore dunes, interdunal areas and back dunes.

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Geo-environmental Study of Hooghly Estuary, Bay of Bengal with Spatial Emphasis on Port and Harbour using Geo-InformaticsD.Mitra and A. Mukhopadhyay Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NRSA) Kalidas Road, Dehradun ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Hooghly estuary is very dynamic estuary not only in the sense of its ever changing geomorphological characteristics but also for its other physical and chemical parameters. The physicochemical parameters of the estuarine water suffer from huge distinguishable changes in three main season pre monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon. This estuary has immense of importance in ecological sense as well as in economic sense also because the maximum shipping passages of the two main and only ports of north east India namely Kolkata and Haldia are situated within this estuary. For maintaining these passages and searching for places suitable for new port construction to maintain the increasing industrial and economical needs Geoenvironmental study of the estuary is very necessary. In this study the geomorphological changes of the estuary has been studied using multi-temporal satellite images. The study reveals that the main problem of the estuary is deposition .several new shoals have came out within a few years which is hampering the shipping channels. For the study of the estuarine water comparative spatial distribution map of the physicochemical parameters has been produced from the analyzed data from 2003 to 2007. It has been identified though there is huge changes of these parameters in pre monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoonal season the overall distribution of these parameters throughout these years has not been changed so much, Bathymetry of the estuary has been studied with interpellation techniques from the depth soundings collected from the hydrographical survey using DGPS and HYPAC Software. For hydrodynamic characteristics mathematical model study has been made where the main inputs were cross sections, discharge, cubic capacity, flood and ebb current etc. And finally to select a place to establish a new port site the bathymetry, current pattern, land-use land cover, road railway network, cyclone track, soil map, earth quake probability etc were incorporated in GIS environment and final weighted map showing the main two locations (Sagar and Namkhana) has been produced.

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Stucturally Controlled Vengurla Port Lighthouse HeadlandD I Deendar 46 Watve Estate Mandoli Road Belgaum 590008 [email protected] ABSTRACT The geology of Vengurla Port Lighthouse headland, presents Dharwarian lithology in all its complexity. The trend of the headland is East-West in the West and veers to NE-SW towards East. It jets into the Arabian Sea forming a great escarpment. This headland is drained by two westerly flowing streams. One on the northern side (Dhaboli) and the other on the southern side of the headland (Vengurla). Both the streams drain into the Arabian Sea. The granites are exposed at the foothills. The granites show intense shearing, fracturing and brecciation. The intense fracturing and slickensides are prominently seen on the Northern as well as the southern portions of the headland. The headland slopes towards east and imperceptibly merges into a valley. The vertical as well as lateral displacement of the Dharwarian rocks forming the Lighthouse Headland is due to faulting. The two fault zones on either sides of the headland are weak zones. The streams find an ideal drainage course along the two faults. The formation of the escarpment in the west, a valley in alignment with it in the east is linked to the same phenomenon. These two features indicate intense structural movement. The drainage pattern of the streams, the formation of the Vengurla port Lighthouse Headland and the valley are controlled by faulting. Introduction Vengurla port Headland is located between Latitude 15 50'and 16 25' N and longitude 73 27' and 73 45' E. It is part of Sindhudurg district (erstwhile Ratnagiri dist) Maharashtra (Figure 1). Vengurla port is a natural harbor. Mercantile from Bidar, Bijapur, Gulbarga and Raichur were shipped out from this port until recently. Vengurla was and is commercially and culturally linked to north Karnataka particularly Belgaum. Previous Work: Cursory Geological investigations were carried out since 1871 to 1956 (Wilkinson 1871, Foote 1876, Fermor 1909, 1915; Fox 1923; and Deshpande 1937). Iyer (1939) recognizes metamorphosed rocks of Archean age. Kelkar (1956 ) gives an account of Geology of this area.



Lithology and order of superposition at Vengurla Port headland (hill): Laterite Vitrophyric Basalts Granite Garnetiferrous Zone in Schist. Schists The schistose rocks are the oldest. They include zones of garnets. At least four vitrophyric intrusives comprising a thickness of 2 3 ft and running at right angles to the shoreline for 20-30ft are noticable at low tides. The schists are exposed at the foothills almost on the shoreline below the headland. The general strike direction is NNW-SSE with a steep northeasterly dip, which is inconformity with Dharwarian general strike direction. The maximum height of the headland is 260 ft. The schistose rocks are succeeded by granites and are exposed in the headland till a height of ~100 ft above the schistose rocks. The laterites cover the major part of the top portion of the headland. Structural Geology Structural disturbances are seen in Granites at the Port hill (headland) in the northern and southern parts. Granites dominantly possess ruptural features (Figure 2). The rocks are sheared, fractured and faulted in various directions. Some of the shears are parallel to the coast and are very frequent. At some places lineation and foliation are noticeable. The trend of foliation is N50W- S50E, with a high angle easterly dip. Strike Slip Fault at the base of the port (hill) headland These are developed at two places viz., the Vengurla port (southern side) and at the northern end of the headland (Dhaboli). Streams flow along the southern and northern parts of the foothills. The study reveals that the sheared and fractured zones coincide withfaults. The fault zone at Vengurla Port has major shearing directions in N 60 W S 60 E and N65W S65E. In absence of the key bed, the fault is construed as a strike slip fault based on shearing directions (Figure 3). The shear directions are parallel to the general strike directions of the formations. This fact is interpreted as strike slip fault. Strike Slip Fault of north of Lighthouse hill The granites at the foothill have extensively developed slicken-sided surfaces (Figure 4) and the Dabholi stream along the Granites joining the Arabian Sea. It has a near E-W flow direction which is characteristically aligned along slicken-sided surfaces of granites. The direction of the striation on the slicken-sided surface of granites have N60W S60E trend with a plunge of 30 due north. The movement along the fault plane is nearly in the strike direction. The fault20 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


occupied by the Dabholi stream is strikeslip fault. This is supported by the presence of fault breccia, shear zone and trapshotten phenomena? The two strike slip faults, one in the northern base and the other in the southern base of the port headland are associated with the translatory movement of the headland. The headland indicates vertical movement forming an escarpment and cliff at the western extent. In the eastern region the hill slopes into a valley. This structural feature of two parallel strike slip faults and the upward movement of the rocks may be inferred as a Ridge fault with an easterly pitch. The valley is aligned with the Headland and may be a rift valley. The height of the ridge (headland) in the West and the approximate depth of the valley in the East are inversely proportional. The displacement maybe about 80-100ft. Conclusion The two Strike slip faults, the flow directions of the two streams, shearing, fracturing and presence of slickensides and the formation of the Ridge of the Port Headland are major structural features of the Vengural Port Hill geology. The coastal erosion may be active along the shore, wherever fault zones similar to ones described above are present. Acknowledgement The author is grateful to the U.G.C for a fellowship awarded to carry out Ph.D research (197881). The strike slip faults of Vengurla were studied and inferred during this period. The author is indebted to Dr.N.W Gokhale, Supervisor and guide for Ph.D. The interpretation of the ridge fault and the rift valley was subsequently inferred by the author during field studies with graduate students. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance given by the Principal of the S.K.E society's G.S.Sc College. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance rendered by Dr. P.T Hanamgond in preparation of this paper. References D.I Deendar, 1982. Geology of Vengurla Area , Ratnagiri Dist Maharashtra State Unpublished Ph.D thesis. Karnatak University, Dharwad, 155 p. Holmes's Principles of Physical Geology (1976) p 678 Mcl.Duff. Marland P.Billings, 1977. Structural Geology (Second Edition- Asia Publishing House, New Delhi). Hobbs B. E., Means W. D., and Williams P. F., 1976. An outline of structural geology. (John Wiley & Sons, Newyork). 296 p.21 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


Figure 1. Location Map of the Area (Courtesy: Satellite Image by Google Earth)

Figure 2. Geological Map of Vengurla Port Headland.22 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


Figure 3. Field photograph showing fractures in Granite.

Figure 4. Field photograph showing Slickensides in Granite.



Benthic Foraminifera as indicator of changing environment during last three decades in Mandovi-Cumbarjua-Zuari estuarine complex, Goa, India1

D.H. Shanmukha1, R. Panchang1, R. Nigam1 and G.N. Nayak2 Micropaleontology Lab, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403004, India ([email protected]) 2 Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University, Goa- 403206, India ([email protected]) ABSTRACT

In Goa, on the west coast of India, the rivers Mandovi and Zuari, connected via the Cumbarjua Canal, having large scale mining activities in their catchment areas, form an ecologically sensitive estuarine complex. This gave us an opportunity to study the ecosystem with reference to the effect of mining on foraminifera (marine micro organism). The present study was aimed at determining the current distribution of foraminifera and comparing it with the previous report on distribution in 1972. This would help us to estimate the changes, if any in environment over nearly 30 years. We collected sediment samples from many locations in both the estuaries and also along the the stretch of the canal and analyzed them for foraminiferal content. The results obtained by comparing the present data with the previous study show that in Cumburjua canal, the range of foraminiferal number (in 1 gram of sand fraction of the sediments) have increased from 40-200 in 1972 to 168-9000 in 2006 in this canal over the years. Although the trend is similar to that seen before i.e. decreasing from south to north, the Foraminiferal numbers (abundance) have increased considerably during this period. The total number of foraminiferal species (diversity) also show increase during this period. This indicates improved environmental conditions for foraminifera to flourish and therefore decreasing effects of mining in the region. When viewed with reference to our previous studies on foraminifera from Mandovi and Zuari estuaries with same methodology, it is concluded that adverse effects of mining during last three decades decreased in Zuari estuary with connecting Cumbarjua Canal and increased in Mandovi estuary. This change in scenario is attributed to change in mining activities from South Goa [catchment of Zuari] to North Goa [catchment of Mandovi].

***Marine Products in Ayurveda and Their Therapeutic UsagePrasad B S Principal KLEs BMK Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Belgaum, Karnataka ABSTRACT Human body is a miniature of universe. How many structural entities are present in the universe those many are present in the human body. Everything in the universe is made up of panchamahabhuta. After knowing these principles and understanding the nature well ayurveda24 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


identified the medicinal properties of all the natural products. Staring from leaves of plants up to highly toxic materials including metals, minerals, animal origin products etc. are all included in material medica of ayurveda. A list of marine products are described in detail in respect to their availability, processing and therapeutic usage. Sudhavarga is one such group where most of the drugs are marine origin. Though most of these drugs have CaCo3 as chemical composition therapeutically the drugs are indicated for varied clinical conditions such as hyperacidity, cardiac disorders, expectorant, ophthalmic conditions, anti spasmodic etc. Also few of them are indicated as medhya (intellect promoting property), vrishya (aphrodisiac) and sukrasodhaka (correction of reproductive tissue).

***Land use Studies along the Coast from Velanganni to Vedaraniyam, Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu.P.Chellapandi1, K.Chittibabu1, G.Theenadhayalan2 and R.Baskaran22

Department of Geology, National College, Trichy-620 001. Department of Earth Sciences, Tamil university, Thanjavur-613 010.

1

([email protected]) ABSTRACT The Study area from Velanganni to vedaraniyam along the coast of Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu, Was one of the Worst affected by the Tsunami on 24 December 2004, inundation mapping was than the area RTK GPS with help of toposheet, cadastral maps and post tsunami satellite imageries. The landuse/Land cover details were studied. The changes in coastal landforms and the present landuse pattern were all so studied.

***A Study on the Landforms and Shoreline Changes along the Coast Of Karikal, PondicherryK.Chittibabu1, P.Chellapandi1, G.Theenadhayalan2 and R.Baskaran2 1 Department of Geology, National College, Trichy-620 001 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur-613 010 ([email protected])ABSTRACT

The study area represented in the toposheet 58N/9 and N/13 spread between North latitude 10.55 and Longitudes 79 49' of Pondicherry had been one of the most affected places due to Tsunami of Dec.2004. The coastal landforms and shoreline changes between the said locations namely from Thiruvettakudi to Vanjoor were interpreted by studying the relevant toposheets and25 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


the Post Tsunami Satellite Imagery namely IRS P6 LISS 3 data. The morphological features and the changes due to Tsunami are presented.

***Coastal changes at Mandve- Rewas, Maharastra, IndiaBhagyashree Yargop Tilak Maharashtra University, Gultekdi, Pune 37 ([email protected]) ABSTRACT

The investigated area lies in the Raigad district of Maharashtra forming a part of northern Konkan. The coastal changes have been studied between 1990-1994. The study area is drained by the Dharamtar creek, which is supplied with sediments by three rivers - Amba, Karanja, and Patalganga. It is observed that the sedimentation on the beach is the result of deposition of sediments brought by these rivers. The significant deposition was responsible for the development of about 30-35cms thick beach (mainly mud) at Rewas. The occurrence of wide mudflats and rich growth of mangroves occupying these mudflats is mainly due to this deposition. Further, it is observed that, the mud was exposed throughout the year, however, with a thin sandy cover on the beach during monsoon. The study area was revisited in 2007-08, which showed that, there was a significant change along the coastline, especially the occurrence of mud and its extent with good thickness. Today the mud can hardly be seen exposed on the beach, probably it must have underlying the beach sand. Further, it is observed that- a) the occurrence of mud is within the protected areas between Yelawane and Mandve that has probably shifted the earlier location; b) erosion accretion patterns are recognized clearly. The northern end of the study area has distinctly experienced erosion while the southern end has experienced deposition. The present paper is an effort to show the observed trends and discuss the processes of coastal change.

***



Evolution and major issues of Kudrus in Netravati-Gurpur Estuaries, KarnatakaK. S. Jayappa, Avinash Kumar and Deepika BDepartment of Marine Geology, Mangalore University Mangalagangotri - 574 199, Karnataka ([email protected]; [email protected])

ABSTRACT

Naturally formed, relatively stable and inhabited islands in the estuarine environment are called kudrus. There are about fifty kudrus in various estuaries of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts. These are being very fertile, the local community found them suitable for agriculture, aquaculture, fishing and other activities and hence large number of people is living on them depending on their size and facilities available. There are six kudrus in Netravati-Gurpur estuaries namely - Adam, Gatti, Pavuru Uliya, Nayar, Nadu and Bavali. Number of population occupied on these kudrus varies from 20 to 500. The main occupations of these people are: agriculture (mainly paddy, coconut and sugarcane cultivation), sand mining, fishing, beedi making and extraction of lime shells. Origin, evolutionary changes during the last 40 years, facilities available and problems faced by the occupants have been studied in detail. Some of them are very dynamic and changing morphologically due to natural and anthropogenic activities. Changes with respect to their areal extent, direction and rate at which they have shifted have been quantified using RS and GIS techniques with ground truth verifications.

***



Phased Beach Protection WorksM. D. Kudale Chief Research Officer S.P.Kulkarni Research Officer B.R. Tayade Research Officer S.P. Jagtap Research Assistant

Central Water and Power Research Station Khadakwasla, Pune-411 024, India Fax: 91-20-24381004 ([email protected], [email protected]) ABSTRACT A beach at Tarkarli near Malvan is one of the beautiful beaches in Sindhudurg district in Konkan having large tourism potential. The shore as well as the existing beach at Tarkarli were severely eroded due to higher wave action during the monsoon for the last couple of years. The beach is of vital importance for the tourism purposes since many tourists from the country as well as from the abroad visit the beach throughout the year. The beach resort is located just adjacent to the eroding shoreline. The common methods adopted for coastal protection in India are to provide rubblemound structures with suitable stones in the armour and the toe. However, a different approach using geotubes as well as revetment is suggested for the protection of beach and the shoreline at Tarkarli. The present paper describes the studies for the design of shore/beach protection works for preventing the further erosion near the shore and to protect the beach near the existing resort at Tarkarli. The design for the shore/beach protection work was evolved in two phases, based on the existing site conditions. In first phase, a soft solution with sand filled geotubes in the form of detached offshore-submerged reefs would be provided near the low tide line for reducing the wave action on the shore and to hold the accumulated sand on the beach. This work was proposed to be completed in the first phase as the permanent revetment structure may require longer time for its completion. These offshore reefs are provided in a segment of 40 m length with a gap of about 10 m left between the two segments for facilitating the tourist activities over the beach even at the Low Water Level. These submerged reefs would arrest the sand deposited on the beach due to onshore offshore movement of the sand. In the second phase, a revetment type seawall structure near the high tide line consisting of gabions neatly packed with octagonal plain cement concrete blocks has been recommended. The concrete blocks are hollow, provided with openings at the centre for dissipating the wave energy. It is designed as a permanent solution for mitigating the shoreline erosion near the resort and also for maintaining the aesthetics of the beach. Also, this would not obstruct the activities over the beach. The details of the studies carried out for protecting the shore/beach at Tarkarli are described in the paper.

***28 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


Morphology and Behaviour of River Mouth Bar in the Outflow Area of Dabhol Creek on Konkan Coast of MaharashtraS.N.Karlekar Reader and Head, P.G.Department of Geography and Research Center, Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune 411030 ([email protected])

ABSTRACT There are large accumulated sediment bodies within or just outside many of the world's river mouths. Such bodies of accumulated sediment are called river mouth bars. Majority of these bars is formed when the river enters the sea. Supply of fluvial sediment throughout the year and its non-removal by the waves and tides from the inlet are most important factors that determine the development of sandbars near the entrance of tidal mouths. The sea waves, tidal currents, sea level fluctuations, river discharge, sediments and shoreline configuration determine the morphology and formation of river mouth bars The outflow area of many of the major and minor creeks and tidal inlets on Konkan coast of Maharashtra show such bars and sand bodies. A big sand bar, about 2 km long and 1.3 km wide exists at the entrance of a creek 2.5 km away in the outflow area of river Vashishthi near Dabhol on this coast. The bar is a permanent feature and keeps drifting throughout the year in the limited nearshore area. A narrow, 6 m deep channel remains open near the southern bank of creek just close to the entrance. The average depth of the bar is 3 m below the sea surface. This work presents the observations on the morphology and behaviour of this sedimentary body in the outflow area of the river. The study includes identification of trends in the yearly shift of sandbar since 1969, variation in its orientation and change in the minimum depth above the bar. A detailed mapping of the bar configuration and yearly change in the configuration as well as its area extent forms a major part of the work. The technique of GIS is used in the final analysis of the bar leading to its significance as an indicator of fluctuating sea level and sediment supply to the outflow area of the creek.

***



Source And Compositionof Mud At Padle, Konkan Coast of Maharashrta A Geomorphic StudyManojkumar P.Devne Sydenham College Of Commerce And Economics, Mumbai ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Mud occurrence along the Konkan coast of Maharashtra is a recent incidence. The source of the mud, in many cases, can be traced directly to the nearby rivers although that is not the only source as the coastal configuration and wave climate of the region also play an important role in mud deposition on the beaches. Mud can be deposited in a number of different coastal settings. Many a times a combination of coastal processes would be required for the existence of mud patches and formation of mud balls, on beaches. The mud patches are not fixed and rigid and they keep on moving seasonally. Occurrence of mud on the beach at Padle seems to be a seasonal phenomenon during the monsoons only. This mud, in all possibilities is brought from inland erosion through the adjoining creeks. Once it is brought to the mouth of the creek, it moves under the influence of the littoral drift. Though seasonal, the occurrence of mud is not a yearly phenomenon indicating peculiar conditions responsible for the transportation of this mud. This mud tends to accumulate in a protected area around the southern headland. A large portion of the accumulated mud eventually roles up into mud balls and other chunks and chips etc. The samples collected in different years were analysed by Infra red spectroscopy. They show the occurrence of three major clay minerals namely; Kaolinite, Illemanite, and Montmorillonite. There are bands of absorptions which show mixed layers of minerals. Further interpretation of the curves shows the presence of external water and organic matter as well. The results are also used to get the idea about the probable source of the mud.

***



Mineral magnetic properties of beach sands from Vengurla, Aravali and Redi of Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra, IndiaP.B.Gawali, N.Basaviah and P.T.Hanamgond* Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra *Department of Geology, GSS College, Tilakwadi, Belgaum 590 006 ([email protected], [email protected]) ABSTRACT Magnetic susceptibility and its frequency dependence are used to characterize the effects of magnetic concentration and magnetic grain size in the beach sands of Vengurla, Aravali and Redi to understand their spatial and seasonal variation. Susceptibility values at all stations of Vengurla and Redi beaches may probably be controlled by titanomagnetite and titanohaematite, while the dominance of antiferromagnetic minerals such as haematite and haemoilmenite is found at Aravali and Redi beaches. The concentration of magnetic minerals at all the beaches is more in monsoon (MON); same or less during premonsoon (PRM) and postmonsoon (POM), except stations (stns) 16 and 17. Here the concentration of magnetic minerals is more in POM than MON or PRM. Stns 3 to 7 (Vengurla beach) and stns 8 to 14 (Aravali beach) are characterized by low concentration of magnetic minerals, but have an overwhelming presence of non-magnetic minerals. Overall the concentration of magnetic minerals is more at the northern and southern ends of Vengurla and Redi beaches respectively where their accumulation seems to be a function of shoreline geometry and wave energy. Provenance of magnetic minerals is Deccan traps and residual deposits. Magnetic grain size at stns 1 and 2 (Vengurla beach) becomes coarse to fine landwards characterized by relative increase of SP grains towards land. Stns 3 to 15 comprise fine grained magnetic minerals. Stns 4, 5 and 6 (Vengurla beach); stn 14 (Aravali beach); and 15 (Redi beach) exhibit antiferromagnetic minerals like haematite and/or haemoilmenite. The study demonstrates magnetic susceptibility and its frequency-dependence provides detailed and robust interpretation of sediment movement, characterization of magnetic lithology and its grain size, in a rapid and inexpensive way.

***



Foraminifera, Paleoecology and Neotectonics of the Coastal Sediments of South Andaman, Andaman Sea, Bay of BengalC. Rajshekhar Paleobiology Group,A.R.I. G.G.Agarkar Road,Pune 411004 ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The late Holocene beach sediments of south Andaman Island are very significant as these are associated with tectonically active zone, coral reef environment and 2004 Tsunami episode. The beach sediments mainly comprised of beach sand, sands from raised beaches, beach rock and clays associated with mangroves. The west coast of South Andaman is of prograding character and have yielded foraminifera commonly. The frequency and the diversity of foraminifera are low and are represented by species of Amphistegina,Amphisorus,Borelis,Peneroplis, Cymbaloporetta and Calcarina reefoidal affinity .. The beach rocks are another important constituent of the south Andaman as their occurrences are associated with former strand lines. These rocks have foraminiferal composition very much similar to that of beach sand. The 14c dates of the beach rocks range from 1681 yrs B.P. (calibrated) to 6475 yrs.B.P( caliberatd).The youngest beach rocks occur at Wandoor of south Andaman and the oldest is located on the west coast of Neil Island of Ritchies Archipelago. In addition their elevational differences ranges from intertidal to 8m above the high tide line and thus suggesting the neotectonic activity in this part of the Andaman archipelago. The clays associated with the mangroves of the south Andaman is completely madeup of agglutinated foraminifera and are represented by species of Trochammina and Milammina. Trochammina inflata shows its dominance.Further the foraminiferal analyses reveals that there is no marked change in the foraminiferal composition between the high and low tide lines and hence not worth of intertidal zonation. It may be mentioned here that the recent tsunami has tilted the west coast of south Andaman to about 1m and consequently a major coastal tract is submerged. This might be one of the reasons effecting the distribution of intertidal foraminifera along the south Andaman coast.

***



Morphodynamics of Mirya Bay and Beach at Ratnagiri, MaharashtraSunil W.Gaikwad Reader in Geography,S.P.College,Depat of Geography Pune -30 ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The problem of beach erosion and siltation at Mirya in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra (India) is a very distinct case of disturbance of beach ecosystem due to unintentional human interference. The problem is of major concern from many viewpoints. Geo-environment of the area was studied for a period of last 45 years, based on the available information and field visits. Field data in connection with near shore hydraulic conditions, circulation pattern and processes of sediment transport was collected from 1989 to 1992, 1996, 2000,2006 & 2007and the geoenvironmental map showing various areas of siltation, erosion, dune and beach vegetation, cusps and other related features were prepared in the field in 1989, 1990, 1991 & 1992,1996,2006 & 2007. The wave induced currents; long shore currents and rip currents were observed and studied by using Rhodamin-B dye as a tracer material. The direction and the velocity of long shore currents were given more importance since they play a very important role in the movement of sediments along the shore. Recently high-resolution image of the study area procured from Google Earth pro also infers net change in morph dynamics of Mirya beach. However Data on bay configuration has been obtained from Marine Geosciences Data System, Global multi resolution synthesis (GMRT) and Smith and Sand well marine data (multi beam data for shallow water, year 2001and 2005) available in Geo applet also ascertains considerable change in bathymetry of the Mirya bay. The Geoenvironment of the study region is fast changing, especially after the construction of jetties and breakwater walls in the fishing harbour area to the south. Year 1972 was considered as a demarcating year, since the construction of commercial harbour commenced in 1972. Present study mainly attempts to correlate the stages in the development of Mirkarwada harbour and morphodynamics of Mirya bay and beach using remote sensing and GIS. It has been observed that, The trend of erosion of beach to the north of Bhati Mirya and siltation to the south of Bhati Mirya established before 1972, continued for the next 13 years between 1972 and 1985.By the end of 1985, '0' metre contour advanced considerably between Jaki Mirya and Bhati Mirya and consequently receded in the sheltered area to the south of Bhati Mirya. By the end of 1987, the northern beach became the scene of erosion and southern beach became the area of heavy siltation. The intensity of erosion at Jaki Mirya after 1987 is reflected in definite morphological and sedimentological changes. High sediment influx in the Mirkarwada harbour is responsible for complete siltation of the harbour and presently as ascertained in 2006 and 2007. The Bhagwati harbour area is silting at33 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


an alarming rate. Beach stretch about 2.30 km from northern end of the beach to south of Bhati Mirya exhibits considerable erosion. The average width of the beach remained to vary between 35 to 44.3 m.

***The Study of Sea cliffs and Shore platforms of Kolambe-Golap Plataeu, Ratnagiri.S.C. Thakurdesai P.G.Department of Geography Gogate-Jogalekar College, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra ABSTRACT It is estimated that sea cliffs are present along 80% of the worlds oceanic coast. This is true for the South Konkan coast also. Sea cliffs in the study area show similarity in exposed Litho sections. The typical sequence from top to bottom begins with lateritic cap at the top. This is followed by weathered zone usually referred to as lithomarge. This is covered by material brought from the overland wash. Below the lithomarge lies the basal rock that continues as a parent rock. The height of the cliff varies from 25m to 38m in this area. Higher cliffs are usually found in mid sections away from the bays or creeks. Along the landward edges of the beaches or creeks the height of cliffs decreases. All the three segments show proportionate increase or decrease in their height. Highest cliff segment is to the south of village Kasop having a height of 38m. Similarly high cliffs are also seen near Mervi along Purnagad plateau. Low cliffs are seen near the mouth of Purnagad creek with a height 24.5m. Near the mouth of Pawas creek the height is 25m. South of Waingani beach it is 23.5m while north of Kasop it is 25m. The upper lateritic crust is relatively thinner. It varies from 3 to 7 meters. Narrow headlands like Ganeshgule (South), have thinner cap of only 3 meters. In the mid sections where the plateau edge extends right upto the coast the lateritic cap remains intact. Its thickness in this sections is as high as 7m (south of Kasop on Kolambe plateau) and 6m near Mervi along Purnagad plateau. Similarly the thickness of middle weathered section also varies considerably. It is thickest near Kasop and Mervi (13m to 15m respectively) Thickness of the lowermost sections of basal rock is governed by the amount of exposure of parent rock. At Kasop the exposed rock measures 18m and at Ganeshgule N. 16.5m; the exposure is minimum near Kajiwadi (10m). The lateritic cap is near vertical in all sections. The lithomarge slopes moderately. It shows convexity except in the high cliffs. This section is usually vegetated. The basalt at the base again has near vertical slopes. The rock is hard and compact. The structure of rocks is retained in weathered section but the weaker lines are exploited.34 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


Shore platforms are visible at the base of some cliffs. The width of these shore platforms ranges between 7 to 49.5 meters. These shore platforms are seen where the cliffs face SW monsoon wave attack. Widest platform is seen to the south of Ganeshgule where the narrow headland protrudes into the sea. At the base of this cliff there is a large sea cave. Elsewhere fully developed sea caves are not seen. Notches can be seen at the foot of cliff at few places such as Kasop, Waingani and Mervi. Contemporary rates of erosion in hard crystalline rocks are very slow hence wide shore platforms in the area are largely inherited from previous sea level.

***Coastal Sand Dune System at Tambaldeg (Mithbav) as an Indicator of Sea Level FluctuationTushar Shitole Head, Post Graduate Dept. of Geography, Prof. Ramkrishna More A. C. & S College, Akurdi, Pune 411044, Maharashtra ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The study area is a unique dune field where village Mithbav (16 4 N latitude and 73 26 E longitude) is situated. It is located in Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra. Area comprising of dune field, has an average length of about 5 km and has maximum width of 1.4 km. Maximum dune height in the field is 16 m. The dune field consists of series of fore dunes and back dunes with frequent embryo and shadow dunes. The dune field proper is located between 16 16.4 N latitude and 16 33 N latitude, 73 24 E longitude and 73 25 E longitude. It has a length of 2980m and maximum width of 900 m. The settlement of Tambaldeg is situated right in the dune field and on the northern bank of Mithbav creek. Coastal sand dune systems in varying degree of preservation are the clear evidences of slightly higher sea level in the area. Due to absence of any dateable material, no relative chronology is available for the area. Therefore the distance inland and the height of the dunes above present sea level are the only indicators of their relative age. The evidences of historic change in the area around Tambaldeg for over a centuary are well preserved in the occurrence of mud / silt in dug well sections. The beach erosion and subsequent recovery of the beach is well noticed by the locals in the area. The presence of low dunes about 100 m offshore is still recollected by the older people in the village. The erosion of coastline, increase in the salinity of land bordering the shore and increasing brackishness of well water are well recognized trends in last two to three decades.



The observations for last 50 years or even a centuary as cited above are inadequate to understand long-term behavior of the system, which however, requires a considerable insight in to coastal evolution process. It is also possible that different areas of the beach have evolved differently. Biogeomorphological links between geomorphology and biota can be used in such scenarios more effectively. In the area around Tambaldeg, however, no clues by plants were noticed which indicate binding and stabilization of sediments. The meager vegetation growth did not help to suggest the tentative period of back dune development. The only indication is provided by silt and mud in shallow wells of back dune areas. The mangroves in the creek and intertidal areas of tidal inlet are not very dense, more landward communities no doubt have preserved mature vegetation that grows in mature substratum. There is however hardly any indication that they are the relicts of earlier environment. In can therefore be concluded that the existence of a wide dune field in an otherwise unsuitable beach extent and moderate sand supply in moist air suggest that the dunes are inherited from ancient wide beach, ample sand supply and low sea level scenario. A DTM model generated from the hydrographic chart (Bathymetric) for the study area clearly shows the earlier beach, now submerged by transgression of sea level. A rise in a sea level in recent years is suggested by defunct fluvio-marine tidal channel in the northern part of the beach. The channel bed profile was adjusted to earlier lower sea level when there was a perfect balance between incursion and excursion of tidal water through the channel. The channel has slowly been silted and its entrance has become obscure as it is now out of phase with the present tides. The meandering portion of the channel is converted to a pond like feature at high tide.

***Micro-Time Scale Beach Dynamics Study at Belambar, West Coast, Karnataka, India1

M. M. Korakoppa1, Chavadi V.C2 and P. T. Hanamgond3 AMSE Wing, Geological Survey of India, K.S. Layout, Bangalore-560078. ([email protected]) 2 Chenna Ganga, Karnatak University Campus, Dharwad 3 Department of Geology, G.S.Science Degree College, Tilakwadi, Belgaum 590 006. ([email protected]) ABSTRACT

Micro-time scale variations in beach morphology over a tidal cycle (spring to spring tide) have been taken up for study at Belambar beach. The study area is situated on the Uttara Kannada coast of Karnataka (Latitudes 14 37'30 to 14 38'45 and longitudes 74 16'15 to 74 17'10). It is a partially sheltered beach, bounded by headlands on either side, with a seasonal stream cutting the beach at northern side. The beach is fringed by low level sand dunes (about 0.5 m) which merge with lateritic soil of the coastal plain in the hinterland. The beach exhibits a steep



foreshore with well developed berm at northern end, while it changes gradually to gentle slope in southern end. Diurnal morphological variations have been studied along this beach over a tidal cycle. Study clearly indicates that, central portion (station 2 & 3) experience accretion (10.42 m3m-1), whereas, ends of the beach (stations 1 & 4) experience erosion, (-18.41 m3m-1). The beach sediments shows grain size at station 1, very coarse to medium (- 0.383 to 2.125), at station 2, coarse to fine sand (0.958 to 2.30), at station 3, medium to very fine sand (1.608 to 3.493), and at station 4, fine to very fine sand (2.175 to 3.617), indicating that the sediment exponentially decrease in their size from station 1 to 4 (southerly). Across the beach, the sediments decrease seaward.

***Beach Dynamics along Redi Coast, Maharashtra, IndiaP. T. Hanamgond Department of Geology, G.S.Science Degree College, Tilakwadi, Belgaum 590 006. ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The beaches at Redi village are mainly pocket and sheltered type located along Redi River and run East-West except station 6 which is oriented NW-SE. Total Six locations were selected for two annual cycles and are presented in this paper. The general trend of Redi beaches is that they exhibit the cyclic behaviour during the two years which corroborates with the west coast Indian beaches reported elsewhere. The morphological changes (erosion/accretion) are significant along the entire profile. The annual changes indicate that the beaches have grown during two years except at station 2 where it shows loss of sediments. The volumetric analysis shows that the beach in general, the beach along all the locations has experienced erosion, and the erosion is significant during pre monsoon and monsoon (2003 and 2004) season. The CM patterns indicate that the sediments predominantly fall in the regions IV (36%), V= (61%) and II (3%), indicating that, the sediments are generally graded suspension sediments, type IV being high, type V being a moderate turbulence deposits. From this it is clear that, the sediments of the study area are deposited under moderate to high-energy conditions.

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Down hole variation of sediment texture, clay mineralogy and geochemistry of a box core SK- 72/1, Bengal Deep Sea Fan, Northern Indian OceanPradeep Kumar R., Thrivikramanji K.P., Anirudhan S., and Rafeek P. M., Department of Geology, University College, Trivandrum- 695 034 ([email protected]) ABSTRACT During 72nd cruise of the Ocean Research Vessel Sagar Kanya (ORVSK) a box sediment core of 400 cm in length were retrieved from the Bengal deep sea fan (BDSF) at a latitude 10 north and longitude 90 east with a water depth of 3500 meters. BDSF is divided into upper fan, mid fan and lower fan. Upper fan is called proximal fan and lower fan is called distal fan. BDSF is an example of large geosynclines. Levees and channels are frequent in BDSF. Sedimentation rate is much higher in proximal fan and sedimentation rate is very low in distal fan. Ninety East Ridge separates BDSF into Bengal fan and Nicobar fan. Subsampling were done (N=80) on down core colour variation. Colour of the core sediments were determined with the help of American rock colour chart (NIO). Yellowish gray at the top of the core and it varies olive gray along the bottom of the core. pH of the core sediments were determined with the help of puncture pH meter. Sediment texture were determined with the help of Pipette Analysis (PA). Shepards triangular diagram were plotted and the grain size distributions were determined. Sediments fall in the fields of silty clay to clayey slit. Detrital mineralogy were determined with the help of Olympus polarizing microscope fitted with camera. Detrital minerals (light minerials) namely quartz and feldspars and heavy minerals. Pyroxenes, amphiboles and zircons are noted as heavy minerals. Clay mineralogy were calculated with the help of XRDA and SEMA. 33 representative clay films (saritorious) were studied for XRDA. Smectite, chlorite, illite, and kaolinite are the chief clay minerals. Non clay minerals are quartz and calcite. Gold coated clay samples were used for SEMA. Geochemistry (major and REE) were estimated with the help of ICP-MS (La-Lu) and wet chemical analysis. Oxygen and carbon isotopic studies (NGRI) were carried out on planktonic and benthic foraminifers and determined the rate of sedimentation is 4 cm/ 1000 years at the core site. Age of' the sediments were determined using oxygen and carbon isotopic studies on foraminifers and it was about 1, 000, 00 years. It is inferred that most of the clays were formed due to clastic terrigenous in origin (Provenance). Rivers are contributing sediments to deep sea fans. Himalayan rivers namely Ganges river and Brahmaputra rivers and peninsular rivers namely Cauvery river, Krishna river, Mahanadi river and Godavari river and Irrawady river of Burma are contributing sediments to Bengal deep sea fan (geosyncline).

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Paleomonsoon and its influence on marine environment- A sediment core study from southwestern continental margin of IndiaV. Yoganandan, H. Gangadhara Bhat and C. Krishnaiah Ocean and Atmospheric Science and Technology Cell, Department of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri 574 199, India ([email protected]) ABSTRACT unrevealed that Many paleoclimatic studies in the western continental margin of India paleoproductivity in marine environment during last glacial to Holocene mainly depends on the strength of the monsoon system. Here we have made an attempt to reconstruct Palaeoproductivity and their link to the paleoclimatic/paleomonsoon condition of the southwestern continental margin of India through the CaCo3 and Organic carbon and texture studies of a continental slope sediment core Texture, CaCO3 and OC data of the present studied sediment core recorded early Holocene reduced productivity and gradual increasing trend after ~8 kyr BP and reaches maximum ~6 kyr BP thereafter the increased productivity is continued till present except two major reduced productivity events. The interesting observation from this study show that the water column productivity of the south eastern Arabian sea particularly southwest continental margin of India is influenced by the paleoclimatic/paleomonsoon condition of the region, which is proved by the reduced productivity record of late glacial to early Holocene and ~4.2 kyr BP and ~2 kyr BP where the periods which injected large amount of fresh water to the southeastern Arabian sea due to high intensity of the monsoon. These high intensity monsoon periods were recorded very well in paleoclimatic studies from Indian continent.

***Geo-Morpho-Tectonic Evolution of the Coast between Rajpuri Creek and Vijaydurga Creek Raigad Ratnagiri- Districts MaharashtraP.T. Sawant Department of Geology, Walchand College, Soiapur 413 006 ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The earthquake hazard prediction, climate changes during the Quaternary landslides on a very large scale have brought out the significance of studies on Neo-Tectonic. The evidences of which appears in the form of morphological changes on land.39 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


On the basis of Tectonic and morphologic features, a frame work for geodynamic model of coast was suggested by Fairbridge and Finkl, (1988). On the basis of information the coast is classified as emerging, sub-merging and quasistable. The evolution of morphological features is due to change in sea-level during the Quaternary and it is the result of glacial, eustatic or tectonic influence. The tectonic setting, tectonic evolution, lithology, glacio-eustasy and Quaternary transgressional and regressional responses to sea-level change are useful to know the evolution of the coastline. According to the plate tectonics concept, the present configuration of coastline are the result of differential displacement after the breaking of Gondwana and due to the active and or passive margins which are the fundamental basis for the evaluation of coastline. The coast has modified the coastline due to the combination of glacial eustasy, neo-tectonism and coastal erosional processes. On the basis of these criteria the Maharashtra coastline is analysed and discussed.

***Hydrographic Conditions of Near Shore region off Honnavar and Bhatkal, Central West Coast of India.Kanchanagouri,D.Gosavi1 ,; Shalini,G2. V.S.Hegde 1 Tejaswini,B1 1 SDM College of Engg and Tech.,Dharwad 580002 2 Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore 560 098 ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Near shore region is of special socioeconomic importance owing to vast majority of fishery extraction in this zone, and human activities have the most intense and persistent impacts. In particular, the tropical coastal zone due to seasonal variation in wind and wave characteristics and influx of water and sediment load. Hydrographic condition such as salinity, pH, EC and Temperature etc are interrelated and have influence on flocculation/deflocculating causing particles to remain in suspension/ deposition and near shore ecosystem. To understand these, hydrographic conditions have been studied. During summer monsoon, the surface flow is southward where as subsurface flow is northward. The process of upwelling causes upward movement. When these water body moves landward during rising tide, they reduces the salinity in the inner shelf . Hydrographic conditions do not suggest the indication of the Cold up welled water at surface in the month of September.

During winter low saline Bengal bay water meets northward flowing equatorial Indian Ocean water and flow northward as surface currents along the west coast of India. This event causes reduction in the surface salinity along the coast. Such mesoscale oceanographic differences observed in the innershelf have important consequences on the near shore ecosystem and sediment suspension. The observed complex pattern of hydrographic conditions could be due to coastal upwelling, river discharge, semidiurnal tides and wind forcing.

***40 G.S.Science Degree College, Belgaum, Karnataka (12-13 Sept. 2008).


Estuarine accretion erosion by digital image processing-a case study Hooghly estuary Anirban Mukhopadhyay* Debasish Mitra# and Sugata Hazra% * Research Scholar, School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University # Scientist Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, dept. of Space % Director School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University ([email protected]; [email protected])ABSTRACT

The main problems of studying coastal accretion erosion are tidal level change, proper bank line delineation, and manual error. All of these are tried to eliminate in the present work of accretion erosion study of Hooghly estuary .Here the changes of the estuary has been studied from the year 1990 to 2007.The satellite images of these two years has been used in such a date and time when the tidal level difference were minimal. After atmospheric correction of these two images the infra-red band of these images has been used to determine the accretion erosion. After user imposed supervised classification of these single band images both image were run in a model in Erdas model-maker. Finally the change in pixel value indicates the area of accretion and erosion. The quantitative analysis has been done.

***Coastal Geomorphologic Study with Multi-Temporal Satellite Data around Konkan Coast, Maharashtra, IndiaDeepmala Nilamwar, D.Mitra P. T. Hanamgond* Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NRSA) Kalidas Road, Dehradun ([email protected]) *Department of Geology, G.S.Science Degree College, Tilakwadi, Belgaum 590 006. ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Application of Remote Sensing in understanding the coastal landforms is an important and useful tool. Konkan Coast extending from north of Mumbai to north of Goa along the coast, is one of the most important and productive zone in India. In the present paper application of remote sensing technique is undertaken for a part of Konkan coast stretching between Malvan and Rathnagiri. For the convenience, the study area has been divided in to three stretches asRatnagiri, Vijyadurg and Devgad Coast. The coast here exhibits variety of landforms and geomorphologic features that have been developed mainly due to coastal regression and transgression leading to submergence and emergence, leaving behind the signatures such as headlands, wide creeks, bays, beach ridges, islands etc. For the present study LISS III data (2007) and Landsat data (2003) was used for



classification of various landforms along with change detection study using EARDAS imagine 9 software.

***Tectonically controlled landform development in the coastal region of Bhatkal and Baindur, Central West Coast of India.Hegde V.S., Krishnaprasad P.A., Tejaswini,B., Girish, K.H., and Shalini,G.* Dept of Civil Engineering, S.D.M. college of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad. * Dept of Civil Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore. ([email protected]) Abstract Tectonics play a significant role in landform development, and drainage pattern are the sensitive indicators of tectonic influence. In order to understand coastal land form development in the region between Bhatkal and Baindur, drainage pattern and landforms have been studied using the Survey of India Toposheet, Satellite data IRS IC/ID of 1972, 1989 TM data and LISS III of 2002 and 2006, and PAN data of 2006 in ERDAS 9.0 version. Relevant field check has been carried out. To extract landform features various image enhancement techniques have been employed. The underlying rocks are gneisses and granites locally capped by laterites. Land form is well dissected except in the coastal region. Many rivers originate on the western face of Western Ghats, flow for a short distance before joining the Arabian sea. Drainages are dendritic, but middle order streams show lineament controlled. Rivers show high sinuosity index even in the upper reaches. Rivers show large meandering, migration and drowned valley nature. At the places, terraces and boulders in the mouth regions of the river are observed. Satellite data indicate distinct coast perpendicular faults. These anomalous features are interpreted to be due to tectonic influence, to which the origin and the evolution of Western Ghats is ascribed to, and the eustatic sea level changes recorded in the west coast of India.

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A study on communication and technological adaptation in Marine fishing Sector, West BengalSourav Maity and Sugata Hazra School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata- 700032 ([email protected]) ABSTRACT

Among Indias 7200 Km long shore line, the maritime state of West Bengal shares a small coastal segment spread over 200 Km, comprising of estuarine Sundarban part and open coastal Purba Medinipore part. Nearly about 3-lakh fishermen are involved in marine fishing and the annual marine fish catch is nearly about 1.8 Lakh Tons. The state lags behind in marine fishing mostly due to failure in technology adaptation in terms of mechanization and communication. Present study elicits the status of communication and technol

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