konsep dasar statistik.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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Statistik
Ira Prasetyaningrum
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Apakah Statistik itu ?
Mengapa ? 1. Pengumpulan Data
–Misal : Survey
2. Penyajian Data
–Misal : Grafik & Tabel
3 Penggolongan Data
–Misal : Rata-Rata
Analisa
Data
Pengambilan
Keputusan
© 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.
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Apakah Statistik itu ?
Suatu Ilmu Pengetahuan yang mempelajari tentang masalah Data, yang mencakup bagaimana mengumpulkan, menyajikan dan mengelompokkan data untuk dianalisa dan diinterpretasikan sehingga dapat diambil suatu keputusan (kesimpulan) tertentu
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Wilayah Terapan
Ekonomi
Peramalan
(Forecasting)
Kependudukan
Olahraga
Tim & Individu
Penampilan
Teknik (Rekayasa)
Konstruksi
Material
Bisnis
Preferensi
Konsumen
Tren Finansial
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Pengelompokkan Data
Nominal
Data
Data Kuantitatif
Ordinal Interval Rasio
Data Kualitatif
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Metode Statistik
Metode
Statistik
Statistik
Deskriptif
Statistik
Inferensi
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Statistik Deskriptif
1. Melingkupi
– Pengumpulan
Data
– Penyajian Data
– Penggolongan
Data
2. Tujuan
– Menggambarkan
Data
X = 30.5 S2 = 113
0
25
50
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
$
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Apakah Statistik Deskriptif itu ?
Penyampaian secara grafis dan numeris dari data amatan untuk keperluan deskripsi.
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Statistik Inferensi
1. Melingkupi
– Penaksiran (Estimasi)
– Uji Hipotesa
2. Tujuan
– Membuat keputusan
tentang karakteristik
populasi
Populasi ?
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Apakah Statistik Inferensi itu ?
Penggunaan informasi dari sampel (data amatan) untuk menggambarkan kesimpulan (inferensi) tentang populasi dari sampel yang diambil
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Terminologi Kunci
1. Populasi (Universe) – Seluruh obyek/item yang terpilih
2. Sampel (contoh) – Bagian dari Populasi
3. Parameter – Ikhtisar Ukuran Populasi / nilai yang sebenarnya
dari sifat populasi tersebut
4. Nilai Statistik – Ikhtisar Ukuran Sampel / nilai yang diperoleh dari
contoh
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1. Populasi (Universal)
– Seluruh obyek/item yang berkaitan
2. Sampel
– Bagian dari Populasi
3. Parameter
– Ikhtisar Ukuran Populasi
4. Statistik
– Ikhtisar Ukuran Sampel
Terminologi Kunci
• P pada Populasi
& Parameter
• S pada Sampel
& Statistik
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Data Presentation
SummaryTable
Dot ChartPie Chart
NumericalData
DataPresentation
Bar Chart
QualitativeData
Stem-&-LeafDisplay
FrequencyDistribution
Histogram
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Summary Table
1. Lists Categories & No. Elements in Category
2. Obtained by Tallying Responses in Category
3. May Show Frequencies (Counts), % or Both
Row Is
Category Tally:
|||| ||||
|||| ||||
Major Count
Accounting 130 Economics 20 Management 50 Total 200
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0 50 100 150
Acct.
Econ.
Mgmt.
Bar Chart
Horizontal
Bars for
Categorical
Variables
Bar Length
Shows
Frequency
or %
1/2 to 1 Bar
Width
Equal Bar
Widths
Zero Point
Frequency
Major
Percent Used Also
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Econ.
10%
Mgmt.
25%
Acct.
65%
Pie Chart
1. Shows Breakdown of
Total Quantity into
Categories
2. Useful for Showing
Relative Differences
3. Angle Size
(360°)(Percent)
Majors
(360°) (10%) = 36°
36°
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0 50 100 150
Acct.
Econ.
Mgmt.
Dot Chart
Frequency
Major Line Length
Shows
Frequency or %
Equal
Spacing
Like
Horizontal
Bar Chart
Percent Used Also
Horizontal
Lines for
Categorical
Variables
Zero Point
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Graphical Excellence
1. Greatest Number of Ideas
2. Shortest Time to Understand
3. Least ‘Ink’ (Fill & Lines)
4. Smallest Space
Dot Chart
Bar Chart
Pie Chart
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Stem-and-Leaf Display
1. Divide Each
Observation into
Stem Value and Leaf
Value
– Stem Value
Defines Class
– Leaf Value
Defines Frequency
(Count)
2 144677
3 028
4 1
2. Data: 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
26
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Thinking Challenge
•You’re an analyst. You
want to show the market
shares held by Windows
program manufacturers
in 1992. Construct a bar
chart, pie chart, & dot
chart to describe the
data.
Mfg. Mkt. Share (%)
Lotus 15
Microsoft 60
WordPerfect 10
Others 15
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Frequency Distribution Table
Raw Data: 24, 26, 24, 21, 27, 27, 30, 41, 32, 38
Selang kelas Frekuensi
21 - 27 6
28 - 34 2
35 - 41 2
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0
1
2
3
4
5
Histogram
Frequency
Relative
Frequency
Percent
0 15 25 35 45 55
Lower Boundary
Bars
Touch
Class Freq.
15 - 25 3 25 - 35 5 35 - 45 2
Count
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Paket Software Statistik
1. Software
– SAS
– SPSS
– MINITAB
– Excel
2. Perlu Pemahaman
Statistik
– Asumsi
– Batasan