koppal brochure

8/12/2019 Koppal Brochure

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET

KOPPAL DISTRICT, KARNATAKA

SOUTH WESTERN REGION

BANGALORE

DECEMBER 2008


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KOPPAL DISTRICT AT A GLANCEGENERAL INFORMATIOM STATISTICS

i) Geographical Area 5559 sq.km.

ii) No. Of Taluks 4, Koppal, Kushtagi. Gangavati andYelaburga.

No of Hoblis/villages 20/628iii) Population (as on 2001 census) 1196089,

Density 215 persons/sq.km

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iv) Average Annual Rainfall 572 mmGEOMORPHOLOGYMajor Physiographic Units 2

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Major Drainages 3

LAND USEa) Forest Area (sq.km) 294.51

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b) Net Area Sown (sq.km) 3807.004 MAJOR SOIL TYPES 1. Black Cotton Soil

2. Red Soil3. Red Sandy Soil

5 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS (ason31.3.06)in ha.PaddyJowarBajra

MaizeSugarcaneVegetablesPulsesOil seedsMulberry

788035032094687

1633233149012940915810315620

IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (ha)Dug wells 1366Bore wells 45851Tanks 355

Canals 47138Other Sources 0.0Lift Irrigation 1309

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Gross Area Irrigated 96019No .of Ground Water structuresDomestic BWPiped water supply

4985299


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NUMBER OF GROUND WATERMONITORING WELLS OF CGWB (As on31.03.2007)Dug Wells 30

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Piezometers 710 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL

FORMATIONSPeninsular gneissic complexconsisting of Granites, Gneisses andDharwar group consisting of schists

HYDROGEOLOGYMajor Water Bearing Formations Weathered and fractured Granites,

Gneisses and schists,Premonsoon Depth to Water Level (2006) 4.5 to 16.50 mbglPostmonsoon Depth to Water Level (2006) 1.15 to 16.24 mbgl

Premonsoontrendsavailable for14 stations

4 Rising trends rangebetween 0.009 and0.352 m/year10 falling trendsrange between 0.019and 0.96 m/year

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Long Term Water Level Trend (1997-2006)( inm per year)

Postmonsoontrendsavailable for22 stations

6 Rising trends rangebetween 0.079 and0.367 m/year16 falling trendsrange between 0.057

and 1.815 m/yearGROUND WATER EXPLORATION BYCGWB AS ON MARCH 2007EW (Depth Range /Discharge range) 19 Depth 40- 80m

Discharge 0.1-7.6 lps?OW(Depth Range /Discharge range) 17 Depth - 11- 80 m

Transmissitivity (m2/day) 0.2 to 900

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Storitivity (S) 3.2 X 10-4 to 5.84 X 10-4

GROUND WATER QUALITYPresence of chemical constituents more than

permissible limits

Fluoride. Nitrates and TDS in few

packets.

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Type of water Potable to BrakishDYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES(2004) IN HAMAnnual replenishable ground water resource 701.49Net annual ground draft 337.80Projected demand for Domestic and Industrialuse up to 2025

60.48

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Stage of ground water Development (%) 48.12


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15 WATER MANAGEMENT TRAININGPROGRAMMES ORGANISED

On 13thand 14thNovember2003WMTP programme was conducted onArtificial Recharge to Ground Watertechniques at Koppal town. Therewere about 120 participiants.

16 EFFORTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ANDRAINWATER HEAVESTING

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17 GROUND WATER CONTROL ANDREGULATIONNo of OE Blocks

No of Critical Blocks

Not Notified

3 (part)1 (part)

MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS ANDISSUES

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Rainfall is erratic, irregular and deficit,Application of traditional farming andirrigation methods, unscientificdevelop ment of groundwater,Brackishness salinity of groundwateralong the major river courses andcommand areas ,and nitrate, fluorideproblems.


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1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe Koppal district came to existence on 25th august1997,

bifurcated from Raichur district of Karnataka with a geographical area of 5559sq km, located in the northern part of the state with four taluks namely Koppal,Yelburga Gangavati,and Kustagi. It lies between 15 09 16 01 north latitudeand 75 46 76 48 east longitude. It is known to be a backward district amongthe northern part of the state and situated in the old Hyderabad Karnatakaregion. The district has 588 inhabited and 40 uninhabited villages with totalpopulation of 1196089, as per 2001 census, with density of 215 persons/sq kmand decadal growth of 24.94%. The area falls in the Tugabhadra sub-basin of theKrishna basin. Tugabhadra river flowing in southern boundary in north easterlydirection. Koppal district is surrounded by Bagalokot district in the north, east byRaichur ,south by Bellary and West by Gadag districts.

1.1 Administrative set-upThe district for administrative conveninence has been divided in to

4 taluks , namely Gangavathi, Koppal, Kustagi and Yelaburga. These four taluksare divided in to 20 hoblies. these consist of 596 inhabited villages and 41 un-inhabited villages, 4 town municipalites. A administrative map is presented asFig-1.Table-1 Taluk wise area and population details in Koppal district( as per 2001 census)

source:- district at aglance 2005-06

Taluk Area in sqkms/,no.ofhoblies

No ofinhabitedvillages

No .ofuninhabitedvillages

Totalpopulation asper 2001 census

Gangavathi 1328 8 149 9 406334Koppal 1375 4 144 13 314051

Kushtagi 1366 4 164 13 239331

Yelburga 1490 4 139 5 236373

1.2 Work carried out by CGWBThe central ground water board has carried out systematic

Hydrogeological surveys Reappraisal Hydro geological surveys and Tunga-Bhadra canal command area surveys during 1976-1979 and ground waterexploration, ground water regime monitoring etc.1.3 Basin and Drainage

The district is part of Krishna basin, the main streams draining thearea are Maskinala, Ilkal-nadi and Hirenala. These are Ephemaral in nature,these come under Tungabhadra sub-basin. The drainage exhibit dentritic to sub-dentric with drainage density varies from 1.4 to7.0kms/sq.km. A drainage map ispresented as Fig-21.4 Land use

In the district land use is recorded about 69% of the area is netsown during 2005-06 and forest occupied by about5.3% and total land notavailable for cultivation is about10% area like non agricultural, barren etc, andother un-cultivable land is about 3% details are shown in table-2.


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Table-2 showing land utilization in Koppal district 2005-06 (in hectares)Taluk geographical

areaForest Non

agriculturalBarren Cultivable

wasteNetArea

sown

Perma-nent

pasture

Gangavathi 132131 14482 7680 4651 560 78012 7193

Koppal 136755 10779 20401 430 91836 1486

Kustagi 135779 4110 7626 2361 811 104298 3898

Yelburga 147830 80 3163 2825 767 106554 2098

Total 552495 29451 38870 16627 2568 380700 14675

2.0 RAIN FALL AND CLIMATEKoppal district experiences a semi-arid type climate characterised

by hot summer and low rainfall. It is cool and pleasant during major part of theyear except during the summer months of March to middle of June. The coldestperiod is December to January minimum temperatures reaches up to 16C andmaximum reaches 45C during hot summer district characterized by dryness forthe major part of the year because of less rainfall there is pleasant monsoonseason. The annual normal rain fall is 571.92 mm and normally rain commencesfrom June and continuous up to November. Heavy rainfall during the months ofSeptember and October about 65% of which is south west monsoon with normalaverage rain days of 40 in a year. In general rainfall decreases from west to eastthe district falls northern median region of state.

3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPESThe district moderately plain with shallow troughs and mounds of

granites hills at scattered places in rugged topography .with highest peaks arefound at Hanumasagar 728mts,622mts at ginigera, and697mts at benekal.Above mean sea level with average elevation of the district is about 500mts. Themain streams draining the district are Maskinala, Hirehalla, Ilkalnadi and theirsmall tributaries which are of ephemeral in nature and joining to Tungabhadrareservoir. The general drainage density varies 1.2-7.0kms/sqk m

Soils are the weathering product of parent rock. The districtcharacterized by large stretch of barren plains covered with black soils thismay be product of biotitic schists and amphibolite,hornblende. Black cotton soil isseen in schistose terrain and gneissic and granite terrain. Red soil in granitesand grey granite area. Nalas are generally filled with loose sand, kanker mixedgrey sandy soil is seen.

4.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO

4.1 HydrogeologyThe district is mainly underlain by gneisses, granites and schists.

The hard rocks as they do not have any primary porosity however, weathering,fracturing, joints and tectonic features likes folds and faults have secondaryporosity and permeability. Which has improved water yielding, capacity of the


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wells. The main source of recharge is precipitation. Weathered thickness isreported minimum of 1m and maximum of 20mbgl nearer to nalas. In generalground water available in the weathered zone under phreatic condition andunder confined to semi-confined conditions in the jointed and fractured formation.Ground water developed through dug wells, dug cum bore wells and bore wells.Dug wells are common, used for irrigation as well as for domestic purposes. Itsdepth ranges from minimum of 1.7m mbgl to maximum of 15.7m mbgl. Pinkgranite is more susceptible for weathering than gray granite. So, pink granite isgood aquifer than gray granite. In granite gneisses the yield of the wells reportedare in the range of 4-100m3/day in dug wells, and in dug cum bore wells itranges between 28.8-42.3m3 withstanding pumping of 4-5hr/day and the specificcapacity ranges between 35.0-240.5m3/day/m. The wells taping schistoseformation is poor yielding compared to granite and gneiss formations. Thealluvium found along a major nala course as thin lenses with thickness of 6-8m

mbgl. The diameter of wells are 3.5 to 5.00m bgl, the specific capacity reportedwas between 230.4 to 533.0 m3/day/m. the bore wells drilled by formers as wellas govt agencies for domestic and irrigation purposes with depth range of 40-70m and reported yield of bore wells less than 1 lps to 7.6lps. The promisingzone is 30-60mbgl. The central ground water board in the district has 33 network stations, which are being monitored four times in a year ie January, May (pre monsoon ) August and November (post monsoon). A hydrogeological map ispresented as Fig-3

Water levelsPre monsoon depth to water level during 2006 (Fig-4) recorded in

the range of minimum of 4.5mts and maximum of 16.50mts .In the district majorparts of Koppal,Yelburga,Kushtagi taluks are having depth to water levels in therange of 10-20m. In major parts of Gangavathi taluk depth to water levelsrecorded in the range of 5-10 m range and a small patch is having 2-5m range.

Post monsoon depth to water level during 2006 (Fig-5)range from1.15m to 16.24m. Study of distribution of percentage of observation of wellsduring November 2006 show 30.77% having depth to water levels in the rangeof 5.0-10.0 m bgl, 38.46% wells have recorded water levels in the range of 10.0-20.0 m bgl. A small patch in Gangavathi taluk is having water levels of less than2mbgl and a small patch of more than 20m bgl is observed around in Kushtagiand Yelburga taluk.

Long term water level trendsPremonsoon long term water level trends for the period between

1997-2006 is available for 14 National hydrograph stations in the district. At 4stations the rising water level trends range between 0.009 and 0.352 m/year. Inremaining 10 hydrograph stations falling trends range between 0.019 and 0.96m/year. Postmonsoon long term water level trends are available for 22 nationalhydrograph stations (1997-2006), of which 6 have rising trends, range between0.079 and 0.367 m/year. Remaining 16 falling trends range between 0.057 and1.815 m/year.


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4.2 Results of ground water explorationCGWB has drilled 19 exploratory and 17 observation wells so far

under its ground water exploration programme. The depth range of these wellsrange between 11.00 to 80.00 m and discharge of the wells ranges between 0.01to 7.6 lps. The storitivity of the aquifers encountered ranges between 3.2 X 10 -4and 5.6 X 10-4 and transmissivity values ranges between 0.2 and 900 m2perday.4.3 Ground Water Resources

As per the 1997 GEMS methodology ground water resourcesestimated as on march 31st2004 are presented in Table-3A and Table-3B.Table-3A

Taluk Rechargefrom

rainfall

during

monsoon

(ham)

Rechargefrom rainfall

during

nonmonsoon

(ham)

Rechargefrom

other

source

during

monsoon

season

Rechargefrom

other

source

during

non

monsoon

season

Annualreplinhable

G.W

.resource

Net G.W.availability

Gangavathi 4124 12554 780 11680 29132 28649Koppal 5626 4648 945 3954 15174 14684

Kushtagi 3411 3375 894 3542 11225 10919

Yelburga 7091 4451 1057 3894 16495 15897

Table-3B

categarisation of areain % based on stageof development

Taluk Irrigationdraft inham

Domestic&Industrialdraftin ham

TotalG.W.draftin ham

Projecteddraft fordomestic &industrialdraft foryear 2025in ham

G.W.availability forirrigationin ham

Safe

semicritical

Critical

Over

exploited

Gangavathi5732 663 6393 1145 22677 43 57Koppal 9337 594 9932 1005 6180 28 72

Kushtagi 3787 656 4253 739 6833 58 27 15Yelburga 12544 467 13202 1134 5448 12 5 - 83

From the above table it can be concluded that major parts ofKoppal, Gangavathi and Yelaburga are coming under over exploited category. Amap showing categorisation of areas as per ground water utilisation is presentedas Fig-6


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5.0 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENTAs on 31.3.2006 in the district total of 33526 I.P Sets are present

consuming 62.60 lakh units/year. Talukwise net area irrigated in the districtduring 2005-06 is presented in the table-4. During the period in general about49% of irrigated area is irrigated by source of ground water through wells andbore wells.

Table -4 showing net area irrigated in Koppal district 2005-06 in hectaresTaluk Canals Tanks Wells Borewells Lift

irrigationOthersource

Total

Gangavathi 41278 0 0 6370 0 0 47648Koppal 5860 105 566 18478 1309 0 26318Kushtagi 0 150 0 8326 0 0 8476Yelburga 0 100 800 12677 0 0 13577

District total 47138 355 1366 45851 1309 0 96019

Drinking water systemIn the district except Yelburga town in all other taluk head quarters

drinking water requirement is met by surface water. At Yeburga town and at otherrural areas drinking and domestic water supply is met through borewells. total of4985 borewells are drilled for rural drinking water supply out of this 299 are usedfor piped water supply schemes, 687 are used for mini water supply schemes.

6.0 GROUND WATER QUALITYAs per hydrochemical data of N.H.S of May 2003 in the district

E.C.values range from 730-2870 micro mhos /cm at 25c is recorded. Chloride isin the range of 43 to639 mg/l and floride in the range of 0.6 to 2.7 mg/l as basedon the Bureau of Indian standerads recommendations for drinking water thewater E.C having less than 750 micro mhos/cm at 25C is desirable andunsuitable more than3000 micro mhos/cm at 25C.The concentration of fluorideis distributed in the district in the range of 1.0 to1.5 mg/l up to maximum of 2.7mg/l. The desirable limits for drinking purposes is less than 1 ppm. Theconcentration beyond 1 ppm is unsuitable, noticed as pockets in Gangavathi andKushtagi taluks. A ground water quality map is presented as Fig-7

7.0 GROUND WATER CONSERVARIONThe soil and moisture conservation works on water shed basis are

being executed under different centrally sponsored ,state sector and districtsector schemes .The important schemes are;

(1)National watershed Development project for rain fed areas.(2)River valley project.(3)Desert development programmed(4)special component plan(5)Sumpurna gramina rojgar yojana/EAS.

Koppal district with geographical area of 552495 ha. Out of this296151 ha is under rain-fed agriculture. As on 31-03-2002 about 112217 Ha


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developed on various watershed schemes details of taluk wise development aswell as scheme wise in Ha is given in table-5.

Table 5 Different watershed development schemes in progress in the district.Name oftheschemes

Gangavathi Koppal Kustagi Yelburga Total areacovered

No. ofwater-shed

SCP 164 141 138 138 581 -

EAS 427 1532 1345 1611 4915 20

DDP - 3253 3309 3205 9767 87

NWDPRA - 5679 2527 9618 17824 5

RVP - 19609 6156 39552 63317 52

others - - 13813 - 1318 1

Total 591 30214 27288 54124 112217 165

8.0 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITYTraining programme on ground water management was organised

at J.H.Patel Auditorium, Zilla Panchayat office, Koppal During 13/11/2003 and14/11/2003. Thirty trainees from various state government departments, NGOs,Educational Institutions from Koppal district participated in the trainingprogramme Officers of CGWB, SWR, presented seven lecture topics on thetheme. Field visit to roof top harvesting site was arranged in Koppal town, Visitwas also arranged to the construction site of Ashraya Housing Scheme beingexecuted by Government of Karnataka and rooftop rainwater harvesting scheme

finalised as part of field demonstration.

9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS1) There is no scope for future ground water development in overexploited

areas. the density of observation wells may be increased, waterconservation measures may be adopted in larger scale, and microlevelground water studies may be carried out.

2) The ground water resources may be reassessed to give the more recentpicture.

3) In the safe areas there is scope for ground water development inGangavathi taluk 43% area is safe,10261 borewells are feasible, 4514

borewell are feasible in kushtagi taluk and 748 borewells are feasiblein Yelburga taluk these bore wells are feasible with a annual draft of1.1ham/well this may be taken up in a phased manner with annual growthrate of 5% in number.

4) The bore wells may be constructed up to a depth of 70m, and topweathered zone may be sealed with blank casing pipe to avoid wellcollapse.

5) For construction of bore wells remote sensing and other techniques maybe used to minimize failures and expected yields are obtained which canirrigate a minimum 1.5 ha/well.


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6) Attempts can be made to locate suitable sites for borewell construction,adjacent to canal/distributary, so that wherever bad quality water isencountered it can be mixed with good quality canal water and suppliedfor irrigation. This may help to supply more water at the tail end of thecanal command area.

7) Where the quality of ground water is unsuitable (poor quality) for irrigationuse proper leaching arrangements to avoid salt accumulation and waterlogging by improving the drainage system.

8) The spacing in between two borewells may be kept about 300m to avoidmutual interferences. This may reduce up to 150m in canal/tankcommand areas.

9) The 1st phase of C.G.W.B. ground water exploration is completed for thedepth of less than100m, it is necessary to identify the deep aquifersbeyond 100m.

10) In O.E.areas, in areas with deep water levels and areas with poor qualityground water for artificial recharge with desilted surface water body liketanks etc and rain water may be used through dry dug wells using dugwell recharge method.

11) In the district probable roof top rainwater to be harvested in the unit areais about1.827m3, it may be used for artificial recharge, with suitablestructure.


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