Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi vokumaru-

wa kwakaita kuti zveMamiriro oKunze zviite kuti pave noKururamisira paka-

ti pevanhu vokumaruwa

Bhuku rino rakanyorwa sechikamu chechirongwa chinonzi Kukurudzira Kugadzirwa kweMamiriro eZvinhu mune zvoKunaya kweMvura

munzvimbo dzeVarimi Vadiki muSouthern nomuEastern Africa uye chirongwa ichi chakatangwa uye chikazadziswa pamwe chete neAfrika Kontakt neLa Via Campesina muSouthern neEastern Africa (LVC -SEAf),

pachiwanikwa rubatsiro runobva kune dzimwe shamwari.

Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi vokumaru-

wa kwakaita kuti zveMamiriro oKunze zviite kuti pave noKururamisira paka-

ti pevanhu vokumaruwa

Masanagano maviri anoti La Via Campesina neAfrika Kontakt anowirirana kuti tichiri kure chaizvo nokupedza dambudziko rokushayikwa kwemvura inonaya yakakwana. Chikamu chikuru chedambudziko iri hachisati chagadziriswa. Chikamu ichi ndechemafambisirwo ezvemari nemagariro avanhu pasi pose ari kuita kuti zvokunaya kwemvura zvipinduke. Naizvozvo, tinofanira kutaura zvakasimba kuti mafambiro ezvinhu aya apindurwe. . Tinofanira kupfuura ipapo tigowana chatinotaura kuti chiitwe pamusoro pokusarudzwa kwezvirongwa zvinoita kuti pave neshanduko inoonekwa. Panguva yeCOP21 muParis, vanonyunyuta zvine simba pamusoro pezvokunaya kwemvura vakanga vachiti panofanira kuva nokururamisira mafambisirwo ezvinhu achishandurwa kwete zvokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Vazhinji vevanhu vairatidzira ava vaibva kunyika dzakatarisana nehondo dzoupenyu dzinouyiswa nokushayiswa kwemvura inonaya. Kwavari kushanduka wkezvemanayiro emvura chinhu chiri chiri kutoitika zuva nezuva. Kwavari, hakudhisina nguva yokumbomirira vezvamatongerwo enyika kuti vawane zvavangaita. Kunze kwokuvamirira, vava kutoona zvavangaite ivo pachavo vachiita zvinhu zviri kushayirwa hanya nevezvematongerwo enyika kana vamwe vane masimba okudzika mitemo kana kuti zviri kurwiswa nmafambisirwo ezvinhu.

Chinangwa chebhuku rino ndechokuratidza matambudziko ari kusanganwa nawo nevarimi vadiki vomumaruwa nokuda wkokushanduka kwemanayiro emvura, uyewo nezvavari kuita pakupedza dambudziko iri. Bhuku iri rinoshandisa ruzivo rwevarimi vomumaruwa munyika dzinoti Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, D.R. Congo, Kenya, neMozambique. Nokuti vanhu ava vanoshandirana nezviwanikwa uye vachipona nazvo, ndivo vamwe vevanhu vari kunyanya kutambudzwa panyika pano nokuda kwokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Asi kushandirana kwavo nezviwanikwa kwakaita kuti ruzivo rwakakura rwakadzidziswa zvizvarwa nezvizvarwa zvigone kubatsira kupedza matambudziko oukushayikwa kwemvura. Zviri nkuitika iye zvino, nyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzichitaurirana, paine tarisiro huru inotyisa yokuti zvinhu zvichaipa kwazvo pane zvokushanduka kwamamiriro okunze mune ramangwana., zvinoita kuti vafanire kuwana chokuita nechimbichimbi. Tava kuziva kuti zvechokwadi kuti mafambisirwo ezvinhu akaita kuti manayiro emvura ashanduke haasi mafambisirwo ezvinhu ari kuzogadzirisa zvinhu. Isu tinofanira kuzarura meso edu kuti tione nzira dzokugadzirisa zvinhu dzakawanda dzatovapo, uye tinofanira kuona kuti dzatonyanya kuwanda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti panofanira kuva neshanduko mumafambisirwo ezvinhu pasi pose.

Tsananguro yemashoko Kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze: Kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze panyika uko kwakakonzerwa nezviito zvevanhu, izvo zvinozoita kuti panyika pano pa-nyanye kupisa uyewo zvichizoita kuti vanhu vasagona kuona kuti mvura ichanya here kana kuti kwete.

Makambani makuru: Aya ndiwo makambani makuru anoda kuwana mari purofiti yakakura pane zvemari (kana zvimwe zvinowanikwa nemari) kazhinji vachitengesa chinhu vasina hanya kuti chii chichaitika kunharaunda nokuvanhu kana vawa-na purofiti. Maererano nebhuku rino, makambani makuru aya kazhinji ndiwo anowanikwa munyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Transnational corporations (TNCs).

Kungotora zvinhu: Aya mashandiro uye namafungiro okuti Nyika haisi chinhu chine upenyu, asi chinhu (kunyange chichikosha zvacho) chokuwana nacho zvinhu uye chinofanira kutongwa chigoshandiswa kuti pawanikwe purofiti. Nhoroondo yemafungiro aya inoratidza kuti kodzero dzavanhu vomunharaunda uye nedzen-yika dzakakanganiswa kwazvo, uye ndiwo chikonzero chikuru chokuparadzwa kwevhu miti nezvimwe zviwanikwa, nokuti kazhinji zvinenge zvisingaonekwi sez-vinokosha kupfuura mari inogona kuwanikwa nemakambani kunyange nehuru-mende.

Magariro anosimudzira varume: Aya ndiwo mararamiro anodzvinyirira, anoshan-disa zvisina kukodzera uye anoona vanhukadzi sezvinhu zvokushandisa (miviri yavo, upenyu hwavo uye nokuva vakadzi kwavo), uye nezvebasa revanhukadzi (rokutopinda munhu achishandira mari kana rokungoshandawo, kushanda kwenguva yakarebesa uyewo nemhando yebasa nenzvimbo dzokushandira basa); zvichizoita kuti vashaye zvavanodawo kuwana (zvokushandisa, mvura, minda, kudzivirirwa maererano nezvinowanikwa munharaunda, uye nokuwana zvokudya zvakakwana zvinofanira kuwanikwa nomunhu wose). Magariro anosimudzira var-ume anowanikwa mutsika nemagariro akawanda izvo kazhinji zvinozoshandiswa kusimbisa mararamiro aya anoti mukuru ndiani uye ane simba ndiani.

Kugadzirisa zvinhu nenzira yemanyepo: Izvi ndizvo zvirongwa nemitemo inoku-rudzirwa nemakambani makuru nebhizimusi rezvokurima, uye nehurumende senzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvirongwa zvokugadzirisa izvi zvinoshandisa maonero ezvokuwana mari akashandiswa neavo vakaita kuti dambudziko rokushayikwa kwemvura inonaya rivepo. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuona zvinhu sezvinhu zvo-kutengesa, kungotora zvinhu, mbeu dzakashandurwa zvadzaimbova (GMOs) uye nezvemweya inoita panyika panyanye kupisa kana ichishandiswa mune zvokuri-ma, nezvimwewo. Kugadzirisa zvinhu nenzira yakadai kunoitwa nevemakambani epamusoro kune hwaro mune zvokutengeserana, uye naizvozvo zviichiita kuti pave nokushandiswa kwevanhu.

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Mweya inoita kuti panyika pano panyanye kupisa (Greenhouse gases (GHG)/emissions: Mweya iyi ndiyo chikonzero chikuru chiri kunyanya kuita kuti zvema-miriro okunze zvishanduke. Mweya inoendeswa muchadenga kana kwapiswa mafuta muindastiri, mukutakurwa kwezvinhu nemotokari, uye nokuparadzwa kwevhu nokusashandiswa zvakanaka kweminda zvinozoita kuti mamiriro ezvin-hu muchandenga ashanduke pagova nokupisa kwakanyanya, mamiriro okunze achizoshanduka.

Mbeu dzakashandurwa zvadzaimbova (GMO): Mbeu yakashandurwa zvayaimbova (Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), imbeu yakashandurwa kuti isabereka maber-ekero ayo, asi ibereke nenzira inodiwa nomumwe munhu. Mune zvokurima, izvi zvinowanzoitwa pakuita kuti mbeu ikunde simba remishonga yokuuraya makonye nemimwe yokupedza zvirwere zvembesa. Mitemo yaPasi Pose Inochengetedza Ruzivo rwaVanhu International Intellectual Property inopa mvumo kumakambani kuti anyorese kuti ndiwo varidzi vembeu inenge yashandurwa zvayaimbova ayo zvichizonzi zvakare ndivo vanotonga kuti achaitengesa ndiani.

Bhizimusi rezvokurima: Iyi ikambani huru inorima mbesa dzakasiyana-siyana dzokudya kana dzedonje kana zvimwe zvakadaro, kuti pawanikwe purofiti, kazhinji dzichitengeswa kune dzimwe nyika. Maererano nebhuku rino, tinotaura pamusoro pezvinowanikwa mushure mokunge michinha yamazuva ano yashandiswa sein-dastiri yezvokurima mumapurazi makuru, pachishandiswa fetiraiza yakagadziridz-wa nevanhu uye nemishonga yakadarowo, zvichitengeswa kunyika dzepasi pose.

Chinhu chokutengesa: Kuita kuti chinhu chive chokutengesa kuita kuti zvinhu, mabasa, pfungwa pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu, uye kunyange vanhu vaonekwe sezvinhu zvokutengesa (zvinogona kutengwa kana kutengeswa) zvinonzi ”zvinhu zvokutengesa.” Maonero ari kunzi ndiwo angagadzirisa zvinhu asi akarasika, ane hwaro hunoti vzinhu zvedu tose zvakaita semvura, uye nemhepo, zvinhu zvo-kutengesa.

Kuzvitonga zvizere pane zvokudya: Aya maonero okuti zvokuwanikwa kwez-vokudya zvinofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzevarimi vezvokudya kuti varime uye vashandise zvokudya zvakagara zvichidyiwa namadzitateguru edu sez-vokudya zvokungotengesa, uyewo nekodzero dzevanodya dzokuti vasarudze kuti vachadya zvokudya zvipi, uyewo nenzira ipi uye kuti zvinenge zvagadzirwa naani. Maonero aya anoramba simba remakambani makuru anoda kuwana purofiti kubva mukurimwa kwezvokudya. Kuzvitonga zvizere pane zvokudya ine chokuita nokushandurwa kwemashandiro ezvinhu – vanhu vachikwanisa kutonga zviri pachena zvikamu zvinokosha zvoamaramiro avo sevanhu – kuti tinodya sei, tino-simbiswa nei, tinoshandisa sei minda yedu, mvura nezvimwe zviwanikwa zvakati-komberedza uye tinozvichengetedza sei, kuti kuitira mhuri dzanhasi nedzamang-wana dzigowana zvakakwana, uyewo kuti tingagarisana sei nezvimwe zvikwata zvavanhu vane tsika namagariro akasiyana nesu.

Zvinoitika mushure mokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze zvinhu zvinotoonekwa Mashoko okushanduka kwemamiriro okunze anotaura pamusoro pokushanduka kukuru mumamiriro okunze paNyika kwakatanga kuonekwa kubvira kumagumo avana19.... Zvinokonzerwa nokuwanda kwemweya inopisa muchadenga pamwe chete nokusakara kwezvi-wanikwa kunoita kuti zvisakwanisa kusunga mweya iyoyo. Izvi zvinoi-ta kuti mamiriro ezvokunze panyika ashanduke zvinhu zvichizotadza kufamba nenzira yakanaka, mwaka ichirega kuita zvinotarisirwa, somuenzaniso kunaya kwemvura, Kunogonawo kuva namafashamu, kunaya wkemvura ine dutu guru kana kusanaya kwemvura.

Kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze kuri kukonzera kuparadzwa kwezvakawanda kunyange zvazvo zvinoitika nokuda kwokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze zvichikanganisa vanhu vose zvisinei nemigan-hu yenyika, nemimwe miganhu yakagadzirwa, avo vakaita kuti pave neshanduko yemamiriro okunze havasi ivo vari kutakura mutoro wacho. Chokwadi ndechekuti, kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze kuri kukanganisa uye kuchakanganisa zvisiri pamwero vanhu vasina kuita kuti dambudziko iri rivepo. Kunyange zvazvo hurukuro pamusoro pokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze pamwero wemunyika yose, kazhinji dzichinge dziri pamusoro pezvinofungidzirwa kuti ndizvo zvichaitika, uye nenjodzi inofungidzirwa yevanhu vachatama kubva kwavanogara, zvichaitika zvava kutoitika kare muupenyu hwevanhu vanogara mumaruwa enyika dzinonzi dzeZasi (Global South). Vanhu vari kunyanya kusiyiwa kunze. Vokumaruwa, madzimai okumaruwa, vanhu vasina minda nevamwe vagari vomunyika dzavo (indige-sous communities) mazuva ose vanosangana nezvinoitika nokuda kwokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze.

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Kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze, kungopisa zvisina tsarukano, njodzi dzemafashanu uye nokusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanya uye kwenguva refu, zvakakanganisa zvakanyanya avo vanorarama upenyu hunotsigirwa neminda uye vakashanyirwa vakadzidzirwa nezvavo kuti bhuku rino rinyorwe.

Nzvimbo yeSub-Sahara kunyanya iri kukanganiswa, kwazvo nezvinoi-tika kana mamiriro okunze ashanduka, zvokuti makore akatevedzana okushayikwa kwemvura inonaya panguva yokurima nokushanduka kwezvamamiriro okunze zvakaita kuti kuve nenzara uye kungoshayik-wa kwemvura.

Sangano rinobatanidza Nyika dzePasi Pose (United Nations) raati nzara dzakawanda mumakore apfuura munyika dzakaita se So-malia, Sudan, Burundi neEthiopia, uyewo mafashamu achiitika kuMozambique, Malawi neZimbabwe, nokuda kwokunaya kwemvura yakawanda, zvakaita kuti vanhu vazhinji vafe uye vamwe varasikir-wenemisha yavo. Pamusoro pezvo, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa zvinoratidza kuti muSouthern Africa kupisa kuchava kwakapetwa kamwe chete nehafu kupfuura mudzimwe nzvimbo pasi pano, mumakore ari kutevera, zvichiratidza kuti zvinhu zvichange zvakaipa kwazvo munz-vimbo iyi kana zvinhu zvikasagadziriswa neNyika yose kuti zvidzokere pazvaimbova.

Basa rezvamaindastiri riri kusundwa nokuda purofiti kwose kwose ndiro riri kunyanya kukonzera kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Ma-fambisirwo ezvinhu panguva ino pasi pose pakugadzira zvinhu uye nokudyiwa kwazvo kunoitika chete kana pashandiswa mafuta, ayo ari kukonzera kuti muchandenga muve nemweya inopisa zvichizoita zvakare kuti zvokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze zvinyanye kuipa. Mhando yokuti vanhu vabudirire isina kwayakarerekera, ine zvinang-wa zvokuti pave nepurofiti, pave nokuwanda kwezvinhu kusina muganhu uye nokuwanda kwevanhu vanotengeserwa vakawanda, ndiyo imwe iri kuita kuti pave nokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze.

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Vanhu vakawanda kwazvo vari kurarama upenyu hwakaoma huri kukonzerwa nokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Panguva imwe cheteyo, avo vari vakakonzera izvozvo vari kuramba vari ivo vari muz-vinzvimbo zvesimba nokutonga. Vapamusoro pane zvemakambani vakatonyanya kusimbisa kutonga kwavo pane zvemitemo inodzikwa pasi pose, zvichireva kuti vari kumakidzira zvido zvavo mumitemo yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze pasi pose., panguva imwe cheteyo vachitadzisa basa ripi zvaro ringaitwa kuti pamiswe zvachose kunyanya kupisa kuri kuitika panyika pano. More and more people are living the dreadful effects of climate change.

Seiko pachifanira kuva noKururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze? Kururamisira Kwechokwadi pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze kunoti kurwa nedambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze haisi nyaya yokungorwa pane zvingaitwa kuti zvinhu zvigadziriswe chete maererano noruzivo runowanikwa kuchikoro. Kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze kwakavapowo nokuda kwokusashanda wkemafambisirwo ezvinhu panguva ino uye nokuda kunogona chete kugadziriswa nokushandura mafambisirwo ezvinhu. Kururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze kurwa kuti pave neshanduko mune zvokuwanikwa kwemari pasi pano upfumi hugogoveranwa nenzira yakarurama. Kurwa neurongwa hunopa simba kune vepamusoro pane zvemabhizimusi, avo vakakonzera dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze, asi vari kupiwawo basa rokuti vagadzirise zvinhu..

Chimwe chinhu chiri kunyanya kusunda kushandukwa kwemamiriro okunze chinosanganisiriwo mawanirwo anoitwa zvokudya.

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Vanotonga ndivo vanonzi vari mubhizimusi rezvokurima, chikwata chemakambai makuru anoda kutonga zvinhu pamusoro peminda, mbeu nezvose zvinoitwa pakuwanikwa kwezvekudya. Vanowana mapurofit makuru kwazvo kubva mukutorera varimi vokumaruwa, uye vane marimiro anoparadza masango uye anoshandisa mafuta akawanda. Vanoshandisa simba ravo kuona kuti zvavanoda zviitwe pakudzikwa kwemitemo yenyika dzakasiyana-siyana uye nepasi pose, kusanganisira mitemo inenge ichifanira kugadzirisa dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze, zvichizoita kuti pane nemabasa emanyepo akaita se”Kurima Kwakangwara Kunotarisana neKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze” (Climate Smart Agriculture [CSA]), ”Kuderedzwa kwoKukanganiswa uye noKuparadzwa kweMasango” (Reduction of Forest Degradation and Destruction (REDD/REDD+)”, “Blue Carbon, nezvimwewo.

Simba rinofanira kudzorerwa kuvarim vokumaruwa avo vanoshanda muminda uye vane ruzivo rwokuti vawanise vanhu vose vapanyika zvokudya. Bhizimusi rezvokurima rinofunga kuti ringagdzirisa

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zvinhu richishandisa pfungwa dzokuti vanhu vakaramba vachiwana mai yakawanda zvisinei kuti kuti chii chinoitika, harisi kuzopedza dambudziko. Kunze kwokudaro, richazongoita zvinhu zvinodzivirira zvido zvevari pamusoro mumabhizimusi kwete vanhu vose vose. Nyika iri kuda kushanduka mumafambisirwo ezvinhu tichibva pakuti kuwana mari ndicho chinhu chikuru, uye btigoshandura mawaniro atiri kuita zvokudya kuti tigodzivirira nharaunda asi tichiwanisawo vanhu zvokudya.

Bhokisi 1: Vepamusoro mune zveMabhizimusi

“Vepamusoro mune zvamabhizimusi” ndiwo mabhizimusi makuru vakawanda mari yakawanda kwazvo kubudikidza nokutonga kwavo zvikamu zvikuru zvekunotengeserwa zvinhu zvakaita sembeu dzakanzi dzine varidzi uye nemafetiraiza. Chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechokuona kuti mabhizimusi avo akura. Naizvozvo, havana hanya chaiyo pamusoro pezvinoitika kuvanhu uye nokune zvimwe zvisikwa chero vachiwana mari yavo. Kuwanikwa kwemari yakawanda kunoita kuti vave nesimba rakawanda panenge pachiitwa sarudzo nevezvamatongerwo enyika, nokuti mabhizimusi akadai ava nemari yakawanda pasi pose zvokuti vane simba rokutonga zvinoitwa pasarudzo dzepasi paose dzinoitwa, somuenzaniso, Musangano weMapato COP1 (Conference of Parties COP1, G8(202), the EU3 neSADC4 .) Vanoshandisa simba ravo kudzika mitemo inosimbisa zvido zvavo chete, kwete vanhuwo zvavoe.

Vanogona kuita izvi kunyange zvazvo vasina kusarudzwa

1 Musangano weMapato2 Chikwata cheVasere/Makumi Maviri3 Mubatanidzwa weYuropu4 Southern Africa Development Community

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nezvoruzhinji kuti vasvike pachinzvimbo ichocho uye naizvozvo hakuna wavanofanira kuudza zvavanoita kunze kwevanhu vari mumakambani avo. Makambani makuru akaita seMonsanto, Agrium, Bayer, Yara, Cargill, Mosaic, ChemChina neDowDupont, kuti pangotaurwa vashoma chete ari mubhizimusi rezvokurima, ane zvikamu zvikuru mubhizimusi rezvokurima uye anoshandisa chinvzimbo ichi kuti vawane mapurofiti makuru – kazhinji vachikanganisira mamiriro okunze uye navarimi vadiki.

Kunyange zvazvo vepamusoro mune zvemakambai, vachiita zvinhu vasina hanya, vasina basa nokuti chi chichazoitika, pasina kurangwa, ndivo vawme vevanhu vari kuita kuti zvemamiriro okunze zvinyanye kuipa, havasi ivo vari kuwana chirango, asi vari kutokokwa kumisangano yokusarudza zvinofanira kuitwa uye vagobatsira kunyorwa mitemo mimwe cheteyo inofanira kutonga zvavanoita. Panguva imwe cheteyo, varimi vokumaruwa (pamwe chete nevashandi vomumapurazi, vawme vanhu vasina minda, vasina mafuro uye navamwe vanorarama nokubata hove), pamwe chete nevanodya zvinotengeswa vanobviswa munzvimbo dzavo kana kuti vanokurudzirwa (kazhinji vachiita zvokumanikidzwa) kuti vaende kumabasa kana kuti vararame upenyu hunoenderana nezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zveindastiri uye nokushandiswa kwazvo, vanosiyiwa kuti vatambudzike nokuda kwezvinoitika nokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze uye havakokwi kuti vazovapowo panosarudzwa zvokuita.

Chikamu chikuru pakuwana Kururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze ndechokugadzirisa zvokugovaniswa kwezvokudya mune zvokuwanikwa kwezvokudya kuti pave nokuenzanisira. Musangano rino, zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa

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zvinoonekwa sezvinofanira kuitwa mune zvokuwanikwa kwezvokudya, rakavakwa kubva pahwaro hwokubatana kwavanhu vari kukanganiswa nokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze uye mazwi avo akanzi asanzwikwa mukurwisa kwavo kushandukwa kwemamiriro okunze, vachitadziswa zvavanoda kuita neavo vane masimba, uye madzimai vanova ndivo vanoita basa rokupa zvokudya munzvimbo dzavo, varume vavo vari kumabasa. Madzimai okumaruwa aya navarume ndivo vari mberi mberi vakatarisana nedambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze, uye vari kuwana zvokukunda nazvo dambudziko iri zuva nezuva. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitwa nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidza kuti zvavakawana mukugadzirisa dambudziko iri zvinogona kubatsira kuderedza dambudziko iri uye vagorarama upenyu hunoona kuti riripo5 6, vachigona kuchengeta mhuri dzavo uye vachibatsira kuti vanhu vasimbePanofanira kuva neshanduko mune zvokuwanikwa kwezvokudya, zvichionekwa kuti simba, pfuma, nemabasa anopiwa vanhu vagoverwa vanhu zvichitorwa kune vepamusoro zvichiendeswa kune vanozvirima nokuzvigadzira, vanova ndivo vangagona batsira chaizvo kupedza dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze.

Kugadzirisa Zvinhu neNzira yaManyepoZviri kuitwa mazuva ano zviri kunzi kugadzirisa zvinhu zviri kuitwa nevatungamiri vemakambani makuru kuti dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze ripere, kazhinji kacho zvinhu zvinokanganisa kodzero dzavanhu. Kunyange zvazvo veCOP nemasangano kaita seKomiti yeUN yeZvokuwanikwa kweZvokudya

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5 IFAD, 2011: Smallholders can feed the world. https://bit.ly/2fFO4DQ6 IFAD, 2013: Smallholders, food security and the environment. https://bit.ly/2IJ0Ko3

Kwakakwana (UN Committee on Food Security [CFS]), Sangano reUN rezvokudya noKurima (UN Food and Agriculture Organisation [FAO]), Rio+20 (UNCSD), Bhangi rePasi Pose, (the World Bank) nemamwe vari kuita sevava kutanga kunzwisisa ukama huripo pakati pokuwanda kwemweya inopisa muchadenga nebhizimusi rokurima, mhinduro dzavo kudambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze dziri kuramba dzichiita sedzichapedzisira dzasvitsa vanhu pane zvakakanganiswa nevakatanga Rumutsidziro rweNyika Yakasvibirira (the Green Revolution) (ona Bbokisi 3).

Kugadzirisa Zvinhu neNzira yaManyepo sezvinoitwa muKurima Kwakangwara Kunotarisana neKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze (Climate Smart Agriculture) umo munoshandiswa mashoko akatorwa kubva kune zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZvimowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa, asi achishandiswa pasi pemarimiro eindastiri yezvokurima7 8. Vanosanganisirawo marimiro anoti gejo harifaniri kushandiswa uye mbeu dzisina kuzvimerera dzoga hadzifaniri kushandoiswa. Kunyange zvazvo vachishandisa mashoko anoshandiswa mune zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZvimowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa, mune zvavanoti zviitwe hamuna zvinombotaurwa pamusoro pekodzero dzokuti vanhu vawane zvokudya zviri munharaunda yavo uye zvinovaka muviri, mararamiro anoremekedzeka, minda nesarudzo yokuti vanoda kuti chii chiitwe, zvinhu zvinokosheswa mune zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZvimowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa.

Zvakarongwa neveKurima Kwakangwara Kunotarisana neKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze (Climate Smart Agriculture), ndizvo zvimwe chetezvo zvinoti matambudziko makuru ezvemagariro evanhu nezvamatongerwo enyika anogona kugadziriswa nokuuyisa

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7 Food First, 2014: UN-masking Climate Smart Agriculture https://foodfirst.org/press-releases/un-masking-climate-smart-agriculture/ 8 JPS, 2017: Climate Smart Agriculture: What is it good for? http://tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03066150.2017.1312355

ruzivo rwezvemichina kuzogadzirisa matambudziko evarimi vomumaruwa ”vasina kusimukira” uye ”vasina kudzidza.” Mafungiro aya akatangira kuRumutsidziro rweNyika Yakasvibirira (the Green Revolution). Nenzira iyi, upfume hweavo vanowana chimuko kubva magadziriro ezvinhu aya, ivo vemabhizimusi makuru okurima vanochengetedzwa. Ichi chimwe chirongwa che Rumutsidziro rweNyika Yakasvibirira (the Green Revolution). Vanoti Kurima Kwakangwara Kunotarisana neKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze (Climate Smart). asi akangwara ndiani?

Pachiitwa zvimwe chetezvo, zvirongwa zveCOP9 zvakasimbisa zvokugadzirisa zvinhu nenzira yamanyepo zvinochengetedza zvokutengesera zvinhu zviri sezvazviri uye vakapazvirongwa zvemari zvakaita seCDM, REDD, Blue Carbon, uye nezvokushandiswa kwemupfudze kuti udziyise zvinhu (BECCS). Pane zvinokuvadza

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9 Conference of Parties

zvakawanda zviri kupiwa nevane simba kuti vanhu vambokanganwa zvavanoda, Zvibvumirano zvisina simba romutemo uye nokusiyiwa kunze kweavo vane chokuita nemabasa makuru ezvemari, zvinotobatsira vane simba ava kuti vasiyane nezvikonzero zvikuru zvinoita kuti pave nokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze, ivo vepamusoro mumakambani makuru uyewo nevatungamiri vezvemari panguva ino. Vanoti kugadzirisa zvinhu nenzira yamanyepo kunogona kumisa kuwanda kwemweya inopisa iri kuenda muchadenga. Asi chiri kuitika ndechokutizvavari kuita izvi hazvina chazvinobatsira pakupedza matambudziko aripo. Chiri kuitika ndechokuti zviri kutosimudzira chinzvimbo chokuona zvinhu sezvokungotengesa, vachikurudzira mashoko emanyepo okuti kuisa zvemabhizimusi uye nezvorima seindastriri pazhishandiswa michina ndizvo chete zvinogona kushanda pakurwisa kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Kururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze hakusi kuzopiwa nevari kumusoro asi kuchabva kune vari pasi.

Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi Vokumaruwa Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi Vokumaruwa inzira yokurarama nayo inoremekedza Nyika uye ichida kuichengeta, kwete sechinhu chokuita mari nacho. Inzira yokurarama nayo inonzwisisa kuti ukama hwepedyo huri pakati pevanhu nenharaunda dzavagere hahugoni kuderedzwa kusvika hwanzi ndohwemari yakati uye mararamiro aya anonzwisisa kuti kuita izvozvo kunotungamirira mukuparadzwa kwavanhu nenyika. Tsika nemagariro acho zvakavakwa pahwaro hwokugovana mbeu noruzivo, hwokudyara mbeu dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvinhu zvose zvichidzokorora kushandiswa kuitira kuti ivhu rive nokudya kwakanaka. Iyi inzira yokurarama nayo yevarimi vokumaruwa uye hahugoni kutsinhaniswa nemari. Kana vanhu vakagamuchira

mararamiro aya, uye vakagoverana ruzivo nezvavakasangana nazvo muupenyu nevamwe varimi vokumaruwa, ruzivo rutsva runodiwa pakurima munguva yokushanduka kwemammiriro okunze runozowanikwa, uye ipapo ndipo pane hwaro hweKuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi Vokumaruwa. Zvokudya zvinofanira kurimwa kuti vanhu vawane zvokudya, kwete kuti vawane purofiti. Vagari vokumaruwa vanoshandisa kuchengetedzwa kwezvinowanikwa munharaunda dzevarimi vanogona kumira uye vachizotanga zvakare mushure memamiriro okunze anoita kuti pane nokushayikwa kwemvura kana mafashamu. Pachishandiswa ruzivo rwakabva kumadzitateguru, mbeu dzakagara dzichirimwa uye vachidyara mbeu dzakasiyana-siyana, varimi vanokwanisa kuva nezvokudya zvakasiyana-siyana zvinopa utano kwavari nemhuri dzavo. Kana vakadyra mbeu dzakasiyana-siyana diki dzkaita semapfunde nemhunga, vanogona kuchengeta zvavanenge vakohwa kwamakore akawanda, uye mbeu idzi hadzidi mvura inonaya yakawanda. Kana vakashandisa mupfudze, vanochengetedza ivhu, kunze kwokuriparadza kuitira kuti padyarwe miti yemakambani makuru, uye vanochengetedza uswa nemiti zvinozogona kuchengeta mvura. Kana vakashanisa mupfudze unogona kuwanikwa pamusha, varimi vokumaruwa vanogona kuchengetedza zvokudya zvevhu zvigoramba zvichishandiswa Hazvisi izvi chete, asi kana vakarima zvinoshandiswa munyika muno kwete zvokutengesa pasi pano pose, vachashandisa mafuta mashoma, uye pagova nemweya inodziya muchadenga mishoma (kubudikidza nokutakurwa wkembusa uye nokugadzirwa wkezvokudya zvichizoendeswa kuzvitoro}, uye naizvozvo vanokosha mukurwa nedambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze.. Zvokudya zvinorimirwa kutengesera dzimwe nyika zvinobvisa zvokudya zvevhu, zvinotozofanira kudzorerwa pakare nedzimwe nzira dzakaita semafetiraiza nemishonga yokuuraya makonye, zvinokuvadza ivhu zvichizoisa varimi mumamiriro ezvinhu okuti varimi vanofanira kutenga mimwe mishonga kubva kumakambani makuru ari mubhizimusi rokurima..

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Izvi ndizvo zvinoitwa nemakambani makuru ari mubhizimusi rokurima, sezvo ari chikamu chezvokutengwa nokutengeswa kwezvokudya, kuti vawane vanhu vanoda kutenga fetiraiza dzavo, naizvozvo vachizoita kuti vagari vokumaruwa varambe vachitenga fetiraiza. Asi vagari vokumaruwa vanofanira kurima vachishandisa zviwanikwa zvine utano kuminda yavo, kwete zvinoita kuti varambe vachida mafetiraiza. Zvokuchengetedzwa kwezvinowanikwa munharaunda dzevarimi vokumaruwa hakupisi kushandiswa kwezvemichina zvitsva. Chokwadi ndechokuti, zvokuchengetedzwa kwezvinowanikwa munharaunda dzevarimi zvinoenderana noruzive rwesainzi, uye zvinoita zvinotobatsira kuti zvokukurudzirwa uye nokushandiswa kwezvemichina zviitwe nenzira inobatsira vanhu. Asi zvinopikisana nezvemichina zvipi zvazvo zvinoshandiswa nevepamusoro mumamakambani makuru kuti vawane simba rokutonga zvose zvinoitwa pakutengeserana zvokudya, uye zvinokanganisa kana kuparadza kodzero dzevanorima zvokudya nevanozvidya, zvichinzi pawanikwe purofiti yakawanda. Dai zvemichina izvi zvaibatsira kuti chinzvimbo chevanhu vokumaruwa chisimbiswe pane zvavanorima, nyika dzavo, zvetsika namagariro avo, uye noupenyu hwavo, uye dai zvaigona kubatsira kuita kuti pave nokururamisira pane zvokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze, zvaizogona kubatsira kuti upenyu hwevanhu vokumaruwa huve huri nani.. Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi Vokumaruwa noruzivo runova hwaro, mararamiro anoita kuti vagari vokumaruwa vashande pamwe chete uye vachienderana nezvinodiwa nevhu nezvinowanikwa munharaunda. Zviri kutoita kuti pave nokukunda mukurwa nokushandukwa kwemamiriro okunze. Kunyange zvakadaro, kubudirira kuri kukanganiswa pachinhanho chimwe nechimwe nemafambiro ezvinhu aripo anoti kurimwa wkezvokudya kunofanira kupa purofiti.

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Bhokisi 2: Dambudziko rokupona nevamwe

Mabhizimusi makuru ezvokurima ane simba rokuudza hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana uye nevagari vokumaruwa kuti vanofanira kushndisa mari yavo kutenga zvinhu zvemakambai aya zvakaita semafetiraiza, mishonga yokuuraya makonye nembeu dzakauchikwa. Vanotengesa izvi vachiti ndizvo zvinoita kuti vanhu varime mbeu dzakawanda uye dzakanaka.

Uku kugadzirisa zvinhu nenzira yamanyepo. Kana vagari vokumaruwa vakagamuchira nzira yamanyepo iyi, avchava vanhu vanopona nokutenga zvinhu zvevemabizimisi makuru ezvokurima, vagova vanhu vanoparadzirwa ruzivo rwomunzvimbo dzavo uye nezvetsika namagariro avo zvinoita kuti vachengetedze ivhu, vachebgetedze nharaunda uye varime mbeu dzavo, kana pachitaurwa zvishoma chete. Nenzira iyi, makambani makuru aya ari kuita kuti vagari vokumaruwa vapone nemakambani makuru, uye kuti vagari vokumaruwa vatadze kuchengeta purofiti yavowo.

Kana vangobatwa mumafambiro ezvinhu aya, vagari vokumaruwa vanogona kuwira munjodzi yokurasikiwra noruzivo rwakasiyiwa nemadzitateguru rwokurima zvokudya nenzira ine pundutso. Izvi zvinokanganisa kwazvo kugona kwevarimi vokumaruwa kushandisa nzira dzokurima nadzo dzinopa upenyu kuvhu uye dzichiita kuti paNyika pave panotonhorera.

Zvokupona nevamwe zvinoitwa uye zvigosimbiswa nenziar dzinotevera:

Mbeu dzinogadzirwa nemakambani makuru hadzizoshandi mum-waka unotevera, zvichireva kuti varimi vanofanira kutenga mbeu gore negore. Kushandisa mbeu idzi kuchaita kuti varimi vapone nokutenga mbeu dzemakambani makuru ezvokurima.

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Kupona nefetiraiz imogadzirwa nevanhu kunokanganisa utano hwevhu zvokuti harizogoni kugadzira zvimwe zvokudya. Mushure memwaka mishoma shoma kazhinji ivhu rinogona kusara rave pedyo nokufa, uye varimi havazogoni kurima dzimwe mbeu pasi-na kushandiswa kwemafetiraiza akawanda.

Kune zvirongwa zvinokurudzira varimi kuti vatore zvikwereti kuitira kuti vawane zvinotengeswa nemakambani aya. Pakupedzi-sira, izvi zvinosiya vagari vokumaruwa vava nezvikwereti, minda yavo yaparadzwa, uye kana mwaka ikasava yakanaka (nokuda kwokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze), vagari vokumaruwa vanosara vava kurima vachikohwa zvishoma uye vane chikwereti chavasingagoni kuripa.

ZvoKuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi Vokumaruwa zvinobatsira uye zvinogona kupedza dambudziko rokuti varimi vanopona nevamwe, nokuti zvinobatsira kuti ivhu rive noutanho hwakanaka zvakare, zvichizoita kuti zvokuwanikwa kwezvokudya zvive zvakazvimiririra zvoga (zvichisanganisira mbeu dzinoshandiswa zvakakodzera munzvimbo yadzo) kumaruwa, uye nokuona kuti nzvimbo dznofanira kurimwa zvokudya dzarimwa zvokudya kuti vanhu vapone.

21Buy CorporateSeeds

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Bhizimusi reZvokurima: Riri Kugadzira Zvimhingamupinyi RichizvishandisaKutora zvakare mabasa okurima kubva kuvatengesi vezvokurima vepasi pose ivo makambani makuru ari kutonga ndicho chinhu chikuru pakurwa nedambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Mabasa anoita kuti vanhu vashandise mafuta akawanda muindastiri yezvokurima inotevedza zveRumutsidziro rweNyika Yakasvibirira (Green Revolution) zvinopamhidzira kuwanda kwemweya inoita kuti panyika panyanye kupisa inova ndiyo inonyanya kuita kuti pave nokushandukwa kwemamiriro okunze. Chimwe chinhu chiri kunyanya kuita kuti nedambudziko iri rivepo injodzi iripo pakutorwa kweminda ichishandiswa pane zvimwe zvinhu. Kuita izvozvo kunoparadza zviwanikwa zvenyika zvakawanda kuti padyarwe miti yemhando imwe chete, inozoita kuti Nyika itadziswe kushandisa carbon mumhepo . Tichifunga izvi, tinofanira kugadzirisa dambudziko remaonero okuti zvinhu ndezvokungotengesa mune zvokurima.

Bhokisi 3: Rumutsidziro rweNyika Yakasvibirira (Green Revolution). Njodzi yakangozvigarirawo zvayo

LRumutsidziro rweNyika Yakasvibirira (Green Revolution) ndiro zita rakapiwa maonero akatorwa kune zvemichina nemashandiro eindastiri yokurima. Michina inoshandiswa inoshandisa mafuta akawanda kuitira kuti pawanikwe mari yakawanda kubva mukurima, Inosanganisira michina mikuru yokurimisa, mafetiraiza nembeu dzakashandurwa zvadzaimbova pakutanga, nezvimwewo.

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Vanhu vanotorerwa nzvimbo yavo nemichina mikuru yokurimisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti panozodiwa vashandi vashoma, asi mafiuta akawanda ndiwo achazoshandiswa zvichita kuti nmweya weCO2 wakawanda. Kushandiswa kwemafetiraiza kunoita kuti pave neN2O yakawanda mumhepo, uye inokuvadzawo ivhu, ichiita kuti vagari vokumaruwa vafanire kutenga fetiraiza gore negore. Zvemichina izvi zvishanda kwazvo mukudyara miti yemhando imwe chete, pachidiwa minda mikuru, kazhinji pachizoparadzwa masango, zvichizoita kuti pave nemweya weCO2 wakawanda.

Shanduko idzi, dzakauyiswa nenyaya yokuti kuve nemaindastiri, zvinoratidza chimwe chinhu chikuru chimoitika kana vanhu vakasiya marimiro epasi chigare kuti vaite zveindastiri. Mashandiro amazuva ano aya anoshandisa mafuta akawanda kupfuura anodiwa pakurima kumaruwa vanhu vachishandisa Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa. Chokwadi ndechokuti marimiro aya anotoramba kushanda kana pasina kupiswa kwemafuta ane mutengo wakaderera. Kushanda nemafuta uku kunotonga zvakawanda. Ndokusaka kuedza kugadzirisa mafambiro ezvinhu (pachishandiswa kugadzirisa zvinhu nenzira yamanyepo) zvisiri kuzoshanda pakuderedza uwandu hwemweya inoendeswa muchadenga.

Mbeu Dzakashandurwa Zvadzaimbova (Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), pamwe chete nembeu dzakauchikwa ndizvo zvimwe zhinhu zviri kunzi neveRumutsidziro rweNyika Yakasvibirira (Green Revolution) ndizvo zvingashanda pakupedza dambudziko rokushanduka wkemamiriro okunze uye vanhu vose vapanyika vagowana zvokudya zvakakwana, asi zviri kutokuvadza vagari vokumaruwa nemagariro avo. Mbeu idzi ndedzemakambani makuru ezvokurima akaita seMonsanto, Bayer, DowDuPont, kana ChemChina; makambani anoshandisa masimba ezvemari neezvematongerwo enyika kuita hurumende dzidzike mitemo inoti varimi vokumaruwa vanorima vachitevedza zvechinyakare vari kukanganisa,

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pavanogovana mbeu kana kuchengeta mbeu. Nenzira iyi, vanomanikidzira varimi kuti vatenge mbeu dzakagadziridzwa pamwe chete nemafetiraiza nemishonga yokuuraya makonye yakagadzirirwa kushanda pamawe chete nembeu idzi. Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinokurudzira vagari vokumaruwa kuti vatore zvikwereti kuitira kuti vagotenga mishonga iyi inokuvadza ivhu pamwe chete nembeu10.

Mimwe mitemo yezvembeu yava kutokanganisa varimi kuSouth Africa11, ichiita kuti varimi vafanire kuita zvimwe zvinhu, ivhu richikuvadzwa uye pachionekwa kuti makambani makuru atengerwa mbeu12. Kune dzimwe nyika dzakaita seUganda neTanzania, mitemo iyi yakatosimbiswa munguva ichangopfuura13. Mitemo iyi kazhonji inonzi ivepo kuitira kuti zvirongwa zvorubatsiro zvivepo kubva kunyika dzinoshandisa marimiro iwaya. Marimiro aya anoshandiswa kupfumisa vepamusoro mumakambani makuru uye zvokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze zvigomyanya kuipa mweya inoita kuti muchandenga mupise ichiwanda, zvinhu zvichinyanya kuipira vagari vokumaruwa mukurwira Kururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze.

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10 Grain 2015: Land and Seed Laws Under Attack: Who is Pushing Changes in Africa? https://bit.ly/2GpQhkG11 African Center for Biodiversity 2017: Seed Capture in South Africa: A Threat to See Freedom, But Seed Movements Fight Back. https://bit.ly/2InvlY912 African Center for Biodiversity 2017: Harmonised Corporate Seed Laws in Africa: Where does this leave smallhold farmers? https://bit.ly/2q1IQ8q13 African Center for Biodiversity, 2016: Changing Seed and Plant Variety Protection Laws in Tanzania. https://bit.ly/2pVQzW7

Kunyange zvazvo nyika iri kuomerwa, makambani makuru aya ari kuona mukana wokuwana purofiti yakakura. Vachitarisira kuti vanhu vachada zvokudya zvakawanda mumakore ari kutevera, vebhizimusi rokurima vari kuronga kuti vazova ivo chete vari kurima uye vachitengesa zvinhu voga pamyika pano uye vagodzidzisa vanhu tsika yokungotora zvinhu vachishandisa marimiro eindastiri yokurima anoparada. Hurumende dzimwe chetedzo dzinoita misangano yokugadzirisa dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze nenzira yamanyepo paMusangano weMapato (COP) kuti dzishandure mitemo iri munyika dzomuAfrica kuti zvinhu zvinakire makambani makuru aya. Mitemo iyi inosanganisira kudzika mitemo inoti marimiro echinyakare ari kuitwa iye zvino navanhu vokumaruwa haana kunaka, zvichisanganisira tsika dzakafanana nedzokuchengeta mbeu uye nokugoverana mbeu dzacho. Pasi peMubatanidzwa mutsva weKuwanisa Zvokudya Zvakakwana zvine Utano, nyika gumi dzomuAfrica dzinosanganisira Mozambique dzinofanira kushandura mitemo yezvembeu kuitira kuti dziwane rubatsiro kubva kuvabatsiri veG8 (iyo yava G2014). Kazhinji mitemo yakadai inoendesa

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pamberi kuwanikwa kwemapurofiti emakambani makuru kupfuura vanhu nenyika ino uye anenge achienderana nezvibvumirano zvokutengeserana zvenyika dzakawanda. Makambani ane simba ayo anotonga zvemichina yokurimisa seindastriri anoudza hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana kuti dzipe rutsigiro wrepamutemo uye norwemari kuti zvemichina izvi zvimanikidzirwe pavanhu vokumaruwa pasi pose. Kupararira kwemhando yeindastiri yokurima iyi iri kuisa zveKuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa munjodzi, izvo zviri kurwira Kururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze. VeBhizimusi roKurima vanoti ivo voga ndivo vanogona kupedza dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze pamwe chete nokushayikwa kwezvokudya zvakakwana vachishandisa chirongwa chinoparadza ichi. Asi ndiwo mashandiro mamwe chetewo akaita kuti pane nematambudziko aripo, uye achiri kukuvadza vanhu vokumaruwa nokuita kuti vatore zvikwereti vagotenga mbeu, fetiraiza nemishonga yokuuraya makonye zvinogadzirwa namakambani makuru aya. Mashandiro aya anoita kuti vave nesimba rakawanda mukuwanikwa kwe kwezvokudya panyika pano nokutora minda uye nokudzvinyirira ruzivo rwevanhu vakagara vari munyika dzavo. Chinhu chikuru apne zvinotaurwa nevebhizimusi rokurima ndechokuti vanobvisa nyaya dzokusaruramisira kubva mumanzwisisiro edu okushanduka wkemamiriro okunze. Namamwe mashoko, nokuti vanoti kugadziriswa kwedambudziko rokushandukwa kwemamiriro okunze kunogona kuitwa pachishandiswa zvemichina (zvinhu zvinotsigirwa norumutsidziro rwenyika yakasvibirira (green revolution) uye kwete zvematongerwo enyika (izvo zviri kudiwa muKururamisira mune zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze). Naizvozvo pavanotengesa zvinhu zvavo senzira yokugadzirisa dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze, vanenge vaiudza hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana kuti

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14 Group of Twenty

dzikurudzire marimiro eindastiri yokurima pakati pevarimi vadiki. Pavanouyisa varimi vadiki mukurima sebhjzimusi pasi pose, vanenge vachivamanikidzira kuti vapinde muurongwa rokuti bhizimusi rezvokurima ndiro rimotonga zvose zvinodiwa pakurimwa kwezvokudya. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ruzivo rwevagari vomumaruwa runenge ruchidzvinyirirwa. Kazhinji, zvinyorwa pamusoro pedambudziko iri zvanga zvichishandiswa kusimbisa kutorwa kweminda kana kutorwa kwezvimwe zvinhu. Mashoko okuti minda inofanira kushandiswa ennzira inopa mari yakawanda, somuenzaniso inosimba pakuti varimi vokumaruwa havagoni kuchengeta minda yavo. Nenzira iyi, makambani makuru ezvebhizimusi rokurima anopindira uye otora minda yevarimi vokumaruwa, vachishandura mamiriro ezviwanikwa kuti ave masango omuti wemhando imwe chete inozotengeswa kunze kwenyika, vachiita kuti Nyika ive chinhu chokungotengesa uye vachitora zviwanikwa kubva mumaoko evanhu vokumaruwa vachizviita zvevepamusoro mumakambani makuru epasi pose. Chinhanho chokutanga mukurwira Kururamisira mune zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze ndechokurwisa zvinyorwa zvakadai zvemanyepo. Vanhu nezviwanikwa zvenyika yedu ndivo vanofanira pakati pezvekuwanikwa kwezvokudya.

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Kuchcngetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa Idastiri yoKurima

Kufambirana neZviwanikaKuongorora nokunzwisisa ukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zvose uye munzvimbo nenzvimbo.

Kutonga ZviwanikwaKutora zviwanikwa zvakasimba kuti makambani makuru awane.

Zviwanikwa zvomunzvimbo nokushandisa nokushandiswa kwezvinobva muvhuKushandisa zvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvine kudya kwakasiyana-siyana. Zvirimwa zvine midzi yakasiyana-siyana inosimbisa ivhu uye zvinodzivisa kukurwa kwevhu. Kuchengetedzwa kwemvura.

Kusiyanisa Zvinhu: Zvinochengetedza zvinobva muvhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinoita zviwanikwa zvive zvakasimba. Kurima zvinnu zvinolwanirana nevaripo. Zvokudya zvinopa utano zvinowanikwa uye panova nezvokudya zvakakwana, uye nokuzvitonga pane zvokudya.

Kurima zvirimwa zvemhando imwe cheteKurimwa zvakasimba uye mbeu yacho yakawanda iri yorudzi rumwe chete. Njodzi huru yedambudziko remakonye. Kukukurwa kwevhu.Panodiwa mvura yokudiridzira yakawanda.

Zvinhu zvakafnana: Kurasikirwa nezvasiyana-siyana zvinobva muvhu uye nokuparadzwa kwezviwanikwa. Kurimira kutengesa zvinhu. Kuderedzwa kwekuwanikwa kwezvokudya zvinopa utano, njodzi yokushaya zvokudya zvakakwana inogona kuvapo.

Kurimira VomuruwaVarimi vadiki nevepakati nepakati.

Kurimira vanhu Vakasiyana-siyana vePasi PoseVarimi vakuru.

Kuchengetedza IvhuMupfudze – Unopa upenyu kuvhu, zvokudya zvichibva kune zvinowanikwa pakurima. Kuparadzwa kwemakonye nezvimwe zvirwere pachishandiswa chinyakare – zvinochngetedza upenyu hwevhu. Zvinochengetedza ivhu kuti rizoshandiswa enzvizvrwa zvinotevera.

Kungoshandisa IvhuMafetiraiza–anoparadza kugona kweivhu kuchengeta kudya. Mishonga yokuuraya makonye inoparadza–Inouraya tumwe tupuka tudiki diki. Inokanganisa utano hwevanhu. Njodzi huru yemafashamu, neyokukukurwa kwevhu. Mumunda munodiwa zvinhu zvine mutengo mukuru zvinobva kunze. Zvoinoparada ivhu zvichiita kuti zvizvawra zvinotevera zvizonetseka.

Kuzvitonga pane zveMbeuKodzero dzevarimi vokumaruwa pane zvembeu. Kugoverana mbeu uye nokuchengeta mbeu.

Kupona nevamwe pane zveMbeuMbeu ndedzemabhizimusi makuru okurima. Mitemo inoti marimiro evanhu vokumaruwa haana kunaka.

Zvinodiwa pakurima zvinoda mari shomaZvinowanikwa pamusha ndizvo zvinoramba zvichishandiswa, somupfudze. Hapana kutongwa nezvinogadzirwa nemakambani makuru. Basa rinoda kuitwa rakawanda – vanhu vanofanira kushanda nevhu. Hapashandiswi mafuta akawanda.

Zvinodiwa pakurima zvine mutengo mukuruMakambani makuru anowana mapurofiti. Panodiwa mafuta akawanda –varimi vokumaruwa vanobviswa munzvimbo dzavo. Panofanira kushandiswa mafuta akawanda.

Zvokudya zvinotengeswa munharaundaVarimi vanonanga nokurima zvokudya zvinodiwa mutsika nemagariro avo.Vanovimba nokutengeserana kwavanoita munharaunda. Vanoita kunorimwa zvinhu nokwazvinotengeswa kurege kuva kure.

Zvokudya zvinotengeswa kune dzimwe nyika Vanonyanya kuda kuwana zvinodiwa pakurima. Zvinonangana nezvokutengeserana zvomwero wepamusoro munyika dzakasiyana-siyana.Zvokutengeswa kwezvinhu kure kure (kuendeswa kwemweya inopisa muchadenga).

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Kuchcngetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa Idastiri yoKurima

Kufambirana neZviwanikaKuongorora nokunzwisisa ukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zvose uye munzvimbo nenzvimbo.

Kutonga ZviwanikwaKutora zviwanikwa zvakasimba kuti makambani makuru awane.

Zviwanikwa zvomunzvimbo nokushandisa nokushandiswa kwezvinobva muvhuKushandisa zvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvine kudya kwakasiyana-siyana. Zvirimwa zvine midzi yakasiyana-siyana inosimbisa ivhu uye zvinodzivisa kukurwa kwevhu. Kuchengetedzwa kwemvura.

Kusiyanisa Zvinhu: Zvinochengetedza zvinobva muvhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinoita zviwanikwa zvive zvakasimba. Kurima zvinnu zvinolwanirana nevaripo. Zvokudya zvinopa utano zvinowanikwa uye panova nezvokudya zvakakwana, uye nokuzvitonga pane zvokudya.

Kurima zvirimwa zvemhando imwe cheteKurimwa zvakasimba uye mbeu yacho yakawanda iri yorudzi rumwe chete. Njodzi huru yedambudziko remakonye. Kukukurwa kwevhu.Panodiwa mvura yokudiridzira yakawanda.

Zvinhu zvakafnana: Kurasikirwa nezvasiyana-siyana zvinobva muvhu uye nokuparadzwa kwezviwanikwa. Kurimira kutengesa zvinhu. Kuderedzwa kwekuwanikwa kwezvokudya zvinopa utano, njodzi yokushaya zvokudya zvakakwana inogona kuvapo.

Kurimira VomuruwaVarimi vadiki nevepakati nepakati.

Kurimira vanhu Vakasiyana-siyana vePasi PoseVarimi vakuru.

Kuchengetedza IvhuMupfudze – Unopa upenyu kuvhu, zvokudya zvichibva kune zvinowanikwa pakurima. Kuparadzwa kwemakonye nezvimwe zvirwere pachishandiswa chinyakare – zvinochngetedza upenyu hwevhu. Zvinochengetedza ivhu kuti rizoshandiswa enzvizvrwa zvinotevera.

Kungoshandisa IvhuMafetiraiza–anoparadza kugona kweivhu kuchengeta kudya. Mishonga yokuuraya makonye inoparadza–Inouraya tumwe tupuka tudiki diki. Inokanganisa utano hwevanhu. Njodzi huru yemafashamu, neyokukukurwa kwevhu. Mumunda munodiwa zvinhu zvine mutengo mukuru zvinobva kunze. Zvoinoparada ivhu zvichiita kuti zvizvawra zvinotevera zvizonetseka.

Kuzvitonga pane zveMbeuKodzero dzevarimi vokumaruwa pane zvembeu. Kugoverana mbeu uye nokuchengeta mbeu.

Kupona nevamwe pane zveMbeuMbeu ndedzemabhizimusi makuru okurima. Mitemo inoti marimiro evanhu vokumaruwa haana kunaka.

Zvinodiwa pakurima zvinoda mari shomaZvinowanikwa pamusha ndizvo zvinoramba zvichishandiswa, somupfudze. Hapana kutongwa nezvinogadzirwa nemakambani makuru. Basa rinoda kuitwa rakawanda – vanhu vanofanira kushanda nevhu. Hapashandiswi mafuta akawanda.

Zvinodiwa pakurima zvine mutengo mukuruMakambani makuru anowana mapurofiti. Panodiwa mafuta akawanda –varimi vokumaruwa vanobviswa munzvimbo dzavo. Panofanira kushandiswa mafuta akawanda.

Zvokudya zvinotengeswa munharaundaVarimi vanonanga nokurima zvokudya zvinodiwa mutsika nemagariro avo.Vanovimba nokutengeserana kwavanoita munharaunda. Vanoita kunorimwa zvinhu nokwazvinotengeswa kurege kuva kure.

Zvokudya zvinotengeswa kune dzimwe nyika Vanonyanya kuda kuwana zvinodiwa pakurima. Zvinonangana nezvokutengeserana zvomwero wepamusoro munyika dzakasiyana-siyana.Zvokutengeswa kwezvinhu kure kure (kuendeswa kwemweya inopisa muchadenga).

Bbokisi 4: Kutorwa kweMinda: Maqwenga Akasvibira muMozambique

Pano ti nokurukura pamusoro pokuti kurimwa kwemiti yemupuranga yekutengesa kunoita kuti vanhu vatorerwe minda. Zvirimwa zvinogona kuva donje, fodya, kana mbesa dzinoshandiswa pakugadzira mafuta, kuti pangotaurwa mbesa shoma. Pakupedzisira, pane mubvunzo mumwe chete wakareruka kupindura wokuti: nyika inofanira kushandiswa pakuti vanhu vokumaruwa vakawanda vave noukama hwepedyo nezviwanikwa, vawane zvokudya? Kana kuti, inofanira kuva chinhu chinoshandiswa , chinowanisa mari vashoma vepamusoro mumakambani makuru avo vari kushandisa mhando dzokurima dzeindastiri? Mhinduro iri pachena kune zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa uye pane zvoKururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze ndiyo yokutanga:

Kana munhu achichaira motokari achibuda muChimoio muDunhu reManica muMozambique, hazvigoneki kuti asaona mapurazi emiti yemipuranga yakawanda iri mumitsetse yakati twasa inenge mauto akamira zvakarongeka. Tisati tasvika apa takanga taona purazi yemaavocado yakanga yakadaro, yaka-komberedzwa newaya, uye vachengetedzi vane pfuti vakamira pagedhi. Imwe nhengo yesangano revarimi vokumaruwa UNAC yakanongedzera kuti titarise miti yemipuranga patakanga tava kupfuura pairi15.

Akati, “Ndizvo zvavanoti Magwenga Akasvibira.”

Varidzi vemapurazi makuru emipuranga inkambani yeThe owner of these maputukezi inonzi Portucel Soporcel Group, yakashandura zita rayo munguva ichangopfuura kuti rinzi The Navigator Company. Munzvimbo iyi vava nembiri isina

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15 Chinyorwa ichi chakashandisa ongororo dzakaitwa nevanotevera: Afrika Kontakt, UNAC, ZIMSOFF neLVC SEAf.

kunaka yokutora minda. Sezvatakaudzwa nnhengo eysangano revarimi rinonzi 3 De Fevereiro, kambani iyi nguva nenguva in-onyengedza varimi vomumaruwa kuti vape minda yavo kuitira kuti vazoshanda mumapurazi emiti, vachinzi vanozopiwa mari yokuripira minda yavo, uye vanoudzwawo kuti vanozovakirwa zvikoro nezvipatara. Kana zvibvumirano zvangoitwa, zvinozo-onekwa kuti zvivimbiso zvacho ndezvenhema, uye varimi voku-maruwa vanozosara vasina minda uye vasina mabasa. Makam-bani aya anoshandura minda yairimwa zvokudya zvakanaka yaiwanisa avrimi vokumaruwa zvokudya nezvimwe zvavanoda kuti ive Magwenga Akasvibirira aya kutira kuti vaite mari no-kutengesa mapepa kune dzimwe nyika. Kazhinji, havatombob-vunzi varimi vokumaruwa. Vachishandisa mamiriro ezvinhu okuti varimi vokumaruwa vazhinji havana minda pamutemo, vanoenda kuhurumende , voti minda iyi haisi kuchengetwa zvakanaka uye hapana ari kuishandisa. Ipapo vanobva vaitenga kubva kuhurumende, vobvisa varimi vokumaruwa kana van-gowana mapepa avo Uyu muenzaniso wokutorwa kweminda.

Mapurazi eminda aya anongova nebasa rimwe chete, rokuti vepamusoro mumakambani makuru vaite mari. Mapepa an-otengeswa kune dzimwe nyika pasi pose, pachishandiswa ma-futa akawanda, pachibudiswa mweya inoita kuti panyika pano papise, uye naizvozvo vachiita kuti dambudziko rokuShanduka kwemamiriro okunze rinyanye kukura. Pamusoro pezvo, minda ine zviwanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana inoparadzwa kuti pave nemiti yemhando imwe chete, uye ivhu rishaya kudya kwakak-wana uye nyika inotadza kushandisa CO2 sezvayaichiita. Varimi vokumaruwa zvino vanosara vasina minda, vasina nhaka uye vasina chokurarama nacho, vachipamhidzira uwandu hwevan-hu vakakanganiswa upenyu hwavo nokukara kwemakambani makuru. ,Kurwira Kururamisira mune Zvokushanduka kweMa-miriro oKunze ndikowo kurwa neavo vari kutora minda, minda pairi kubiwa kubva kuvarimi vokumaruwa kuti vepamusoro mumakambani makuru vawane mari.

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Further Reading:

A Land Grab for Pulp https://bit.ly/2GQd7Sx

Newsletter Julho 2017 https://bit.ly/2GQpmKT

Como Resistir as Empresas de plantacoes de arvores? https://bit.ly/2EEyT66

The G8 and land grabs in Africa https://bit.ly/2GU09iW

The land grabbers of the Nacala Corridor https://bit.ly/24R2D8N

Um Hectare, Uma Chapa de Zinco https://bit.ly/2EH7mRm

Kuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa kunosvika paKruramisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunzeVarimi vokumaruwa pasi pose vari kurwisa zvokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze uyewo nemafambisirwo ezvinhu anoita zviitike nokutora masimba ezvokurima kwezvokudya. Sangano reKuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa uye roKuzvitonga Zvizere pane Zvokudya riri kurwisa zviri pachena simba riripo pamabhizimusi makuru pamusoro pokutonga kwaanoita zvinodiwa mukurima zvakaita sembeu, mafetiraiza, minda nemvura. Vanhu, kwete makambani makuru ane mabhizimusi munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, ndivo vanofanira kuva pakati pezvokuwanikwa kwezvokudya. Vanoziva minda, vanowana zvitsva zvinofanira kuitwa uye vanogoverana ruzivo pakati pavo. Ndivo varimi vokumaruwa vanogona kuwanisa nyika yose zvokudya uye vagoderedza kupisa kuripo panyika uye ndivo vanokodzera

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kudya zvakanaka zvinopa utano, zvodya zvemadzitateguru. Nokuvaka mararamiro anoenderana nezvokudya anoziva kukosha kwokuremekedza vanhu vose uye nenyika, zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa ndizvo chinhanho chokutanga uye chinokosha kukunda zvose pakuwana Kururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze.

Kuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa kunosunungura varimi evzvokudya neavo vanotenga zvokudya kubva kumafambisirwo ezvinhu avanomanikidzwa kuita kuti dambudziko rezvemamiriro okunze rinyanye kukura uye vagotorerwa zvavanofanira kushandisa pakukunda dambudziko iri. Marimiro eRumutsidziro rweNyika Yakasvibirira (Green Revolution) anomanikidzira varimi vezvokudya kuti vatore zvikwereti zvikuru kuti varime zvokudya zvokutengesera dzimwe nyika nenzira inokuvadza nyika. Pavanenge vachirwisa izvozvi zvokungotora zvinhu, vanhu vepasi pasi vanenge vachirwira Kururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze.

Makambani makuru ebhizimusi rokurima anoda kuti pave norima kunoshandisa mafuta akawanda zvirimwa zvichitengeswa kunyika dziri pasi pose, nyika dzisingachengetedzi ivhu kana nharaunda uye dzisina hanya kuti chii chiri kuitika kunyika. Vanoda kuti dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze rigadziriswe nenzira yamanyepo , chikuru kwavari chiri chokudzivirira kwavanotengesa zvinhu uye vagotengesa zvinhu zvavo kunze kwokurwisa dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Pavanoita izvozvo, vanoshayira hanya ruzivo ruri mumaruwa kana kutoruparadza, asi ruri irwo runokosha pakurwira kururamisira pane zvokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze uye nokurwisa kushanduka wkemamiriro okunze kuri kuitika munzvimbo idzi dziri kunyanya kutambudzwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Naizvozvo, ruzivo urwu, kwete ruzivo rwenyanzvi dzinobva kure kuMusangano weMapato (COP) ndirwo runofanira kukurudzirwa uye rugobvumirwa kuti rubudirire mukurwisa kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze.

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Zviri kutika nokuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro okunze zviri kusvika pakukuvadza chaizvo, asi bhizimusi rezvokurima riri kuramba richikurudzira zvokutorwa kweminda uye nokudyarwa kwemiti yakawanda mumapurazi makuru anogona kukanganiswa nozvokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze zvakaita sekushyikwa kwemvura inonaya uye nemafashamu. Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi Vokumaruwa kunorwisa izvi nokuita zvinopikisana nazvo, pachirimwa mbeu dzakasiyana-siyana dzakakodzera munzvimbo nenzvimbo, uye kunokurudzira kwazvo zvokuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzepasi chigare dzokuva neminda. Kubudikidza nemitemo yokupa zvinhu, inowanzowiriranwa nayo nehurumnde dzakasiyana-siyana muzvibvumirano zvikuru zvokutengeserana, makambani makuru ebhizimusi rokurima ari kuedza kubvisa mashandiro okugoverana zvinhu vanhu vachishanda pamwe chete uye nemararamiro evanhu vokumaruwa kuitira kuti vavake mashandiro okuti varimi vanopona nezvavanotenga kubva kumakmbani aya. Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa kunokurudzira tsika dzechinyakare 34

idzi dzakaita sedzokugoverana mbeu, uye nokuchengetedza zvokushandisa uye nezvokudya muvhu romumunda, zvinoita kuti varimi vaedze kudyara mbeu dzinogona kukohwewa kunyange mvura yokunaya iri shom uye zvinopa upenyu kuivhu. ZvoKuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa zvinoda kuti mitemo yehurumende irege kutadzisa marimiro echinyakare, uye izvi zvinofanira kurwirwa. Uku ndiko kurwira kururamisira pane zvokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze. Sarudzo dzokuti nzvimbo dzomunharaunda dzinofanira kushandiswa sei uye dzinofanira kuva dzaani, dzinofanira kuitwa kuti dambudziko rokushandukwa kwemamiriro okunze ripere uye vanhu vepanayika pano vawane zvokudya. Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa. ZvoKuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa ndezvematongerwo enyika, uye inzira yokurarama nayo inofanira kudzivirirwa.

ZvoKuchengetedzwa kweZvinowan-ikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKu-maruwa ndezvavanhu voseZvichipikisana nezvinoitwa neindastiri yokurima izvo zvevashoma, zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa zvinosanganisira vanhu vose, uye zvinogona kuwanikwa nevanhu vose. Zvinoita kuti vanonyanya kutambudzika uye vachisiyiwa kunze, vanzwikwe. Madzimai anova nebasa guru mune zvokuwanikwa wkezvokudya pasi pose, sezvo vari ivo vakuru pakurimwa kwezvokudya, zvose nokuda kwokuwanda kwavo uye nokuti ndivo vanochengetedza ivhu uye nembeu16. Kana

16 Nyéléni 2007: Women’s declaration on food sovereignty https://nyeleni.org/spip.php?article310

tichiona kukanganiswa kuri kuitwa marimiro edu zvedambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze, chinzvimbo chemadzimai nevasikana chinobva chanyanya kuoma nokuda kwemaonero anosimudzira chinzvimbo chevarume, pavanotarisirwa kuti vaite zvimwe zvinhu kana kuti zvavasingafaniri kuita. Sezvo vari ivo vanotarisirwa kuita mabasa mazhinji omumba, anosanganisira kunochera mvura yokushandisa pamba, uye nokunotsvaga huni dzokubikisa kuitira kuti vana nevakura vave noutano hwakanaka, mabasa anotarisirwa kuti madzimai aite anotsigirwa kunyanya nezvinowanikwa kubva panyika. Kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze kunoita kuti manayiro emvura ashanduke zvichizoita kuti kuwanikwa kwemvura kunyanye kunetsa ichiwanirwa kure kure, uye zvirimwa zvinonetsa kuti zvikure kana pasina mvura yakakwana. Zvinomanikidzira madzimai (uye nevana) kuti vafambe mufambo wakareba kuti vanochera mvura yokushandisa pamba uye nokutsvaga huni dzokubikisa, uye zvinovatadzisa kuita mabasa okukohwa zvirimwa gore rose, kunyanya sezvo mvura ichisiri kunaya sezvayaichiita kare.

Madzimai ari kuomeserwa chaizvo mumafambisiro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino anoita kuti madzimai asaonekwa. Madzimai anorwiswa neurongwa huripo (pane zvoupfumi, zvokuwana mabasa, pasimba rokuberekwa naro, pane zvepabonde uye pane zvemafungiro), uye vanoda kuurayiwa kwevakadzi nokuti vakadzi kuri kuwanda17. Mafungiro okuti vanhu vangotengeserana vawane mari nokusimudzira chinzvimbo chavarume zvinofambirana uye ” ”uye zvakaita kuti kudzvinyirirwa norusarura zviwande zvikaita kuti zvechisimba pamusoro pevakadzi nevasikana zviwande kunyanya kumaruwa, uye zvikaita kuti mashandiro amadzimai anetse, ... kunyanya sezvo kwava nokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze uko kunoderedza unhu hwavo”18.

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17 LVC 2017. Declaration - V Women’s Assembly.18 LVC 2014. Manifesto - IV Women’s Assembly of La Via Campesina.

Mafambisirwo ezvinhu ezvokuita mari zvinosimudzira chinzvimbo chavarume ndiwo anga achisimbisa indastriri yokurima, umo madzimai vari ivo vokutanga vanokanganiswa noudzvinyiriri. Mumagariro evanhu vomuAfrica, kazhinji madzimai haana minda inganzi yavo – uye naizvozvo havana mawaniro avangaita mari kana zvakakwana zvavangada muupenyu hwavo kana ivo sevanhu.. Kunyange zvazvo madzimai vari ivo vanonyanya kushanda uye vachiita kuti pave nezvinowanikwa kubva mukurima havabvumirwi kuti vave nechavanotaura pasarudzo dzose dzinoitwa, kubvira pamitemo yenyika kusvika kumashandisirwo emari mudzimba, uye kazhinji vanosngana nenzara. Kazhinji varume ndivo vane simba rokuita sarudzo mudzimba, somuenzaniso pamusoro pokuti mbeu dzicharimwa ndedzipi, zvirimwa zvichatengeswa ndezvipi, ndezvipi zvichachengetwa, uye kuti mari inenge yawanikwa ichashandiswa sei. Pamusoro pezvo, indastiri yekurima uye zvokutengeswa kwezvirimwa munyika yose zvinoshandirana, zvichiita kuti matambudziko okusimudzira chinzvimbo chavarume uye nokusaenzanisira nemhirizhonga inobva pavarume nevakadzi awande.

Kunyange zvazvo Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa kusingagoni kukunda zvokusimudzirwa kwechinzvimbo chavzrume kuri kwoga, kunopikisa dzimwe tsika dzezvokusimudzirwa kwechinzvimbo chavarume zvinodzvinyirira. Zvinogona kushandura upenyu wamadzimai mazhinji nokuti basa guru ravanoita rinozivikanwa uye rinoonekwa mumabasa.

Sarudzo dzezvinofanira kuitwa dzava kupiwawo kumadzimai mumasangano akasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, musarudzo dzinoitwa pamusoro pezvinofanira kuitwa mumasangano (akaita seLVC) nemasangano anova nhengo) Kunyange zvakadaro, kune mashoko anosimbisa chinzvimbo chevarumw achiripo, kunyanya mashoko anendera nokuti varume kana kuti vakadzi vanofanira kuitei uye nokuitwa kwesarudzo mudzimba, uyeb kunzvimbo zhinji vzichakasimbiswa. Kazhinji izvi zvinoenderana nokuti zvetsika nemagariro zvakadii (muruwa uye nomumba) munenge muchiitwa

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zvokuchengetedzwa kwezviwanikwa munharaunda dzevarimi vokumaruwa, uye kuti vagari vomuruwa vanenge vachiona zvinhu zvemagariro evarume nevakadzi echinhu chinokosha muzviono zvavo, zvirongwa zvavo uyeb nemashandiro avanoda kuita. Ichi chichiri chimhingamupinyi pane zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi Vokumaruwa, sechinhu chokupikisana nacho nokukunda nacho kusimudzirwa kwevarume.

Zvimwe zvikamu zvokusimudzirwa kwechinzvimbo chevarume zvinobviswa. Nokuti mashandiro ezvoKuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa haadi mari yakawanda, madzimai anogona kupinda mazviri zvizere uye agobatsirikana nokukohwa zvakawanda uye nokurima mbeu dzakasiyana-siyana. Kana vakarima mbeu dzkasiyana-aiyana, vakavaka nharaunda dzakasimba, uye vakagoverana ruzivo, madzimai anogona kutonga zviri kuitwa pakuwanikwa kwezvokudya uye vagozviwanira zvokudya zvinopa utano ivo nemhuri dzavo. Kuderera kwokupona kwemadzimai nevarume, mune zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa,n kunogona kushandura mamiriro ezvinhu pane zvemasimba, madzimai achizowana mabasa nesimba zvinoenderana nebasa ravari kuita kare. Kunyange zvazvo indastiri yokurima isina kukwanisa kupedza matambudziko ari kusanganwa nawo nemadzimai, uye nezviripo pane zvemadzimai nevarume, kushandiswa kweZvokuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa kuri kuratidza kuti zvinogona kuitika. Chimwezve chiripo ndechokuti zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa hazvisi zvirongwa zvokungotevedza. Inzira yemararamiro. Nzira yemararamiro inoda kuti vanhu vose vave mazviri, uye kuitira kuti varum vasangopiwa simba nokuti varume. Zvokushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze idambudziko rezvamatongerwo enyika, magariro evanhu uye nerezviwanikwa, richanyanya kuipa kana mazwi evarimi vokumaruwa ivo vanorima zvokudya (pamwe chete nevatengi), kunyanya madzimai, vakaramba vachinzi vasataura chinhu, kana

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kuti vachishayirwa hanya. Ndokusaka kurwira Kururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze zvichifambirana nokurwisa zvokugadzirisa zvinhu zvinoitwa zvichisarudza kuti uyu murume kana kuti uyu mukadzi.

Kuenda kwavarume kumaguta kana kune dzimwe nyika vachitsvaga maramiro ari nani, pamwe chete nokufa, kusungwa nokutambudzwa kwevarume vanenge vari vatungamiri, zvinoita kuti madzimai nokumaruwa aomerwe uye vaone kuti vanogona kungotambudzika. Vanoremerwa namabasa okuwanira mhuri dzavo zvokudya, kudzivirira vana vavo – avo vava kusangana nenjodzi yezvepbonde, rufu uye nokungoendeswa kumwe – vachidzivirira zvinzvimbo zvavo nemiviri yavo kubva kune masimba anoda19.

Vechidiki vanokanganiswawo nezvokusimudzirwa kwevarume. Musub-saharan Africa, somuenzaniso vechidiki vanotambudzwa pavanomanikidzirwa kutama nokuda kwehondo, kushanduka

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kwemamiriro okunze uye nemamiriro ezvinhu anodzvinyirira pane zvemari, kana magariro avanhu. Kutorwa kweminda nevane mari vokune dzimwe nyika kuti igoshandiswa pane zveindastiri, zvokuwanikwa kwemafuta, zvokiungotorwa kwezvinhu uye nezvo”kubudirira” zvinhu zviri kuitika kwose kwose. Kushanda kwevechidiki nevamwe vanobva kune dzimwe nyika kunenge kusina muripo wakafanira uye zvinhu zvichiitwa noutsinye20.

Kushandiswa kweminda uye neyika dzakasiyana-siyana sezvinhu zvokungotengesa, uye nokushandiswa kweminda nevanhu vanenge vachifunga kuti vangangota mari, uye nokungotora minda zvinhu zvinotadzisa bechidiki kuwana minda, kunyanya madzimai echidiki. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvakaoma zvinoitika mukurima uye nemari shoma imnowanikwa mushure mokurima zvinoita kuti vechidiki vaomerwe kuti vabudirire muminda. Mamiriro ezvinhu anonyanya kuoma nezvinoitika mukushanduka kwemamiriro okunze21.

Kuitira kuti zvokusimudzira varume zvibviswe zvachose, uye kuti rusarura kwose kwarunowanikwa, vechidiki vanofanira kuzvipira kuita basa rakaoma rokuzviongorora pachavo kuti vaone kuti havasi hapana nzira dzavari kusimbisa kusimudzirwa kwechinzvimbo chavarume uye norusaruraganda22.

Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa ndiyo nzira inoenda kumamiriro ezvinhu okuzvitonga kuzere pane zvokudya uye nokupedzwa kwedambudziko repasi pose rime zviikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Chiono chezvematongerwo enyika, nzira yokurarama nayo uye tinogona kuwana ruzivo runobva kumadzitateguru edu saizvozvo. Kuchengetedzwa kweZvinowanikwa muNharaunda ndiko kwava chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakuuyisa pamwe chete zvakaongororwa zvikaedzwa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana pasi pano.. Somuenzaniso, marimiro anonzi campesino-to-

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19 LVC 2017. Declaration - V Women’s Assembly. 20 21 22 23 24 VII International Conference: Youth Assembly Declaration

campesino (murimi wokumaruwa nomumwe murimi wokumaruwa vachishanda pamwe chete) anoshanda uye anokosha pakugoverana ruzivo uye nokusimbisa kufambidzana nokudzidzisana. Marimiro aya anoremekedza ruzivo wrepasi chigare wrevagari vomunyika dzavo, zvokuti ruzivo runogona kusvitswa kune zvizvarwa zvichatevera23.

Vechidiki vanomirira zambuko pakati pevanhu vanogara mumguta neavo vanogara mumaruwa. Kunyange zvazvo vachiita sevakasiyana, rumwe rusarura ruripo mumarongerwo ezvinhu muzvikwata zviviri izvi runobva pamasimba oudzviriri mamwe chetewo evanhu vane mari pamyika pano. Vechidiki pasi pano vava kushanda mubasa rokurima mumaguta, vachidzokera kuminda, vachisimbisa kuzvitonga kuzere pane zvokuwanikwa kwezvokudya kana kushandira kururamisira pane zvemagariro evanhu muzvinhu zvosey24.

Kuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa noKururamisira pane zvoKushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze ndezvevanhu ose.

“Nyika ndiyo Amai Vedu” Mawanirwo ezvokudya muurongwa hwezvokuwanikwa kwezvokudya seindastriri urongwa hwekuedza kutonga upenyu paNyika kuitira kuti vashoma vepamusiro vave vakapfuma. Avo vari kutonga vanoshayira hanya mafashamu, kushayikwa kwemvura inonaya, ivhu risisina upenyu, mabhirioni avanhu vane nzara, uye nezviratidzo zviri pachena zvokuparara kweviwanikwa zvinotichengeta. Urongwa uhu hunoshanda zvine simba kuti huvanze kukuvadzwa uku uye hunomanikidzira avo vari kunyanya kukuvadzwa kuti vatakure mutoro. Mafambisirwo ezvinhu mukowanikwa kwezvokudya anoparadza upenyu muvhu. Anoparada masango, uswa, makungwa, nenzizi, anokurudzira kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze uye anomanikidzira vanhu vokumaruwa kuti vararame upenyu hweuranda. Mararamiro orufu, kudzvinyirirwa uye nezvechisimba.

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Kuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa mararamiro akanaka. Amararamiro anogamuchira kuti Nyika ndiyo Amai vedu. Akavakwa navanhu vachiri kunzwisisa mutauro hwezviowanikwa uye vanogona kugara vachipindirana nazvo. Anovaka uye anosimbisa mafambiro ezvinhu muzviwanikwa zvinotipa zvokudya zvine utano, uye anobata mweya inoita muchadenga mupise, uye anokurudzira kuwanda kwezviwanikwa. Mararamiro aya anosunungura vanhu vanogara kumaruwa vanomanikidzirwa kushandura mararamiro avo uye kuti vaparadze zviwanikwa zviri munzvimbo dzavo. Mune zvoKuchengetedzwa kweZviwanikwa muNharaunda dzeVarimi voKumaruwa minda inoera. Kubatana kwevanhu neminda kunoera. Mbeu, ivhu, mvura nemhepo hazvisi zvinhu zvokushandisa kuti vatengese vawame purofiti, asi ndizvo zvinopa upenyu panyika. Kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze idambidziko guru riri kuparadza vanhu. Rinoyeuchidza vanhu kuti kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanhu vangada kuzvibvisa pamararamiro ezviwanikwa, tose tiri chikamu chezviwanikwa, simba razvo iguru. Zvinotiratidza kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kushandurwa. Nzira imwe chete yokuti zvokuwanikwa kwezvokudya zvideredze kuwanda kwemweya inoita muchadenga mupise uye nokupedza dambudziko rokushanduka kwemamiriro okunze ndeyokuona kuti pava nokushanduka kuzere. Uye kuti kuti izvozvo zviitike, tinofanira kutarisa kuvanhu vanogara mumaruwa, madzimai okumaruwa avo vari kugara kumacheto enyika, vari kurarama mamwe mararamiro. Tinofanira kutarisa kune avo vari kurarama zvinowirirana nezviwanikwa, zvisinei kuti mutengo wacho wakadii, kuna avo vanopamhidzira upenyu mumamirimiro avo ezvokudya uye nomumaruwa avo, uye vane ruzivo pamusoro pokuwanisa nyika zvokudya. simba roku. Vanhu vepanyika vanoda kuti izvi zviitwe uye Kururamisira pane Zvokushanduka kweMamiriro oKunze kwechokwadi kunotipa nzira yokuzviita nayo.

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