kuliah simmel 10 dec
TRANSCRIPT
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Web of Group-Affiliations
Individual is definedby the groups of whichhe is a member
Family Organizations School Workplace Church
FriendshipsThe web of group affiliationsis an important meansthat people have of definingtheir individual identities.
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Social Geometry Simmel sought to understand the make-up and bond
within social relationships Dyad
A relationship that involves two individuals
Ex. Best friends, lovers, married couples A dyad represents the strongest bond No formal structure within the relationship Each experience by either individual impacts the
other The relationship ceases to exist if either member
departs
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Social Geometry Triad
A social group consisting of three equal members Indirect relationship that can both assist and hinder
reciprocity within the group
The group can survive if one member drops out, thusforming a new dyad The introduction of the third person , can help and
hinder the relationship of other group members
This person can become a mediator , can use thegroup to advance their own selfish agenda, and canuse existing conflict to divide the group and take itover
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Forms Studied patterns that make these events
happen or as he coined it forms Forms can be organizations, relationships,
rules that impact and govern the individuals of
a society In connection with forms he studied contents
Contents are considered to be the drives,
interests, purposes that drive individualbehavior
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Forms of SociationForms of sociation
all of the ways in whichpeople come togetherto interact
Examples:
Conflict domination Superordination and subordination division of labor sociability flirting
cooperation compromise solidarity
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Superordination and Subordination
The most important relationship that can exist is that ofthe leader and the followers This relationship must be reciprocal
Followers must be in a position to follow all rulesset forth by the leader
Certain personal freedoms must always beafforded to followers in order for the leader to be
successful This relationship must be structured as a dyadic
affiliation , if a third member is introduced thestructure is immediately weakened
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Social Types
Simmel created social types whichcharacterized different individuals within asociety
Each type needs to be present in order forsociety to exist Examples of types include: the stranger,
the spendthrift, the mediator, theadventurer, the renegade, and the poor
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Social Types
Social Types The type becomes what he is through hisrelations with others who assign him a particular positionand expect him to behave in specific ways. Hischaracteristics are seen as attributes of the socialstructure (Coser, 1977).
The Adventurer : One who breaks the continuity ofeveryday life
The Renegade : One who disrupts the social group
The (Man) in the Middle : The person who stands half waybetween leader and subordinate within the social group.
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Social Types
The Mediator : The person who may act impartially toresolve disputes or, alternatively, who may manipulatedisputes between other group members for advantage.
The Poor : The person at the bottom of society, defined byhis or her dependence on others welfare andbenevolence.
The Stranger : The person who is present, but always
distant from the group (Simmel?). The Stranger is apermanent member (geographically close), but alwaysretains a critical (psychological, emotional and cultural)distance from the other members.
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The Stranger The stranger is defined by both nearness and
remoteness;
Because the stranger is from somewhere else , thestranger is always set apart in the minds of groupmembers;
At the same time the stranger lives among and within thegroup, hence is near;
Unlike everyone else, the stranger lacks ties to membersof the group that they share with each other;
Example: the European Jews;
the Judges of Italian Cities;
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The Objectivity of the Stranger For a stranger to the country and the city,
what is stressed is again nothingindividual, but alien origin ;
Strangers are not really perceived asindividuals but as strangers of a certaintype (race, religion, occupation);
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The Objectivity of the Stranger
He confronts all of the problems with adistinctly objective attitude;
The stranger are not bound by ties whichcould prejudice his perception, hisunderstanding, and his assessment ofdata.
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Group Expansion
As group size expands . . . Intensity decreases Social differentiation
The specialization of the individual Formal organization increases Stability and exclusivity increase
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Group Expansion
The guilds were once ruled by the spirit ofequality;
Formerly, producer and merchant hadbeen united into one person;
After the sales of products increased, themerchant had to hire workers to producemore products;
The group was differentiated into themerchant and workers/producers;
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Personal and Collective Individuality The narrower the circle to which we
commit ourselves, the less freedom ofindividuality we possess;
If the circle enlarge , there is more room init for the development of our individuality;but as parts of this whole, we have less ofuniqueness; the larger whole is lessindividual as a social group ;
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A Phenomenological Formula
The elements of a distinctive social circle are undifferentiated;
Lack of differentiation among the membersof a differentiated group---the social orderof Quakers;
Congregation and worship---individual incollective matters;
Marriage--- individual matter is sociallyregulated;
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A Phenomenological Formula
The elements of a circle that is notdistinctive are differentiated; The US before the Civil War
The New England/the North---the state asthe combination of townships;
The South---extensive counties as units ofadministration---the state as the whole isthe site of true political significance;
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A Dualistic DriveWe live:
1 . As an individual within a social circle---withtangible separation from its other members;
2. As a member of this circle --- with separationfrom other social circles.
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The Sociological Duality of the Family
1. As a unitary structure --- a collectiveindividual within which each memberdevelop his/her differentiation;
2. As an intermediate structure --- ashelter within which each member is
socialized to encounter other social units;
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The Meaning of Individuality
1. Individuality in the sense of the freedom andthe responsibility for oneself that comes from abroad and fluid social environment;
Freedom and Equality
2. Individuality in the sense of qualitativepersonality --- he/she distinguishes
himself/herself from other people; Romanticism --- a division of labor
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Isolation
Isolation is a relation which is lodgedwithin an individual but which existsbetween him/her and a certain group or
group life in general;
Characteristic of the Dyad:
1. Triviality; 2. Intimacy;
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