kurukshetra february 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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Vol. 60 No. 4 Pages 52 February 2012 Rs. 10/-
RURAL MIGRATION
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The Monthly Journal
MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Vol. 60 No. 4 Pages 52
February 2012
CONTENTS
Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message o Rural Development to all people. It serves as a orum or ree, rank and serious discussion on the
problems o Rural Development with special ocus on Rural Uplit.The views expressed by the authors i the articles are their ow. They do ot ecessarily refect the views o the govermet or the orgaizatios they
work or.
The readers are requested to veriy the claims i the advertisemets regardig career guidace books/istitutios. Kurukshetra does ot ow
resposibility.
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lRuRal IndIa: StIll FloatIng towaRdS CItIeS am Hzr 3
lCan we CHeCk MIgRatIon FRoM RuRal aReaS? dr. Hrr Rj gm 6
lRuRal eMployMent guaRantee dr. S.M J ahr
pRogRaMMe and MIgRatIon n.p. a azz 11
lMIgRatIon : IMpaCt & RelevanCe oF
ReMIttanCe on RuRal aReaS gr trh 16
lFROM THE GROUND dr. Jmsh nsir 20
MIgRatIon oF Cottage InduStRy woRkeRS Mhish ajm
(a Cs S f amrr disric) us t
lFROM THE GROUND dr. kmr amrr nri 24
IMpaCt oF RuRal MIgRatIon oF agRICultuRal
labouReRS oF bIHaR In aSSaM
ltHe RICe InnovatoR oF SIkkIM Sm gzmr 28
lIndIgenous seedKey to end AgrArIAn CrIsIs b Mrm, 29
Mh prsh
lpRoSpeCtS FoR developMent oF dr. Shhi ai kh 33
nonConventIonAl And renewAble dr. M. ahr Hsir Rhm
SouRCeS oF eneRgy FoR RuRal developMent
lRole oF geology In RuRal developMent dr. aji Sris 38
lpRe and pRobIotICS: tHe InteStInal SootHeRS dr. M.k. Rana 43
leat gRaSS FoR HealtH and long lIFe dr Rmsh Chr pri 47
dr pr kmr ghsh
CHIEF EDITORRINA SONOwAL KOULI
EDITORKAPIL KUMAR
JOInT DI RECTOR
VINOD KUMAR MEENACOVER DESIGn RAJAT NAIK
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Kurukshetra February 201222
InsIde
th r c f r i i Ii hich s 17 r c
f h i i 1951 is xc jm r 42.5 r c
f h i 2025. a his i h cs r mrs
f i rr rs fr r rs i srch f r riis.
I h s 50 rs h rr i hs crs frm 82.0 68.9 r c.
lr mrs f , ms r mi frm rr rs
r crs cs hr r fr mm riis c hm.
th sr f miri hs is s f srr s sr chir r i ricrs fmiis h i i ihm ciis i r rs. M ’
mm hrh h r cmm r rr rs.
Hr, fr h ss mri frmrs h r i cs , miri
is h chic fr iih. Miri cms s fr sr h
r frsh riis s rmics hm.
Sm ss c ir mii s cssi fr ifi
f r. Rmics ssi r i sri f fr m rr r
hshs hs csi ffici sr fr fci rsiis sch s ricr rcii h ihr riss isii f frmi ciiis.
Mrr, rmics m sr s isrc imr r cr crisis siis,
hs imii i ffcs f scri.
w iscss i his iss, c sis crri h r h
Miri s h r.
Miri is h rmr f chi sci-cmic iic ciis
h i iri s. I is s si f i isriis i cmic
sci ciis h rii sii.
e s ss hhr miri is rcmm fr rh r
, hi is fm miri-I is r cm f iqi i
h isrii f rsrcs.
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Kurukshetra February 2012 33
Mia ha iica
hapi h aia cia
cmic srcrs f rr
cmmi f hi c. th iih
aci f a famii a c
fami a a icai i ii
hh a--a a iaa
mia. wih h m f r
isr h rss rc h mss
mia, a p a hii a h a
rs i rr imr hir ii srs
ach f iih ppi. th
ack f mpm ppi i h a aa
a mpm ppc a ifac
facii i h a aa ma pp
mir r rs. I h rr rs, sish
RuRal IndIa: StIll FloatIng towaRdS CItIeS
- Anupam Hazra
ricr rh imi m f h
rr -frm scr riss h icic f rr
r, mm rmm.
gi h fac ha m f h hih pci
aci a ca i h a aa -
fm a aa m a ci ih
a hp a ii iih ppia h a p ci mia a f
h iica a a ia iih cpi
sr.
Mia pimai cc ipai i
ri m. th ca f mia a
s xi si r cris,
m, sh fcrs. Sis cc
i h shr f mia i Iia - f ha
Migration primarily occurs due to disparities in regional development. The causes of migration are
usually explained by using two broad categories, namely, push and pull factors.
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Kurukshetra February 201244
p, j achi a fami ic ha
h mai ph fac f -mia, hi
aaiaii f mpm ppi,
pi mia a aaiaii f caa
facii ha i a h k p
fac hi mia. t m pcic, fa Iia, p i ci h
mi sh fcr fr iirs mr
ca mia. th naa samp s
oc i i 64h hich a cai
ri J 2007 J 2008, cri
rm sm f 5,72,254 rss, cri
79,091 rr 46,487 r hshs sr
r 7921 is 4688 r cs f h
c, xp m iica f a
mia i Iia - hich ha c
hrh h fi :
as r h cmiss m
xp - mia i a f pm
i is sir hm; h is
ia i h i mia f ac
h a i -ci f ci a
mshrmi f sms. Sm ss hich hhihr ism rsrcs fr m
xpic hih i-mia; a h am m,
h cr ss i u.p, bihr, M.p, c r
xpici ha -mia. th a p
fm h a acka cmmi
a acka i ch a biha, oia, ua
prsh r fr iscs si mm
a h i cc f a, iia
pjc, cmmcia a ia cmpx
c. Hc, hr is fr c ri
m. Mr fcs fr m
Migraon in Rural India during 2007-2008:
Some Signicant Trends at a Glance
I a ma ha am a hi f Iia (i.. m 325 mii pp, f a ppa f 1.14
ii i 2008) r mirs
th mia a (pp f mia i h ppa) i h a aa (35 p c) a fa hih
ha h mia a i h a aa (26 p c); h, mia i Iia i a c
ihi h sm s. 72 rc f mir hshs i r rs 78 rc i rr rs h
mir ihi h sm s.
empm m h m impa a f mia; i a aa, 55 p c f h
hshs h mir fr mm r rss.Mia a i a aa a am h ch i (st), a 24 p c.
F a ma, mia a a (a 4 p c) am h ‘ ia’, a i a a 14
p c am h ih caa ‘aa a a’.
am h mirs i h rr rs, r 91 r c h mir frm h rr rs 8 r c
h mir frm h r rs, hrs m h mirs i h r rs, r 59 r c
mir frm h rr rs 40 r c frm r rs.
th a f mia f ma mia a mia mpm a a, i h a
r rs. nr 29 r c f rr m mirs 56 r c f r m mirs h
mir mm r rss.
A hih pca f h p f a i cmic aci a mia: f
ma h pca f k ha ica fm 51 p c f mia 63 p c amia i a aa hi f fma, i ha ica fm 20 p c 33 p c i a aa.
F a ma, f-mpm ha m a mai c mpm a mia. th ha
f f-mpm i a mia ha ica fm 16 p c f mia 27 p c
a mia, hi h ha f a mp a caa a mai am a, i h
f a a mia.
Source: Naonal Sample Survey 64th Round
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Kurukshetra February 2012 55
ism sh i hs ss hich
r i hi i m rmrs.
di h a a, i cam i c
hh i p a ac ha h
ricr scr rr ihis i m
i ac h c ha fm
c c a ih icimia
– rh rm icis h
fc h isms h ic rimri
ma h f h iia a a
scrs, mr rc h sric scr.
naa a iaa im i aic
rr m h crsi
si. as fr s h iss f ic is ccr,
h Ii rm hs ccr hs s
i im-pii i ci, c h a
aa. Mia f a fm a a
aa i a c f mipac pm
icis; ism i cmic rh hs
is r h ci-isi r crs,
si h fc h mjri f Ii rsis i h
a aa. e h i ha i p i ia
i a i miccmic i hp
iii irs h mcr-cm f
h i s h. Fr isc, h rm
ha mpm a chm f ci;
, hr r f js hih-i s .
o h crr, fr rr Ii, hr r ri
f j ca chm f h p ha f
js r i hich r -i. aricr is
aa a ma a pi fh
js; ms is h h hr -frm
rsrcs, i frss, hich c s r
a iih ppi.
Sis iic h h css
riss f miri r h, ici h ris
f iss, ijr i s
chir sch. gi chic, mirs
scrific hir chir’s fr r hir
hh, h r cm s csh c fr hmss r hir chir
rr h h mir. th f is ih
h isii ic irm
ih miri r s. pic rsss
frm i sch mr h c h h
ms r mirs. th mhsis f ic
sh miimisi h css riss f
miri mximisi is rrs. a rs,
mirs c ccss ssiis f hrh
h pic disrii Ssm, hich rs
rsic criri; h c si ccss sschs, ch hsi r rm hh
cr. S hr is r rfrm icis
i i i hs criic isss. a h sm
im, hr is ri mirs ih
ccss ifrmi js, rs
hir rihs s s rm sf
miri, hich ics -iscrimir
isi, icis rcic rc h
hm rihs i ims f m,
m chir h mir.
S i m cc h hi rssi
h cmpx i f mia, i i impa
ak i cia h i icic
f p am h c f h a
ppa. I i m h hih f h m
c h r f is rhr h h
r f irs. virs c rich s
a ia mai p, p aac
mr isr cmmrc. th is
sr r mm fr h rr
p ii m pii a f ii iih ppi i a Iia
ssi mr.
(The author is Assistant Professor in
Department of Social Work at Assam (Central)
University, Silchar – 788 011; Assam, e-mail :
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Kurukshetra February 201266
I Iia, 68.9 p c f h ppa i
i 6.40 h is. th shr f ricr
r gdp i Ii hs cm 14
rc, hi 66.2 rc f rr ms
81.6 rc f rr fms r i
aic a ca a. Iaqa
iica ha ak pac i a ccpa
s m 66.2 rc f rr ms 81.6
pc f a fma, p aic a
hi picipa cmic aci.th i c
mia fm h a a aa i ach
f mpm ppi a ii
aa. di h a 50 a a ppa
Can we CheCk MIgRatIon FRoMRuRal aReaS?
Dr. Harender Raj Gautam
ha ca fm 82.0 68.9 p c. Mia
frm rr r rs is frm 27.8 31.1 r
c ic 2001. I i ma ha appxima
2 mii pp a hii fm a a
rs rxim 22 mii
h mir frm rr r rs sic
2001. aricr ris h rici ms f
iih f 52 p c f ppa
hich is i h rr rs. I is rr h 57
r c f r mir hshs mir frm
rr rs hrs 29 r c f rr mir
hshs mir frm r rs. Frhr,
rxim 55 r c f h hshs i
During the last 50 years rural population has decreased from 82.0 to 68.9 per cent. Migration from
rural to urban areas is up from 27.8 to 31.1 per cent since 2001. It is estimated that approximately 2
million people are shifting from rural to urban area annually and approximately 22 million people
have migrated from rural to urban areas since 2001.
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Kurukshetra February 2012 77
rr rs 67 r c f h hshs i h
r rs h mir fr mm r
a. l f j ppi i aic
is h rimr fcr f rii frm
ricr. arri crisis c frm h
fac ha 240, 000 -i fam cmmisici 1995 2009. thr is r
h a f mia fm a
r rs srh h ricr. ths,
h i f -fam a -fam a
mm cm rr r scr
q iih ihi h hshs f sm-
hrs -ss ricr rrs. Hihr
rh i ricr is fr ssi f
ci f h c a ih h ic
f f scri i, h fr f ris i
frhr icrs. ths, hr is srh
mpm ppi i h a aa
ssi ricr ricr s isris.
thr is rrs his r.
Rr Ii rmi h fcs f icmrs
s 10.1 r c f is r frc is m
cmr ih 7.3 r c i r rs. I rr
aa, aic c h mia
mp (52 p c), f cc
(7.2 r c), mfcri (6.7 r c),
cmmi srics (6.3 r c). ahh hris cs fr srhi -cci schms
ri miimm mm, h c
i . upai h ki f h
rr rfrc i mch h rqirms
f h mfcri srics scrs
pi m a . Aic i h m
imr cm f m i h rr
rs. aricr ccs fr 10 r c f
h xr ris ris r mri
r mr f isris. aricr i Ii
ss 52 r c f h r frc, cris 14
p c f g dmc Pc f h c.
o f h ms imr fcrs fr mm
a i h aic i maiai h hih
h a. Iia’ ppa 1.9 p
c 1990-2007 hi, f pc
ippa 1.2 p c. Iia
ricr is mjr sr s f r cm
hr is mak i m pc
ha m mpm ppi a ca.
Pci f i cp i a maj cc f
s rh r i ricr. thr is rms
cp f aii h pci f Iiaricr, i cr is frm icms,
a a iica h i ma f
fam a. Cq hih pci,
hr i ris i h rr icm hich i
ah a mpi c i h a aa.
Pc f hih a aica cp i
hr r r fr hihr icm i ricr.
th ma f hih-a cmmi ch a
fi, a, mik, ma, p a h i
icrsi fsr h fris hir m
is xc icrs mr h 100 r ci h cmi 20 rs. Icrs i m fr frm
a -fam pc a ic i ma
api h f mpm ppi i h
c. th i fc a
pima fam a -fam c f ca
mpm ppi i a aa.
Agro- Food Processing
F pci a a ai a h
mjr r rs hich c cr m i h
mpm. o c ha iz hi happ pa. F pci ca c
h h sss f Rs. 55, 000 crrs i fris,
fi a a. va ai ca
i fris, fris, s, ir rcs,
ma, p, h a micia a amac
pa. th a m f ii
i ricr hich r si ms r
i a cmic aa f h ppa. F
prcssi Isr is mm isi. I
ha ma f Iia ha f r.10
mii is, i crs 18 js irc 64
iirc i h riz scr 20 js i
h ris scr crss h s chi.
a rs f rcssi scr ms
13 mii irc 35 mii
iirc. Fr h rjc rh i h
F prcssi Isr, i is xc h h
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Kurukshetra February 201288
rqirm f hm rsrc
17.8 mii i 2022. oric frmi i
a fi pc.
Need to Engage Agricultural Graduatesin Rural Areas
th Cr grm hs ch ris
schms h m ricr
aa i p f ch i
ricr scr hich i ccr
h aica pc ih h imia
f s chic h h frmrs
a pi mpm ppi akh f
hr m hs f his cr. I sch
rs, ri-ciics ri-siss crs r
h ms imr. th ri-ciics risiss
crs r is ri xr srics aic fam cppi pacc, ch
imia, cp pc fm p a
isss, mr rs rics f ris crs
i h mrs s ciic srics fr im
hah c. hich hac pci f
crs ims. aricr rs m
ch fm a a f hih pa aa i
p i a ai-
ciics ri-siss crs.
aricr rs h cm frm frmi
famii a ha a ap f aic ca
cr r cmmrci frmi
hir r s /r sish r-
isris ri-srics frm hich h c
r fr hihr icm h i sri mm.
Sci chic sr c ri hs
ricr ri-siss rrrs
hp hm achi acia f-cic a
hih icms. th Schm f ari-Ciic ari-
bsiss Crs s ch i 2002 s f-
f Fic Miisr’s sch fr 2001.
th jc f h chm i pi f-
s xsi hr srics h frmi
cmmi s cr sf-mm
ppi f aic aa. th
ricr rs r ri rii i ri-
siss m fr mhs i r
67 i i pic/pia c ca
hh h c a cia naa
I f Aic exi Mm
(MAnAge). th i a pi
hhi sr h ri rs fr
pi f a. th c f aii a
hhi is i r h grm f Ii. tri rs r xc s
ari-Ciic ari-bsiss Crs ih h h
f ak ac. th chm i i impm
ih h h f Sm Frmrs ari-bsiss
Cm (sFAC), MAnAge a naa bak
fr aricr Rr dm (nabaRd).
th rii is fr rs i ricr
a jc ai aic ik hc,
sricr, rir scics, frsr, ir,
p fami, hi, c. n h facii
hs x h h ih ricripma f a a 10+2 xamia. A
h rii, hs rs im hrs
ca a i ai-i a a p
Rs. 20 h is ri h nabaRd hr
aaiz ak f hich a 40 p c
i acia aiac. Aic aa a
ipma h i i a ch pjc
ca ak acia hp fm naa Hc
Mii, naaiz bak, nAbArd, naa
Hc ba, sa Cpa bak.
Need for Non-farm EmploymentOpportunies
I i ma ha -fam aci a
r cri 25 35 rc f
h hsh icm i rr Ii. th r
f rh f mm i h rr riz
c i iica a cmpa h
r riz scr. I is sishi h rr
mm rh i ricr is sm
(0.06 r c). th si r f rh f
h -frm scr is csi rm f rr
- a mia. Pci a paii
i h -frm scr is r hihr h
i h frm scr hs hr is fr
cmia f fam a -f rm icm h
hsh hich i ri rsiic is
a ia i ih f h c, hh
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Kurukshetra February 2012 99
ricr is fr mr frq rsi.
I i ma ha 50 p c f ppa
i ii i h r rs if h rs
f mia f pp fm a a
aa c. thi ama ai fm h fac
ha 50 p c f h ppa i ascr hich ccs fr js 14 r c f h
cr’s r gdp. grm ic sh
im sri his r. thr i h
rr mhsis rrmms i h
Pii f ua Facii i ra Aa (Pa).
p i fc rfr i i rr rs,
smi-rr r r sm , ri hr is
cm cci, a a k
a pp ca a hahca p. th
naa Cmmii Fam, ha M s
Smih, hs ss h chi f aa a, -fam mpm iia, i
ai h -i aa a mpm
aa pamm, xpa ppi
f -fam mpm a aia icm
a f h a ppa. I ch
s h khi vi Isris Cmmissi,
h sma Fam’ Ai-i Cm,
hr is sh i. thr is
r i isris cr r f
srci f sm f hir rs jii
a aa. Ii ik a, x, ah,
cic, phamacca a ma h ca
si cr sch ifrsrcr. Hr, rr
aa ha qipp ih chica
c mr xi h r
f iia aii i i a aa ih
facii. th i ca ch
isri s ii hm sm rif i
ca a a ax. sch i a hp i
ic h mia f h pp.
Need to Promote Agri-tourism in RuralAreas
th mr f riss r i hs
risri hm rh i is xc
h his mr shr ch 1.5 ii.
trism cris 11 r c f h r
r frc 10.2 r c f h rss
mc pc. th amic h f hi
isr is i frm h fc h j
is his scr r 2.5 sc. Fri
xch ri frm rism ri 2010 r
uS $ 14.1 ii. trism i Ii cris 6.23
p c f h aa gdP a 8.78 p cf mm i h cr. ari-rism
aci ca hp i a m j i a
rs hich i h i rci h r sc
mia fm a aa. Iia im i
is ri h r f 10.1 r c. th cs
f f, accmma, ca a a i
miimm i ari-trism. this is h ris
s. th cc f ari-rism s r
im h a ppa, ii h
cp f im i c c. th
a aa ppi i hi c hac s h rr cm. thr r mr
f xamp i i a ik Mahaaha,
kr, Rjsh, Jhrh, gjr Himch
prsh hich r ri sccssf rs
hich a hpi i am h icm f h
i rr rs. I Mhrshr, i h
rr rs h frm Mhrshr S ari &
Rr trism (MaRt). thr r 150 ri-rism
crs i h s hs crs r ri
ih rm h. Hr, h s
grm hs ssiiz h ri-rismaci. I Kaa, a im ih hah
im i a ccf aac pp
frm r h r. Rjsh is s rfrr
a f h i. I Himacha Pah,
S grm is cri cr
h qi facii i hi hm i a aa
i hm f h im aci. th
sa gm i a pm a im
i h f hich i a hpi i j ca.
Rr rism hs s sccssf i gjr.
H is f h sccssf r h im
f h rjc is s h hsii r
p a ia iih ppi
f -icm a cmmi, pcia
mp h. A h a a h Hka
rsr, xc fr h mr r c irs.
th ha i ai piii ik
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Kurukshetra February 20121010
mic f hs, crici, s, c.
th ci a ha mp fm h
is. bsis r , f ims i
, h a mik a pc ca. th
a fc a a ki f fk ha a
msm shcsi h s f H, hichi fam f i aa a miciaPm
f ari-rism is sm mr imr
shrs m Miisr f aricr
i rms s cr rms
a fam. Pm f Ai-tim
cc crc ih Rr trism, ec-
trism, Hh trism, ar trism
cir rs. b, h rism i rr rs
ca ih h miimm a ifac
i h fm f a, cmmica a hah i
ca i h a aa. Pa aa h
i i h c i h i a f
sch rss ifrsrcr rqir i hs
rs sh srh.
Government Iniaves
th s rms sh irc hih-
ch ricr rs i h rr rs. I is
p m h ha h nha i
40 p c f hi aica p fm
j 1 p c aa pc ca
i -hss r hss. Sm s
rms i Himch prsh r i
cmma k i hi ic. gm
f Himch prsh hs ircs p.d
d kis b Smirihi yj fr rc
ca f a cp ih a a f
Rs.353 crrs i 2009 i frhr s
h a pc. sm h a ik
uakh, Maaha a Kaaaka ha a
irc sch schms. Cr grm s
am ai f h a m
i srhi h rr ifrsrcr. th
Miisr f Micr, Sm Mim erriss
ppm h f sa gm
impm h prim Miisr’s emm
ga Pamm (PMegP), a ci-ik
ssi rrmm sic 2008-09, hrh khi
vi Isris Cmmissi(kvIC) hrh
h c f a f-mpmppi hh aihm f mic
rriss ici rr r isris
aizi aia aa a mp
h, hpi i p hi mia i
icrsi hir ri cci. a h S/
ui trriris , h schm is imm
hh c f KvIC, sa/ui ti
khi vi Isris brs (kvIbs)
disric Isris Crs (dICs) ih im
f bak. u hi Pamm, ciai
c sish micr rriss ici rr r isris ii f mri m ssi
f 25 rc f rjc cs fr is i rr
aa p ciai i a
ca hich i 35 pc f ciai
i sci cris sch s sch
cs/sch ri/m hrs hrh
h impm aci a a fm bak,
c., f pjc c p r.25 akh ach i
h mfcri scr Rs.10 h ch
i h sric scr.
Ii is i rr rs hr is
mak h i cmfa a
ca. th i p m m a
cric schms hc h rr ifrsrcr
i m f map a facii ha h
rm f Mhm ghi f grm Srj is
riz i r i f h cr.
(The author is Senior Scienst, Department
of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Dr. Y.S.Parmar
University of Horculture and Forestry, Nauni-
173230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh.e-mail :
There is enormous scope for raising the producvity of
Indian agriculture, doubling crop yields and farm incomes, and generang signicant growth in demand for farm labour
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Kurukshetra February 2012 1 111
Fr h ss mri frmrs h
r i cs , miri is h
chic fr iih. th sh risi
f c f iih is i h i
iss cr ss s h
fcrs sch s h rci f iih i h
sss. Hr i hs sish h
miri s js h ri i
r h isrss i h ss i
hs ccm ci. th hm f
miri is i h rs i h
frmh f sr rh f h 1960s. t
r r hss f crss h h
rh f h ri hir i is
i srch f f mm. Ms s
rrs i i miim i s.
aii f , r rc is h
RuRal eMployMent guaRantee pRogRaMMeand MIgRatIon
Dr. S.M Jawed Akthar and N.P. Abdul Azeez
rii frc fr miri. thh h mirs
hir hshs mih fi iii, i
is s h his iii fi ccrs h
cs f ss h rr r rs,
ci i sci fr, hrh rcri
icrs i i r sii
rs rr ri ccri f
h, icm hm ci. trii,
ricr r c isris r h
mjr rfssis i h rr rs. ths
rfssis c sr h r icrsi
i i h rr rs.
o h sis f r sm sr i
bihr, kr ur prsh, ori, prs
Sr (1989) rr h i h r
rs f h hr ss, fm mirs’ r
Public works offering relatively predictable employment opportunities are particularly effective in
slowing rural-urban migration.
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Kurukshetra February 20121212
ricii rs r r hihr m
Chrisis Sch Css/tri hhr
mrri r mrri iii f hih
rcii js i h rr rs c rc i-
miri h r rs. I is i cc
h m i srch f mm s
frm hihr ri – ri
chic r mr imr hir
sr f ii.
MGNREGA: An Alternative to
Migration
o f h siific jcis f h
MgnRega is rrs -miri f si,
ss r frc frm h rr rs
r rs sri
100 s f
mm ihi hir
i jrisici s
h hs r
mm c
jicis ri
iiz h ss
ss ri
isrss sss. as fr sssi, h r si is
ihi fi m ris f
h ic’s i. I cs i is , i ms
ri ihi h bc h rrs ms
i 10 rc f hir s s xr s
m h ii r ii xss.
MgnRega, , c cm “ric”
src f c mm (sic i rs
r ihi frih mi
i), hrfr rcs isrss miri. I
his rsc, MgnRega crss ih ris
mm rrmms sch s Jhr Rzr
yj r Smr grm Rzr yj.
MgnRega i h siific sii
imc ss rr-r miris
rii rr rrs ih mm ri
h ss. this i rc h rms
f xcssi i rssrs i Ii ciis
s srs rr r i fi mm i
hir is. MgnRega i s h
imc rm miris rs. whi i
is iffic scri h h xc imc i
, c ssm h h cr ifrsrcr
h icrs cii i h rr cm
icrs rchsi r i hihr
rs f rm j cri hs miii
h rc mir. bfr MgnRega, hs
ri is h i m frm
c c ri ff-fishi/ff-ricr
ss. b ih mm r schm
i c, h h
src f iih ri
rh ff-fishi
sss. th c f xc
ffici miri
is mr h sh
crrc s s s
ssi s i is qi
imr qif his
s ccr s ssi s
rr-r miri c
cm qi rm
fr h h src h sii rs.
Studies on Migration:
ahh i is r j r ssss
h rrmm r isiis hihih sm
hr imr rs. thr r s m sis
r h ffc f MgnRegS miri
hich r shs crsi r, sm
f hm r fs.
la s cc kri bhi
ashish Rj (2009) shs h mr h
hf (57 r c) f h sm rrs
s h h nRega “h hm i
miri”, simir rri (s 57
MGNREGA will have
significant positive impact
on seasonal rural-urban
migrations by providing
rural workers with
employment during the
lean season
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Kurukshetra February 2012 1 313
r c) f h miri h crs i
hir is fr h nRega s ch.
as xc, hs firs r rr i
rs ih hih s f nRega mm
r hih rs f miri fr h ici
f h rrmm. Fr isc, i pi c
(Mh prsh), h f -miri
hr h nRega hs i i
, 92 r c f h sm rrs f
h miri h 88 r
c si h nRega h h hm i
miri.
laccri R. d. Mr gr (2006)
rcis rsrchrs miri
h amr Isi f Sci Rsrch,
MgnRegS hs rc miri 15-20
r c i sm is f M. Jh,
dhr diri. Fi sris
sh h his rci is s sci i
h cs f m fmiis ih mr
h r m rrs h s
hi i h xci h h i
r c. th schm hs imr h
rii r f mirs ihi
h r mr shi s.
la s drz cs (2009)
sh h nRega hs i miri
59 rc si chir sch
38 rc. Rr-r miri s
misci f r rr
r scrs i h ss h i riss
r mm, rmm
r.
lnr Chr n . (2011),
i hir s f Mrhj bsrdisric i oriss s sh h r,
69 rc f h rss h
rr h hr hs ccri i
mm riis cc f h
nRega 54 rc h si h
miri hs cm i h frmh f
immi f h schm. this cr
iics h fr h irci f
nRega, i Mrhj h imi
iih riis frci hm
mir si i r sc
h schm hs s hs
rms csir. I m hs si
h h nRega is sccssf i mi is
s jcis his i fr. th cm
is q r crss ci s
rs.
Cost of Migration
I xii miri crss sc,
ccri Hrris tr (1970), icm
iffris r s h mii fcr i
mi frm -icm rs ri
hih-icm rs. e hh i r rs
xc r is hihr h rr r,
r rc mir cs f h
cs f miri h hmrs i. th iiss
cc r i h i rfcs
h css f miri s s h xii
ciis h rrs fc s mirs.
emrc f sis drz khr, Ii Sch f wm’s Sis
dm hihihs h MgnRegS hs i
crs i isrss miri frm i,
ih rrs si h h rfrc r i
r h is, rhr h ri sci
hr cs f miri shr i srch
f r. th css f miri ic rsr
css, cri ris, hh hzrs,
hihr css f ii i r rs cmi
ih r ii ciis h r h ’h h ccis s i r
r, hr r r hih h r
isf qi fmiir h fc
hih ris cs hr is r h h
i m hrh h r. Miri
s rss i r f sci if: this is
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Kurukshetra February 20121414
r h i h cs f m miri
h ir fmiis mir. wh ir fmiis
mir h sii is rs: chir
h rm frm schs i i
rcris irms. wm irs
r sci r sx xii.
Frhr, r csi is cs f miri
h is r sci r. ths, MgnRegS
s crs i miri frm is, ih
i rfrc r i r hir
is, rhr h ri h sci hr
css f miri shr i srch f r
cs i ri s, cri ric
mm ihi h fi imrs hich
ri iq ri rc
frm hs hrshis.
Migration andEducation:
th irs
mir ih hir fmiis
hi h h mih
m hir chir i
ciis. this is xsi
h chir h hzrs f
chi r s i
chir ri f
sch ri h cmic r hich shs h
h miri s irc cc c f
ci fr chir. Rc fi isis
nr brr (2008)is f drr isric
s h icic f chi mir r
r ri hr ris fr r-sc
miri f chir h s f 10 14
r i h bt c fis i gjr. Chir
s mir gjr r i ric is, i
hs rshs, i xi mrs csrci sis. Discussions with villagers
revealed that there has been almost a 20 per cent
reduction in the incidence of migration amongst
children which shows reduction in child labour as
a direct result of the impact of MGNREGA. p
i s h if hr r rsii schs fr
10-14 r chir h mr rs
hir chir i sch. I s f h
sm f h irs s hir MgnRega icm
imr h qi f ci f hir rs
i h missi f, rchsi s,
rii iis, i f sch ifrm, icc
c. d h csrci f cci r,
chir r ccii sch
icc r f , chir r mr
rr i rms f i h sch. thr is
cr c f si h ii icm
fr h ci f chir. I is cs f
ihr m fr chir’s r ci.
Ms f h MgnRega fi fmiis iis
hir icm fr ccssi chir’s ci r
smi ih ii
fciiis imr h qi
f ci. this rm
ism f MgnRega
icm i i fr cci
f h fmiis fr hir r
mii. ths, rci i
h miri f h s
chir icrs
rm ri f
chir i schs r h
mjr imcs f MgnRega, ccri h
i hmss. Sr, h criics f
MgnRega r h hs r rhhi
s fr ic ic.
Effect of Migration on Agriculture:
th MgnRega icm i s hs
imsis. th fmiis i sm
ricr hich is isffici r
f scri fr h h f h r r crii srs f csh m hr sic
s, fmiis r smi ricr
icm ih icm f MgnRega. thr
r r mrs f sm hi fmiis
hi ricr rc; MGNREGA
income provides a significant value addition to
MGNREGA income provides
a signicant value addion
to meet their higher order
needs crical for their
survival or growth
and development of
their family
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Kurukshetra February 2012 1 515
meet their higher order needs critical for their
survival or growth and development of their
family. thr r fmiis h r cm
ss r, fr
r i ricr scr r cii rs. I h
ff ss f ricr, sch fmiis mir
s. Cii rs i i h i
hm is r i h i if h
rs r r i h MgnRega cii rs.
e if h r fmi mmrs mir s
si rrs, mi si fmi
mmrs rfr s i h i r
r MgnRega.
this r, h r mm
r MgnRega hs rsri h s ssr miri, hich h cm h mis
f frmi i ricr rrssi, r-
sr, ss. this hs cs c shr
f r fr ricr ffci is i
h shr ss, kr, pj
h cii f r-isi crs i ric,
h src. th frmrs r frc
icr ii xss fr si mchis
r fr i frm ris hich r
rir rfrm m mirr r fr r css. Ss f rcrs cr si
hrsi mchis r rr h
ris shr s rs. Frmrs’ rizis
h cm ih ssi ssi h
h mr 100 s mm i r
sh ri ri ricr
sss. this i i-i sii fr
h frmrs frm r. whi h frmrs
i r h h i h ms, h
rrs i rmi m fr r ri i r. ahh icrs
r isrss miri frm rr r
ssi, i rs ffc h iii
f r i h ricr fis f m ss
hr s r r fr h irci
f MgnRegS icrs mr r.
Conclusion:
ahh hr hs sm ci i
h icic f miri frm h ficir
hshs, ss isrss miri
cis c. this is rimri csf h -iii f js h ,
h c f rss h is f h
risis ims r h schm
m h i ficiris f h schm.
th ffrs c hs mirs h
fis f h MgnRegS h c f rr
isf r i h imc rs h
mirs s c i hir hm ss i
fis f his schm. th sc f MgnRega
hr i c s cr rr-r miri
is cii h i is i imm
i h ri, hris, if r is si,
if s r’ i im if m is js
i sih-ff, h rrs i h
ici s miri. Hr i sh
cr h h rimr im f h ac is ri
fr fr h sci f h i h s
r h miimm - h fc h i
c s cr isrss miri is js sii
scr imc f h ac. this r s
m ss h h fcs f h ac sh
shif ri rr-r miri, i
ss hihih h i sh cm riri
imm MgnRega s ffici s ssi
cs hr r rms scr fis
frm h ac hich c r h sii
imc cmic m. thrfr, if i
c s cr rr-r miri h i
i hr fi frm his ac, hich
c c smhi ccr i r
ii rr m i h r.
(Dr. S.M.Jawed Akhtar is Associate Professor,
and N.P.Abdul Azeez is Junior Research Fellow,
Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, UP., e-mail : abdulazeeznp@
gmail.com.)
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Kurukshetra February 20121616
Rmiac a ma h mia
h mmrs f hir fmi i i. thi h c f mia a
mpm, aica pc a a
m sr ir. I is ssi
iih ca i cci h
am a hcmi f mia.
o i csirs h h r imc f rr
mia mia-i aa i a
rcmms sii icis rm
rr mm m i rr imi
ppa mm fm a aa. spp
f hi i ii h a impac f a
MIgRatIon : IMpaCt & RelevanCe oFReMIttanCe on RuRal aReaS
Gaurav Turkhade
ss i h i aa a i ip c
h c cm.
A c i ci ha mia ca
ha a pi impac pm a ca,
ia a aa . spp f hi
i ci mia a hh a
i hich cmic sci is h
mir his/hr hsh r mii.
this i mhaiz h aii fm h
af f c a aa, ch a acia
i-ki miac, a a h a
a amii f ki a ia ia.
Remittances play an essential role in ensuring food for many rural poor households and thus
constitute an efficient strategy for facing adversities such as low agricultural productivity and the
inherent risks and instability of farming activities. Moreover, remittances may serve as insurance
to improve or counter crisis situations, thus limiting negative effects on food security. Evidence
shows that the impact of remittances on agriculture is mixed and highly contextual. In some cases,
migration and remittances foster household farm investment and agricultural production, while in
others, the opposite occurs.
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Kurukshetra February 2012 1 717
Iiia a cc miac ci
h ssisc -i f rr fmiis.
Ism f mir’s icm i frm -
fam aci a ica cmp
ma a ca mpm ppi ic
iirc. accri, i is rcmm h
icis si icrs h sci, cmic
a acia ik mia a hi
cmmi pac f ii. rai, h,
is mr cmx. a i r f ris – sch
a ca cx, p a x f mia a
iz f miac – iac ih a ic
h c f kfc i a aa a h
impac f acia af fm mia hi
fmi cmmi f rii. th mjr imcs
f mia a miac aic a
a mpm p ic pa f
xpi, im a a aca f
mia hh, a iic h mpi
c f miac a cha i h a,
s srics mrs. th siz & m
mi p a fac ch a h
capaci f h mia & cia & cmic pi
a h pac f mia. th ca iia
mia h a pac i j pi m
m a i mi m cmpa
hs h r hih c & c i srir
j pi.
Research Objecves :
thi pap xami h impac f miac
aic, hah & ca a p
aia a iqai i a aa.
Methodology:
this s is mi s scr src
& aa i ai fm k & p mia
& rr m.
Impact of Remiance on Agriculture:
th miac fm mia a ik
ai a icm & cmp, hich a
h pc im f h pm
& iica f aic aci & i
h r f hir fmi ii hi. I is s
pc f cpic cmp
ii xcssi r ci isi i
a aic, ih i c mpm.
ths, i icrss h rsrcs ih h
f a h pa f h cipi.
eic h ha h impac f miac
ricr is mix hih cx. I sm
ca, mia a miac f hh
fam im a aica pc, hi
i h, h ppi cc. Iia, a
aaiaii f fam a -fam pc
m crs h fmi mmrs mir,
paca if hh a a aiz
fmi r ms r c h cssr
ma hi aia a .th ia ma
cha h miac a aii. I ma
rs f Ii fr isc, h r m
rci hsh c srir gdp
p capia. rmiac a a ha f hh
icm r frm r r. Fr xm, s
f cmmi i a viaha f Mahaaha
f ha f aia fami mm hmia h Mmai a miac, h
icm f rcii fmiis rs rxim
10 rc.
I m ca, miac ca cmpa
f h a impac f mia ai
hir r rc h ricr r frc
. I h, miac ma c aica
a a pc, f xamp icai
-fam aci a imi pp’ ii
ak -pai aica aci. rcii
hh ma ch p hi aiaicm ica cmp, i
i hi, ca a hah, a a i
pia -fam aci, hi h
ma fa aica pc. Pi c
h f ism (hhr frm
-fam) a cmp pa. If
rsrcs r is i ricr -
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Kurukshetra February 20121818
ricr pc, c ma pi f
h aica pc a a mpm.
exms frm r h cr sm
iica ha, ak a a h, mia a
miac ha a cia ic a
-i a aica pc. I ccp pc i h ic c i h
h , m miac ha hac
h cp pci a ca accma.
Mia fm a aa ha a c
hh fam icm iia, ahh m
miac f cmpa f a,
ci hh icm a ma h
fam a -fam pc . ra miac-
cii hh a hi hi -fam
im fm cp ick pc.
dpi c i h k fc, aica
icm s sm ci s rs f mia a a icm i ii, paa a a
rs f h hihr isms i isc. I hs
s f h mmrs f hshs ih
mia i k iica f h i
aica pc.
Mia ha impac fam’ chica
cic, a mia hh i m
i pci-haci a m-ai fam
chi f cp pc. Ahh
mia ha f h ap f imp
ch, mir hshs sh aica pfmac ha -mia
hh, ca a c i h a
a im a imp
chi fm miac cip. th caci
f rrs r cmic fcrs r
mia ha a a impac aic.
I a c ha, i a cx f hih mia,
ack f ia pc chiq, c
f im iirsi, crs r
aam f fami aci h
. th a i hich mia a miac
ac aica pc a icm hi ic impac fam aci. si
rr rs i wsr Ii f h ch
mir cr r f hr js hrh
miac. th, miac ca c-
icm c ha fa p pp, h ii
si h rr cm. bh mir
-mia hh fm miac
rsfrs. Hr, i r s sr rs
f h pi c f mia ak h.
e if miac a i i aic,
h r r sms h h ccr
a iia ai f aic – f
frms f ricr h sri -fam aci. sa i iica
ha mia i hh mm a a
sr m f ricr. ois, i is
mr i h isms i ricr r m
i aa h h a m pa –
i i hich aa a i a aa
a p iz a, iia a i aaia
i ci qa, a pc aa a
c r rs hr ic ifrsrcr.
whr r iii is cri r cs
hr cisi fcrs src ricr
pc a fami if – ch a cai a
pp ih, cmpx cc a
cci maiac a a ii,
xrm sm sizs – mirs
fr ss ici is i ricr r mih
paa iha fm h c . b a
his is fc, i m s i mi h
m rr ihis mir cs h h
aa xpic aic a a -p, ik
aci, ai h pia a pic c.
Impact of Remiance on Health &
Educaonth mirs s cri h i
fa aci maki ci f h
cc f ch ii & hpia &
cmmi crs. ths mirs r h mi
rs & h i cmmi s rs
h pp ih a hp & xpca. A
h hh , miac a imp
h sr f ii. th icrs irsif
icm hsh mmrs c
mr rsrcs rii f, ccssi
hh srics si hir chir ch. opii i ai h c f
mia a miac hah a ca.
Sm rsrchrs h f h h hh
caa a f chi i mia
hh imp ih miac, hi
hrs mhsiz h h impac f mia a
aa pi a ha h cia a hma
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Kurukshetra February 2012 1 919
c f f a a hih a ha
msr.
Ms sis s mr chi mri
rs irh ih s iicrs, hi
a aai hah ca . o h h,
i ha h ha miac ha a piimpac hah. I a i ha chi
mir hshs i rr rs r ss i
i i hi a a ha h ha a
hihr irh ih h hr chir. I s s
i ha h chi ha ai imp
acc mica ca, paca ic mia
ha ica hi pa a a aa
f h imrc f hh cr. Hr, i s
a f ha p hah ca, ch a
ai a accia, a cmm
am mia hh. oh i ha
ca a h a hah impac f pchica a ic i
r sc r m, s s h
pa f ifc ia ch a HIv/AIds a
ca a a chi’ hah h
h ha ih fi ia a.
th impac f miac p a
h f h hh ha, a miac
a m ik i i ca if h
r s mir fhrs mhrs. Sm
rsrchrs s f h chir frm mir
hh a m ik a ch, ha
hih cmp a a a ph chir frm -mir hshs. d
rr rs r h chir i mir
hh a m ik a
sch, h r s mr i s i sch
i h r i hich sch r rs
, h hihr cm rs i hir
a ch. nh, a cc
miac a ca ha a
sr. tchrs & hh rrs h rr
h sch rfrmc m chir frm
mia hh i p a mm
hmr r ch s.
Impact of Remiances on povertyalleviaon and inequality
th c f miac p appa
mch ss crrsi h hir imc
iqai: h m a c
ha miac c p. rmiac
r imr s src f icm
fr m hshs sci i rr rs.
th hp c ma ic, mh
cmp a cm ic i pi
f cii. th ix f miac ma ca a
icrm i rics s rs f mir
hh i i a. th iqai ma
xcr h cms ss ccssi
rr hshs mr ccr i
h hs f f . I hs i
ha h a mia a iqai
p h f ii f mia
ihi a pcic cmmi: m f pp
i i mia ma ica iqai,
hi mr riz mii s rc
iqi, s frm r sci-cmic
acc h mia .
th a impac f mia amiac p a iqai i pa
p h m f mia iia fm
i icm p (a h ic
i miac ai ppi
miac), a a h c a
a ii am i p, ici
-mir hshs. th r imc r
m fama p h iic c
aki pac i pcic cx.
Conclusion
Mirs s hir ic ih hc f rii. Mirs s crr h
hich h impa h a ppa a f
ici & pacipa i ai aci, hi
f impac f ca hich h ai
& p i hi i, hi ia a
ai h aia cia m, a h
his irc cri h m f
rr rs. ams h mirs cri h
m f h rr rs ihr cmic
cia h. th cmic ci f h
mia famii i & a ha h
famii i h ia h fm mia ha
ak pac. th, a a mia m
imr fcr i h sci & cmic
m f h rr rs.
(The author is Lecturer, Takshashila
Mahavidyalaya, Amrava – 444607 , Maharashtra,
e-mail : [email protected])
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Kurukshetra February 20122020
M
iri is h rmr f chi
sci-cmic iic ciis
h i iri s.I is s si f i isriis i cmic
sci ciis h rii
sii. I is r i h h
isi rcsss r h r hs
ccr h miri r, i srch f
sri, ffim r if fr hmss
hir fmiis (Hzr, 2010). Rr miri is
h hm h scris h mm f
frm hir is r rs, s
MIgRatIon oF Cottage InduStRy woRkeRS(a Cs S f amrr disric)
FROM THE GROUND
Dr. Jamshed Nasir, Mahvish Anjum and Ullas T
i srch f r iih (Si, 2002). I
Ii hr r s mr f ss rs
q s mrs f ri mrrs i rr scr, ir mii is criic
h iihs f m , sci fr
frm rr rs h r cis
srm f mirs si fr ciis. ths
mirs hir misr ii
ms r i sms h misr f
h ciis xi h r i q ci
srics i h -m
-si rfrc f h ci (nsir, 1991).
According to this survey, it was astonishing to find that there had been pract ica lly no
migration of cottage industry workers from Ambedkarnagar district. A few who have migrated
have done so far reasonsother than livelihood earning, such as religion, better environment,
housing etc…
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Kurukshetra February 2012 2 121
a rs hr r m cmic ciiis
i amrr isric h mi r
f h cmic cii is shr c
isr. prs r fcss h miri
f rrs m i c isr. C
isris f amrr isric si crsrcs, ch c sis i
i miii h rm f rr
r rs.
Objecves
I h rs r m hs
m s h sii f miri
-miri f c isr rrs i
amrr isric. th mi jcis f
his s r:
l t sss h cmic cii f c
isr rrs
lt fi h css f miri fr
c isr rrs
Methodology
prs s is s rimr
cc frm h c isr rrs ih
h h f qsiir chiq. th sr
ccr 246 c isr rrs frm
9 cs. I h rs r sim rc
mh hs s fr h sis f .Fr shi h icm isrii f c
isr rrs, r irm hs rr
Discussion
amrr is f h imr
isric f ur prsh hich cri i
rii mm smr
icm 1000’s f riss, irs
ricr ri sc ricr ss.
asis shs h h mr f c
isr rrs ris frm miimm f 12 i
Rmr mximm 52 i Jr. I cs
f miri, 5-10 rc c isr
rrs r mir r r cr frm
iffr cs (t 1).
accri his miric sr, i s
sishi fi h hr h rcic
miri f c isr rrs frm
amrr isric. a f h h mir
h s fr rs hr h iih
ri sch s rii, r irm,
hsi c…
th a hi a mia i
cmic a hf, h ca f -mia
f ca i k h a a
ih cmic i.. h ai f ca k
sh s hih s hm hir
c f r. thrfr, s cc
h icm f h k mp i ca
isr r frhr cris h sis
f hir icm i hr rs i.. hih, mim
icm r (t 2).
Table 1: Block-wise distribuon of coage industry workers and number of migrang
and non-migrang workers
Blocks No. of coage
industry worker
Migrang Percentage Non-migrang Percentage
t 39 2 5.13 37 94.87
arr 48 3 6.25 45 93.75
Jr 52 2 3.85 50 96.15
Jhirj 22 1 4.55 21 95.45
khri 20 2 10.00 18 90.00
bshri 20 2 10.00 18 90.00
bhi 13 1 7.69 12 92.31
bhi 20 1 5.00 19 95.00
Rmr 12 0 ni 12 100.00
Total 246 14 5.70 232 95.30
Source: Based on Field Survey, 2010
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Kurukshetra February 20122222
as isr i h 2 fir 2
(41.03%) f h sm rrs
h mim icm r, (10.26%) h hih
icm r (46.15%) h icm
r i t c.
I arr c (37.5%)
icm r, (52.08%) mim icm r
(10.41%) hih icm r. I h cs
f khri, bshri, bhii, bhi Rmr,
h rc f c rrs i
hih icm r is i. th hih rc
(77.27%) f c isr rrs s
icm r is sh Jhirj.
I m mi hr h i hs
cs, icm m rr s fmi
icm cs ms f hm r rrs
i h fmi. I is i h his is h
rci s hs rrs ch
hir c f rii. effcs r, hrfr m
fi hr rs fr hir -miri.
Causes of non-migration
th r h fi fcs
-miri:
Affection for their native place: is r
hm h h rs hs ffci hisirh c. Mjri (80%) rs h h
rfr i hr h hir i
c. ths ffci fr hir i c is
f h rss fr hir -miri.
Feeling of satisfaction: th c isr
rrs i si f hir mr ris, fs
sisfi i if f imi s.
House ownership: Ms f h i h
s r r ii hr fr ris. th
h hir hs i. bcs f i
sr si rsic i hr c
h rfr mir.
Close interaction with community: this s
mr s mjr cs (>80% f rs)
f miri. ths rrs h cs
irci ih h r hm
his irci hs fi f irc .
Services and facilities: Ifr- srcr
cii f amrr isric is mr.
p s ris srcs f r fr hir
r s. Ms f hm h hir h
m s crici fcii. th cs
f amrr isric h hh fcii i..
ri hsis, rm hsi, ri
cr c. hich fcii hm sisfcri.
S hs fciiis r s f h rss frh -miri f c isr rrs s
r 75% rss.
Table 2: Block-wise income distribution of cottage industry workers
Blocks Monthly Income
Less than
3000 (Rs.)
Percentage 3000-5000
(Rs.)
Percentage More than
5000 (Rs.)
Percentage
t 19 48.72 16 41.03 4 10.26
arr 18 37.50 25 52.08 5 10.42
Jr 28 53.85 20 38.46 4 7.69
Jhirj 17 77.27 2 9.09 3 13.64khri 15 75.00 5 25.00 0 ni
bshri 12 60.00 8 40.00 0 ni
bhi 9 69.23 4 30.77 0 ni
bhi 14 70.00 6 30.00 0 ni
Rmr 8 66.67 4 33.33 0 ni
Source: Based on Field Survey, 2010
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Kurukshetra February 2012 2 323
s s cr rms, ci, ngos
c. i rr m r.
Conclusion
th rs s “ Miri f C
Isr wrrs i amrr isric” hs sm irsi ccsis. th ri
f s is f h cr f c
isr i sr u.p. Ms f h isri
rrs r i sch isris. as fr s
miri is ccr, isiific mrs f
c isr rrs mir r ciis.
I si f ris h rfr
mir s h h ffci fr hir i
c r sisfi ih hir rs r.
th s s s h cr rm
sh frm sch icis hich c hrssh r f h rr rrs ssis i h
ifm f h rrii sci f h
sci.
(The authors are from Department
of Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh, e-mail:
whr m h rs, h fc rmis
h hr r ris c isris rii
mm h i amrr
isric frm hr miri s c.
Impact of non-migration
as h rr-r miri crs
i i h i if rm f r,
hsi, sii, i i r cr s
h sii f -miri hs i cri
h r icrsi i rssr r
cr ricr i mri i ciis. I
i s rj ji fmi ssm hich hs
is mris i h Ii cx s s
i i r srisi. ahr
imr imc h ssc f
rii rs ch cs i crri h crfs is h frm fhr s
s’s rsc i h fmi h i i
h rii.
b if i hr , his sii
f -miri f rr rrs rs
ciis hs hr sm chs fr h s
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Kurukshetra February 20122424
M
ia cc h h pac f
i i a f ca cm
ha ha f h rs
ca. Mia i ifac, a f iia
cm. I is s ssi fr jss rss
h p hi aa m . di
ci ri, r sc fmi r-
sri f bihr, u.p, M.p, oriss, b
tmi n mir h ric cris i
siam, Mai, Fiji Ia a h pac a
i a f a paa. thi ha
ri r chis hir ci msrs
s h cm f h cr’s ccr.
th a i h ci.
IMpaCt oF RuRal MIgRatIon oF agRICultuRallabouReRS oF bIhaR In aSSaM
(a Cs s f Ccr disric)
Dr. Kumar Amarendra Narain
Ii Iia, , i h mi f ih
cr sch f rrs r imr h
bih cia ma f a paa i Aam
b.
I hi pap a amp ha ma
h fac pi f mia f a f
biha a fa aa f sh Aam (Cacha) a
is imc h cm f h mir rrs
f biha. th cicmic p f h a
ci ha a c hi mia.
I rr s h rm, sm f
hr bihri rrs ri i Sichr (disric
H.Q. f Cacha, sh Aam) a i i
So long as the wants remain strictly limited there is little scope of migration. The urge for
migration was absent so long as the wants were satisfied from the local sources.
FROM THE GROUND
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Kurukshetra February 2012 2 525
i, aihm a cmmcia cc,
h , h sis f rsss m
hm a cica aa ha .
bihr hs xrici r sc
mia f a ppa i iia
s rr rs f b, Mhrsr, dhi,
pj Hr. ths rr rrs h s
hi i ss f assm, oriss
arch prsh. ui hr ss f gjr,
Kaa, tami na a ba h mia f a
a f biha a m c i
r crs isi h cr.
Mia f a a f biha i h
f rm s s ss i r. th
aa mia f bihai a i Aam i
ms cris s rs, rici rrs,
ic k, hi pma mia
ics rrs h rr r hrh
h r cqir hsm icm frm h
r. Sch rrs r shrm, shmrs,
hrs, rs srs, ricshs, hs,
crrirs ri rrs, FCI rrs, rrs
m i assm ecrici br hr
imr hs f sciss. ths rrs,
i r, i ih fmi i r
a imp if kpi i i hi mai m r m s i hir fmi mmrs
ii i biha. th ha i i a sicha
r hr smi-r s, rm m
h i hss f hir sis. o m
ccai, paca i fa h cm
hi a pac a a h ih hi
fami. simia, h ccai ik m
f maia imia ia fc h cam
hi pac, a a ai ch fc h
rr c h cs f mm.
Causes of Migraon
S s h s rmi sric imi
h i i cp f mia. th f
mia a a a h a
a fm h ca c. th fa c
if ih i cac ih i kp h
ic k ik ‘F i h ’. th
ci i ac, hai ca chi,
p hi ci ih miimm f
maia cmf. sq aia cha
risi f chs i if s rh
f mm ciiia hich pa h a fmia f a a f biha a
ris crs f b assm.
thh ssisc cmis f h s
h fr icic f hih irh rs,
h rs c. h q hih h
icic f mics i Chr, Sm px
hih ifa mai. th ppa f ch
cmi a pacca aa. u ch
circmscs rm hr rs r fr h
mir. Frhr ssisc cmi chaaci f ma. th
ac f a p cah-x h
pa mia ih ki capia qi
f cmp, xpi a m h c
f rsic.
th r sci-cmic css srcr
f a aaia ci ha pa a a
pf cai h mia f ppa.
th aica f h ci a ca ih
impma f ii ac hi i
ic h cp f mia i h ma
c. th ma f p aach ifi
ca pa a pma haicap h
mm i ch cmmi f -
mia. Fh h m f a , h
hha, ca ih imp faciia mia
i rri sci. th ss ss
aica k ha h p
mia i a pac f maia ai.
ahh ris fcrs sch s
rrir, rmic f ricr s src f
iih, cs ssm chsiss f i if
c. h i s, r s rf csris
i a, h p f ca, mai
isri xsi schm h ss
h aa m icca h pii
f ss m h f Ii, r sm
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Kurukshetra February 20122626
f h ms hich cr
mia i h p-ip pi. th
c f ch pm ia mia
i m aac pm, h impac f hich
cm f h sis is rms.
‘Ph’ a ‘P’ fac a m impa
pa f a mia f ki a mp
k f Iia i a a biha i paca.
emm ri is shrii rhr
ica i ppa, ci i haica,
s ricr cm sc f
isri rh hich rs i r sc
aa mia fm biha. Fhm, h
ic f kihip ac a m pf fac
ma hi a a a fi a a
cm cs hr sch rrs r ria ai hh hi pii .
dic i ci-cmic pa i
aica pi f mia i Iia. M
f h mirs i bihr assm r
r c f h ci (ta I) h
a h icm f xpia f a
i frmrs. th mrhic rssr c
ih fami, a aa cci
fai f m i h p ca f mia.
thi fc h ak c f ci m
ih hr rss r i
j. bi ma h i k fm
fm if f ica i a hamf xpia,
i ch f sch cs cr css
cmmi mir assm (t I).
th rs s is m h ss
rrs f bihr ri i Cchr hr siz
k a mp i i i, hp
s hr ri ccrs. th s
c ha 60% f h k a iia, 20%
r -mric, 10% mric rmii
10% r rrs rs. th
psi, Chmr, dhi, ds, Mh, Msims,
khr.
Table I Labour Migrants of Bihar in Cachar (South Assam)
Numbers of
workers
Caste Place of inhabitants Monthly
income
Monthly
expenditure
Savings
1. Ricsh prs 8 psi, dsh Mzffrr, Hzir
vishi
10,080 3,950 6,130
2. wshrm
(r)
6 dhi Chmr 9,000 4,570 4,430
3. th Hrs 15 krmi/ ahir Smsir/
Mzffrr
27,000 7,000 20,000
4. krs Hrs 15 krmi psi/dsh vishi 7,950 4,000 3950
5. FCI rs 24 psi/Chmr/ahir/
krmi
vishi 72,000 12,000 60,000
6. Ri rrs 20 krmi/dsh Smsir 48,000 12,00 36,000
7. Fr Mi rrs 27 Mh/ds krmi vishi 56,700 16,500 40,200
8. wrs 16 Msims pr/kishj 40,800 7,500 33,300
9. p s 16 Mh vishi/Smsir 1,08000 12,000 96,000
10. Ic crm srs 18 psi/Mh kri/
khr
vishi 40,500 12,500 29,500
11. bric rrs 33 br, psi rs vishi 99,000 12,500 86,500
t 200 5,19030 1,03020 416010
Source: Personal interview with Migrant workers of Cachar.
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br, krmi, ahir kri cs f
. th s frhr rs h h
h mir frm h isrics f vishi, S
msir, Mzffrr, Chmr, pr
kishj. I hir i cs h r fci
c fici crisis r crrfici r f hir fmiis. thir fmi
ss s hih, hc h f hsii
f hir is i srch f mri
is.
th sm sr f h ss miri
f bihr (t I) cr rfcs h h r h
i rrs i i, ric mi,
r rs, crri th, ricsh,
si f rs, p Ms, khii, ic-crm
si h r si r hr simir rs.Sch rs, i h ii f h c f
Cchr r hir ss sr, s
h r sci ci cscis f
hir sii , h hsi r sch
rs. as rs, hs si mirs fi
si r fr hir ris. ai Hssi,
r f kishj ifrm m h h s
Sichr ih hr rrs i h
mh f ocr r r ss hr fr
r six mhs. er h s
si f r Rs. 150 r r . I
fc sch m rrs hr r
ischr hir is ii hs
h h cfic f h c
hir rs.
th rrs, i r, rmi hr
ih fmi ih ii r m
sh i hir i cs i rr
rchs r i hss, rchs cs
m hr fmi xss ci,
mrri f chir cr csr s.
H Chr Sih, Ri prr ifrm m
h his rs r ri r r
h mr hf f h rr.
afr rrii hr ri s ri rr
h cr ff h s mr
s i his ssssi. t m, i is sr
r hr s ri rr cs m chir
r ri i eish mim schs. Frm h
sr i rs h hs mir rrs r
sisfi ih hir js hir fici
sii hs rs imr hir
sci-cmic sii hs cm s. Hh rmi hm, hir cmic sii
h rmi s. th h
rmi s , rmi frm i
c zr i srch f r i h frm r i h
csrci r s hr. I is hir miri
frm hir i cs is cs f assm
hich hs s hir cmic sii.
thir sc frm i hs i v-imc
ricr ciiis h iii f
srs r. I fc, h ss miri
f srs rrs f f r sri
isrics f h bihr hs ris
h cmic sc f h mirs. th c
f Cchr r q fi h
rsc f sch mirs h r si
fr sch f rs. th c ihis s
ifrm Sh bhchr, h h
c sissm, shrs crcrs
s sm fci f hir icm r
m rs is c hm s rfi.
ths i is h rffic r m.
I fi, i c si cc h
h miri (ss rm) f
ricr rrs hs rs imr
h scicmic sii f h mirs
f bihr. thir hs ch hir
rci f rr s cs
sci s hs s ch fr h . th
h rci xsr mr ciiis if
hir irmii ih h c sci
f sci f Cchr hs i hir mhriz. this, i h r, i imr h
sci-cmic fcs f h mirs s s
h s s h.
(The author is a P.G., Deptt. Of Economcs,
R.N. College, Hajipur ( Bihar), e-mail : anarain.
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kish R Mr, rrssi frmrfm sikkim, ha ciz a ‘ric
Ir’ h dircr f Ric
Rsrch, Rjr nr i Hr. H
rci his rcii fr iis i ric
ciai i h ‘Iai ric Fam
M 2011’ h i as Hr hich
s 26 rssi frmrs f iffr
Ss f h cr.
Mr his frm Ch Sim, Srms h
rci fr his ii rcm
f ‘Ka nia dhaa’ i pac f ca c
ri fr hih i, frrc fix ccr rs. wih 20 rs f xric i
fami, Maa a hi pai ‘Ka
ni dh’ ri h m Hr.
‘Ka nia dhaa’, a c ic cia a
firs rh frm rrssi frmr f M
bzr, Jiri is c rci f c
ric ri dh tsi.
Mr s frmi i 3 crs
s sis f Rs. 20,000 r m h
irc his ri f ric s r
ii 3 s f s frm rrssi frmr
f Jiri. H s h ss si h Ssm
f Ric Isifici chiq ih ic
frm krishi vi kr (kvk), Srms r
Ii Cci f aricr Rsrch (ICaR). th
rci s 4 qis f ric hich srris
him s i s fr ims mr s cmr h
hr c riis.
Mr s h rc Rs. 8000 r
qi. H s s c ri Rs. 2200-
2500 r qi. this r, Mr is xci
hrs f 16 qis f ric frm 6 s f s.
H xpai ha h ‘Ka nia dhaa’ pahs 25-28 irs r hi ih ics f 20-20 cm
156 ris r ic. n h ric,
h sr f his ri is hih m s i
hs riis is s s fr fr
c.
Mr i h m frmrs h
i ricr icrsi r
the RICe InnovatoR oF SIkkIM
Suman Gazmer
css. Frmrs h h sm his c fr his ri f ric hich is mch rfi,
h si. this c f rcics is sriz
h frmrs h cir is i
frmrs f iffr is f h es disric.
th m f k ni Ric is r hih i
hr Ss s h frmrs frm Mmi, dhi,
Hr r m him fr ss,
h r.
Mr’s hr r is imi
ricr s h s s hricr cii
c, cifr, brcci, b Cr
hr s. H hs s b
Cr rc rh Rs. 11,000. H is ri Rs.
1.5 hs r m hrh frmi.
th frmr is s ficir f drm
f bich prjc f h kvk. H s
ri ss f ir lr Crmm f
iss cr h kvk. His frmi mhs r
i mir h kvk hich s xs
chic sr s mri him.
(PIB Feature)
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Kurukshetra February 2012 2 929
Ii, fr sr rs rmi sms aic h c a ii
ih m ha 60 pc f i ppa
i i. erir, r frmrs r
r rs f mifs f iis ss
hich i i ia aac p
iica fa, hih i a a
ii i a. Fam aia
mhs f frmi. khi, Ji, Mi pissi,
R pissi, whi pissi, bsi, bsi Shri
r h i c (dsi) h ss hikrh, Jh, bh mch, ki Mch,
br, kshri, li, bh c. r h c
pa . simia, h i p
f shm, Chaa, l, g l a C
Ss i i h mr.
wih h a f g , Iia
c mhs cm sf
IndIgenouS Seed-key to end agRaRIan CRISIS
Baba Mayaram, Madhya Pradesh
ci i f pc a ba Fami.Hih-ii ai f a h ica
f fiz a iia ic
sr isrics f Ii ih Hsh f
Mh prsh i f hm. t rjc
s ch ih h, hri
ai k h ii . F ma
a, h hi ai pc a i
h ia ha cmp a.
ufr, si f rri h ih
hih qa f fi, h pc a ii a h fa. Fam, iappi,
ha a cmmi ici c i h
ca h h fam cmmi ici i
Hsh disric ihi fr s.
this, i , is h f r
. thi a h imi f miac
gM ss (gca Mi s) hich a
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Kurukshetra February 20123030
i pc a a aa h g
r. th , if , i pc
mr issrs csqcs.
rc, xc ai h
cr f S i ris rs f h isric.
th aa pc f hi cp a 20 k
2 qia. Fam fah cmmi
ici (t fam cmmi ici i
Hsh’s dri ths i Sii
M ths).
b I i, h r rm hs
cm s h “firs”
f frmr sicis. I si
f i r ss
his rc mr,
rm is ri hr
ri i h gM ss
rc mh
s ich.
Rc i bh, able-ag
(aricr gr f h
asscii f bich
l erriss) ris
mi i hich gM ss
fr S r rs.
“Birra” and “Utera”Farming (Mixedfarming)
I h s, cmi
frmi f ch h
s qi r. ers f h hs h
Chapa f hi mix. Cmi fami ik
ur r Sjr h srh i h ri
hi 4-5 cp a i h am . sch
pacc ah i f f h c.
th f hi f fami i ha if cr fis, h hr cms fr i i
h Cah Cp. I ca f a aack f ic a
mi a aa ia ak pac, h
cr s ri s s h cs f S cr
his r. th ss i h sch f mix frmi
i ca p h taa dam iia facii,
h s r h crs hich r
i h rai a Khaif pi, pc.
accri J Sih p f Jm
vi - “erir, frmrs s s dsi r
c ss. th s s sm ris frm
h cr s s ss h x si
ss r rr sm frm h ihri
frmrs. wm s i r i
sri rsri h ss. as cmr
h iis ss, hich r i
fr fr, frmrs h fr h crss-r
ss. th frmrs hm h ir ni
s cm
criic
h cmis h
rm cis.
”dsi ss h h
cci fih is
iss fmi. d
friisrs s h
sm
h si ih
f irrii. Cm
m h crs s
r h cs. b ,
cis sri f h iscicis ics
ih s f r
hs cm h rii
hich hs rs
ffc h frii f h
si. th r sis i r is
s i ixic hich i r is rs
ffci h i, hm im if.
M ris h rr h h f irs
i cc, h i fr i ixic
ris.
Threat of Seed The
th r fms cr R.H. Richri,
frm n, Hsh cc 17,000
iis ss ih frs i
sm, hih ii cci r s.
”Desi seeds had the capacity
to ght against disease and
famine. Dung ferlisers used to
be the only supplement added
to the soil with no need of
irrigaon. Complete damage to
the crops was never the case.
But now, connuous spraying
of the inseccides and tonics
along with supply of water has
become the tradion which has
adversely aected the ferlity
of the soil.
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Kurukshetra February 2012 3 131
th hr h h f c Ii ss
is i frm h fc h m f hs cc
ss h r crss h rrs, si.
th ca f -h
cm ih i h r 2002
h S- MnC
Rir aricr uirsi
si scr rm
hi h a ha
h ah f
iis ss cc
d. richaia h fm. A
ppi h am,
fr, s i .
Rich Biodiversity in Countries with
Warm Climate
C “cr” ss i rris? n.
Cris i Ii chrcris rm cim,
r h r f sr cris hich
h fm ch f a a c
hm pc hi ai. la, h
hs hri ss s hihr rs.
A ii hi pa h ,
naa a a Iaa cmpai ha
s m hri h rs i
hm h ms is h frmr, h ’ mi
hi f ack a c f hi if.
I h ii, h rm rm
h chmic frmi rii ssi,
i hs c s. th cs f frmi hs
ica a cmpai a maki h p.
Jc nihm, h rsrs rsfrms
ss, is f h ii h h c si r
s h rfc fr iis ss.
accri Srsh kmr Sh, h rc
rr hm fr si r, “th
Ii frmr frci ss his cr ri
chr r, r rchss ri fr himsf
hihr ric. I i if frmrs s
crs ccri hir c csm
i c.”
GM Seeds – a
beginning to the end?th xric f gM
ss hs issf.
th r f sicis sr
ih h fam f bt C
i hir is. ecmis
Si, rir ih xsi
fcs ricr ss,
“M h c fam
a cmmi ici.
gca mi ca ica h
pc f a cp, a ih ha i a
icrss h ris fcr cs.” dms fr
i gM Ss h i mmm i
sr cris. Rc i Ii, bt brij s
a a faci i ppi fm h
frmrs h ic.
Development that ensures
Sustainability
thi i h m ak p a
ssi m f ricr
ap fam aci ih ca a
fi. I i h pi f h h a
h ifi f h cr, h frmrs, r i
hi i. Ii i a fi
h i rr is s . th
i mak aica ac af, c-fi
hi icai h pc a. lik pa,
pc f ha ca a ica hh
Mscr Ssm. I s h i is ,
a h, i a a h
sm iss – F scri. w scr r
fam ; hi i amaca fa
i c.
Charkha Features
The threat to the wealthof local Indian seeds is
evident from the fact that
many of these collected
seeds have already
crossed the borders,
silently.
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Kurukshetra February 20123232
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Kurukshetra February 2012 3 333
I Ii, r is mix cmiif cmmrci rii srcs.
trii r srcs sch s imss
im s ffi 30 rc s f
r i h cr. I rs ims, sm f
h mjr xsi s -ci
srcs f r ics i, is, sr -
hrm h, iss ici frm im
s s s hm xcr. ths srcs
r r, ixhsi, r s
s ixsi i r. ths, his r f
pRoSpeCtS FoR developMent oF non-ConventIonaland Renewable SouRCeS oF eneRgy FoR
RuRal developMent
Dr. Shahid Ali Khan and Dr. Md. Akhtar Hasinur Rahaman
fr is c i si h i rmsf r s i criz mr
hi i ssii cr irm. n-
r, -ci r is fs cchi
h imii f h rm i Ii.
Siific, Ii hs h i
fr ri f r frm r r
srcs. I hs rjc h r m
cc fr 5 6 rc f Ii’s r mix
2031-32. dri h s cs, Ii’s
Non- conventional sources of energy are cost- effective, sustainable and eco-friendly. In due
course of high cost environmental degradation, these renewable sources of energy have become
increasingly important in last few decades. However, a new paradigm of energy security is
needed in rural India to address the development goals as a removal of poverty which remains
an immediate imperative. This would imply not only an assured supply of energy to vast
population but energy at affordable prices which is environmental friendly and can lead to
sustainable development
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Kurukshetra February 20123434
r r rrmms h r i
m mjr xsi s iss i
ciiis frm 1980s rs, fcsi r-
sc msri ssi-ri xsi
ciiis mi i rii r srcs
rr rs hrh is, imr ciss sr r.
ais sim r r
i f 80,000 ms frm
cmmrci xi srcs, mr h
4,000 ms hs hrss .
Frhr iss sr ihi ssm h
rch 3.5 mii 1 mii hshs
rsci m chis f
r r crr h hrsh f
cmic iii. Ii fcs mjr chf rii r mr h 600,000
hm sms s r 300,000 sqr
imrs-ih i f 1 ii hich is
si ri x siiz r
1.6 ii ri x 40 50 rs r s.
I his cx, ch i h r
scr is ri ccss Iis’ s rr
i. If chi ssiii i
rr m ih mhsis iihs
h ms f hci h cmic
i f h r hshs, i is cssr h
ffr ccss r is ri hs
hs hs. th rimr is ir
m m sr s r
imr hh, ci, rii
cmic ciiis f rr h hshs.
accri r xrs, Ii’s -
ci r i is sim
1,9500Mw. a sims 31 rc
f his i cms frm s,30 rc
frm c hrm, 26rc frm i-f
13 rc frm i. dri h s cs sr r r chis
h crss rr
rs i h cr. ths chims f fr
rchi csqc r i i (t n-1)
ih sim i. n f hs
r r i m si fr
ri-irci r fr chic cmic
rsrchs. Frhr, sim xcs i
fr sr r, hich is fr
m h mih m sr ch
cs-cmii fr ri- irci r
ri icis, gri irci r
src s fr i Ii r sr, i,
sm hr i-r m.
Some of the non convenonal sources of energy in
India are as follows:
Solar Energy: Ii rcis
r frm h s cs f is ci i h
qri s f h rh. I is irs,
ms cis ixhsi src f rhich hs h i i rmi
-ci r s i h cr.
Ii rcis sr r qi r
5,000 rii h r r hich is fr mr h
h r csmi f h cr.
th i r f sr r ici r
Ii ris frm 4 7 h/m2 i
h ci. Hrssi f sr r c
hrh h h hrm hic
rs fr ri f ici i ci,
r hi, ri f frm rc, rmi, hm sr ihi, r
ri fr mi criz rqirms
i vis, Schs, Hsis c. prs f
khir pis, Mhrshr, kr,
ahr prsh, Mh prsh, ws b,
Jhrh, bihr, urrsh, Hr
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Kurukshetra February 2012 3 535
Table No-1: Details of estimated Renewable Energy Potential and Cumulative Achievement in the
Country as on 30.09.2007 are as under:
SL. No. Sources/Systems Esmated Potenal Cumulave Achievements as
30.09.2007
1. pr Frm Rs
A. gi-iac ra P.
1 bi-P (A i& Paa) 16,881 560.30Mw
2 wi pr 45,195 7,660.20Mw3 Sm Hr r( 25Mw) 15,000 2,014.66Mw
4 Ca-aa 5,000 692.33Mw
5 ws er (ur& Isri) 2.700 55.75Mw
6 Sr pr - 2.12Mw
t(i Mw) 84,7760 10985.36Mw
b. Cap/CHP/dii ra P
7. bimss/C (-s) 59.00Mw
8. bima gai 86.53Mw
9. er Rcr frm ws 20.21Mw
t 165.74Mwq.
II rm via ecica 3332/830 i/hms
III dcris er Ssm ----------
10 Fmi bis ps 120 h 39.40 h
11 Sr phic rrmm ---------
i. sa lih m 61,321 s
ii. Hm lih sm 3,63,399 s
iii. Sr lr 5,64,931 s
i. Sr pr ps. 2.18 Mw
12 Sr thrm prrmm --------
i. sa wa Ha sm 140 sq.m ccr
r
2.00 mii sq.m
ccr r
ii. Sr Crs 6.17 h
13 wi pms 1180 s
14 ar-rr/Hri Ssm 608.27 k
15 Sr ph vic pms. 7068
Source: Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy and Resources.
pj h r ssiiiis f hrssi
sr r. o h hr h, s xs
f h thr sr c r h isii
f i h is sr r hs f h
r. ths, Ii is fs cmi sr
mfcri h, ih sm f h mjrmfcrs fi sr r ri
mrs i er. a , i i f is s
sr r i, h cr hs
c ici schm fr sr r
ri i Ii. I i is s ric h
i is i h r f fr h fssi
fs, m c i, xhs.
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Kurukshetra February 20123636
c a 219 i mii a ci
13 ss i rriris. Frhr,r h
rcss f i rsrc ssssm rrmm;
i miri, i mi, cri 800
a i 24 a ih 193 i mii
a a i pa. th a iaaf i ris i cr s fr hs i
M pri (k kmri, tmin)
ih r cci f 425Mw, his
p f h a cca f i
fm capaci a a i ca x ha f
Cifri (uSa).
Biomass Energy: Ii ric cr
ih aa hi a ai i i
a ia im f ima pc. wih
a ma 350 mii f cp irc r r c s m r
. th ma pa f bima a
a p i Iia a a f.
bimss er 16,00Mw
bia C-ga 3,500 Mw
t 19,500
biss r rjcs f 650-wM cci,
a cm f cp i a a-
isri s hs s . ar frm his,
sr s r f 900Mw cci isi xr h ri frm ss rjc.
thi aa a c-a f p i
f paca iicac i h aa f ia
a p a. I ha ma
ha a 3,500 Mw f aia p ca
rc if f h 430 sr mis i Ii c
ich m chiq f ca.
a h imss ch crsi rs-
cm, ca a aica-a i
pm, a ppi i ca
f p a fm p ima
ricr rsis. ths, imss r is
a impa aa f pii i h
a c. th ih aaa i iza
f ima a ha mpm ppi a
ca f ca, cc, apa
sr f imss.
Wind Energy: Ii is r s “i
srr” ih r is cci
f 7660.2 Mw s 30.9.2007.this cmriss 225
kM 1650 kw i cci. Frm srcs f
r r cci f r1300 Mw,
mjr crii f 9000 Mw hs cm frmi r. Ii rs frh i h r i
i r is cci. Ii hs s i
i i frms hich h mr
s i i ih h cm f i
ch i hcr. 216 i sis
hi m i r si f 200
/sqr mr r 50 mri h
iifi hich sms csir
si fr isi f i r rjcs.
S is chic rss i r i
i t-2 fir 1.
Table- 2: State-Wise Details of Potential Site
in the Country:
Sl. No. State Potenal
Site (No).
1 ahr prsh 32
2 gjr 38
3 kr 26
4 kr 17
5 Mh prsh 7
6 Mhrshr 31
7 oriss 6
8 tmi n 41
9 Rjsh 7
10 uaacha 1
11 ws b 1
12 am & nicr 1
13 lsh 8
Total 216
Source: Ministry of Non-Convenonal Energy Sources.
ar ih cs hih s is r
si fr h rs f i r r.
th s f gjr, tmi n, Mhrshr,
oriss, ahr prsh, ws b s rs
f Maha Pah a rajaha a pac
i rr his r. o m i r
i a ha 150 a qa m ha
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Kurukshetra February 2012 3 737
Small hydro power: ga f cici
frm sm siz hrr srcs is cs,
irm fri r src f
r.this cmmrci cmic i
r hs rciz s isrm i
impi h pi i pa f hcr, sci i rr, rm iccssi
rs.
th c ha a ma ma h
pa (sHP) f a 15,000 Mw. th aaa
fr SHp rjc cr r
e c ic 4233 pa i
ih r cci f 10324 Mw.
a h f 9h , h is
cci f SHp rjcs s 1438.89 Mw.a
cci f 80.39 Mws ri 2002-03.
sma h pa pjc ih a a capaci
f 84.04 Mw r cmmissi ri h r
2003-04, i h is cci 1603
Mw.a h f Smr 2007 h cci
icrs 2015 Mw. th Miisr f
r r hs rs f Rs 10.4
mii fr h 11h ri frm 2007-2012 fr
h m.
Tidal Energy: this is hr imi
ixha c f i a ar i h cr.th gf f khmh is h
i aa ih a 7000 Mw pa f
a . thi i f gf f Kch(1000
Mw) sr (100Mw), rfr si
i crici fr h r rc hih
a i i ck.
Ocean Thermal energy: Ii’s c hrm
i ma a 50,000Mw. th
fr c hrm r crsi ih
capaci f 100 Mw c a rs 750 c ipp p h ca f tami na.
Wave Energy: wa pa i Iia
i ma a a 40,000 Mw. Caa aa
a pac i hi ca. A a
ih mximm 150 kw hs is
vZhijm r h thirhrm. nx
f r is i s i h am
nicr iss.
Geothermal Energy: Iia ha a pai
f i xii hrm r.
g h cc xsi sr fr h
m f hrm r fr irc h
r ri. th i sis f -
hrm r r Jmm kshmir, Himch
prsh, urch, Jhrh Chhisrh.
Summing Up: Ii is ss ih irs
r rsrcs i sr, i, r imss
hich is irm fri c
ssi m. ths rs
c hrss m h ri
r rqirm i rs cm hrh
h s f iis rsrcs sricii hi cri mm
cmic riis. Mr imr, Ii
hs r r cci f r 1300Mw,
hich is 8 rc f h is
cci i h cr cris 3
rc f h crici mix. th mmm
r s fr i h m f r
is i mii hc i
h sri cs.
a icrs i h rri f r
r i ri rsfrmi
ch sr rh s h
i r riz h m
s. accss criic rmisi c
r r chis h
cr h h r rsrc
m sh h i h r
irm . thrfr h
rss fr icrri rr r i i h
i r ic csq, h iiis
i h mi ri sfficir c fr rr hsh m i
cmic i rsii.
(The authors are Research Fellows at
Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim
University. Aligarh U.P., e- mail- akhtar 34@
gmail.com)
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Kurukshetra February 20123838
F aa pm, p i h
h r rr scrs is . thr
is cs i rr m
a a aa pm; ih ca
i i ia. ra, i c
m i h r scr hs h
mch mr h h is. or Fi-yr s
ha a i ia. of a, ‘ra dpm’ ha
am a a, pcia am h
pi a. A c ik Iia h
70% f h i i h rr rs hs r
iicac. sa chm fma a
ipc. of h, h ‘g M F
Campai’ (1949), achi f h ‘Cmmi
dpm Pamm’, ‘gh C- ba
dpm’, ‘ra Ii Pjc’, ‘sma
Role oF geology In RuRal developMent
Dr. Ajai Srivastava
Fam dpm Ac’, ‘Ia ra
dpm Pamm’ a h-mi.
Picipa scic Ai h gm f
Iia shi r.Chiamaam pi ha a iia
Cr f Rr tch
Ac gp (rtAg), hich ha fm f
h rsfr f ch rr rs. H si h
rtAg ha c ih a jc
k ih -m aiza (ngo)
hih ch. dcii rtAg a a pam f
a c ifac ci a pp
ii i rr rs, h si h h r Rtag
a i i h uaakha, Chai, gaha
a Khap. A naa t f Fam ih a
crs f f Rs.25,000 crr ri 7
r c h frmrs hs s s .
The vital role of geology in the rural development programme has not yet been fully realized.Needless to say that the two bases of agriculture-soil and water, the mainstay of our life, are
natural resources intimately connected with geologic processes. Proper management of our
natural resources calls for a concerted and coordinated efforts from geologists, which will
enable us to lead our villages on the road of progress & prosperity.
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Kurukshetra February 2012 3 939
as rs f hs rrmms hr hs
i m i h rr rs
cii h m ap h p ha
ah iiica. F h a pm
i is sh cmi h s f scic &
ch ih hm si fr hci f aa c i a ia
mr.
th appica f (-a gk
rs; g mi h rh s mi
iscrs; hich s ih h s f rh
is rcsss) i r i hs i ims
r h s fr cs. b h i r f
i rr m rrmms hs
f riz. nss s h h
ss f ricr-si r (hich r
s h mis f r if)-r r rsrcs
ima cc ih ic pc
(Mhrr, 1989). th iss h
hir r i mi h hs rsrcs.
th i ca ha ai qai h jici
f mia i (fiz) ha h
rr mm f r i i
ci h haza f a h. th
appica f ica k ca miimiz
h ia c f ahqak,
cs, sis, c. hich h rr
r rris r q r.
or r rsrcs- ir, r frs
pp a f i. I i ma
h 30 r c h rr rs r
s ih mirs. thir mir sis c
r ih sim mchir
sm isms. th m i ris sm sc
isris ihr iii rrrs
r crr is. ths i ci h
imr h sr f ii f h rr msss
i s s x h rm f
mm. bsis, h r sc i h
a Iia i ima. th cmp f
r ci is mch ss h h i r rs.
as, mjr r f h r is i frm
-, c-, hma a aima p,
hi h ic r srcs-c, rm
s r ssiir.
Our natural resources
t ss f r ricr-si r-
r r rsrcs, ima cc ih
h ic rcsss. th frmr is h
ahi f ck hi h a c
h hric cc. u, iss
c h iica ci i h
mm f r si, i h fr rmi
rhqs, cs sis, i ssi
h f f a h, a i amia
h ci-cmic ci f h ia
ci f ca a ma ca ii
s i mir rsrcs.
th s g Mii drm hs
f r sis f mirs, r r
ss i ris isrics f h cr risf ua Pah—bhka a Pacha;
i h ri f rc rh hr
aa h c . A cmp
rimir sr i h vih Mis
ri frm lir i h s Shr i
h s, iss h f r sis f
im, pam, , chia ca, ca, ick,
chmim ,iam a i. b xpi h
rsrcs cmmrci, h S grm i
i c, a cha h cmi
f h h ris.
ar frm i, iscr f h ims i h
bhi rir si r kir i h b isric
hs h hsism f h iss.
am rf hs f h h r s f
u.p r s imifrs i h r f
h jc p isric, Mh prsh. t
m h-a mia –pam a
rr frm I grr, h i s
is c i h lir isric; hs is
i c h a aa.
th qai f pam pi a Ikaa ha
chc h Ii br f Mis, hich
hs i qi sm i. dsis f
r f frm h srfc i grr i.
gi i ha a a qa f
si s ri rr. th f r
rsr f ims i grm ph is
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Kurukshetra February 20124040
i shaa iic. I ramah a bai
rs f Shr isric, h rm hs
iscr 100 mii s f chi c. o.n.g.C,
oi Ii limi Cirs er h
i a icc f xpa f pm a
r ss i ri r f h rch i hisrics c bi piihi. th
appica f ica i i h bkha
rch ris mih r ih hs
fr h hr rc rs f r cr. I c
s h m h 7 isrics f bh
ri, J, Mh Hmirr r h s
h h fam ha aa h . th
iia caa i ca h a iia
h . bf hi, hi i fac 10 a f
imi h ci. b h acka
cr ris c s cm j i hcr f u.p.’
Water Management
wr is ixir f if sm f ri.
I is h sis fr ssc f if. thr is
if ih wr. thr is f r h
rh srfc, h frsh r, hr is imi.
o 2.7 r c f h c f
rxim 1.4 ii cic imr is frsh
si fr hm s. th hric cc
is cri lr vici, h r Ii
rchic. a r f r is i s c,
h rs f i is s hr i, h
i. Frhr, r r f h r
i camia. I i p mp i ai
siss f ii. th irs mch
, s r is, hich h r
a c f a f mc, aic a
r hr rss. Hr, ms f hs r
is h imiish frm h m f h
is. th ci h rs h
cssm, sch r is i h
is s s csr h rir rchr
h a. thf, h i a ci
f h rcmm rm rs r
s cci. I r cr 90 r c
f h a cm i iz f iia a
h maii f mc a isri rss.
I is rr rsrcs
ah ha i m iia k.
a hr r sr s, .. ss
pa, f apapia, a
iii r h c f rqirm. excss
r ih q ri rss i r-
i a f a f aa h pa r. Sci rfrc m m h ri
rs hich cr r 15 r c f h
rhic r csis f 7.5 r c
f h a ppa. th - xpia f h
a pa i h aa, a cmpa
h h i, immia a
i pmm h ia pp. th
a ik i p h aa
h wHo. th a aa a ih
ha h a m. Qai ciia ha
i ih rrs h r s fr
i pp- iia, iki, hi,
ca, c. I ca f iia ,h a fm
i cc ri
mi mrr s s h r f h
si, -ri r i-ri. th ischr f
a a i h ha ca m
hrm h , .. ki dir is
i vrsi isric h qi rh f s
ha a ac (pa a).
bi, im p i a aqac
mii a a. th ah ha cm h rsc f xic ms-cr,
, zic, ic, chrmim, mrcr, c
rsic i h sims f h rir vrsi,
hich r qi fir hihr h hir crrsi
hrsh s, chmic cr .
wh h a a h i,
phic-chmica ac a aki pac, a
a a pa f h a
hr r r sr h rir sims. th xic
ms sr i h sims rs irc
a cm a a h a h
h im. bi a, im
ac a a a-pa i h aqac cm
aa xic ma i h aqac im.
o h hr h, ch i hsic-chmic
ci a a cca, cha
i h x ci, i f pH, ica
f aa a hc cmpxi a
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Kurukshetra February 2012 4 141
a micia aci a , h immiiz a
sr xic ms m ss r h r
frm h sims r mih
x h i m s sf fr
hr rss. Sm rmi msrs r
im p a i f h im cri hm ih imris mris, chmic
cca, ai, aiiza, cmpxa
(Sris, 2008).
Soil Management
si c ai h ‘ f ii
if’. I is -rc f h hri f rcs.
I a a cmpi mai p p
h p, cmpi, x a c f
h rcs. th hr imr fcrs rssi
f h fma f h i a: if f h aa,cim, s ims. a hs r i
imrc h ic scs, hr, h
pai h a h , i pi f
h fc h 90 r c f h r ssc f h
aa i i iaic mia ma cmpii
chi h iica f A, F, Ca, M, c. a f
siic. t ricris, h si is h hi r f
h rms r f h rh’s crs hich h
rs his crs. b is c sr h
i fm i ca p hich ma x p
sr mrs. H sscis h si ih h rc(s)h xc hr i is rsr r hr h
r rc hs isr hi
ha i ca ‘ihi i’. th k a
h i z-i, i, ah pc
a pa ck- i a i p f f
mm f crs. th s f h hri
f h mia f h pa ck() i iica
f i m f h pm f i fi a
cp pc. I ma pi ha i h
p ci h ia f h i
mia ih fc a aica pacc,
cppi pa a a i i pacc,
hi i r cr sch f h r is i
is ifc, s ims. th rsi mirs
i.. h hich mai a h phica a
chmic hri f h r rcs, frm h
mir rsrs r src f h ‘i
ca’ a f pa h. th a
pi cha chmica m ch a Ca, K,
n, M, F mr f mir ms. dri
chmic hri h r rs i h si
fm hich h a xac th pa
rs. Hr h s f h c mirs f h si
acqi a impa pi. th ca Mia ..kaii,ii mmii i i hi phica
a chmica pp, pcia h ca
xch cci (CeC).th CeC fr ii
(4 mq/100 ) i am 5 m ha h f
ii a chi a am 30 m ha ha
f mmrrii. th crci r f CeC is
rrs h chi rcss. th si r rich
ih ris ms rs , if his rcss
c h ih ip i
cri sr rh. th qc f h
i i h i pm cp pc. wihach cp th fi f h i p. t maiai
cp pc, i i ca mak h
sss f h mjr mir ris f h si.
th fi, h, ca h f
chmica fiz, aic ma c. thi mih
i ica f pc. A jici
f fiz pi p h p f h i
i s s ss chi, fr
iac h ‘chzm’ qi fiz
s h i is ih hm hrs
‘aci’ i. vai pc ch a
i, ca, aiiza a akaiiza
c. ci i aa. th ac
rh 50 r c f h r rs. ersi
is r rcss. I s 6000 rs h
m sr ch his r irm. th
ai c f fa i i ihic m
a ic h h ic f ma a ha
ica i mic pi ih m. si i
a ac h pc f mch i
n2Co
3 nHCo
3(akaiiza) a
i nC n2
So4
(aiiza). th fm mak
h i a cmpac a ih a a
f kaka. I h a ca h xc f a i
h i cm xic f pa a
c hi aii a a. dca,
ci f ca a i a ac,
is h cm f r-rzi, -ca,
fa, c. si p, mch ik a
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Kurukshetra February 20124242
a ai p ha aac i a ca
i s ss i i c a immi.
th ai fiz, icci a pci,
hich r, i , i ccmims
f ‘ ’, a h a ipa hich
m s ci iss ric cms rha ma, ac h i. thi i ac a,
h, f a m m ca f h
i capaci f h i. th pa ma
rm h chi f cmi si
hi happ a a ca ca f
a a f mm. Ia i
s rrmm is crri
am f i ci a ai h
mrhiss, simiss, miriss,
r r iss c.
Other Hazards and Role of Geologydh i a pa f cimac pa. I i
mai iaqa pcipia, i.. h
apapia xc pcipia. th a
is r h r r f ,
i h cs rs si icrsis m h
a -pa. A a f i h ia
h i i i a a qa f
sims r rsr sr r h
ca a. th fam i a cp
h si is hs ri f his mi iih.
F-r i h cr is r 40 mh.
th a c i i h aa i h
cchms/rsh r. w m s
hi f rhqs, cs sis,
hich s cs rri sss f if rr.
Ci a ai i i, a h Iia ia
h m f h i a m cc.
oi, h ak c f ci i h
icm. w ma h appica f aa
cms f ic sis i hs hzrs .
Epiloguea 70% f h i i mr h
5,50,000 is, h rmir i mr h
200 a ci (ppa i Iia a a
0:00 hrs 1s Mrch 2001; s si .
Iichi.cm).ghi ji s aa, ‘h
f Iia i i ia’. ra, h f a
pp c pi i pi f h
sr rjcs ch h cr s
m ( p.ci.). t imp h ci
f a fk i i impa mp h p
f m cic a ch. th ca
ach f cic, i.. i ima ikih r sci. giss c r rss
am a fk h iz h aaia
aa c pp. th i ach
f g i.. simr , chmisr,
hr, iri , mrh,
cmic mih hir s i h
maam f h a cmpi f aa
i. gi ca mak iica
ci i h maam f i a a
rsrcs. t sf h cmm m
i ha ha hi xp ih hrs f sci. th h c h h f
ifma fm cmpica ica map
imp , hich l (1975, 1987) ca a
‘map f aa ima pa’ ch a
ms shi h rs hr si ri
r rc is rsi, rif rs
hr rii r sh rc, ris
f mia ca, a pa a , c.
a f ch a ak h c-pa f xp fm
hr r isciis is cssr.
ois, rr mm f r rsrcsca f a cc, cia fm
iss, hich i s r is
h a f p & ppi. I i h hih m
ha i h fmiza f pici aim a
rr m, h i r f ms
mhsiz. th iss sh i i s
mch f h pai, maai, a impm
f pici a pi. th ah f ifma
h c cqir frm ic m sh
f h f h a c, a
r h r rsrcs ccrri hri. Iis cssr fr iss cm i i
h pic cii f pim f a fk a i
icp.
(The author was a Pool Scienst (Council
of Scienc and Industrial Research, New Delhi ,
e-mail: [email protected])
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Kurukshetra February 2012 4 343
thr is icrsi ic irs i fs
f cms rm hh
a h ik f h -ifc
h csi isss h r r ssci
ih i hm ifs, ih h
am c f hah ca h pp a
ki f aa appach h p
rm f ims.
I c cris h
irs i h i f
riics s hris ri s
sic riics c f r s i sch
ciis ihr hrh irc cmii
pRe and pRobIotICS: the InteStInal SootheRS
Dr. M.K. RANA
ih hs r h shsis f scific
icri r iir cms. or
isi f riics hs cm
i sr rrs rc h ri f
ifcis isss h sri f
cris. th i f riics ri
sch hh fis c c ih h
i f ricr i risms i h frm
f frm fs, i cr r; h
hh rmi frs f hs xs
i risms, ms scis f cic ci
cri (lab), r js crs ih h
rfci cis f isi fr.
Starch is the only naturally occurring food polysaccharide, which can be digested by the
intrinsic digestive enzymes. Earlier it was thought that starch digestion in small intestine got
completed since a very little of starch was noticed in faeces, but later the extensive studies
demonstrated that an ample proportion of the starch escapes in the large bowel.
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Kurukshetra February 20124444
Pic a pp ai i i f
pama ch a c f caiaca
hr iss ris. th mchism fr sch hh
i ca i i i ha
a a ma pp f i aim
sris ss hrh h smch sm
i a ciz h a i.
Historical Concepts of Probiocs
as s s m is r, h cms hi
f i mica, a a h aia
rc, h mcs mmrs h si
cm h i f mica, h, a
hs micrrisms i hh iiis r
ii a mm f, h,
pic acia a a ai f hmarii csir -hic. th rii
f cr ir rcs is hh s s
h i f ciiiza a i f m
i h scr s f His h bi.
nm aia mik c
ai pc ch a k, kmi, , ,
a c p a hapca
fr h xisc f cri s cm.
b h 1950, c a -
aih h aac f a a p
a f aic a aia
p ci ch a cpa, iaha,
ppia, c, chic ca ci, mc
ci, a ma.
I h ii f 20h C, pcic
acia pm cia hma
hh. I “The Prolongaon of Life” ,
ish i 1907, h hr hhsiz h h
cri (Lactobacillus bulgaricus Streptococcus
thermophilus) i i h fma f
pp h pfac fma
f ia a, a per se i f
pa a iica i maiaii hah.
uia, h ah f hi k ai h
p if f baia hi cmp f
r f f Lactobacillus pci. biacia
i a-f ifa a pa a k i
p a ccp ha pcic acia pa a i
maiaii hah, a iacia ipac
h hic cri i h . th frm
mi rcs cii L. acidophilus cri
ha hapc c, pcia a i c
i, hi ciza a h i
hma a f c.
th rm probiocs, h cmm
accp i, i appi i pahic
micia f ppm ha faa ic
h ia micia aac a ci
h hah f h h. A pmm mica
aac i ci i hich cia
acia ch a h gam-pi acacii
a iacia pmia pa
iji acia. th pic ha a a
i a hp h h h aai i
a aim a cia f hma,
h, f h cia c, h pic
cri ms h h ii ciz i hm
, ah ia c, i acii a
i xici, iz rs hs, i
aic ac, p hah-
a a hi f af i hma i. Pic
acia ha af a h ciia a m,
i.., Lactobacilli, Bidobacterium, Streptococcus
thermophilus; sm f hs risms s
s friendly-bacteria r designer bugs r
cmmrci i i h frm f r
mix crs.
Prebiocs
Pic a h -i pa f
h f ha h pic ma
h maim f f. th f h ciaacia a mif h cmpi f ia
mica a a h pic ca
pmia. th a ccp f pic
ia h f -i caha,
rmi iscchris rh
fac, hich a pcic a imi m f
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Kurukshetra February 2012 4 545
acia pci fm h cic mica. th
r si fr h rifri cii
f sf cri ihii h cii f
hrmf cic cri. priics r h
cmx crhrs-iscchris sch
s ii shr chi srs, hich r i
xsi s. th ss is frm h
r isi h c hr fici
cri csm hm, rsi imis
hr ris. th m s cr h rh
f f hic cri sch s Salmonella
Campylobacter chi h cic
irm.
Prebiotics as Supportive to Probiotics
priics r h rh ssrs frfici cic cri, i -
isi f iri h riics ffc
h hs fici simi h rh
cii f mr f cic cri,
per se imr h hh f h hs. a riic
cs sim h rh f micrfr i h
r , hr, his cc fis ic
h fc h siics h h hh i,
h icrsi h mrs h cii
f is risms ihi h c
hci hir sri s h ss hrh h
hsi irm f h r srisi
rc i h h sm ffc s simi
rh f r risms i h r . a
cs cii riics c riic
if i icrss h i f fr
risms i h r .
priics r iffr frm cic fs
i h h r sr s r f fr
s cic micrfr, hs, riih hs ih r, mic ssrs
ssi micrris. priics,
i.., iscchris, rici h frc-
iscchris c-iscchris
r s iisi hm isi
zms h -cm ffcs
h r- micrfr. ahh h r
cssifi s cic fs h s sisf
h criri fr riics, hr, hr f
iris cms rr frmr
s cic fs, .., ri hrz r
m, r rm h is f
riics. o ir cm shi
r i s riic cic f
is rsis srch, hich is mri s mjr
fcr i h cri c f h .
Starch
Srch, hich ffrs mr h 50% f
h i r i r frm ris, is
siz r f hm is, hr, i ff
sciis, hr irs i riics riics is rs, h r csmi
is mch r, ssi s i s 25% f h
i r i. Srch is h r
ccrri f scchri, hich c
is h irisic isi zms.
erir i s hh h srch isi i
sm isi cm sic r i
f srch s ic i fcs, r h
xsi sis msr h m
rri f h srch scs i h r
. this sc srch s m s rsis
srch s fi s h sm f srch
rcs f srch ri sr
h sm isi f hh iiis.
Srch m is s i h sm
isi if h r f ss f h f is
sffici s, isi m cm
rsis srch, hich ics iscchris
hr rcs f sm isi srch
hrsis, i f is.
I fsffs, h rsis srch xiss
cs f ri f rss. R srchs
i ri hr srch fris r
is r, hr, hir isiii c
hc ci, sci i r hich
iizs h r srch ii rr ccss
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Kurukshetra February 20124646
α-ama zm. dipi f f c
ihr mii r chi s hcs
isi cii h zms i i
isi f f. thh ci icrss srch
isiii ssq ci f c
f s h frmi f crsis h
r s rsis isi. this rcss is
rm rr-ri h rsis srch
c f fs rs icrs h h
r sjc icrsi mr f hi
ci ccs. Chmic srcr is imr
fcr i srch isiii, sci ms
(mci). Ms f srchs r h
70% mci, fr isi
h rmir is ms.
th rr h c f
ms, h mr iffic
h srch is iiz
h mr ssci rr-
ri. uiiz hih-
ms srchs (60-70% f
h srch) r rsis
msis r s
cmmrci s iri
ris h rsis srch
c f rcss fs. th fcrs sch s
chi m s h imc h m
f rsis srch i f, s chi ics
h ric siz f is f, ih hih
msic fs hi smr ric siz.
lr rics r mr ri hrh h
h smr s s rr msici
xc icrs isiii.
Sis h sh h h isiii f fi
r ric is rr h h f crs ric,
hr, scis f rsis srch
h h simir ffcs, sci s riics
micrfr i h r-.
th frmi f cmx crhrs
h micrfr rs i r- is
imr fr hm hh. th mic
rcs, sci shr-chi f cis (SCFa)
h mr s imr mic fs fr
ccs s s hi scific cis
h rm rm cic fci.
Inclusion of Prebiotics in InfantFormulas
th frms i f i riics
if frms is m h isi
micrfr, h r im is rm
-rm ffcs h hh f ifs. th
c-iscchris i frm cs
zmic rci r icrr i
if frms. Hm mi iscchris
r mifc, h iic ffcs f
riics i ifs c
ssci ih his mixr
f iffr iscchri
srcrs, hs, mixr
f hih-mcr-ih
f r c - i s c c h r i s
-mcr-ih
c-iscchris is
if frms,
th if frm
cii mis i frm h
frmi f mi ih Bifidobacterium
breve Streptococcus thermophilus rs
h ci cms sim h
rh f bifidobacteria, hich r csir
s rii riics h fcrs
h rc fici ffcs isi
micrfr if hh. I s, h
isi f frc-iscchris c-
iscchris sim h i f
bifidobacteria lactobacilli i fc
sh simir cis i ifs.
(The author is Associate Professor,
Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar- 125 004 (Haryana),
e-mail ID: [email protected])
Raw starche in unripe
banana and other starchy
fruits are digested poorly,
however, their
digesbility can be enhanced
by cooking, especially
in water
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Kurukshetra February 2012 4 747
us h c rss. th g,
h hm isi ssm hs
si is sch i f hih
firs s. ohris, h h
ri hs ic ims f f hir
s fs, s h xi hm r
s h csm hs i m hrr rsrcs. Hr, h ii m
hs s i. H hs rcss rss f
ris hs fr ris rss, frm xrci
f ri hr ris micis. I
rc s hrss, f f, r rss
c., hr s “cr rsss” h
f sf. ths r h
shs f sr ris r srcs
eat gRaSS FoR health and long lIFe
Dr Ramesh Chandra Parida and Dr Pranab Kumar Ghosh
f chrh hrss xrc hs
icm s “iqi chrh”. thrfr,
--s hs rss i r hrss
(Triticum aestivum), i ricr r frq
rscri fr ris is. ths r si
h mr f cri s s ri
rris. bsis, hrss is jic s
ss hh h fih m chric isss
i mi, mi, si rsh, rms,
crs c.
lc, crs h iscr h
chrh is r hr. whrss is sci
rich i i (70%). dri 1940s, a wimr f bs
ma xi h hai pp f
A p ilot study conducted by Memorial Sloan Ketter ing Cancer Centre suggests that wheatgrass juice therapy signif icantly reduce rectal b leeding and overall d isease activity. I t is also claimed
that it helps blood flow, digestion and general detoxification of the body.
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Kurukshetra February 20124848
rsss. Sh f h hrss is h s m
hs i his rsc. thrfr, r sh sr h
A wim I a h a pac pa
rss hrss.
th rs f hrss cim h i hs
a f hah pp fm pm f a
i cac p a ha ma
xica. Ahh h caim a
aa afaci, h i m ic
i pp f cia c f chph i
i sch s ri h r f c ccr. a
pi cc Mmia sa Ki
Ccr Cr sss h hrss jic hr
iica c ca i a a
ia aci. I i a caim ha i hp
, i a a xica f h .
I chir ih hssmi, h i 100 m f
hrss jic i, h fr fsi hs
f rc hf. bsis, i s
ha h cha c, hich m xic ha
ma fm . simia, a cac pa
h csm hrss jic i h sh
crs fr - -mrr ii
mica i chmhap.
th ia a f haa i
cmr ih rcci, hr h
ha p c hma hah, a fm
p c f cac a ha pm c.
(t 1).
Table 1: Nutrient comparison of 28.35g (loz) of
wheatgrass juice and broccoli
nris whrss brcci
pri 860 m 800 m
b cr 120 Iu 177 Iu
vimi e 880 mc 220 mc
vimi C 1 m 25.3 m
vimi b12 0.30 mc 0 mc
phshrs 21 m 19 m
Ccim 7.2 m 13 m
Ir 0.66 m 0.21 m
pssim 42 m 90 m
bsis, s f hrss jiccis js 10-15 cris, f r chsr,
8 mc Ii, 3.5 mc Sim, 62 mc Zic
ma h mia a ih f qa
f vimi a, b1, 2,3,5,6,8 12 k. Imr
zm hai iica a-xia pp
r s rs i i. thrfr, hrss is
csir rfc fr irs, hs hs
h h hh imm ssm.
[Dr Ramesh Chandra Parida is rered Professor,
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,124/2445, Khandagiri Vihar, Bhubaneshwar – 751
030. Dr Pranab Kumar Ghosh is Research Ocer,
Council for Advancement of People’s Acon and
Rural Technology (CAPART), India Habitat Centre,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003. e-mail: pkghosh
Wheatgrass Plants
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