ky nang hoc tap cho sinh vien y khoa.pdf

7/27/2019 ky nang hoc tap cho sinh vien y khoa.pdf

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D N M - EM

Ch bin:

Ts. Bs. Ng Vn HuTs. Bs. Ng T Ty Nga

Cc tc gi:CN. Nguyn T Tanh An

Ts. Bs. Ng Vn HuCN. L T Tanh Mai

Ts. Bs. Ng T Ty NgaCN. Bi Mai Ngn

Ts. L T Xun QunhTs. Nguyn T Ty Vn

NH XUT BN LAO NG - X HIH NI - 2012


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M U

Chc mng bn tr thnh tn hc sinh/sinh vin (HSSV) ca trng y-ni bnhc tp v rn luyn tr thnh nhng cn b y t gp sc mnh trong s nghipchm sc sc khe ca nhn dn.

Khi bt u bc chn vo trng y, bn c th gp nhng kh khn nhtnh do mi trng v iu kin hc tp thay i. Cun sch nh ny cthit k nhm gip bn nm c mt s k nng hc tp c bn v nhanhchng bt nhp vi mi trng hc tp mi mt cch hiu qu nht.

Cho d bn l sinh vin i hc, cao ng hay hc sinh iu dng, y s, hsinh; l sinh vin d b, sinh vin mi hay nhng sinh vin c kinh nghimth cun sch nh ny cng s rt hu ch cho bn, c bit vi nhng bnHSSV l con em cc dn tc thiu s Vit Nam. Bn cnh , cc thy c gioch nhim, cc c vn hc tp hay nhng cn b ca Phng Cng tc HSSVcng c th s dng thng tin trong cun sch ny hng dn bn hc tphiu qu hn.

Hy vng rng nhng thng tin trong cun sch ny s gip bn hin thcha nhng k nng hc tp ca chnh mnh thnh kt qu hc tp cao trongqu trnh hc ti trng y.

Chc bn thnh cng trong hc tp v ng gp tch cc vo s nghip chmsc sc khe cho ng bo cc dn tc Vit Nam!

Pathfnder International Vit Nam


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MC LC

M u ....................................................................................... 4 Li cm n.................................................................................. 6

Lm quen vi mi trng i hc/cao ngv trung cp chuyn nghip ..................................................... 7

S dng thi gian hiu qu ...................................................... 9

gi hc l thuyt tr nn th v hn .................................11

Hc tp theo nhm .................................................................. 15

ng vn t vng ..................................................................... 19

K nng a kin phn hi .................................................. 20

Kinh nghim hc ti phng thc hnh tin lm sng(skills-lab) .................................................................................. 23

Kinh + nghim + i + hc + lm sng + bnh vin .......... 25 K nng t hc .......................................................................... 30

Lm th no nh v hiu bi hn? .................................... 33

m kim v s dng ti liu tham kho ............................... 37

K nng ghi chp v c ti liu ............................................. 40

Tam vn ging vin v cc c vn hc tp ......................... 52 Kim sot lo u .......................................................................... 54

Lm th no vt qua cc k thi vkim tra mt cch d dng? .................................................... 56

r gip hc sinh sinh vin .................................................... 60


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LI CM N

M u cun sch ny, chng ti xin c mn cu danh ngn caI.A. Gontcharov lm li dn: Cc bi ging ca gio s, cho d c y, sc tch n u, c cha chan tnh yu tri thc ca bn thn gio vinn u, th v thc cht m ni, chng qua cng vn ch l chngtrnh, l nhng li ch dn tun t iu chnh trt t nhn thc casinh vin. Ngi no ch bit ngi nghe gio s ging ch bn thn mnh

trong lng khng cm thy kht khao c sch, th c th ni tt c nhngiu ngi y nghe ging trng i hc cng s ch nh mt ta nhxy trn ct m thi.

rong cuc i mi con ngi, bn cng nh ti, hc tp l mt qutrnh tt yu ai cng phi tri qua. Hc trong gia nh, hc trong nhtrng v hc ngoi x hi; hc t thy c, t cha m, t bn b v t ttc nhng ngi xung quanh ta. ng ha tt c nhng g ta hc c s

dn ta n nhng thnh qu c c ngy hm nay.

Chng ti xin c gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy c gio, ccbn HSSV ca by trng i hc, cao ng v trung cp y ca D nM-EM v cc cn b ca chc Pathfnder International Vit Nam dnh thi gian, cng sc c v gp hon thin cun sch nhny.

Xin c trn trng cm n chc Atlantic Philanthropies ti trkinh ph cun sch ny ti c tay cc bn HSSV trng y, c bitl cc HSSV dn tc t ngi.

Hy vng cun sch ny s ng hnh cng cc bn HSSV trong sutqu trnh hc tp tr thnh mt nhn vin y t mu mc trong snghip chm sc sc khe ban u cho nhn dn.

H Ni, thng 8 nm 2012Cc tc gi


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LM QUEN VI MI TRNGI HC/ CAO NG V

TRUNG CP CHUYN NGHIPKhi bt u vo hc chuyn nghip, bn cn hiu rng mi trng hc tpcng nh sinh hot khng cn ging nh ph thng na. Chng ti xinchia s vi bn i iu v nhng khc bit ny gip bn sm thch nghiv hc tp hiu qu.

Khng ai thng xuyn kim tra s c mt ca bn trn lp hay ti nithc hnh na. Mc d trong cc gi hc cng c mt s thy c (GV)im danh nhng hu ht h bn t gic i hc. Vic trn tit c thbin thnh thi quen v rt nguy him v d dn n hin tng chn hc.Ngc li, nu bn i hc y , bn s hc tp tt hn rt nhiu v GVcng d dng nh tn cng nh c thin cm vi bn hn.

Lp hc ng hn, t s quan tm ti c nhn

hn. cc trng chuyn nghip, mi lp hcc ti hng trm ngi v hu nh khng ai bitht mi ngi trong lp. S chng c ai bit bnang gp kh khn nu bn khng nh gip. V vy, hy tn dng hiu qu nht nhnggi hc trn lp v ti ni thc hnh. Hy mmci vi bn ngi cnh mnh v bit u s lngi hc i hay hc nhm l tng ca bn?

Khng cn hin tng thy c, tr chp.GV s khng c tng t, tng ch cho bnchp nh hi hc ph thng na. V th, hyluyn cho mnh k nng ghi chp bi tht tt.

i gian trn lp t hn, bi tp v nh nhiu hn. ph thng, GV sgip bn n tp, lm th nghim v lm bi tp trn lp. uy nhin, gi ybn s phi t lm nhng vic . V vy, bn hy ch ng vch ra k hochc th hon thnh cng vic mt cch u n.


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Chng trnh hc nng hn. Bi hc th nhiu v kh trong khi bn phihon thnh chng trong khong thi gian ngn hn ph thng. Do ,hy hnh thnh thi quen hc tp ngay t by gi, hy chn phng phphc ph hp vi bn v pht huy nhng im mnh ca mnh.

o lun v tng tc a chiu nhiu hn. i bc ph thng, rt t khicc bn c tho lun nhm, s tng tc ch yu l hi p qua li viGV. uy nhin khi hc ln cao hn trong cc trng chuyn nghip thcc hot ng tho lun nhm, tho lun cp i, lm vic nhm l nhngtng tc thng xuyn c khuyn khch v c hiu qu cao trong hctp.

Yu cu t duy nhiu hn. Khng ging nh ph thng, mi trng oto chuyn nghip yu cu bn s dng kin thc v cc k nng trnh cao hn, c bit l k nng suy lun v phn tch logic. Vic tr li ccu hi i sao? v kh nng tm ra ngha su xa ca bi hc c utin hn so vi vic ghi nh hay thuc lng thng thng.

Nhiu s la chn hn. Ngoi nhng mn hc bt buc, bn c quyn lachn mt s mn hc m thm ch bn cha nghe n bao gi. Hy mnhdn khm ph nhng iu cha bit qua cc mn hc mi v tn dngnhng bi hc thc hnh, chng s rt c ch cho cuc sng sau ny cabn.

Nhiu c hi hn. Mi trng hc tp chuyn nghip to cho bn nhiukhong thi gian v tri nghim bn hiu mnh hn. Hy tham gia nhittnh vo cc hot ng ngoi kha v khm ph nhng tim nng cn n

giu trong con ngi bn.T do hn nhng nhiu trch nhim hn. Khng c gia nh bn cnh,gi y bn phi t mnh lo ch n, , cc khon chi tiu cng nh hanhp i sng x hi. Hy hc cch u tin cc vn quan trng v sdng thi gian hp l, iu ny s gp phn mang n thnh cng cho cucsng v tng lai lu di ca bn.

Hc nhiu kinh nghim trong cuc sng v tri nghim. Bn nn c thi hc tp tch cc. Cho d ph thng, bn c cho mnh l ngi bit ttc mi th th mi trng chuyn nghip s l ni gip bn nhn ra rng


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ci bit ch l git nc, cn iu cha bit mi l i dng bao la.

nh hng hc tp r rng hn. ph thng,vic hc kin thc l chnh v nhm phc v

cho vic thi c, nhng trong cc trng chuynnghip, HSSV hc kin thc v k nng khngch phc v cho thi c m cn s dng chnhcho cuc sng sau ny (v c nh hng nghnghip).

S DNG THI GIAN HIU QUMt trong nhng bi hc tt nht trong i m bt c ai cng c th hc llm th no s dng thi gian hiu qu William A. Irwin.

L mt HSSV mi bc chn vo trng ihc, cao ng v trung cp, bn lun b ng vlo lng v mi trng hc tp mi l v khc xavi nhng g bn tng quen mi trnghc ph thng. Nhiu ti liu phi c, nhiumn hc, nhiu bi tp phi hon thnh v plc bi v, thi c lun lm bn lo lng v cngthng. Vic s dng thi gian hiu qu gip bn

c th lm c nhiu vic hn. Mc d mi ngy ca bn cng vn ch c

24 gi, bn khng th khin thi gian quay ngc li nhng cng vi vichc tt, nu s dng thi gian hiu qu, bn vn c thm thi gian lmcho cuc sng sinh vin thm vui v v ngha hn.

Sau y l mt s cch gip bn s dng thi gian hiu qu: t mc tiu hc tp ngn hn v di hn; Lp k hoch cho mi ngy: hy lit k danh sch cc vic cn lm

trong ngy. T t cc cng vic c sp xp t quan trng nht

n cc vic km quan trng hn. Lp thi gian biu hon thnhmi cng vic;


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Chn u tin cho tng cng vic da trn hai tiu ch: tm quantrng v tnh cp bch theo bng 2x2 nh sau: Nhng vic quan trng v cp bch: Lm ngay Nhng vic quan trng nhng t cp bch: Lm sau Nhng vic t quan trng nhng cp bch: Dnh t thi gian

lm ngay (c th nh ngi khc) Nhng vic t quan trng v khng cp bch: B qua

Dnh thi gian hon thnh vic quan trng nht vi chtlng tt nht;

Ni Khng vi nhng vic lm v ch; Chia nhng vic ln, cn nhiu thi gian thnh nhng phn vic

nh hn, mt t thi gian hn; R sot li vic s dng thi gian sau ba ngy th nghim, iu

chnh li nu thy cn; Hn ch nhng phn tn khng cn thit khi lm vic v hc bi; Gii lao khi cn thit;

Lun cn bng cuc sng hc tp, lao ng v dnh thi gian hp l gii tr v vic ring;

Xy dng thi kha biu cho c hc k, tng thng hay tng tunTi kha biu theo tun cn ch : c tnh thi gian t hc cho mi tit trn lp; Mi mn hc cn c i c li 2-3 ln. Sp xp lch t hc trc

v sau khi ln lp; Dnh nhiu thi gian cho mn hc quan trng; Ti gian t hc t nht 1 gi/ln; Nn hc 23 mn trong ngy.

Lm ngay

Lm sau

C

C

Khng

Khng


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GI HC L THUYTTR NN TH V HN

L HSSV ngnh y, bn phi tham gia y cc bui hc l thuyt, hc thchnh ti phng tin lm sng, thc hnh lm sng ti cc bnh vin v ticng ng. Mi hnh thc hc u gi nhng vai tr quan trng gip bntch ly cc kin thc chuyn mn, rn luyn k nng tay ngh, trau di yc v hnh thnh nn thi chun mc ca mt cn b y t.

Vy, cn lm g cc gi hc l thuyt tr nn th v hn?

Bn cnh vai tr ca GV, bn thn bn cng gi vai tr rt quan trng to nn nhng gi hc l thuyt th v v mang li hiu qu thit thc chomnh v cho c lp. Nhng gi sau y c th s gip bn c thm hngth v tip thu nhiu kin thc nht thng qua nhng bui hc l thuyt:

1. TRC BUI HC: hy t mnh chun b tt nht nhng vic sau:

Nm chc lch hc bit hm nay mnh c nghe ging v ni dung g;

Hon thnh cc bi tp hoc cc nhim v c giao lin quan n bihc;

c trc ti liu t to cho mnh mt Khung kin thc trc khinghe ging, ng thi tng kh nng nh cc kin thc lin quan nch GV truyn t trn lp;

Ghi li nhng im mnh cha r trong khi t c ti liu; Tm kim thm cc ti liu tham kho lin quan n ch GV s truyn

t;

Tch ly nhng kin thc, kinh nghim thct ca bn thn (nu c) v ch s chc;

Mang theo cc phng tin, dng c cn thitphc v cho bui hc;


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Sp xp thi gian tham gia y tt ccc gi GV ln lp;

Ti lp ng gi(c th sm hn mt cht) chun b sn sng cho bui hc.

2. TRONG BUI HC: bui nghe ging cabn hiu qu hn, bn nn ch ng:

Tm mt v tr tt nht trong lp ngi nghe ging:

Ngi v tr gn GV nht c th gip bn d tp trung vo bi ging,ng thi to n tng tt vi GV;

Khng nn ngi cnh nhng ngi bn thn v rt c th cc bn s nghra hng t cu chuyn th v th th trong khi GV ging bi khinbn mt tp trung v xao nhng vic nghe ging.

Ch tm nghe ging:

V sao cn ch tm nghe ging?

Ch tm nghe ging s gip bn nm c trng tm v nhngni dung chnh ca bi hc: nh ch tm nghe ging, bn c thtip thu c ti 50% ni dung bi ngay ti lp v d dng honthnh cc bi tp c giao, ng thi gip bn rt ngn thigian n tp sau ny;

Ch tm nghe ging gip bn thm t tin v hng th trong khii hc.

Cn nghe ging nh th no? Nghe hiu v ghi chp li theo

hiu ca bn thn;

p trung nghe nhng ni dungchnh, nhng phn quan trng c

GV nhn mnh (v d nhng nidung GV nhc i nhc li, GV nhcHSSV lu , GV gii thch k hn,

(BenjaminFranklin)


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GV ni nhn mnh hoc vit ln bng hay giy kh ln,);

p trung nghe nhng ni dung bn thy kh hiu khi t c tiliu; nu c cu hi, mnh dn gi tay xin php GV c t cu hi;

Khng nn xem nh vic nghe ging vo u v cui bui hc v GVthng dn dt v a ra nhng mc tiu hc tp vo u bui hc,sau cht li nhng ni dung chnh vo cui bui hc;

rnh phn tm khi nghe ging, tm gc li nhng ch kh hiu tm hiu sau.

Ch quan st GV trong qu trnh nghe ging:Bn cnh vic chm ch lng nghe, vic ch quan st cc ngn ng khngli ca GV cng c ngha rt quan trng. Kt hp vi li ni, nhiu GVs dng nhng ngn ng c th (khng li) minh ha sinh ng cc tng ca bi ging, ng vin khch l HSSV trong bui hc, nhnmnh nhng ni dung chnh HSSV cn lu v cng c khi th hinnhng thi khng ng tnh vi nhng tng, hnh vi c th no xy ra trong gi hc.

Ghi chp cn thn trong qu trnh nghe ging:

Ghi chp tht y :Hiu r hn nhng hng dn, gi , hay

nhng ti liu m GV cp trn lp;

Chuyn ti nhng g hc trn lp

thnh kt qu cao trong cc k thi/kimtra.

Cch ghi chp hiu qu:

Ghi theo dn gm nhng chnh, nhng khi nim/nh ngha,nhng thng tin c ghi ln bng, c nhc i nhc li hoc cnhn mnh;

Ghi theo hiu ca mnh, ng c ghi chp y tng t ca GV; Bt u ghi nhng im chnh/t kha u dng;


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Nu khng kp ghi y cc thng tin, gia cc im chnh cth trng b sung thng tin sau;

Ghi chp gn gng d s dng v trnh mt thi gian ghi chp

li.Mnh dn pht biu kin v t cu hi

khi cha hiu r ni dung bi hc:

V sao cn pht biu kin v t cu hi?

Pht biu hoc t cu hi s khin chobn tp trung hn vo ni dung bi ging.

Lm th no c th d dng pht biutrc c lp?

Nn tp thi quen hnh thnh cc cuhi trong qu trnh nghe ging;

Nn t cu hi lin quan n nhng ni dung chnh ca bui hc;

Hy ghi nhng kin hoc cu hi ra giy trc khi pht biu.

Tch cc tham gia vo cc phn tho lun trn lp; Trao i vi GV tm v s dng thm cc ti liu tham kho ph hp.

3. SAU BUI HC

Dnh thi gian xem xt v hon chnh phn ghi chp ca mnh cng sm cngtt(trong vng mt ngy sau khi kt thc bui hc).

ng xuyn xem li cc ghi chp ca mnh, tng hp li mt cch khoahc v c h thng (xem phn k nng ghi chp).

Sp xp thi gian t hc v ch ng hon thnh cc bi tp c giao.

Hc phi i i vi hnh,bn cn ch ng p dng nhng iu hcc thc hnh v tng bc hon thin cc k nng chuyn mn thngqua vic t nh gi mc thnh tho k nng ca bn thn qua mi lnthc hnh.

nh lp ra cc nhm bn cng hc, cng trao i v tho lun rt rakin thc v kinh nghim cho bn thn.


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HC TP THEO NHMMt trong nhng cch hc tp hiu qu nht l hc tp theo nhm. Vinhng HSSV mi, hc tp theo nhm s rt tc dng v bn s c m rngtm suy ngh, chia s v hc tp kinh nghim t nhng ngi khc.

Sau y l lit k mt s li ch chnh ca vic hc nhm, gi cch lpnhm v lm th no tng hiu qu ca vic hc theo nhm:

Li ch ca hc tp theo nhm:Ci thin vic ghi chp ca bn: cc thnh vin

trong nhm c th gip bn ci thin vic ghichp trn lp bng cch trao i thng tin hocchia s v ghi chp vi nhau, chia s cc ngunti liu lin quan n mn hc.

Chia s tr tu: mi ngi c nhng im mnhv im yu khc nhau. Bng cch tham gianhm hc tp, im yu ca ngi ny s c

b sung bi im mnh ca ngi khc, do vybn c th tn dng tr tu ca cc thnh vinkhc trong nhm.

To h thng h tr:hc tp theo nhm c th em li s h tr v c vtcht v tinh thn. Nu bn cm thy mt mi, cc thnh vin khc c thgip bn hng phn ln. Nu bn, v mt l do no phi ngh hc, thnhvin khc c th ghi chp cho bn v s gii thch li cho bn sau.

c c nhiu ti liu hn:hc tp theo nhm gip bn c c nhiu tiliu hn. C ba bn trao i v nhng vn hc ba ca ton hc s hiuqu hn hc mt mnh. ng t, nu cc bn c qu nhiu ti liu phic, cc bn hy chia nhau mi ngi c mt phn hay mt ch ri sau bo co v trao i li trong nhm.

Lm cho vic hc vui hn: nu mt mnh bn ngi hc c ngy trong thvin hay ging ng, bn s thy rt nhm chn v bun ng. Nhng nuhc theo nhm, bn s thy hng khi hn trong hc tp, kt qu l bn c


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kh nng hc c lu hn.

Cc loi nhm hc tp:

C nhiu loi hc nhm. Hu ht l cc nhm hc tp c lin quan n mnhc. Cc HSSV trong cng mt nhm c th quen nhau trc hoccha tng tip xc. Mt s nhm hc c th do GV to ra hoc do chnhHSSV t thnh lp. Hoc cc nhm hc tp c th do cc phng ban nhPhng Cng tc HSSV hay Vn phng on to ra. Cng c khi nhmc to ra theo cch ngu nhin khi tham gia hc tp trn lp hay ti bnhvin. Mt s nhm c to ra t cc bn ng hng hay cng dn tc.Hy tm mt nhm hc tp tht ph hp vi bn!

Mt nhm hc tp hiu qu:Bao nhiu bn l va?

Nhm hc tp hiu qu nht nn gm bn nsu bn. Nu nhm nh qu, bn d b i lchng v khng ngi hon thnh htcng vic. Ngc li, nu nhm ln qu s rt

kh t chc qun l v d c mt s bn khngtham gia tch cc.

Nhng ai nn tham gia mt nhm?

Nhm tt nht nn gm nhng bn c chung s thch, chung mc ch hctp. Tng thng bn s mong mun cc thnh vin trong nhm ch hc tp trn lp, ghi chp tt v hay t cu hi trong nhm. uy nhin, nu

trong nhm c nhiu bn c kin thc v kinh nghim khc nhau, cc bns c nhiu c hi sng to v hc tp ln nhau.

Hc nhm u?

Vic hc nhm nn thc hin ni yn tnh, rng hc tp v trao i.V d nh: phng t hc, ging ng, k tc x hoc nh ring ...

Mt bui hc nhm trong bao lu?

Mt bui hc nhm khng nn ko di qu 23 gi. Nu bui hc qu di,cc thnh vin c khuynh hng km nhit tnh v t ch . Ngc li, nu


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bui hc qu ngn, bn khng th tho lun ht ni dung, cc vn khngc xem xt k cng dn n vic hc nhm s km hiu qu.

Khi no?

Nn c lch hc nhm c nh vo mt ngy trong tun. Ln lch c nh sgip cc thnh vin c k hoch trc v c s chun b chu o trc mibui hc nhm.

Bn cnh , ngoi tp trung hc, nhm nn c nhng bui sinh hotnhm, vui chi gii tr, th thao, tm s bn b qua s hiu nhau hn vgn kt tnh cm hn, nhm hc s tn ti lu hn qua tnh bn b.

mi bui hc nhm hiu qu hn:Hnh thnh nhm hc tp ngay t u hc kv gp nhau thng xuyn datrn lch hc, thi gian lm bi tp v da trn lch thi, kim tra.

To mc ch, mc tiu r rng cho mi bui hc: iu ny gip cho vic tptrung trong tho lun v s dng thi gian hiu qu.

o lun v thng nht vi tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm v nhng nidung sau:

Nhng mong i v nhng quy nh ca nhm; Lch lm vic nhm;

Vai tr v trch nhim ca tng thnh vin sao cho ng u;

Cch thc chia s thng tin lin lc thng xuyn trong nhm; Ni hc nhm (trng, k tc x hay nh ring);

Mi thnh vin cn tn trng thi gian ca ngi khc bng cch nng gi v chun b chu o, khi pht biu cn ngn gn, c ngv ph hp.

Chp nhn cch hc hay phng php hc tp khc nhau: nhiu khi bn hc

hi c rt nhiu t nhng cch hc khc nhau.


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Chun b chu o:

Bn s khng th ng gp cho nhm c nu bn khng c s chun b.Lun nh rng bn v cc thnh vin phi c ti liu hm trc v hon

thnh cc phn cng vic c giao trc khi n hc nhm.am gia tch cc:

Mi ngi nn ln lt ging gii cho c nhm v nhng ni dung hc.Ging gii gip bn chun b bi k hn, hiu ch mt cch ng v y hn.

Tp trung:

Mi bui hc nn c mt nhm trng. Nhm trng c trch nhim iuhnh v m bo cc thnh vin khc tp trung vo ch hc tp. Nn giilao sau mi gi m bo cc thnh vin khng qu mt mi.

Bn nn lm g nu cm thy n c trong nhm?

Bn c th cm thy mt mi v tht vng v s khc nhau trong cch hcv trong giao tip hay bn cm thy km t tin khi tham gia hc nhm. Bn

hy:

Kin tr:nn nh rng bn cng c nhiu c hi ng gp cho nhm nhnhng ngi khc;

Trao i vi GV hay nhm trng,c th h c nhng gi cho bn;

Hysng to trong khi hc tp vi cc bn khc hoc t hnh thnh nn

nhm ca mnh.


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TNG VN T VNGT vng ht sc quan trng v n truyn ti quan im, t tng ca bn.

Ng php kt hp t li vi nhau nhng hu nh ngha li trong t ng.Trong mi trng hc tp ca ngnh y, cc bn HSSV mi, nht l mt sbn ngi dn tc thiu s c hn ch v ngn ng ph thng v t ngchuyn mn. Vic tng cng vn t vng l v cng quan trng gip bnhc tp hiu qu hn. Bn nn bt u xy dng vn t vng ca bn cngsm cng tt.

Di y l mt vi chin lc bn c th p dng lm phong ph thm

vn t: c sch thng xuyn:

Bn ch c th ci thin vn t ca mnh quavic c tht nhiu sch. Hu ht chng ta hct qua vic c cc loi sch nh: sch giokhoa, sch chuyn ngnh, tp ch v bo. Hy cgng c cc ch khc nhau, cc loi ti liu

khc nhau. uy nhin, bn cn c chin lcng. Nu khng, d c c nhiu sch nhng

vn t ca bn cha chc tng ln. Cha kha cho vic tng thm vn tvng qua vic c sch l bn cn hiu c ngha ca nhng t kh mbn gp. c th hiu ngha ca nhng t ny, i khi bn cn s dng tin chuyn ngnh.

Tm c cng nhiu mi lin h ca t cng tt:

khng qun t mi th khi hc bn nn c to t nhm kch thchvng nh m thanh. Bn cnh bn nn tm thm nhiu t ng nghavi t m bn bit.

Ngoi ra, bn c th lit k tt c nhng th c th khin bn ngh n nghaca t . Bn cng c th gieo vn cho cc t ny hoc s dng cc tr chich tng kh nng nh t ca bn thn.

Chi cc tr chi t:

Chi tr ny l mt cch bn xy dng c vn t rt hiu qu. Cc tr


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chi ny khng ch gip bn thm t mi mchng s lm bn cm thy vui v, v chc chnbn s rt hng th dnh thm thi gian vcng sc cho vic xy dng vn t ca bn theocch ny.

S dng t nhiu ln:

Vic s dng cc t lp i lp li l mt cch tt pht trin vn t cabn. Nu bn thc s mun nh s dng nhng t ny, bn nn s dngchng vi ln trong mt ngy, hng ngy lu chng trong b nh cabn. Hy vit chng ra mt mnh giy nu bn cn v c chng thng

xuyn. rong khi hc lm sng, bn cn lu cch dng v s dng cc tchuyn mn ca cc GV, cc cn b y t khi giao tip vi bnh nhn hockhi ghi chp vo h s bnh n.

K NNG A KIN PHN HIK nng phn hi l mt phn rt quan trng trong giao tip hng ngy nichung v trong mi trng hc tp ca HSSV y khoa ni ring. Khi mtngi nhn c nhng phn hi mang tnh xy dng, n s gip cho hsn sng thay i hon thin mnh hn v ti a ha kh nng ca mnh.

Phn hi c th c thc hin theo hai cch: phn hi xy dng (hay cngi l phn hi tch cc) v phn hi theo xu hng khen v ch.

Phn hi xy dng l a ra nhng thng tin c th, trng tm vo vn v da trn s quan st, nu ln nhng im tch cc v nhng im cnci thin.

Phn hi theo xu hng khen v ch l nhng nh gi mang tnh cnhn, chung chung, khng r rng, ch trng vo con ngi v da trnquan im, cm nhn ca ngi a kin phn hi.

rong qu trnh hc tp, cng c khi bn l ngi nhn phn hi t cc GV


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v bn b, nhng cng c khi bn chnh l ngi a kin phn hi chochnh GV hoc bn b ca mnh. Nhng d vai tr no, bn hy c gng ng b ri vo ci by ca kiu phn hi khen v ch.

Cc nguyn tc cn nh khi a kin phn hi xy dng:1. Ch nn a kin phn hi khi c s chp thun ca ngi nhn.

2. a kin phn hi cng sm cng tt, khim s vic vn cn ti mi trong u ca cngi a v ngi nhn phn hi. uy nhin,khi a kin phn hi nhng im cn cithin, cn lu : nu ngay khi s vic xy ra,tm trng ca ngi a hoc ngi nhn phnhi khng tt, hy dnh thi gian ngn c haipha bnh tnh tr li v ngi a phn hi sp xp tng cho hp l, cc ging ni, ng iu ph hp. Khi c hai pha sn sng, khi hytin hnh phn hi.

3. Chn a im thch hp,c bit l khi a kin phn hi nhng vn

c nhn cn ci thin, nn chn ch ring t.4. Ngi a phn hi cn da trn nhng hnh vi c th, nhng hintng va quan st v ghi chp c phn hi, khng t nh gi, p thoc suy din.

5. Hy bt u phn hi bng cch nu bt nhng im tch cc trc;nn a ra nhng im cn ci thin ti y v hin nay, khng nn

xu chui nhng li, khuyt im trong qu kh, tr trng hp cn nhnmnh nhng hnh vi c tnh cht h thng.

6. Khng nn a ra qu bn im cn ci thin trong mt ln phn hi.

7. Khi phn hi v nhng im cn ci thin, nn ch trng vo nhnghnh vi c th thay i, tho lun gii php ci thin mt cch c th.

8. Khuyn khch ngi nhn phn hi t a ra gii php,s dng nhng

cu hi m nh: anh/ch thy vic ny th no? Nu ln sau lm li vic ny,anh/ch s lm khc i nh th no?


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9. Phn hi l v ngi nhn, khng v ngi a phn hi. Do vy khi aphn hi, bn cn nhy cm vi nhng tc ng ca nhng thng tin mbn a ra.

Cn c bit lu : ngi nhn phn hi c sn sng ci thin hay khngli ph thuc nhiu vo cch thc bn a kin hn l ni dung bn phnhi. Do vy, trong qu trnh a phn hi, bn nn:

i thng vo vn , trnh vng vo;

Chn thnh, trnh dng cu phc. S chn thnh ni ln mi quan tm,tn trng ca bn i vi ngi nhn phn hi. rong cu phc: Nam, anh

lm vic rt chm ch, nhng, khi t nhng c t gia cu, cngha l ng tin vo iu m ti ni trc . Do vy, hy thn trng khis dng nhng t nhng; tuy nhin;

Ch n ging ni ca bn: m sc trong ging ni cng truyn titm quan trng ca vn v s quan tm ca ngi a phn hi. Gingni cu knh, tht vng s d chuyn phn hi tch cc, mang tnh xy dngthnh ph phn;

Phn hi tch cc thng c s dng nh mt cng c hu ch trong mitrng gio dc. rong qu trnh hc ti trng, bn s thng xuyn gpcc tnh hung GV a phn hi cho HSSV, HSSV phn hi cho nhau trongqu trnh thc hnh, thm ch HSSV cng c th a phn hi cho GV. Dphn hi c thc hin di hnh thc no, nhng nu nhng nguyn tcc bn trn c s dng thng xuyn v nu bn nghim tc cn nhcnhng phn hi tch cc ci thin mnh th s l con ng ngn nhti n ch hon thin cc k nng ca bn thn.


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KINH NGHIM HC TI PHNGTHC HNH TIN LM SNG (SKILLS-LAB)

Mt trong nhng c im ring c ca HSSV trng y, l nng lcchuyn mn s nh hng trc tip n cht lng chm sc sc khe, thmch n c tnh mng ca bnh nhn.

rong cc quyn ca khch hng khi nhn cc dch v chm sc sc kheth Quyn c hng dch v an ton c t ln hng u trong mitnh hung.

Nh vy, vic hc ti skills-lab s gip g cho HSSV trng y? nht, skills-lab gip HSSV lm quen vthc hnh thnh tho cc k nng chuyn mntrn m hnh hoc bnh nhn gi trc khi thchnh trn lm sng vi bnh nhn tht;

hai, ti skills-lab, HSSV c c hi thchnh chm sc sc khe cho nhng trng hp

bnh him gp trn lm sng (v d: bnh theo ma);

ba, thc hnh ti skills-lab hiu qu s m bo mi HSSV u cthc hnh cc k nng, cho d trn lm sng c t hoc rt t bnh nhn;

t, ti skills-lab, HSSV c th thc hin nhiu ln mt k nng mkhng s phin toi nh thc hnh vi bnh nhn tht.

Lm th no vic hc ti skills-lab thc s hiu qu?10 kinh nghim di y rt c th s c ch cho bn!

1. Nm vng l thuyt v cc bc thc hnh theo bng kim k nng: nhvy, khi quan st GV hoc cc HSSV khc trnh din, bn s d dng hnhdung c trnh t ca cc bc, hiu c k nng ang c trnh by bc no? Yu cu cn t ca mi bc ra sao? bn c th t mnhthc hnh v hon thin k nng ngay ti skills-lab.

2. Hon thin cc nhim v c giao trc khi n skills-lab (v d: nghin


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cu tnh hung hoc kch bn ng vai, chun b cc phng tin ng vai).

3. Hy chun b bt ch c u ty ghi chp vo bng kim k nng trongkhi quan st thc hnh, nh vy bn c th dng cng mt bng kim

quan st thc hnh nhiu ln khc nhau cho mt k nng.4. Quan st k phn trnh din mu v i chiu vi bng kim k nngghi li cc nhn xt, thc mc ca bn trong khi quan st.

5. Ha thn vo nhn vt khi ng vai:trong khi hc ti skills-lab, bn cnnghim tc coi m hnh hoc ngi bnh gi nh l ngi bnh thc strong nhng tnh hung c th rn luyn k nng giao tip, rn luyn y

c v thi chun mc i vi ngi bnh. C nh vy bn s cm thykhng qu khc bit khi chuyn sang tip xc vi ngi bnh thc s vgip bn c k nng gii quyt tnh hung trn lm sng tt hn.

6. Kin tr thc hnh v t nh gi bn thn cng nh quan st v phn hiphn thc hnh ca cc HSSV khc theo bng kim.

7. Lun s dng kt qu ghi chp trong khi quan st kt hp vi kin thc v

kinh nghim bn thn trao i vi GV v cc HSSV khc ngay sau miphn quan st hoc thc hnh nhanh chng t n mc thnh tho vchun ha k nng trn m hnh trc khi i thc hnh lm sng bnhvin.

8. Lun p dng k nng phn hi tch cc khi tho lun vi GV cng nha kin phn hi cho cc bn HSSV khc sau mi ln quan st trnh dink nng.

9. Dng 1 cun s nh b ti o blouse ghi li mt cch sc tch cc kinphn hi sau mi ca thc hnh pht huy nhng im mnh v ci thinngay nhng im cha chun mc trong nhng ln thc hnh sau.

10. Nn mang theo cun s ghi chp nhng kinh nghim tch ly c trongqu trnh thc hnh ti skills-lab tham kho khi thc hnh lm sng tibnh vin.


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KINH + NGHIM + I + HC+ LM SNG + BNH VINSau nhng tri nghim ti phng skills-lab, bn s bc vo mt mi trngthc t chm sc sc khe cho bnh nhn. Vi s h tr ca GV v cc cnb hng dn lm sng, bn s thc hin cng vic nh mt nhn vin y tthc th.

hon thnh tt cc mc tiu v ch tiu thc hnh lm sng cng nhtch ly kinh nghim, hon thin cc k nng ngh nghip cho tng lai,

ngoi s n lc ca bn thn th vic tham kho nhng kinh nghim hclm sng c c kt di y t chnh cc th h HSSV y khoa i trcc th s gip vic hc lm sng ca bn tr nn hiu qu hn:

Trc ht, KINH l s c kt, s c ngchn lc:trc khi i hc lm sng, li khuynvi bn l cn:

Di mi KINH s nm vng l thuyt vthc hnh thnh tho k nng trn m hnh vbnh nhn gi nh theo bng kim, c cc tiliu tham kho v xem trc video clip v cc knng lm sng;

ch lyKINH nghim bn thn qua thc hnh ti skills-lab;

Tam kho KINH nghim hc lm sng ca cc HSSV kha trc, tm

kim li khuyn ca GV v cn b hng dn c k hoch hc tp hiuqu.

NGHIMl qu trnh suy i xt li.Khi n cc c s thc hnh, bncn:

Quan st, xem xt vn v cc cch gii quyt vn nhiu gc khcnhau trong nhng tnh hung, tng trng hp c th;

i chiu, so snh vi l thuyt hc v mt bnh/mt triu chng/mtquy trnh k thut m bn quan st c;


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rt ra nhng cch ng x v gii quyt vn ca bn thn trong trnghp/tnh hung c th .

Ingha l phi vn hnh. n bnh vin, bn cn ch ng:

Itm ngi bnh hc;

Itm cu tr li trn nhng ngi bnh c th ch khng phi hc thuccu tr li trn l thuyt;

Itm ging vin/cn b hng dn/nhn vin y t ca c s thc hnh :quan st h lm, quan st h ni, h trao i vi bnh nhn v ngi nhbnh nhn, vi cc ng nghip khc v chuyn mn;

Itm n cc th thut c thc hin v c tri nghim thc t;Ith mi tm c ci hay ci mnh cn hc, mi thy thc t lm sng la dng v mi tch ly c kinh nghim lm sng cho bn thn;

Ith mi to cho mnh mt tc phong nng ng, mt hng th hc tp hon thnh tt cc mc tiu thc hnh lm sng.

HCl hc nhng kin thc-thi -k nng trong thc t cung cp cc

dch v chm sc sc khe phc v thi c v p dng vo thc t nghnghip ca bn thn sau ny.n bnh vin, bn cn:

HC cch chun b: cn t mnh xc nh mc tiu r rng cho mi ngyhc lm sng, chun b sn sng mi th cn thit mang theo khi i hclm sng, bao gm:

Sch v xem li l thuyt (khi cn);

Bt v cun s nh b ti ghi chp khi nghe ging hoc ghi nhngkt qu bn c quan st/tri nghim trong khi i lm sng;

Bng kim k nng + bt ch c u ty quan st v nh gi thchnh k nng (ca bn thn v ca nhng HSSV khc bn quan stc);

o blouse sch s, khng nhu nt;

ng nghe hoc cc dng c hc tp theo yu cu ca GV;

T ra vo bnh vin (nu c yu cu);


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Chn, mn trc m (nu cn).HC cch hi:

Hi g? Hi khi thy l, thy khc vinhng iu mnh hc, bit;

Hi ai? Hi bn b, hi GV, hi cc HSSVkha trc, hi cc nhn vin y t, hichnh ngi bnh v ngi nh bnhnhn.

HC cch ni: giao tip vi bnh nhn/ngi nh, vi cc nhn vin y t gy thin cm v to ra cc c hi hc tp;

HC cch lm: thc hnh cc k nng theo hng dn ca GV/cn bhng dn v thng xuyn dng bng kim t nh gi bn thn;

HC cch dy: hc cch hng dn li cho cc HSSV nm sau l cch rthu hiu gip bn lu gi kin thc lu hn v thnh tho k nng hn.

LM SNG l trc tip n tn ging bnh khm v cha bnh.n bnh vin, bn cn:

t ra mc tiu cho tng ngy i lm sng nhm hon thnhmc tiu thc hnh lm sng ca tng mn v nghim tc thchin t c cc mc tiu ra;

p trung hon thnh cc ch tiu lm sng theo yu cu v chng hc nhiu hn nhng g c yu cu;

ranh th mi c hi hc ti ging bnh: mi ngi bnh lmt bi hc;

Bm bnh nhn n cng hc: nu c th, nn theo st bnhnhn t khi h bt u nhp vin n khi ra vin, nh vy bn sc mt bc tranh y v bnh nhn , t tin s, bnh s ndin bin ca bnh, cch chn on cng nh phng php iutr, chm sc v cc p ng ca bnh nhn trong khi nm vin,cch t vn cho bnh nhn trc, trong v sau khi ra vin

Hc nhng iu c th tng ngi bnh, mi th trn lm sngphi cn-o-ong-m c, khng m h chung chung nh lthuyt. V d: khi t vn dinh dng cho ngi bnh th khng th


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hng dn n vo 200 kcal c m phi ni r l n mt bt cm,hay mt lng tht; hay khi ni bnh nhn st th phi ni nhit lbao nhiu?

LM SNG chnh l nhng iu rt c th biu hin trc tip tng bnhnhn.

Hy t mnh nhng v tr nhng nhn vt khc nhau trong mi tnhhung c th:

Khi t mnh trong vai tr l mt nhn vin y t thc s, bn hy xcnh nhng vic mnh cn lm vi bnh nhn c th ?

rong v tr ca ngi bnh, bn s mong i nhng g t ngi nhnvin y t?

, bn s hnh thnh cho mnh nhng thi ng mc trong qutrnh cung cp cc dch v chm sc sc khe cho ngi bnh;

rao i vi GV, cc HSSV cng kha hoc kha trn v cch gii quyt vn i vi tng bnh nhn c th.

BNH VIN.Bnh vin l ni trc tip cung cp cc dch v chm

sc sc khe cho ngi bnh. Mi bnh vinu c c im ring, hon cnh ring v cnhng iu kin c th v cc ngun lc v vbnh nhn. Mi bnh vin l mt x hi thunh, HSSV s hc c nhiu iu bncnh l thuyt hc, pht trin v hon thin

nhiu k nng thng qua quan st, thc hnh k nng chuyn mn v xl tnh hung.

s dng hiu qu thi gian hc bnh vin, bn nn:

un th cc ni quy, quy nh ca bnh vin; bo v mnh trc nhng nguy c ly bnh hoc cc nguy c thiu

an ton khc;

m bo cc quyn ca khch hng/bnh nhn khi c HSSV thc tp; ranh th mi c hi hc, c bit trong cc bui trc; t ra mc tiu v theo ui n cng: thc hnh ng t nhng iu


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vi bnh nhn. Hy coi h nh nhng ngi thn trong gia nhbn. ng chn nn khi thy bung bnh ng, hy c gng len livo v tm cho mnh mt ch ng c th tip cn c vi bnhnhn;

Nn ch khi thy bn khc bit nhiu hn mnh. Kin thc lm sngmnh mng, ngi ny bit nhiu hn ngi kia mt cht l chuynbnh thng. iu quan trng l bn cn ch ng hc c cngnhiu cng tt ngoi nhng iu m GV yu cu. Khng nn b quac hi tho lun/giao ban chuyn mn vi cc nhn vin ca bnhvin, vi cc HSSV kha trc hoc vi HSSV cng kha.

K NNG T HCMt iu d nhn thy l phn ln cc trng y hin nay u c s lngHSSV kh ng, chng trnh hc rt nng, c l thuyt v thc hnh. CcGV va lm cng tc ging dy, va lm cng tc chuyn mn, khm cha

bnh ti bnh vin, ti cc c s y t nn khng c nhiu thi gian hngdn thm cho HSSV. V vy, ngoi gi ln lp, i lm sng, i thc a vis hng dn ca GV, vic t hc ca mi HSSV ngnh y l ht sc quantrng.

1. T HC L G?

L t tm ly kin thc (nh tm l hcN.Arubakin);

L qu trnh c nhn ngi hc t gic, tchcc, c lp; t chim lnh thng tin, tri thc mt lnh vc no ;

L hc cch phn bin v pht hin vn .

uy vy, t hc khng d, nht l i vi HSSV ngnh y. Hc ci g? Hc u? Hc khi no v hc th no? lun l nhng cu hi cn c gii p.


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T hc nhng g?

L thuyt: trc bui hc, bn cn tc trc cc phn lin quan n bi

hc trong gio trnh. Sau bui hc, cnxem li cc thng tin ghi chp c trnlp. rc khi i thc hnh cn xem linhng ni dung s thc hnh, bao gmmc tiu bi hc, ni dung cc bctrong quy trnh-bng kim k thut

c hnh tin lm sng:s gi thc hnh ti phng tin lm sng

c GV hng dn thng rt hn ch v: mi trng ch c mt khuthc hnh; lng HSSV ng, cc lp phi lun phin nhau. V vy,ngoi cc gi hc, bn nn tranh th t thc hnh. Ch khi t thchnh, bn mi thy c nhng k nng no mnh cn lng tnghoc cha r tip tc hc hi v hon thin cho ln sau, c bitl chun b cho cc gi thc hnh ti bnh vin.

Nhng kin thc tham kho, cp nht, nng cao lin quan n ni

dung bi hc: t cc ngun ti liu tham kho khc (xem thm trongphn Cch tm kim ti liu tham kho).

T hc u?

i nh, ti ging ng, th vin, phng c sch, phng thchnh, k tc x... u c th l ni t hc l tng cho bn.

Cn lu l khng hc trong t th li bing (nh nm di trnging) v s d ng qun, hoc va hc va lm vic khc skhin bn mt tp trung trong khi hc.

Hy chn bt k ni no bn cm thy thoi mi nht t hc.

T hc khi no?

Khi cm thy thoi mi, u c minh mn.

Khng nn t hc khi:

Bn thn ang mt mi;

rong vng 30 pht sau khi n v trc khi i ng;


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Vo gi cht trc khi n lp.

T hc th no?

Hc mt cch ch ng;

Dng nhiu gic quan cn cho tr tng tng ca bn nhn thyc:

S dng m thanh: c to v lng nghe;

S dng s lin tng: nn t cc cu hi nh: vn c trongsch c lin quan g vi thc t, vi cc k nng c thc hnh?

vit li hoc trnh by li cc ni dung hc theo tng ch

c th, theo hiu ca mnh (c th s dng phng phpMind Map trong phn "S t duy");

Hc nhm: tham kho phn "Hc tp theo nhm".

T hc tuy khng d nhng c xem l hnh thc th thao tr tu tuyt vinht v c hiu qu nht.

2. CC K NNG T HC

Lp k hoch hc tp:

Hy lit k mt cch c trnh t: ci g hc trc,ci g hc sau. iu ny gip bn tit kim cthi gian v gip h thng li nhng kin thc hc mt cch khoa hc, c bit l i vimt s mn i cng.

Hc cch thc lm vic c lp:c sch mtcch c h thng, lin h, vn dng l thuyt t gii quyt cc bi tp trong qu trnh hc trn lp v trong thc tin.

Ghi chp cn thn:

Ghi chp y , khoa hc cc thng tin theo hiu ca bn sau khi csch, nghe GV ging;

Khi thc hnh, cn ghi chp li nhng kin phn hi t GV v bn b lm c s hon thin cc k nng ca bn thn.

(WilliamCharland)


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a dng ha cch hc:

Hy a dng ha cch hc lun gi la cho tinh thn t hc ca mnh.y thuc vo tng ni dung bi hc v tng thi im hc khc nhau m

bn s dng cc cch hc khc nhau. am gia Cng ng hc tp:

Hy tham gia Cng ng hc tp trn internet. V d nh cc din n,ni cc thnh vin c th chia s kinh nghim v kin thc. Bn s tm cs khch l, li khuyn v ng c hc tp t bn b, thy c v nhng ngikhc. i y, bn cng c th t nh gi kin thc v mc tin b cabn thn so vi mc tiu t ra. Ngoi ra, bn cn c th gip ngi khchc, cng l mt cch hc rt tt cho bn thn.

Nh vy, hot ng t hc khng ch gip nng cao nng lc nhn thc,rn luyn k nng, m n cn rn luyn cho mi HSSV cch suy ngh, tnht gic, c lp, phong cch lm vic, c bit l thi quen hc tp sut i.Lun hc hi, tm ti t cp nht cho mnh nhng kin thc qu butrong ngh nghip - l iu ti quan trng pht trin s nghip ca

mi nhn vin y t trong s nghip chm sc sc khe nhn dn.

LM TH NO NH V HIU BI HN?D l hc sinh ph thng hay sinh vin i hc, bn cng u phi nh

bi. c cht, tr nh l mt qu trnh lp i lp li. Tr nh c th rnluyn c. Mt vi mo nh sau y s gip bn nh bi nhanh v lu hn.

1. CHN THI GIAN HC TP PH HP

Vit nhng vic cn lm vo thi gian biu hng ngy;

Hy bt u hc khi bn cm thy sn sng nht: hc sau khi ng

gic hoc hc vo sng sm hay bui ti.


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2. HIU R NI DUNG BI HC

Cn tp trung hc v hi nm c cc ni dung chnh ngay trongv sau bui hc;

Nu c ni dung no cha hiu th bn nn nh GV gii thch li;

Khi c mt cun sch hay xem mt b phim, mt on clip m GVtrnh chiu th bn hy c th tm xem ni dung chnh ca cun sch/b phim ny l g;

rn thc t, nhiu bn thng c gng hc nhi tht nhiu trongmt thi gian ngn, tuy nhin cch hc ny ch l i ph vi thic, sau bn s qun ngay. V nh vy th vic hc s khng gip chnhiu cho cng vic ca bn sau ny.

3. GHI NH QUA S HNH DUNG V LIN TNG

S hnh dung:

r nh ca chng ta c khuynh hng nh hnh nh hn nh t.

Hnh nh trong tm tr ta cng r rng, sng ng bao nhiu th chngta cng nh v hnh nh by nhiu;

rong qu trnh hc, bn nn tm cch chuyn kin thc thnh hnhnh lu vo no b mt cch d dng. Khi thi, bn s nh li nhnghnh nh v chuyn chng thnh cc cu tr li hp l.


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S lin tng: to ra mi lin kt gia nhng vic chng ta cn nh v spxp theo th t logic gip cho vic ghi nh d dng hn. V d:

Ni dung cn ghi nh Cch ghi nh hiu qu: 6-3-2-1

Ti sao thanh thiu nin khng dng bin php trnhthai?

Do khng ch nh quan h tnh dc

Do ngh rng mnh khng th d c thai nh th iu khng th xy ra vi ti.

S rng bn tnh s t chi;

Mu thun v vic c thai;

Tiu kin thc v cc bin php trnh thai;

Khng bit ni no ng tin cy xin t vn p dngbin php trnh thai;

Mun giu b m v vic mnh c quan h tnh dc;

Cc bn n tr khng mun cho bn b bit v vic hc quan h tnh dc;

Bao cao su th t;

Ngi ngng khi phi mua bao cao su;

Nam gii cho rng dng bao cao su s lm gim cmgic vui sng;

Tiu k nng v kinh nghim trong vn ng bn tnhs dng bao cao su;

Ngi ngng khi s dng bin php trnh thai trong lc

quan h;

S c tc dng ph;

Ngi khm sc khe, c bit l khm khung chu.

Ti sao thanh thiu nin khng dng binphp trnh thai?

6 ni s hi

Bn tnh;

B m;

Ngi bn hng;

ng nghip, bn b;

Bc s;

V bin php trnh thai.

3 thiu kin thc

Kh nng c thai khi quan h tnh dc;

Do khng ch nh c quan h tnhdc;

V s dng bin php trnh thai.

2 thiu k nng

Vn ng bn tnh s dng bao cao su;

S dng bin php trnh thai.

1 thiu tin

4. GHI NH BNG CCH LP S T DUY

S t duy l hnh thc ghi chp s dng mu sc, hnh nh nhmtm tt, m rng nhng chnh ca mt ni dung;


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S t duy gip bn c th lp dn ton b ct li bi hc m khngsa vo chi tit, hc vt.

(Tam kho thm phn S t duy).

5. GHI NH BNG CCH HC THEO NHM

ch cc tham gia hc theo nhm, k c hc l thuyt v trong khi thchnh;

Khi tham gia cc hot ng trong nhm, trc ht bn nn tp trungquan st nm bt thng tin, sau t mnh ti hin li kin thc vdin t li bng ngn ng ca mnh cho bn b nghe. Khi din tc nh vy, bn s nh rt lu.

6. THNG XUYN RN LUYN Sau bui hc, hy n tp lp i lp li nhiu ln, vic luyn tp ny s

gip to s lin tng bn vng trong no b, t li du vt sum trong tr nh;

Khng nn dn mt lng kin thc ln n cui k n thi mi hcli t u.

Cn nhc li l bn phi t gic hc v hc vo thi gian tnh to nht. Khngnht thit phi p dng tt c cc phng php ny m ty kh nng vndng v ty tng mn hc c th vn dng phng php ghi nh ph hp.


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TM KIM V S DNGTI LIU THAM KHO

1. TM KIM TI LIU QUA INTERNET

Ngy nay, internet ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic lu tr ti liu vc cc cng c hu ch tm kim thng tin. Hin c rt nhiu cc thngtin c cung cp min ph qua internet, bn cnh cng c nhng thngtin yu cu phi tr mt phn hoc ton b chi ph khi truy cp. Nu bnbit khai thc hiu qu cc tim nng t internet, chc chn vic hc tp cabn s thu c kt qu kh quan hn.

Di y l mt s chin thut v lu khi tm kim thng tin trn mnginternet gip bn tit kim thi gian v cng sc trong qu trnh tm kimv chn lc thng tin trn internet:

Mt s lu v tn min:

n min: c nhiu dng tn min khc nhau nh: .com = thng mi;.org = t chc phi li nhun; .net = cc t chc h tr v mng; .edu

= cc t chc gio dc;.gov = cc t chc chnh ph; .int = cc t chcc thnh lp bi cc hip c quc t; v k t quc gia nh: .vn = VitNam;.us = M, .ca = Canada.

V d:

http://www.taynguyenuni.edu.vn l a ch trang web ca mt t chc giodc ti Vit Nam (trng i hc y Nguyn).

http://www.moet.gov.vn l a ch trang web B Gio dc v o to caChnh ph Vit Nam.


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Chin lc tm tin:gm c by bc:

Mt s lu chung khi tm tin:

Phn ln cc cng c tm kim khng phn bit ch hoa v ch thng;

Khi nhp t tm kim, cn a t quan trng ln u lnh tm;

Chn t kha trong cu tm v cng c khng quan tm n s chnh xcca ng php. V d: nh trng nhim HIV/AIDS trong n gii ti p. HCh Minh => thay vo c th vit bng nhim HIV/AIDS, n gii,p. H Ch Minh;

Nhiu cng c tm kim thng b qua nhng t thng thng trong tingAnh nh the, in, an;

Nu nhp cng nhiu t tm kim th phm vi tm kim cng b thu hp.

Cng c tm tin:c rt nhiu cng c tm kim thng tin trn internet.Di y l cc cng c thng c s dng nht:

http://www.google.com

http://www.yahoo.com

http://www.altavista.com

Cc cch nh gi cht lng ngun thng tin:

Cng c tm kim ng tin cy; Ngun thng tin ng tin cy: t cc t chc ng tin cy ( chc Y


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t T gii, B Y t); t cc trang web gc(ngun);

S cp nht ca thng tin (ngy cp nht

cui cng); rnh tc gi: nu tc gi c trnh cng

cao, ni ting th thng tin s rt c th c gitr hn;

Tnh kin: cch nh gi thin lch hay cng bng. V d: thng tin vli ch ca tht t trang web ca Hip hi chn nui s khc vi thng tintng t t trang web ca Hi ngi n chay;

Nn tng hp a chiu, tt nht l kim tra t nhiu ngun khc nhau vthng tin c th b sao chp li;

Mt cch rt quan trng l tham kho kin bn b v GV c kinhnghim.

Mt s trang web tham kho lin quan ti y t/gio dc:

rang web ca chc Y t T gii: http://www.who.int Gio trnh in t B Y t: phn theo cp hc v ngnh o to: http://

www.dtyte.vn/k2dt/hsbook/pindex.asp

Gio trnh in t nhm EduSo-eBooks cng ng: gm 342 cun schv y khoa:http://www.ebook.edu.vn/

rang web ca B Y t: http://www.moh.gov. vn

rang web ca B Gio dc v o to: http://www.moet.gov.vn

2. TM KIM TI LIU THAM KHO T CC NGUN KHC

vin: bt u tm kim t danh mc ccti liu hin c ti th vin. Bn cng c th sdng th vin truyn thng hoc th vin int ty theo tnh trng sn c ca cc th vin

ny ti ni bn sinh sng. Vi th vin int, bn c th s dng chin thut tm ti liu


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tng t nh mc 1.

Bn b v thy c:y l ngun ti liu tham kho sng v rt hiu quv h c kinh nghim hoc c nhiu ngun thng tin chnh thng v c

nhiu k thut tm kim thng tin tt.

K NNG GHI CHP V C TI LIU

1. LM TH NO GHI CHP HIU QU?

Ghi chp l mt trong nhng k nng quan trng m mi HSSV cn c.Nhng ghi chp y khng ch dng li vic ghi cc m cc phic ghi c chn lc, sc tch, ngn gn, v c trnh by mt cch rrng, c h thng. V vy, c c mt bn ghi chp hiu qu, bn cnnm c nhng k thut c bn sau:

1.1. Ghi chp khi nghe ging

Ghi chp trong khi nghe ging l gip bn nm c mc tiu v nidung ca bi hc cng nh nhng thng tin m GV mun cung cp trongbui hc. Vic ghi chp hiu qu s gip bn nng cao kt qu hc tp. Vy,lm th no ghi chp hiu qu?

Cc th thut ghi chp hiu qu trong khi nghe ging:

Trc gi hc:

c trc gio trnh v cc ti liu lin quan n ch GV s thuyttrnh;

Chun b cc dng c cn thit cho vic nghe ging v ghi chp.

Trong gi hc:

Ngi gn GV nghe r v trnh xao nhng,bun ng;

Vit r tiu bi hc, ngy thng v nhs cc trang ghi chp ca bn. Nh th s rt


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tin li cho bn khi xem li hoc tm li cc thng tin ghi chp;

Hy ghi chp bng ngn t ca bn; vic ny s rt c ch, gip bn hiubi v nh bi lu hn;

ng ngn ngi khi t cu hi cho GV m bo bn hiu nhng nidung GV truyn t;

S dng cc kiu ch linh hot, h thng vit tt, biu tng khi ghi chp c th ghi chp vi tc nhanh nht;

S dng bt mu nh du nhng phn quan trng, nhng ni dungcn ch ;

Khng nn qu quan tm n cc li chnh t v cc li ng php;

Ch ging ni v c ch ca GV on thm u l chnh, u lnhng ni dung quan trng trong bi hc c GV nhn mnh;

Ghi chp nhng chnh, nhng ni dung quan trng GV ni nhnmnh, vit trn bng hay chiu trn power point (khng cn phichp li tng cu tng ch ca GV ni), sau pht trin thm bng

cch t hc (t c, t tm ti); Nu ghi khng kp th nn b trng mt on b sung sau v tip tc

ghi ngay nhng ni dung GV ang truyn t;

Ghi theo phng php Cornell (tham kho thm phn "Phng phpCornell")

Sau gi hc:

Dnh t nht 10-15 pht c li ton b phn ghi chp ca mnh. mtt hoc suy ngh v cc chnh;

So snh v chia s phn ghi chp vi cc bn khc;

Vi nhng on bn ghi khng kp, hy hi li bn b hoc GV ghivo nhng khong trng trng;

Xem v tng kt li cc ni dung chnh ghi chp c.


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1.2. Phng php Cornell:

Waterbank (1989) tm ra mt phng php nhm gip sinh vin

trng Cornell University hnh thnh thi quen ghi chp. Phng phpny mang tn Cornell Note taking echnique nhanh chng c ngdng rng ri trn ton nc M.

eo Cornell, ta chia v lm ba phn nh hnh v:

1. Phn Cu hi/ kha: dnh trang pha bn tri ghi cc t quantrng, cc t kha, cc s kin (c th km theo thi gian) v thng tr licho cu hi: Ai? Ci g? Khi no?

2. Phn Ghi chp: dnh trang pha bn phi ghi phn pht trin chitit t cc t kha, din gii m rng chnh, thng tr li cho cu hi:i sao? Nh th no?

3. Phn m tt: mt khong nh pha di mi trang l ni dnh cho bntm tt nhng chnh lin quan n ton b nhng ni dung va ghi chptrong trang .

21.5 cm

6.5 cm

5 cm

15 cm

28 cm


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Mt v d cho vic ghi chp bng phng php Cornell:

Phngphp

Cornelldng lmg v dngnh thno?

Dng phng php Cornell ghi chp khi nghe ginghoc khi c ti liu.

Cch dng phng php Cornell:

Trc gi hc:

trng dng u trang vit tiu cho trang;

Chia phn cn li ca trang v lm ba phn:

Phn cu hi bn l tri rng 6,5 cm;

Phn ghi chp bn phi rng 15 cm; Phn tm tt pha di cao 5cm.

Trong gi hc:

D v nghe chm;

Ghi cu hi/t kha vo Phn cu hi;

Ghi chp chi tit vo Phn ghi chp: dng biu tng,hnh v, ch vit tt, t kha.

Sau gi hc:

Xem li Phn cu hi v Phn ghi chp ngay honthin nt;

Vit Phn tm tt;

Khi hc ti nhng thng tin ghi trong Phn ghi chp,hy t tr li nhng cu hi a ra Phn cu hi.

Tm tt: Phng php Cornell: chia trang v ra ba phn:

Phn (1) Cu hi/t kha; v (2) Ghi chp c hon thnh trong buihc;

Phn (3) m tt hon thnh sau bui hc.

Lu :phng php ny d lm, n gin m hiu qu v tit kim thigian gip bn ghi chp c h thng, c trt t. uy nhin, khi ghi chp theo


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phng php Cornell, bn ghi chp ca bn cn m bo 6R:

R1 = Record: cc thng tin c ghi chp y ;

R2 = Reduce: cc thng tin c ghi chp tm lc theo ;

R3 = Recite: dng bn ghi chp trnh by li c ni dung;

R4 = Reect: dng bn ghi chp c th t c cu hi cho ngi trnh byhoc nu c kin ca bn thn;

R5 = Review: bn ghi chp c xem li;

R6 = Recapitulate: bn ghi chp c tm tt li.

2. C TI LIU

Bn cnh vic ghi chp khi nghe ging, bn cn c k nng c tt c thghi chp, tm lc c ni dung chnh ca cc gio trnh, ti liu hc. Vicpht trin k nng c s gp phn hon thin k nng hc tp ca bn.

2.1. Cch c mt cun sch/ti liu

Bt u c: bng cch xem lt qua trc khic cc phn chi tit. Cc bc c th nh sau:

Xem ta , li ni u bit phm vi mti liu cp n hoc quan im ca tcgi;

m hiu mc lc v cch s dng ti liu;

Xc nh cc mc tiu mi u chng hoc tng phn ca ti liu; c phn tm tt cui mi chng/mi phn ca ti liu (nu c)

bit c tc gi cht li nhng im g l quan trng trc khi bn btu c chi tit;

Kim tra ph lc v cc ngun ti liu tham kho m tc gi trch dn.

Trong khi c:

Xc nh cc mc ln v cc mc nh trong tng phn ca ti liu; c vi dng u trong mi on xc nh chnh;


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Vit tm tt cc chnh v t mnh gii thch hoc t cc cu hi c linquan;

m ra nhng phn in m hoc nhng thng tin chnh, cc nh ngha,

th, hnh nh quan trng; p trung tm hiu xem cc on v cc phn c mi lin h vi nhau

nh th no?

hi v t tr li cc cu hi: Phn ny ni v ci g? N gii thch cig?

Lit k nhng t kha chnh;

c thm ti liu tham kho khc c lin quan.Sau khi c:

Xem li ti liu tm cu tr li cho ton b cc cu hi m bn a ra;

Gii thch, chia s nhng g bn c c vi bn b hoc nhm hctp.

2.2. Phng php cSQ3R (Survey = Kho st; Question = Cu hi;Read = c; Recite/Recall/Write = K li/Gi nh/Vit/; Review = Xem li)

Kho st(Survey)

Trc khi c,bn nn khost ton b cc

chng

a , mc chnh v ph;

Ch thch bn di cc hnh nh, th, biu ;

Xem qua cu hi;

c phn gii thiu v kt lun;

c phn tm tt.

Cu hi(Question)

t cu hi trongkhi bn angkho st

Chuyn i cc ta , mc chnh, ph thnhcu hi;

c cc cu hi cui chng v sau mi mc ph;

Hi bn thn: Ty/c c cp n chng hoc

ch ny khng khi giao nhim v cho HSSV?; Hi bn thn bit ch ny cha?


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c(Read)

Khi bn bt u

c

m ra cu tr li cho nhng cu hi ca bn; r li cu hi phn u v cui chng hoc

phn hng dn hc tp;

c li nhng li ch thch di nhng hnh nh, th,

Ch t, cm t hoc on vn in gch di,nghing, m;

Gim tc c khi n nhng on kh;

Ngng v c li nhng on cha r;

c v n li tng phn.K li/Gi nh(Recite/Recall)

Gip bn tptrung hn v hcc nhiu hntrong khi c

Sau mi phn: ngng li, gi nh li cu hi v xemth xem bn c th tr li qua vic bn nh li phn c khng?

Lit k nhng chnh v cc chi tit gii thch cho chnh ca phn ;

S dng s t duy v phng php Cornell ghi chp;

S dng tiu ca phn v on nh l nhng chnh, bt c khi no c th;

Cu u tin ca on thng l ch ca c on,l cu tr li cho cu hi, hy ni tht to cu tr li;

S dng tr nh, mi lin h, sc lin tng, hnh v.Xem li(Review)

Hnh dung licu trc ca tiliu c vnh li cc nidung theo tng

phn c th

Khi bn c xong ti liu theo cc bc trn, xemli cc cu hi t cc mc, liu mnh c tr lic khng? Nu khng, cn xem li v nh li rimi i tip;

Bc ny ging nh t kim tra (t iu chnh gim stnh gi qu trnh c);

Bc gi nh v bc xem li c th kt hp cng thc hin


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Ghi chp khi c ti liu?

Dnh mt vi pht v suy ngh v nhng phn ti liu mnh ctrc khi ghi chp li;

ng vic ghi chp tr thnh v b m hy bin nhng bn ghi thnhnhng ti liu tht s c ch cho bn trong qu trnh n thi hoc s dngsau ;

Ghi chp tht ngn gn, ch ghi li nhng t kha hoc cm t hocnhng cu ngn th hin c nhng ni dung chnh trong ti liu bn c.Nhng t kha c ghi thng l danh t, ng t, tnh t, nhng t ch

s lng ng bao gi ghi li tt c nhng g bn c c;

Ghi chp mt cch chnh xc l iu cng rt quan trng, c bit l ghichp nhng cng thc, nh ngha, nhng s liu c th, li dn ca mt tcgi v danh sch. uy nhin, vi nhng dng thng tin cn li, bn cn sdng chnh ngn ng ca bn ghi chp v m bo khng lm thay ingha ca thng tin;

Bn nn to cho mnh mt h thng cc ch vit tt v cc k hiu thng xuyn s dng khi ghi chp (v d nh: & hoc + c ngha lv hoc cng, = c ngha l bng hay tng ng, Fe l st...)

Nn vit ghi chp theo dng dn , phn ra ln nh bng cch s dngcc k hiu, cc ch s, cc ch s La M;

ng v tit kim giy m bn c s dng ti a cc khong trng ghi

chp. Hy l tht rng, vit dn dng v mt vi khong trng trn tgiy. V sao vy? V sau , khi xem li phn ghi chp ca mnh, nu mun,bn vn c th b sung thm mt vi thng tin quan trng vo l hoc cckhong trng ;

nh du nhng quan trng bng k hiu *, v mt vng trn quanh hoc ng khung n li. Cng c th nh du nhng quan trng,

nhng thut ng hay nhng nh ngha bng bt mu khc, t m hocgch chn;


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Bn cng c th ghi li nhn xt ca mnh v ti liu c ra ngoi l(ng hay c kin khc).

iu quan trng nht bn nn lun ghi nh, l

hy s dng nhng kin thc mnh ghi chp c chuyn ti thnh nhng k nng ca chnhbn, nhng ghi chp ny s l con ng dn ns hon thin ca bn thn bn trong tng lai.

S T DUYS t duy (hay Mindmap/Bn t duy) l mt phng php cpht trin bi Tony Buzan. y l mt trong nhng k nng quan trng vrt hu ch gip bn ghi chp thng tin mt cch y sng to v hiuqu.

S t duy (hay Mindmap/bn t duy) l g?Phng php hc bng s t duy gip bn s dng sc mnh ca nob t duy, ghi nh. c bit, khi bn t thit k, t ghi chp bng giyv bt mu th bn s hiu su hn v bit chuyn kin thc t sch giokhoa thnh cch hiu ca ring mnh...

Hiu mt cch n gin, s t duy c cu to nh mt ci cy vi nhiu

nhnh ln, nh mc xung quanh. Ci cy gia l mt hnh nh trungtm, l mt tng chnh. Ni vi n l cc nhnh ln, nh th hin ccvn lin quan ti tng chnh. Cc nhnh ln s c phn thnhnhiu nhnh nh, ri nhnh nh hn, nhnh nh hn na nhm th hinvn mc su hn. S phn nhnh c th tip tc v cc thng tin,hnh nh lun c kt ni vi nhau. S lin kt ny to ra mt bc tranhtng th m t tng trung tm mt cch y v r rng. y l s tng, ty thch, khng yu cu t l cht ch nh bn a l nn s

pht huy ti a kh nng sng to ca mi ngi.


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Ti sao nn dng s t duy?

Khi s dng s t duy, bn c th hiu nhanh v nm c nhng g cbn nht ca mt ch . Tng tin trong s t duy khng ri rc nh

kiu tm tt thng thng m c ni kt vi nhau thng qua h thngnhng nhnh v phn nhnh. Vi nhng u im , s t duy l mtcch thng minh gii quyt mt vn c nhiu hng pht trin.

S t duy ngn gn hn hn cch tm tt truyn thng v bn ch cnmt t giy l , v nu bn t nhin ngh thm c no mi th bnvn c th v thm vo s ca mnh mi . V tnh cu trc n ginca mt s t duy, bn ch cn xem qua mt ln cng c th ghi nh mt

cch d dng nhng thng tin bao hm trong , ngay c khi cn hi tngli cng rt thun tin. Mt s t duy tt cn gip bn c hng th hnkhi sng to nhng hnh v, biu tng ghi nh ca ring mnh.

Lm th no v mt s t duy?

Bc 1:vit ch chnh vo gia t giy. C th v hnh nh bao quanh gip ch ni bt v khc su vo no b.

Bc 2:t ch tip tc v thm cc nhnh ln, t cc nhnh ln li vtip nhnh ph, phn nhnh ca nhnh ph Nhnh cng gn ch thcng t m hn. Hy dng mu sc v mu sc gip no chng ta phn bitv ghi nh thng tin tt hn.

Bc 3: trn mi nhnh ghi thng tin mt cch vn tt nht (t kha hoccu n). rnh dng nhng t ng, cu c di dng v va ri mt va t

c gi tr ghi nh.Bc 4:s dng hnh nh, im nhn, k hiu nhn mnh.

Bc 5: nguyn tc chung: kch c nh dn t trung tm ra ngoi.

Mo nh:

Mi nhnh chnh nn dng mt mu sc khc nhau;

S dng nhiu hnh v, biu tng s gip kch thch th gic v no bghi nh thng tin nhanh hn, lu hn;

Dng ng cong thay v ng thng khi v nhnh;


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Khi b tc mt nhnh no , hy chuyn sang nhnh khc;

Ghi ngay tng vo giy khi n t nhin xut hin.

Nh vy, mt s t duy ng s cc k hu dng gip bn lin kt thngtin trong mt bi hc hoc gii quyt mt vn . Tay cho cch tm tt dn thng thng, s t duy khng nhng t ri rt thng tin hn mcn khin no b ca bn hot ng hiu qu hn hn.

Mt s phn mm gip bn v s t duy:

MindManager-mt phn mm do ony Buzan sng to v c dngnhiu ti Vit Nam nhng ch chy c trn h iu hnh Windows;

ConceptDraw MINDMAP;

Visual Mind;

Axon Idea Processor;

Inspiration;

FreeMind (phn mm ngun m, dng c trn c Windows, Mac v

Linux).Ngoi ra, sch v Mindmap ca ony Buzan cng c dch sang tingVit v bn c th tm mua cc nh sch hiu thm.


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THAM VN GING VINV CC C VN HC TP

Mt trong nhng ngun tm kim s h tr rt ng tin cy ca HSSV l tcc GV v cn b c vn hc tp. Tuy nhin, v mt s l do no , nhiuHSSV vn cha khai thc c tt ngun h tr qu bu ny.

Ti sao HSSV khng mun tm kim s gip ca GV?

Do h ngi ngng hoc s hi. Nhng cm gic lo s thng gp HSSV:

Cm gic khng theo kp bi hc sau khi b l vi bui hc;

S t ra nhng cu hi kh kho;

S phi trm trn, gp mt GV v c th b nh gi l dt;

Ngi ngng: c th do tnh cch nht nht;

Khng thy thoi mi khi tip cn vi GV l ngi khc bit v tui, gii,dn tc hoc vn ha;

Xu hng trnh tng tc vi nhng ngi c quyn.

Li ch ca vic tham vn?

Hiu bi nhanh hn;

Gii p c cc thc mc ca bn thn;

Chia s c lo lng v hc c thm kinh nghim gii quyt cc lo u.

Cch tip cn tham vn hiu qu?

Chun b sn sng trc khi hi:

Tu thp y cc cu hi trc khibt u i hi GV ca bn;

Vit ra mt danh sch cc cu hi;

Hi v lm sng t tt c nhng bnkhon trong cng 1 ln gp GV hoc c

vn hc tp; Khng nn i gp GV mi khi pht sinh


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mt iu g cha hiu r hoc ngay khi c thm mt cu hi mi;

Mang theo v ghi chp v cng mn hc. Nu cn, c th mangsch gio trnh, nh du phn cn hi khi ti, bn c th hi GVmt cch nhanh chng m khng lng tng;

Chun b sn sng giy bt vit nhng ch v gii p ca GV;

C th i cng vi bn khc nu ngi c ni dung cn hi gingbn, hai ngi s cng nh nhng gii p ca GV tt hn mtmnh bn.

To thin cm vi GV trc v trong khi tham vn: hy to n tng tnhng bui hc u tin:

C mt ng gi, thm ch ti trc gihc, do bn c c hi bt chuyn viGV trc khi bui hc bt u;

Lun hng v pha GV. Bn c thkhng thng xuyn c ngi bn u;nhng phi lun hng v pha GV th

hin s chm ch v hng th lng nghe; T hin s chm ch, tp trung lng nghe: khng ci u xung

bn, khng nhn ra ngoi ca s, khng v, vit linh tinh trong giging, khng ni chuyn ring;

ch cc t cu hi lin quan n cc ni dung bi ging;

Hon thnh bi tp c giao ng gi;

Hy mm ci v th hin thi thn thin ng mc, tn trngGV v cc bn.

am vn khi khng c t hn trc:

Nu khng c hn trc, hi l phng php duy nht bn cc mt thi gian tham vn ph hp. V d: Ta thy/c, thy/c c th dnh vi pht cho em c hi mt vn m em angbn khon khng ? Em hi by gi c ph hp khng ? Nu khng

th thy/c c th sp xp mt khong thi gian ph hp khc ckhng ?;

a ra cc cu hi mt cch ngn ngn v r rng.

(GeorgiLozanov)


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KIM SOT LO UAi cng c nhng iu phi lo lng. Tuy nhin cch phn ng trc mi loca mi ngi khc nhau, ty thuc vo cch h nhn nhn vn .

t c chng ta u tri qua mt s lo u trong i. l iu hon tonbnh thng. rn thc t, mc d bn khng mong mun, nhng mt chtlo u c th mang li mt s li ch nht nh, lm tng ng lc cho bn vgip bn tp trung hn. uy nhin, nu bn lo lng qu nhiu s nh hngkhng tt n kh nng lm vic, hc tp, nghin cu, ghi nh v kt qukhi thi c.

V sao chng ta hay lo u trong cuc sng v hc tp?

Cng vic qu nhiu: p lc ln nht l khi nhiu vic cn hon thnhcng lc hay bt u cng vic mi;

Tay i mi trng sng, lm vic hay hc tp: chuyn t mi trnghc ph thng sang mi trng i hc, cao ng, trung hc chuynnghip, chuyn t nng thn, vng su vng xa ra thnh ph, th x;

p lc v bi v, s thy c gio;

p lc v ti chnh hay mc bnh tt him ngho;

Sp thi m cha hc bi k, km t tin v bn thn, lun ngh mnh thpkm hn ngi khc.

Bn cch n gin kim sot lo u:

Ht su, th u:khi qu lo lng phn ng ca c th u tin l thchm. V no l b phn cui cng nhn xy, nn th chm s nh hngn s thiu mch lc trong suy ngh;

Dng k thut Qung gnh lo i: kthut ny gip bn hn ch c nhngtiu cc gy cng thng cho bn do khchquan em li;

Hy phn ng vi cc tnh hung cngthng bng thn ng i, tht th vthayv ni i, khng. iu ny gip bn suy


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ngh v phn ng theo hng tch cc trc mt tnh hung no . Vd: l mt HSSV dn tc thiu s, bn hy tht ln: i, dn tc mnh cnhng nt vn ha tht tuyt, v.v v ng bao gi ngh L ngi dntc mnh thua km bn b nhiu qu;

Hy p dng Din tp th bng tinh thntrc nhng mi bn tm, lolng.

Kim sot lo u khi thi:

L HSSV mi, nht l HSSV ngi dn tc thius, khi thay i mi trng hc tp t hc phthng sang hc i hc, cao ng v trung hc

chuyn nghip, mi trng sng v hc tp mil, nhiu bn b cng thng v hu qu l nhhng khng tt n kt qu hc tp. c bit,trn con ng hc hnh ca mi c nhn, qulo lng khi thi c cng l mt vn thng gp bt k HSSV no. Vy, lm th no kim sot

c nhng lo u khi thi c? Mt s chia s di y hi vng s gip bn

gim thiu c nhng lo u khng cn thit: Xy dng thi quen hc tp tt: thi quen hc tp tt khng ch gip bn

nm vng bi v m cn gip bn t tin hn v nh kim sot tt hnnhng lo u khi thi;

Chun b k cng: chun b bi tt hc thuc bi l iu quan trng nhtgip bn kim sot lo u v lm bi thi tt hn. Nu n hm thi m chachun b bi th y l l do ln nht lm bn lo lng;

Khng hc nhi nht: hc nhi nht thi c th dn n tng lo u khithi. Nu bn chun b bi tt trc khi thi s gip gim rt nhiu nhnglo lng lin quan n vic bn hc nhi nht trc khi thi;

Tp th dc u n: tp th dc u n c cho l c th gip tr cnhanh nhn v minh mn hn;

Ng sm vo m trc khi thi: hm trc khi thi nu bn ng nhiu sgip gim lo u ng k. Ngc li, nu ng t bn s cm thy mt mi


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v lo lng gia tng trc khi thi;

n y : ng n phng thi vi ci d dy rng tuch. Tng thng,mt s ngi khng mun n g trc khi thi do qu lo lng. uy vy, nu

n trc khi thi, bn s bt lo lng hn, u c tnh to hn v c nng lng lm bi;

Lun c trng thi tch cc: khng nn ngh l mnh s thi trt;

Ch n kinh nghim hc tp: khng nn ngh k thi l nh gi cuicng m nn ngh k thi l mt tri nghim hc tp v nh vy bn s tb cng thng hn;

gin: th su v th u, th lng cc c, nh vy bn s kim sotc bn thn tt hn.

LM TH NO VT QUA CC K THI VKIM TRA MT CCH D DNG ?Trc tin cc bn nn hiu rng mt bi kim tra trnh khng c g ngs c. V vy, thay v lo lng v bi thi, bn hy ngh ti nhng iu tch cc,iu s gip bn lm bi tt hn.

Mt s mo sau y s gip bn chun b tt hn cho cc k thi, vt quas lo lng hay s dng thi gian mt cch hp l v trnh mc li khi thi:

Chun b nh th no? Xy dng k hoch cho mi k thi/kim tra: cn xc nh r:

Bn cn hc g?

i liu/phn hc ny c nhng im g kh?

Cn dnh ra bao nhiu thi gian l ph hp?

Nhng mn hc no cn u tin hc trc?

m hiu thng tin v k thi trc khi thi (b cc bi thi, dng thi,cch tnh im, ti liu n tp chnh);


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m quan trng ca bi thi?

Mc tiu kt qu ca bn trong bi thi ?

Mua mt cun lch c nhn, phn phi qu thi gian ca bn hc tp

sao cho thc t; Chia cc ni dung cn hc thnh nhng

nhim v hc tp nh hn, phn chia votng hc k;

Xy dng th t u tin, m bo nhngphn kin thc nng hn, quan trngphi c dnh thi gian;

a dng ha cc hot ng: t hc, hc nhm, tham vn GV;

Tng xuyn xem li ghi chp ca bn thn trong sut qu trnh hc;

n tp v t nh gi bn thn mt cch thng xuyn trong sut kha hc;

p dng cc phng php Kim sot lo u khi thi c cp phn trn;

Khng qun nhng khong thi gian ngh ngi, gii lao.Trong khi lm bi thi:

Pht huy thi tch cc:

Hy t tin rng bn chun b tt cho bi thi v bn s lm tht tt. iu s gip ch cho bn rt nhiu.

Ch dn:

Bn hy c k ch dn, yu cu ca bi thi. Nu khng r bn hy hi ligim th. Lu v thi gian lm bi thi phn b thi gian hp l cho tngphn. Nu bn b qua thng tin quan trng , bi thi ca bn s kh c tht c im ti a.

Nu bn mt tp trung:

rc tin bn khng nn qu lo lng v thi c l iu bnh thng m aicng phi tri qua. Vi mt bi thi di, d bn c mun hay khng th noca bn cng cn phi c mt cht thi gian (vi giy) ngh ngi. Chnhv vy khi bn thy mt tp trung bn hy b bt xung, nhm mt li, th


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su v lng nghe nhp th ca mnh. Ch cn 10 giy l no ca bn cth gin v c th quay tr li lm bi thi bnh thng. Bn hy th lmcch ny khi bn cm thy cng thng bi cng thc hnh nhiu th bncng d dng p dng khi thi c.

Nu bn gp cu kh trc khi bt u lm bi hoc trong khi thi:

Bn ng lo lng v cu hi m bn thy kh. Hy nh du li v lp tcchuyn sang cu khc. C gng tp trung vo cu bn ang lm, khng bntm n cu kh na cho ti khi bn quay tr li lm cu .

Chin lc v thi gian:

Bn hy a ra tc cho mnh:iu quan trng nht trong chin lc v

thi gian l a ra c tc cho mnh. rc khi bt u lm bi bn hydnh vi pht nhn qua ton b bi, ghi ch nhng cu d hn v davo khong thi gian bn c quyt nh tc lm bi ph hp.

Lm nhanh:

Mt khi bn bt tay vo lm bi th hy lm nhanh. Nu nh bn lmchm li mc t li hn th no ca bn s thy chn v khng tp trung,lc bn thm ch cn mc nhiu li hn.

Khi bn gp mt cu hi kh, ng dng li m hy lp tc b qua vchuyn sang lm cu khc.

Bn cnh , vic tr li nhng cu d trc s gip bn t tin hn v lmbi mt cch tri chy, hng th hn.

Khng vi v:

Bn lm bi nhanh nhng nh l khng c vi, bi vi v s lm bnqun nhng iu quan trng v lm nh hng n kt qu bi thi.

Kim tra li:

Bn hy kim tra li khi lm c na thi gian. Nu bn mi ch lm ct, bn s bit rng mnh s ch cn t thi gian lm bi. Nhng cng ngvi m hy chn nhng cu d lm, b qua nhng cu kh tit kimthi gian.

Nu bn lm c nhiu, bn c th lm chm li mt cht nhng ch pdng trong trng hp bn cm thy t tin khi lm vy. Nu khng, bn


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vn gi tc ban u v dnh thi gian tha xem li bi.

Hy kim sot bn thn:

Nu cm thy cng thng hoc lo lng, bn hy ngh vi giy ri mi tip tc

lm bi. Hy ht th su v t ni vi mnh nhng cu lc quan. l cchtt nht gip bn th gin v tp trung tr li.

p n:

Bn hy nh vit p n ng vo ni yu cu. V nu vit sai bn s mtim v nhng li khng ng c.

Nu bn lm xong bi sm:

Bn hy s dng khong thi gian kim tra li bi. u tin l xembn vit ng ch yu cu cha. Nu bn ty xa th bn hy sa li chosch s v gn gng. Hy kim tra li nhng li c bn trong bi, c k linhng phn kh xem c sai st g khng.

Mt s b quyt khi thi v kim tra:

Mang thm bt d phng v c mt ng gi;

T tin v th gin;

c k phn hng dn/ thi, nu khng hiu: hy hi lun gim th;

Tp trung no b;

Xem lt qua ton b thi/kim tra;

Bt u vi cu hi 1 v tip tc ln lt;

B qua nhng cu hi m bn khng bit;Trong trng hp nghi ng, hy chn cu tr li theo d cm ca bn;

Sau khi hon thnh, quay tr li vi nhng cu bn cn b trng;

Sau khi hon thnh ln 2, kim tra li m bo tt c cc cu hi c tr li.


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TR GIP HC SINH SINH VINNu bn gp kh khn trong qu trnh hc tp ti trng, bn hy mnhdn tip cn vi:

Phng o to Bn s nm c lch hc, lch thi ca cc mn hc;

GV v cc c vn hc tpBn s c gip v nhng kin thc vk nng chuyn mn cng nh k nng hc tp;

Phng qun l HSSV Bn s c bit cc hot ng tr gip choHSSV trong qu trnh hc tp.

Hy lu li a ch ca nhng ngi c th gip bn vt qua kh khntrong hc tp vo nhng dng trng cui cun sch ny bn tinlin lc khi cn.

Chc bn c kt qu cao trong hc tp!

...

...

...

...

...

...

......

...

...

...

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Ti liu tham kho Bolzoni, Lina. e Gallery of Memory(2001).

University of oronto Press.

Bolzoni, Lina. e Web of Images (2004).Ashgate Publishers.

Carruthers, Mary. e Book of Memory(1990). Cambridge University Press.

Carruthers, Mary. e Cra of ought (1998). Cambridge University

Press. Carruthers, Mary; Ziolkowski. Te Medieval Cra of Memory:An an-

thology of texts and pictures Jan (2002). University of Pennsylvania Press.

Carter, John F.; Van Matre, Nicholas H. Note Taking Versus Note Having.Journal of Educational Psychology(1975), 67, 6, 900-4, Dec 75

Dann, Jack. Te Memory Cathedral: A Secret History of Leonardo da

Vinci: Bantam Books (1995).

Dudai, Yadin.Memory from A to Z(2002). Oxford University Press.

Jacobs, Keil.A Comparison of Two Note Taking Methods in a SecondaryEnglish Classroom Proceedings: 4th Annual Symposium: Graduate Re-search and Scholarly Projects [79]

Pauk, Walter; Owens, Ross J. Q. [1962], How to Study in College (2010)(10 ed.), Cengage Learning, ISBN 9781439084465

Robinson, Francis Pleasant. Eective Study(1970) (4th ed.). New York:Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060455217.

Rossi, Paolo. Logic and the Art of Memory(2000). University of ChicagoPress.

Small, Jocelyn P. Wax Tablets of the Mind(1997). London: Routledge.

Spence, Jonathan D. (1984). e Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New


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York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 0140080988.

Te SQ3R method, retrieved 2012-05-19, http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/wrightr/other/sq3r.html

Van Matre, Nicholas H.; Carter, John. e Eects of Note-Taking andReview on Retention of Information (1975). Presented by Lecture. Paperpresented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational ResearchAssociation (Washington, D.C., March 30-April 4, 1975).

Virginiaech, Increasing textbook reading comprehension by us-ing SQ3R, retrieved 2012-05-19, http://www.ucc.vt.edu/lynch/Text-

bookReading.html Yates, Frances A. e Art of Memory(1966). Chicago: University of Chi-

cago Press. ISBN 10226950018.

Tit k: DongDuongAd

In 5000 quyn, kh 14.5 cm x 20.5cm, ti ..............Quyt nh xut bn s 604/QLXHng k k hoch xut bn s: 143-2012/CXB/31-18/LXHM s: 31-18/01-02In xong v np lu chiu ...............Nh xut bn Lao ng - X hi


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