la protezione del mare mediterraneo dall ’ inquinamento milano, 6 marzo 2012 - fondation prince...
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La protezione del Mare Mediterraneo dall’inquinamentoMilano, 6 marzo 2012 - Fondation Prince Albert II de Monaco
Water usage conflicts in the Mediterranean basin
GLM Governing the Large MetropolisSciences Po
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Outline of the main research questions
A new analysis of water conflicts, based on governance
What elements for an analysis? Take into account the specificities of the territory, Make an assessment of the existing infrastructures, Identify relevant actors, Identify roots of conflict and its evolution (dynamic
process)
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Analytical framework and 6 case studies
• Inca-Sa-Pobla, Mayorca, Baleares• Sebou basin, Marocco• Litani basin, Lebanon• Sohag Governorate, Egypt• Sfax, Tunisia• Toulon Bay, France
Report based on previous studies by University of Nice students, Sciences Po STU students (2010-11) and Sciences Po GLM students (2012)
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Water conflicts in the Mediterranean region:what is at stake?
• an unequal repartition of the water resource, at the international level as well as at the local level
• a demographic pressure and the climate change foster the water deprivation suffered by the region
• water conflicts: usually local
• many actors involved, public and private
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Water conflicts in the Mediterranean region: what is at stake?
• Inequalities in the distribution of water: North vs. South – South is disadvantaged (precipitation in Albania 1485 mm/year, 51 mm/year in Egypt)
• Shortage of water: 50 million inhabitants living with less than 500 m3 of water per year, 30 million does not have access to drinking water
• Demographic growth by 2025 there will be 250 M inhabitants in the south living with less than 500 m3 of water per year
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Water conflicts in the Mediterranean region:what is at stake?
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Definitions for the analysis
• governance:= not a "best practice" approach but how different actors, public and private, coordinate
• conflict:not necessarily negative, its acknowledgement can lead to negotiation
• framework:= the way actors look at the conflict, through a certain point of viewIf actors don't share the same framework, negotiation becomes impossibleFramework is also used as a way to foster legitimacy (institutional, technical, judicial, economic, sociocultural)
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Water conflict: characteristics and typology
water = vital resourcescarce in the Mediterranean basinrequires technical knowledge and specific infrastructures
issue: how to define water as a good?
Excludable Non-excludable
Rivalrous Ostrom: water is
a "common pool resource"
Non-rivalrous
private good common good
clubs good public good
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Use conflicts
• Two main types of factors: geophysical and socio-economic
• Geophysical: quality and quantity of water (shortage and distribution)
• Socio-economic (demography, social relations, urban sprawl)
• In the South of the Mediterranean: demographic growth and urban sprawl
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Cont.
service-water: water went through a filtering process = private good or club goodsource-water: water coming from the natural water cycle = private good
Water right regulates how the water is shareddifferent legal traditions: latin system, muslim system
water use: consumption and useuse can be not for consumption (forbid the use of water for example)
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Types of water usage
Source: Sciences Po STU Report p. 21, 2011
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typology of use conflictsexternalities as a source of conflict
- impact on water quality- impact on water quantity- upstream/downstream conflict
institutional dysfunction - problem of attribution of competencies/bad coordination of actors- incapacity to fulfill one's competencies- lack of legitimity and power
contestation of a public decision as a source of conflict
- opposition to pricing- no respect of a regulation- priorisation
framework as a source of conflict
- urban/rural conflict- ideological framework- strategy and development conflict
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Modes of water use conflicts management and resolution
Instruments to solve water use conflicts- legislation- public-private partnership, contract (but efficiency is not guaranteed)State involved in both cases.- Consensus, alternative dispute resolution, participative groups: strong implication of users, state is not involved.
difficulty to take preventive measures Still:- sectorial integration: coordination of the different public authorities (vertical and horizontal)- territorial integration: coherence between the administrative boundaries and the limits of the basin-integration of all actors: usually requires the creation of a special entity
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Water conflicts management
• Conflict is a dynamic process – it is important to follow its evolution and evaluate the different solutions
• Need to take into account: actors, instruments, what else one could do differently?
• Sectoral integration (among ministries such as agricultural, environmental)
• Territorial integration (natural cycle f water i a cross-boarder issue
• Integration of max authors: to encourage all actors to participate at all levels of the public policy process
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Coalition BuildingCivil Society Orgs
Public agenciesPolicy Development
BargainingDecision Making
Conflict managementImplementation
Mainstream
Agenda SettingSpecialist NGOs
Frame problems / solutions
Evaluation Research (Universities)
Monitoring outcomes
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Action situations: it is possible to manage water conflicts
Adapted from Ostrom, 2007; Nagendra, Ostrom, Vitale 2012
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Some very important variables to understand conflict management in the Mediterranean Basin
Resource System (RS)
Size of urban water treatment plant
Scale and type of pre-existing pollution
Actors (A)
Number of actors
Interest groups excluded
Leadership
Norms of trust, social capital
Importance of resource, dependence
Governance System (GS)
Operational local rules
Interactions (I)
Env. NGOs networking with government
Informal norms for monitoring (civil society commitment)
Outcomes (O)
Social performance measure (collective action)
Ecological performance measure
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Conclusion
• A new analysis of water conflicts, based on governance
Take into account the specificities of the territory, Make an assessment of the existing infrastructures,Identify relevant actors, Identify roots of conflict and its evolution (dynamic process)
• Modes of conflict resolution
Decide to engage the state or build participatory groups involving usersImportance of coordination of actors: create a special entity
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Next project: Rabat and Istanbul
Based on this governance approach, the next project will be focused on 2 case studies: Rabat-Salé and Istanbul (following a study trip to Istanbul)
=> identify relevant actors=> roots of conflicts
Stress on urban/rural conflictsPropose concrete actions for conflict resolution and water management