lab 2 com
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
1/11
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
2/11
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
3/11
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
4/11
TITLE: Applying hypothetical - deductive reasoning to a problem
AIM: To observe and draw three specimens
To apply inductive reason to form and test a hypothesis
ABBBREVIATIONS:
1. Hypothesis- an educated guess that is testable and falsifiable.
2. Specimen- an object that is under observation
3. Inductive reasoning- a type of logic in which generalizations are based on large number
of individual observations.
4. Deductive reasoning- a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a
general premise
5. Data- a collection of recorded observations.
6. Scientific method a series of steps often used by scientists to reach a solution.
7. Observation the use of senses to gather information either directly or with aid of
enhancement tools
8. Scientific inquiry the search for information and their explanation, often with the focus
of specific questions
9. Theory- a proposed explanation for particular phenomena based on well- established
observations, but has yet to be proven as fact.
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
5/11
10. Fact- something known to be true, actually exists or did exist. Truth.
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
6/11
Abstract: This lab was done in order to show how inductive reasoning is used by scientists to
INTRODUCTION: The scientific method describes the route scientists often take in finding the
solution for a problem. This involves a series of steps which done to investigate the cause and
solution to a problem or need. The steps are 1) observation 2) question 3) hypothesis 4)
experimentation or test and 5) draw a conclusion. The first step of the method is foundation for
the scientific method, and it can be qualitative uses worded descriptions- , or quantative has
numeric measurements. Observations stimulate scientific inquiry- a search for information.
Through observations conclusions can be made; often inductive reasoning is employed.
Inductive reasoning is a type of logic which formulates a generality from a large number of
specific observations. In order to seek to explain certain observation, hypotheses are formulated.
A hypothesis is an educated guess or tentative answer to a question or explanation to an
observation. Along with hypotheses, predictions can be made, that is, what is expected to occur.
Step four (experimentation) cannot be done unless the hypothesis is testable. Experimentation
checks the validity or truthfulness of the hypothesis; therefore a hypothesis should be able to be
falsified since it is only an assumption. The last step involves making a conclusion was
hypothesis correct or was incorrect. Well framed hypotheses are often devised from deductive
reasoning, which is a type of logic which uses general premises or principles to obtain or account
for specific observations. However, the scientific method does not terminate at step 5, it can start
all over again once a hypothesis is false or there is a need to substantiate the hypothesis even
more if it is found to be correct.
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
7/11
MATERIAL/ APPPARATUS:
Leaf
Flower
Twig
Insect
Plain leaf
Pencil
METHOD: A leaf, flower, twig, and a dragonfly were collected and drawn on separate sheets of
paper. Particular features of each specimen were recorded in a table. Upon observing each
specimen questions were made and recorded. Hypothesis, as well as its experimentation, was
formulated for the leaf and recorded.
RESULTS:
Specimen Shape Colour Texture Size/cm Other features
Leaf Curled in
lamina, broad
Green Rough lamina 15 Serrated
margins
Hibiscus
flower
Broad curvy
petals
Bright red
petals and
style
Smooth 15.5 Multiple
stigmas
Dragonfly Slender body
Long tail
6.5 Not available 6.5 Net like
patterns on
wings
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
8/11
Twig Slender stem 25.4 Brown and
black
Smooth Thick tap root
TABLE SHOWING OBSERVERED FEATURES OF FOUR SPECIMENS
QUESTIONS:
Leaf:
1. What accounts for the green colour of the leaf?
2. How does the shape of the leaf aid in photosynthesis?
3. Is the leafs serrated margins unique to the leaf ?
Hibiscus flower:
1. Why is it so brightly coloured?
2. In what ways do the characteristics of the petals aid in pollination?
3. Does having five stigma makes the flower more effective for pollination than a flower
with less?
Dragonfly:
1. What is the purpose of the tail as an insect?
2. Why is does the wings have net like patterns?
3. How does the slenderness of its body aid in its daily activities?
Twig:
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
9/11
1. Would the twig grow again if it is placed in soil?
2. Do the roots of the twig contain starch?
Hypothesis: All leaves that I observed are green because they contain green chlorophyll which
is needed to make starch
ANALYSIS:
1. They are similar because both scientists and I use our senses, like sight and touch, to
make our observations. Also we classify our observations into groups and record them
using drawings, tables, et cetera, and our observations are quantative and qualitative.
2. Simply, after doing the observations I started inquired about the significance of the
feature to the leaf hence I came with questions to express my inquiry.
3. Inductive reasoning progresses from observations of individual cases to generalisations,
whereas deductive reasoning starts out from general to specific in order to obtain a
conclusion. Inductive reasoning involves arguments or conclusions based on observations
and experiences, while deductive reasoning draws arguments based on laws, rule or
widely accepted principles to achieve certainty, which is not necessarily the aim of
inductive reasoning.
4. Two well known statements based on inductive reasoning are : the cell theory all
organisms consists of cells, and the sun always rise in the east and sets in the west.
5. Inductive reasoning allows scientists to develop theories although they may not be one
hundred percent correct. It also helps scientists to reach conclusions on things which were
not directly observed based on what has been observed. In other words, through inductive
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
10/11
reasoning scientists are able to use many smaller observations to generate a larger theory
without actually proving it.
6. Procedure:
Collect two green leaves from the same plant.
Destarch leaves by covering them with black cartridge paper and placing
them in dark cupboard for 24 hours.
Place one of the leaves in a beaker of ethanol.
Place the beaker in boiling water until the leaf is depigmented.
Then both leaves in sunlight for about a day.
After, test both leaves for the presence of starch using iodine solution.
CONCLUSION: Inductive reasoning can lead to the formation of hypotheses.
REFERENCES:
1. Campbell, N and Jane Reece. Biology, Seventh edition. Pearson- Benjamin Cummings.
San Francisco, 2004.
-
8/8/2019 Lab 2 Com
11/11