laeasgd - inflibnetshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1141/12/12_chapter8.pdf · a oads...
TRANSCRIPT
6tyT
u ddoa 3o aseaiai-pano.1uoa aq2 ioj XT.I1Em anliaaJja
uE aq 0111 pomogs iaddoa jo o1v amlai aqZ • iame.4ai
pue ntuu `.iauup jo ;)au=.id aqi polEoipui SW-Hdd
•Siuacgpsuoa aaigi po oqs prnE :POOL, $ulsn 108 Eai11s uo
SUTU TLL •s1Ead u1 Sipildpinm iEnsnun pmoqs E11OadS
SSEm oqs•oplalasnnoui aseaiaJ-pano.quoa E sE i1gigE1n
sit ssassE 01 paiE2fsanui SEM SWd jo lies iaddoa agi Aq
laddoa;o amps-panoiluoa;)LL 'D-LL pug wads ssmn
4 2IWND `2IWN HI`2iI Cq pazuaiautega pue pa.iedaid
Senn (SWd) (mar agi(ages auaiXglam)xjod
laEAsgd
H.LVSNHUNOD
HQAHHQ'IWW2IOd-QIDV DI"IADI'IVS
8 2IH.LdVHD
05T
•UOTqEZT.xa4OE.xEgOPOTTR49p 4nog4Tm,zeuicTodvse 94lesuapuooagepa41odai OAE4 SaOXJOM
uaaq aAEq .znOTAEgaq notgnTO
asaq. TTY
.ITaq; PUP
8•passnOSTp
UOTqnTosT3H
UT suoT T24aMC AAEaq TElanas90 ;uaTotJJaoo uoTgngTi;sTp
aqq 'UTSa.z abUEgOxa-uoT OTpTOE ATXEaM Osaq; uo suoT Tle;am
AAleaq TP.zanas3O UOTgdiospp aqy • b/bam 9.1 eq o; puno3
ST A4Topdeo abU gOxa-uoT aqS, '6'V9T 4gbtaM 4ueTEATnbe pup
008 SP 84ESUapuoo eq; 3o 4gbTaMaeTnOaTOI 9q4 pa4.zoda.x
c•Tv49 addesnTD 9, S • slaX.zoM AulemAq pa;aoda.z uaaqSEq apAgaPTEUuo3 g4TM PTOE OTTAOTTESJO UOT49suapuoD
y' TE48M
114TM peuTqMoo pToE 3TOzuagAxo.zpAgtp-9' Z .zo Axo.zpAq-1
aO -Z q:tTM'apICgapTPuzo3 3o s;onpo.zd uoT-2SUapuoo q;TM
PauTE;qo a1E SbuT;EOO uTSa,z OTTouagd zaq4o pule VETO UEq4
;gbTT Pup a1n;sTOM 04 SSOU;SPJ .IOTledns 3o saTdoo pule
'4T T Tgle;s .za;Ea.xb90 sbut4EOO OTgdeabo zdea • SUOT4leOTTddpbuT;poO-TapMod pup3Tgduabogoqd .zo3 SaT;ladoldaTgp.znoA83PUP A4 TAT;Op T12PTOTbun3 '.za-4OE2eg3 abupgoxe
-uoT ;TgTgxa icaq; aOUts UoT;ua'4-4p eq; pe;opz;;p aAeq
apAgePTEUUOJ q;TM PToe OTozuaq pa;nqT;sans 3o
aq; Aqpeaudald SUTSal's.zleaA ;ueoel UI
UOt .PsUepuo3
£-T • a.zngE.za4TTaq; UTpa;lodeauaaq aAEq epAgapTemao3 PUP stouagd
pagn;T;sgns Uio13 PeATlap sutse1 OT;aq;uAsTE.zanaS
UOT:tOnpo zqui T - 8
TST
- jagEM
tg4TM buT-4nTTP Aq TOU qeu ato.z3 uoTqEqTdTOa zd Aq pa' JT znd
sEM pauTE-4go 4onpoad aqy -paTzPuE .pZa4EMpaTTT-4sTp
q-4TM pagsRMsEM a.zn-4xTM uOT43E9.z 8q-4 3O iaAET SnOOSTA
aaMOT aqy -q 9 .z o3 g4Eq .za4EM E uo pa4Eaq puE 3[sET3
E UT u8)E4aIBM(pTOE OT2ngdTns - 0UOO) 4SATE4EO '(TOM OT)
9pAgaPTEnj.TO3 %Lc '(TOM T-0) PTOE OTT'OTTES • -T Ea9 T.Z
pa4aoda.z pog49M 8q4 04 buTp1o3OE P9ZTsag4uAs SEM SHd
agEssuapuooATod aqq 3o sTSagqu1CS T8
TEIueWT1adxg Z-8
•paTpn4s osTE sT 4uabp 9nt40E 844
sE zaddoo asEaTa z oq XT ZqEUa aqf SE SHd bUTSn UOTgRTn1IIZO3
9sEaT9.z-peTTo24uo3 -4u9uuo1Tnu8 OT4EnbE
a4TsE.zEd sE TTaMSE snbun3 30 TOJ4uoO
PagSTTgEqsa UP ST zaddo^
aqq Aq peoE3m9Tgoad E
309SEaT9.z p9TTO.z4uo3
-TTaM ST
- SaT.zgsnpuT
ST
ago
agq.
UT S10409A
-log quabe
aJEO.z94EMpuE .uTEd
TOJ4uo3 TEOTbOToTq ao3 STE48ua
- Sma4SAsTEOTbOTotq UT pa4E.zaToq
puE bn.zp uMouN-TTaME ST PTOE OTTAOTTES
- a.zaq pagaodei aae SHd
30 [IOT4EZT ZaqOE.i qo OTgdE.zbogEwoaq0 PUP TEUU.z9g4 ' Tvagoads
91411 Z -Pog4aua pa;.zodai aq. Aq SHd paztsaq-4uAs aAEg aM
ZSI
3TUpUAp UT PePJooaialaMsan.zno OSO-Vol • S8T Pup E6 '94 4e
sad xT.z4euz age g4tM xt z4euz ToaaoAib ut .za-4auzoa4oads sseu
(gv,I) ZOT-XS 'IO3r butsn pap,zooeisumSys-gy3 -a9gauzo.z4oads
HWN OOV XSD 103r butsn pap.zooa.z aiata oads .zuzu H T Pup
O£T •Jaz^CTeue ptdez-HHO_snap.zaH butsn auop sum stsATeue
NHO T_ MO 000',-ooti uotba.z aq-4 UT .za49uzO4ogdo.z4oads
HIS3 VOZZ nzpeUtgS bUTsn pep.zooea a.zaMva4oads HI,L3
s;uawn_z4sui i-Z-8
•SYY/dOI butsn pa2nseauz suma4egOe9i ago ut
UOT4p.zquaouoo .zaddoo aqy • sienlaiut .zeinba.z 4e umelpygtM
aaaMs4onbTTY •9T44as 04 peMOTTe pup ATI UOTSe3OO uaxpgs
BRA MO-4sAsaqy •aI4goq sseib pa.zaddo4s a ut paute4uoo
J94Rm PeIIT4sTP i S•Z UT 4daxsum eiduzespalapMod 3o 6 T
•pasn sum(rluzOST)gsauz OoZ-OOT gbno.ig4 bUTssed UOT4op.zJ
eqj, •paztspup pa.zapzod sum xaiduzoo SHd-no Pat.zp aqj
satpn4s buigoear E-Z-g
•OOOTT 4e uano up ut pat.zp
pup .za4ez POIIT4STP g4TM s9uzt4 Te.zanas pagseM pup p9.za4TT3
sum a4e4TdTOaid aqs •9 Hd O. HOeN g4TM pazTTez4nau za4eM
IM OS UT (b Z) Skid Pup .zageM TM 05 UT (b 9'0) a4eapAq uad
a4egdTns .zaddoo bUTXTU Aq paieda.zd sum xeTduzoo aqs,
UOT PIn=ao3 aseaiaa-peTToz-4uooio3 xaIdoQOO(Swd-no) SMd-iaddoo3o uoi ieda.zd Z ' Z ' 8
EST
Touagd R O-O •papuoq uabo.zpAq st HOOD •oTTouagd aq pTnoo
goTgM 'H-O papunoq 3o aouesaid aq. SO-4eotput SWd .1o3
T_nto OSO£ 4e pueq eqy•.za4eM punoq go sso- Mojs eq4 04
anp Oo00T MoTaq ssoT 4gbTOM S94POTpUT osje punodutoo stg4
3o Apn4s Temc.zagt eqj • paAOTduta pog48M butAip aq4 Aq no
uanT.zp aq 40uueo gOTgM '.Ia4PM punoq 3o qunoute aTge.zepTsuoo
seq punodutooeq,y• icouenba.z; BUTg04aI4s H_O eq4
oq anp ST SWd-n0 .zo3 T-wo 05V£ 4e pueq peo.zq eqj •dno.zb
TAuoq.zeo aq-4 go mto-4e uabAxo aq4 gbno.zgq uot:4eutpiooo
buT;e3TpUTSWd-no go aseo844 ut panlesgo
04 SWd UTOS9T MO-z3Aouenba.z3 buTg04814s
asee.zoap eTge1epTsuooV • sabpt.zq aueTA44eut
eq'4s84ouep g3TgM buTpuaq eueTAg4aut Aq
ST T_tuo OSST
TAuogleo xo3
3oeoue4sTXB
pasneo a.zaM
I- MO OOST 04 OS£T uotbe.z eqq UT spueq eqL 6T-° OT91 04
OSST uotbe.z eqq UT pan.zasgo aiaM dno.zb TAuagd aq4 o-4 anp
suoTge.zgTA aqs • Z • 8 eTges, UT uantb a.ze SWd-n0 pue SWd .zo3
spueq uoT4daosge 4ue4aodutt eqq 3o setouanbel3 eqj
aTges UT pa4aodai a.ze STsATeue NHO Jo s;Tnsai aqy
•T•8
saTpngs Te14oadS T•£•8
uoTssnDSTU pue sgTnsag £•g
UTUZ/Oo0T
seM u9Atb 9-4e.z but4eeq ags but £T-OT 3o abue.z aq;
UT aaaf pasn saTdmes eq4 3o ssem[ eqj • lezATeue Teutieg4
sat.les e4Tao .zamtTH UT).zed bUTsn aaagdsoui a uebo.z:ttu
VST
eueTd HO
bUT4STM; 7-HD
_000 3T eunuCs
butgoga.z4s 0-0
uot4e.zgtn TAuegd
butg349a4s 0-0
OUT OOZT
8L£I O8ZT
OSb1 L£tT
OSSI
OT9T 0091
1a4eM punoqpup bUTgo;9.z4s H-O ft OSt'£ 090£
Slid-R7 Pup SM 3o(,_No) spueq uoT4 osge HI Z-8 aTge,L
SKd-n0 pue Slid ;o anTRA stsICTeue RHOT'8 e1ge,L
• punodutoo
otlauobrnoue 3o aoueseld ago a4eotput SUOT4RA1asgo asag4
TTY *H000 oTIauitp o4 anp aq RgbTm T_Mo 08ZT 4e pupq ags
O1 * (T-uo 080T ' OOZT) 4uasa.zd e.zp TogooTp Aaeut.zd R O-0 pue
55T
*V'8 ainbTa UT
uMogs se squan;T4suoo 99.ig4 peMOgs .z94PM pue PTOe OT49Oe
3o sdo.zp UT SWd JO UOT4nTos a bursn Tab e°TTTS uo sun.z DZZ
-4uase.zd s4u9gn4T4suoo eTgegoid aq4 our TpT.za;enz
eq. eAIosel O. epeuz SeM -4.zo; ja 'aouaH -ATeAT4oadsa.z
.zauouoez pug 19ezrp '.zeuzr.z4 04 puodsa.z.zoo
4e sxead -009 aq o4 SHd
T5T Pup TOE ' T5ti
90 UgbTOM .zPTnoaTombUT4eOTpUT
'Tog Jo an-EPAz/uz smogs(C8 a.znbTa) SW-gv. - sxead
uT A4TOTTdT4Tnuz Tensnun paMogs ei4oads sseuz aqq '.zanaMoH
-punoduzoo aq; ur i4Tauabo.z4eq jo aouasa.zd aq4 a 3TpuT
4OU op TeT.ze:euz 91 44 .zo3 e4ep Tea-4oads TeOTpdoeqy
-s4u9uzU0JTAU9 4ua.za33TP
UT a.ze sdnoab HOOD oM,4 4e14-4 apnTouooO. algeuosea.z ST
4T
0-4
aouaH -SUOq.zeo OM4 a 3TpuT ase44 q;oq 4nq 'HOOD-
anp tLT 'ZLT 9 pup suoq.zeo OTTouagd oq anp a.ze
09T '8ST 9 'HOZHD.zY 04 95 9 pup.1YZHDJY 04 spuodsa.L:Z0Z
Ot, 9 'A T.znduzr o4 anp ATgpgo.zd ST 5£ 9
TA.ze o-4 anpale 6£T Pup5£T 'OCT '8ZT '8TT
e.zaMsuoq.zeo VT PupsTPUbTSVT sMO s iuzuq D£T
qe pup q6'£ 9
H.tY :ZHD :HOZHD
Z T - suoq.zeo
9 -pageoo1
TT-8-L-8'9 9
' 6 t' 9 : e ' I : Z : V ot^e.I 9q-4 UT -4uasa.zd ST
(Z ' 8 aJnbT.) '4eg4 Mogs seTpn:4s zuzu HT
-u.z944ed UOT40PJJJTp
J^p z-X age UT sxead ou BiaM e.zegq. Bouts snogd.zouze
ST SWd-n3 4eg4 puno3 seM 4I -auTTTe4sAjo sr ( T • 8 a.znbTa)
SWd -4eq-4 sMOgs uze.zberp uOT4OP JJTP Ae.z-X uy
9ST
INTENSITY
ti
n(Drt0
(D
8ST
rD n 7 J Q- 7 C ZT D rD ( r+ p) - rD
A c . . . 5 t^ m m
H•to -`wctiACD-_^
A ~
W
aWrt
(Jl
v ^C!t -;- (JlL.W
LO-w-I-L
t-Iu I
0vin0 (il►
Ql N tUlUl
Q
LDC)
6ST
SWd 3o suns DELL V8 a'nfiT3
09T
1 0 UOT .3Un3
944 sr b pue :U SUoo seb eq. g 'UTAte UT a.zn4e.zadwa4 aqq
,L '1b.zaUe UOT PAT4oe aq: eS '.zo40e3 TeT4uauodxe-a.zd aq4
V ' a4e.z bur4eaq aqr 0 ' uors.zeAUoo 30 aa.zbap 9q4 ST Z e2agM
(T'8)IL2! C O C I Z Pao---E^--- - ---- boT = Z,L/(Z)b boT
2IV
sT uor-4enbe U.za3Pag-s4eo3 3o uLZO3 TeUT3 9qj £1 UOT:4enba
u.za3Pag-s4eo3 bUTsn pe4elnoTeo ajaM UOT Tsoducooap
3o sabe4s 4uaaa33Tp ago .zo3 s.za4auteaed OT49up eq
SHd 30 UOT4Tsoduiooep age uo suor Te49ut age 30 4oa33a
3T4ATe4eo aqq o3 anp aq 4gbru svgs 'S^Id-no UT X008£-OSc
04 SWd .1O3 JOSZS uto.z3 Pe JTgs sT abe4s uoT4Tsodutooap TeuT3
aq4
ag.
9144
4eg4 e.inbr3 aq4 uco.z3 uaas ST 41 auogXoeq .zaucobrio
JO UOT4epe.zbap aq4 o4 anp .zo sdno.jb Teuor-4oun3
bUTATOAUT UOT Tsodmooap aqq oq anp.zaggTa aq
gqbru[ UOT4Tsodwooap 3o abe4s puooes aql •dno.zb TAxogieo
auo 3o TeAOt ez ago o4 anp aq 4gbTM .T 4eg4 sa4eoTpuT SWd
.1O3 ssoT 4gbTOM aqs •ez4oads .zT aq4 Aq PaouepTAa OSTP ST
se SWd-n3 .zo3 .za4eM punoq 3o Tenouta1 aq4 o4 anp aq 4gbrut
abe4s 4s.zr3 ago UT ssoT sseuu aql • UOT Tsodutooep 3o sabers
oM4 a.ze aaaq. 4eg4 uaas ST 41 -9.8 pue g-9 se.nbTA UT
uMOgs a.ze spunoduloo SNd_n3 PUP Skid .zo3 satiano JSa-oy
SOTpngsles.zagy Z'£'8
T9T
'a4eq.s Pe.eAT.oppa.zap.zo ATgbTq e buT4eDTpuT
eAT;ebau ST SHd.1O; anTeA S Vaqs
aqq go Ado.zqua UT puaiq .1eTTu Ts
•sagp.s paquAT4op
p Aq pageoTpuT sT
sTgs ' Te4aaQ aq4 30 A4TAT.0e OT4ATe-4EO eq4 o. anp ATgego.1d
UOT4TSOdfiooap Jo 94p.z 184se3 bUT4eOTpUT SWd-no 3o espo
aq4 UTsesea.oap anTDA pa aq. 4pg4 SMOgS UOT.Tsoduooep
go abe4s puooas aqq .zo; sanTPA eg go uosT.zeduoo
Y '06£6'0o-4£866'0 3o abue.z aq-4 UTaap S .UeTOT;;e0o
UOT,eTa1.zoo aqs -C-8 aTges uT paquasa.id a.ze s4Tnsa.z
eqy •4ue4suoO s,XoueTd 9q4 sT q Pup ';ue4suoo uueauz.Tog
eq; ST xe.zagMH/spa q/BLS( = y uoT-4pTe.z 9q-4 buTSn
pageTnoTeo sT S Vu0TgeATgoe3o Ado11uaaqs.VS8ATb
gdao.e .UT aq4 pup adoTs aq. uo.z3 p9uTe4go ST eg 3o anTeA
aqq pup1eaUTT ST Z/T .SUTebe Z L/ (D) b hOT 90 .oTd y
T = u
(A-T)uT- _ (z)b
Pup T + Uua1M
u-'/U-T(A-T)-T = (a)b
I
a.zagM
Z9T
UTM/000T : a4P.z
buTUUPOS • uabo.z4TU : a.zagdsont4E ' Swd ;o oSa-9Z g-8 a.znbTd
009(o) :3aniV83dw21
ootl ooe oozooI
0
£9T
' u1U1/30OT : a4Ei bUTUU Z S
• uabo.z;iu : a.zagdsonzge ' SM-no 3o 0So-01 9.8 aanbTa
0o ) 3ul1VE13dW31
OOE 00Z OOL
-106
-1 06
OZ[
t'9T
ewi4 go poT.ied
buoT .IaAO aseaTa.I Tenpe.zb jog STet.z8'4eul a/T30eoTq .zo;
XT.I4eu buTpurq se pasn aq ueO SWd 4eg4 papnTouoo aq ueo 4T
s,Tnsai asag4 mold• T/br1CT • L 04 89-L ebuei eq4 ut ACpe84S
sam ooeq 94ea aqy ' a4e4s Apea4S aq4 UT 4eg4 ueg4 .Iag6tg
gonut a.ze sg4uouz Mai 4S2TJ 9q4 buT.Tnp XT14RUI SWd eq4 uo.zj
suot .zaddoo go 94e.z eseaT91 eqs • em-r Jo poT.Tad buoT e
.IeAO suoT .iaddoo go 94e.T asea-a.z aqq smogs V'S aTgey
suot iaddoo Jo .InoTAEgaq buTgoee' £ • £ • g
VT • sgonpo.zd uotrTsodmtooap
ago JO UOT3d.zosTUl9goeq4 04 anp aq .gbtut goTgM eAT4ebau
a.zout amtooeq seq sp SWd-nD 3o abe;s puooes aq. .zo3
C866'0T't9Z-9T'099'1T6T'TII
06C6'06'ZOT-00'LZTZ6Z61'1019t,'TISWd-n3
0066'09'8ZZ-80'619T'LZ09'1II
V896'0L'ZtT-0T'09S86c8L'TZTip0'TISHd
(T-xT-Tool(T-ToutuOT:Ts arx)S
(1_S)Y
DX)eg
(u).zapip
-odmtooepgo abegspunodmtoo
Swa-n, pue Slid 3ouoTgTsodsooapTMLIagq agq203 s1a4aimaRd DT4euTX E • 8 eTgey
S9T
'atT4 90 poTaad buoT
nano aseaTaa sTPTaa-4eu aAT30eoTq ao; XTa-4eu¢ buTpuTq se
pasn aq ueo SHd 4eg4 s84eOTpuT SHd-no 3o s9Tpn4s buTgoeaZ
•euTTTe4sicao ST punodraoo aq4 4eq4paTeanaa ua944ed
Aea-X •s4u9n4T4suoo 99.zg4 a4eaedas OSTe pTnoo Tab eOTTTs
uo sun.z aqj • peuTe4go e.zeM aauTp pue aaMTa4 ' aaMea4a4
o4 buTpuodsaa.zoo sXead aqs •sxead UT A TOTTdT4Tnua paMogs
SH-Svd ags •punoduoo aq4 uT A4Tauabo.ia4eq 3o eouasaad
agl 84POTPUT 4ou PTP SHd 3o e4ep Tea4oads TeOT4do aqj
uoTsnTou03 I.8
£T'L
TZ'L
Z£'L
61•L
89'L
68'8
ST'6
SZ'6
S£'6
09'OT
00'ZT
OZ'£T
(T/bil) no 90 uOT4eaquaouo3
ZT
TT
OT
6
8
L
9
9
19
£
Z
T
sgfuouaUT aMTJ
no 3o a4eabuTgouwi v.8 aTges
99T
'TE '8 'SL6T•TPUY •WJeq, .r
'H •D •3 '2T2N :•W .X .X '33nsnL :•N 'd 'U uspnsngp2H •'T
•TOZ '89 't'96T 9.zn4PN •d 'r 'Uja3Pej :•M •Y s4eoo •CT
•LTLZ'Z9 '686T'udr •--)OS
'weg3 •TTng •S '2M23(OuT14S =•a '2-4oAos ,.L 'O Ofltm2L •ZT
•086T 'x-ToA MaN :suos I
AaTTM Ugor 'uAJ48uoa4oads aou2uosaH OT4aub2H uO4oJd,,
'0 •L 'TTIIOH :•3 •0
'^eq^•r .H •Z'TZU2uaA =•9•r'AaT4JPH :•9'JaAQ
•TSTZ'PE'L86T•TDS
'^aTss2g•H 'uTa-4saaATTs -TT
•C6ZT 'S96T 'DOS
.wATod •Tddy •r •S'2Xuaq :•Z •d 'X2AeN =•d 'Y 's2Q
'OT
'6
'ASSZ8C 'COT '986T'J Sqy'Weg3 'S 'X 'MTX '•M •Q 'UITX '8
's0V£ZL 'L9 'L96T•J4sgy •MagD•W 'OTptb3 !'3 'addasntD •L
•S'8 'PE 'Z96T 'weg3
•TPUY •Y •a'OTMOJ :•j •z '2UInJ2uoo :•3 •H 'OSTe aQ •9
•TIZ '9Z '£66T•sad •m9g3 '00Y -H'r 'UTA-IRH s;
'ZTZOT
'8L 'EL6T•J4sgy •wego•BMTCPH !Og2X :OPXPI :igs2A2H V
'2ET808
'OL '696T•J4sgy•ZffaqD •OAT3 !ODOT'D :•3 'addesnTD •E
'O'6E8 'P9 '996T'J4sgyarego •f)•r 'aasseN•Z
'66ZT '(S)8 'OL6T•TDS •WATod •r •X •S'aaC^a^^2g^ •T
saouaiajag