landslides geol 4093 risk assessment. resources landslides.usgs.gov murck, skinner, and porter,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Landslides
GEOL 4093 Risk Assessment
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Resources
• landslides.usgs.gov• Murck, Skinner, and Porter, 1997.
Dangerous Earth: An Introduction to Geologic Hazards, John Wiley & Sons, 300 p.
• Bloom, 1998. Geomorphology: A Systematic Analysis of Late Cenozoic Landforms, Prentice Hall,482 p.
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Mass Wasting
• Collective term for all gravitational or downslope movements of weathered rock debris
• The term “landslide” is not a real geologic term
• Flowing water not involved, but water is very important in mass wasting
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Role of Water in Mass Wasting
• Adds weight to rock mass
• Generates seepage pressure by groundwater flow
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The empty can on the left slides on a dry surface when the angle reaches about 17 degrees. With a little water dripping thgough a small hole in the bottom of the can on the right, sliding will occur at a much lower angle
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A slope is needed to give a horizontal component of force
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Angle of repose is the natural steepnees of a pile of unconsolidated material. It varies depending on grain size, grain shape, and water content.
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Types of Mass Movements
• Slides—blocks
• Flows—internal shear
• Heaves—vertical
• Subsidence—vertical but no free surface
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Modifiers
• Composition– rock, soil, mud, mixture
• Speed of movement– Fast, moderate, slow
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Basic Types of Mass Movements
• Slides
• Flows
• Creep
• Subsidence
• There is no single perfect way to classify all of the types of mass movements
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Slides
• Cohesive blocks of material
• Moven on well-defined surface
• No internal shearing
• Velocity profile of pure slide:
surface
slide plane
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Flows
• Differential shearing within mass
• No clear plane of movement at base
• Velocity of flow decreases with depth in flow
• Velocity profile of pure flow:
surface
base of flow
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Heave
• Forces act perpendicular to ground surface by expansion and contractin of material
• Slow, downslope movement by gravity
• Velocity profile of pure heave:
surface
base of heave
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Subsidence
• No free surface
• Downward settling of material
• Little or no horizontal motion
• Main cause is slow removal of material below subsiding mass
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Speed of Movement
• Creep—very slow
• Slides—fast
• Avalanche—really fast
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One way to classify mass movements is by speed of movement and by composition—slurry flows versus granular flows.
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Geologic Controls on Mass Movements
• Passive Controls– Nature of material
• Degree of lithification
• Degree of weathering
• Interstitial water
– Stratigraphy
– Structure
– Topogoraphy
– Climate
– Organic (vegetation/critters)
• Active Controls– Support removal
– Slope oversteepening
– Saturation with water
– Earthquakes
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Examples of Passive Controls
• Nature of material– Degree of lithification (sed rocks)– Degree of weathering– Insterstitial water– All pretty self explanatory
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Passive Control—Stratigraphy
– Alternating resistant and nonresistant rocks
Perched water tableSS
SH
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Passive Control—Stratigraphy
– Alternating resistant and nonresistant rocks
SS
SH
collapse
Erosion removes support
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Passive Control—Structure
Dipping beds, jointed rock
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Creep
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Effects of creep
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An idealized earthflow
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Mudflows from 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens reached speeds as high as 40 m/s and traveled as far as the Columbia river, ovee 90 km away.
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A 1963 landslide into the Vaiont Reservoir, Italy, caused a giant wave to overflow the dam
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The 1920 Grand Banks earthquake caused a submarine landslide that broke underwater telegraph cables and disrupted communications between North America and Eurpoe. It also proved the existence of turbidity currents.
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There are significant landslide hazards in the eastern U.S.
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La Conchita, CA, landslide, Spring 1995. USGS photo.
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Mameyes, Puerto Rico, landslide, October 1985. USGS photo.
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Landslide susceptibility map and recommended land use for Congress Springs area near San Francisco
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Human Intervention
• Slope modification for construction of roads, bridges, homesites can lead to destabilization of hillsides, and increased hazard of mass wasting.
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Natural angle of repose exceeded
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Oversteepened slope fails, equilibrium restored.
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Roadcuts may expose natural planes of weakness in rocks
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Mitigation
• Engineering techniques are used to stabilize slopes
• Awareness and avoidance may be the best approach in some cases
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Integrated system designed to reduce landslide hazards