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PEMERIKSAAN SENYAWASENYAWA
METABOLIT SEKUNDER (ALKALOID,FLAVONOID,
STEROID,TERPENOID,SAPONIN DAN FENOLIK)
OLEH
DESY CAHAYATI . S
12.01.01.068
LABORATORIUM KIMIA BAHAN ALAM
JURUSAN FARMASI
SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI BHAKTI
PERTIWI PALEMBANG 2014
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1. PENDAHULUAN
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II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 TINJAUAN BOTANI
2.1.1 Symplocos cochinchinensisNomor sampel : 10
Divisi : Magnoliophyta
Kelas : Magnoliopsida
Bangsa : Ebenales
Suku : Symplocaceae
Marga : SymplocosJenis : Symplocos cochinchinensis(Lour.) S. Moore
Nama daerah :
Deskripsi :
Karakter diagnostik : pohon Evergreen dengan buah-buahan kebiruan .
Kebiasaan : Evergreen pohon sampai 20 m . tinggi .
Trunk & kulit : Bole lurus . Kulit halus untuk padat pustular atau chafy -
serpihan, coklat tua ke abu-abu .
Cabang dan ranting atau branchlets : Ranting silinder , gundul atau berbulu .
Eksudat : absen Eksudat .
Daun : Daun sederhana , alternatif dan spiral , elips sempit , akutapex , basis akut , margin bergerigi , kelenjar .
Vena primer tunggal , sekunder vena 8-16 , miring , urat tersier retikulat .
Stipula absen .
Perbungaan atau bunga : Bunga diatur dalam banyak -bunga perbungaan , ketiak atau
di belakang daun , biseksual , gagang bunga hingga 3 mm panjang .
Buah : Buah buah berbiji , panjang sampai 1 cm , kebiruan ,
berdaging tipis .
Benih : Benih 1 .
Habitat dan ekologi :Cukup umum di bawah lantai hutan cemara bukit .
distribusi :Australia , Burma ( Myanmar ) , China , India , Indocina , Jepang , Malesia melalui
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Nugini , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Laos ( Khammouan ) .
Catatan / Catatan / menggunakan :
Kayu yang digunakan untuk constrcution lebih berat , misalnya posting rumah dan
frames.The kulit kaya tannin dan juga digunakan untuk menghasilkan pewarna kuning
.
Spesimen dipelajari :
BT 133 , BT 173 ( Herbarium Fakultas Ilmu - Nuo , NHN - Leiden dan CIRAD -
Montpellier ) .
Sastra :
Gardner S. , Sidisunthorn P. & Anusarnsunthorn V. 2000. Sebuah panduan lapangan
ke Hutan Pohon Utara Thailand. Kobfai Proyek Penerbitan . Bangkok . Thailand .
Kandungan kimia :
Manfaat :
Simasom (Symplocos cochinchinensis) merupakan tumbuhan yang menghasilkan getah ,Getah-getahan tersebut dimanfaatkan sebagai obat-obatan.
2.1 fitokimia
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Lampiran
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ISOLASI SENYAWA UTAMA DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN OBAT
"KANDUANG" (Symplocos cochincinensis (Lour.) S. Moore.) DAN UJI
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI
FITRIANINGSIH, FITRIANINGSIH (2008)ISOLASI SENYAWA UTAMA DARIDAUN TUMBUHAN OBAT "KANDUANG" (Symplocos cochincinensis (Lour.) S. Moore.)
DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI.Other thesis, Fakultas Farmasi.
PDF (ISOLASI SENYAWA UTAMA DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN OBAT "KANDUANG" (Symplocos
cochincinensis (Lour.) S. Moore.) DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI) - Supplemental Material
Abstract
Telah berhasil diisolasi satu senyawa utama dari fraksi N-heksana daun tumbuhan obat
"Kanduang" (Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore.). Pemisahan senyawa
dilakukan berdasarkan metoda kromatografi dan pemurnian senyawa dilakukan dengan
rekristalisasi. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metoda dilusi terhadap bakteri
uji, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 ,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, dan memberikan
aktivitas yang lemah untuk semua bakteri uji dengan KHM masing-masing 1000 ppm.
Senyawa hasil isolasi diberi notasi FN-03-39-3, berupa amorf, jarak lebur (203-204
derajat C). Berdasarkan data reaksi kimia, spektrum ultraviolet dan inframerah,
senyawa ini merupakan senyawa triterpenoid.
http://repository.unand.ac.id/9852/1/IMG.pdf -
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2.1.2 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
Nomor sampel : 13
Divisi : MagnoliophytaKelas : Magnoliopsida
Bangsa : Myrtales
Suku : Myrtaceae
Marga : Rhodomyrtus
Jenis : Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
Nama daerah :
Deksripsi :
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is anevergreenshrub growing up to 4 m-12 feettall. Theleaves are opposite, leathery, 57 cm long and 2-3.5 cm broad, three-
veined from the base, oval, obtuse to sharp pointed at the tip, glossy green above,
densely grey or rarely yellowish-hairy beneath, with a widepetiole and an entire
margin. Theflowers are solitary or in clusters of two or three, 2.53 cm diameter,
with fivepetals which are tinged white outside with purplish-pink or all pink.
Thefruit is edible, 1015 mm long, purple, round, three or four-celled,
capped with persistentcalyx lobes, soft, with 40-45seeds in a double row in each
cell; seed dispersal is by frugivorous birds and mammals. Seed production and
germination rates are high.
Synonyms include Myrtus canescens Lour., Myrtus tomentosa Aiton,
Rhodomyrtus parviflora Alston, and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Wight.
Common names include Ceylon hill gooseberry (English), Downy myrtle
(English-Florida), Downy rose myrtle (English-Florida), Feijoa (French), Hill
gooseberry (English), Hill guava (English), Isenberg bush (English-Hawaii),
Myrte-groseille (French), Kemunting (Malaysia), Gangrenzi (China) and Rose
myrtle (English-Florida)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen -
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Manfaat :
It has shown promise as afire retardant species for use infire breaks in
theHimalayas.It is a popularornamental plant in gardens intropical and
subtropical areas, grown for its abundant flowers and sweet, edible fruit.[4]The
fruit can be made intopies andjams,or used in salads.In Vietnam, the fruits areused to produce a wine calledru sim,and are also made into jellies, or freshly
canned with syrup for export.
Kandungan kimia :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_retardanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_breakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa#cite_note-Center_for_Natural_Resources.2C_2003-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa#cite_note-Center_for_Natural_Resources.2C_2003-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa#cite_note-Center_for_Natural_Resources.2C_2003-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladshttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_simhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_simhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_simhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_simhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa#cite_note-Center_for_Natural_Resources.2C_2003-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_breakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_retardant -
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Lampiran
http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://lh5.ggpht.com/_xgVWs4Uo5Y0/SuJ1zZHdnWI/AAAAAAAADsM/X7BOH5l168Y/s288/Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa.jpg&imgrefurl=http://plants4people.wordpress.com/&h=240&w=288&tbnid=3xKrqdo3EG6_4M:&zoom=1&docid=ZN7dUX_EWr2d9M&ei=b9E-U8uQKOeYiAek44HACA&tbm=isch&ved=0CIUBEIQcMBEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa_HK.JPGhttp://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://lh5.ggpht.com/_xgVWs4Uo5Y0/SuJ1zZHdnWI/AAAAAAAADsM/X7BOH5l168Y/s288/Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa.jpg&imgrefurl=http://plants4people.wordpress.com/&h=240&w=288&tbnid=3xKrqdo3EG6_4M:&zoom=1&docid=ZN7dUX_EWr2d9M&ei=b9E-U8uQKOeYiAek44HACA&tbm=isch&ved=0CIUBEIQcMBEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa_HK.JPG -
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Jurnal penelitian
Pemeriksaan Flavonoid dan Minyak Atsiri DaunKaramunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa W.Ait, Myratceae)
AbstrakTelah dilakukan pemeriksaan flavonoid dan minyak atsiri daun karamunting
(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa W.Ait). Dari ekstrak etanol 95% diisolasi golongan
flavonoid yang diduga mirisetin. Minyak atsiri diduga mengandung 29 komponen,
dua diantaranya diidentifikasi sebagai limonena dan b-pinena.
IsolasiPemeriksaan flavonoid dimulai dengan proses ekstraksi, pemeriksaan dan
pemisahan kandungan kimia ekstrak dan karakterisasi isolat. Ekstraksi dilakukan
secara sinambung menggunakan pelarut dari non polar sampai polar, yaitu
berturut-turut eter minyak bumi dan etanol 95%. Terhadap masing-masing ekstrak
dilakukan pemeriksaan pendahuluan kandungan kimia, seperti yang dilakukan
terhadap serbuk daun karamunting. Senyawa flavonoid dipisahkan secara
kromaografi kertas preparatif. Sebelum dilakukan karakterisasi isolat, dilakukan
pemeriksaan kemurnian isolat secara kromatografi kertas dua dimensi.
Karakterisasi senyawa flavonoid dilakukan secara spektrofotodensitometri
ultraviolet-visibel, dengan melihat profil spektrum, panjang gelombang serapanmaksimum serta pergeseran batokromik dan hipsokromik serapan dalam pelarut
metanol setelah penambahan beberapa tetes pereaksi yang khas untuk pemeriksaan
senyawa flavonoid. Isolasi minyak atsiri dilakukan secara destilasi menggunakan
alat destilasi seperti pada Farmakope Indonesia. Untuk pemeriksaan komponen
minyak atsiri digunakan alat kromatografi gas Shimadzu type 6 AM dengan
detektor ionisasi nyala. Abu total daunRhodomyrtus tomentosaW.Ait
mengandung unsur anorganik natrium, kalium, kalsium, dan megnesium. Hasil
skrining fitokimia: flavonoid, saponin, tanin katekat/galat, steroid dan triterpenoid.
Ekstrak etanol 95% diduga mengandung flavonoid mirisetin dalam bentuk bebas.
Minyak atsiri hasil penyulingan menggunakan air diduga mengandung 29
komponen minyak atsiri, dengan dua diantaranya adalah limonena dan b-pinena.
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2.1.3 Solanum torvumNomor sampel : 15
Divisi : Magnoliophyta
Kelas : Magnoliopsida
Bangsa : Solanales
Suku : Solanaceae
Marga : Solanum
Jenis : Solanum torvum
Nama daerah :
Deskripsi :
Takokak adalah tumbuhansemak kecil, yang tingginya dapat mencapai 5m.Namun biasanya, kurang dari 2 m. Hampir semua bagian tumbuhan ini berduri, kecuali
hanya buah yang ditutupi rambut.Daunnya bulat telur dengan pangkal seperti jantung
atau membulat, dengan ujung yang tumpul. Panjang daun 7-20 cm dan lebarnya 4-18 cm.
Tangkai perbungaannya pendek, sering bercabang-cabang dan banyak bunganya.
Bunganya berbentuk bintang berwarna putih, yang ditengahnya kuning. Buahnya berjenis
buah buni, kecil, dan banyak.
Spesies ini tersebar diAntilla.Namun kini tersebar luas di wilayahtropis.Di
Indonesia,ia tumbuh liar dihutan-hutan semak dan hutan-hutan terbuka. Hidup dari
dataran rendah sampai pada ketinggian 1600mdpl.
Manfaat :
Pohon takokak dikenal tahan penyakit yang menyerang batang dan biasa
dijadikan batang bawah untukterung,meskipun praktik ini hanya dipakai bagi
pertanaman dipekarangan.
Buahnya bisa dimakan, baik yang muda maupun yang tua. Orangmandailing
/tapanulibiasanya menggunakan rimbang sebagai campuran sayur daun ubi tumbuk
(daun singkong tumbuk), penggunaan buah takokak umum di dalammasakan Sunda,
dan diperlakukan sepertiranti (leunca), yaitu dijadikan lalap atau dimasak sayur. Di
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semakhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meterhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungahttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antilla&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropishttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_rendahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdplhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terunghttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekaranganhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandailinghttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapanulihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Sundahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Sundahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapanulihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandailinghttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekaranganhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terunghttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdplhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_rendahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropishttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antilla&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meterhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semak -
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Thailand, buah takokak muda menjadi bagian dari kari sayur yang populer. Orang
Laos dan Kamboja juga memanfaatkan buahnya.
Menurut penelitian (anonim) Takokak dapat dijadikan bahan alami untuk
menahan kesuburan pria (inaktif-sperma) secara temporer/sementra selama kurang
lebih 40 hari apabila dimakan, apabila konsumsi takokak dihentikan akan kembalinormal (sebagai kontrasepsi alamiah).
Berkhasiat untuk mengobati :
1. Pinggang kaku dan bengkak terpukul
Cuci bersih 13 gram akar kering. Rebus akar dengan 4 gelas air
sampai mendidih dan airnya tersisa 2 gelas. Setelah dingin, saring
ramuan. Minum air hasil rebusan 2 kali per hari, masing-masing 1
gelas.
2. Sakit lambung dan tidak datang haid
Tiga belas gram akar kering dicuci bersih, lalu direbus dengan 4 gelas
air sampai mendidih dan tersisa 2 gelas. Setelah dingin, saring
ramuan. Minum ramuan 2 kali sehari, masing-masing 1 gelas per hari.
3. Bisul dan koreng
Ambil daun takokak segar secukupnya. Cuci bersih, lalu giling halus
daun. Balurkan ramuan di tempat yang sakit, lalu dibalut.
4. Batuk kronis
Cuci bersih 13 gram akar kering. Rebus akar dengan 4 gelas air
sampai mendidih dan airnya tersisa 2 gelas. Setelah dingin, saring
ramuan. Minum air hasil rebusan 2 kali per hari, masing-masing 1
gelas.
5. Jantung berdebar dan nyeri jantung
Enam lembar daun segar dan jari rimpang kunyit dicuci bersih.
Tumbuk halus kedua bahan itu, lalu tambahkan cangkir air masak
dan 1 sendok makan madu. Setelah diaduk rata, peras dan saring
ramuan. Minum hasil perasan sehari 2 kali, masing-masing 1 gelas.
Catatan :
o Penderita glaucoma dilarang minum ramuan berbahan takokak.
o Kelebihan dosis menyebabkan keracunan.
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Kandungan kimia :
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Lampiran
http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:S_torvum.jpg&filetimestamp=20100221203027&http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:S_torvum.jpg&filetimestamp=20100221203027& -
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KANDUNGAN KIMIA EKSTRAK N HEKSANA BUAH TAKOKAK (Solanum
Torvum SWARTZ.)
ABSTRAK:
Buah takokak (Solanum torvum Swartz.) umumnya digunakan sebagai sayur, tapisecara tradisional juga digunakan untuk menurunkan tekanan darah dan
menghilangkan rasa sakit. Tapi kandungan kimia buah takokak masih belum banyak
dipublikasikan. Serbuk buah takokak diekstraksi dengan alat refluks secara berurutan
menggunakan pelarut organik n heksana, etil asetat dan etanol. Penapisan fitokimia
menunjukkan serbuk simplisia buah takokak mengandung flavonoid, saponin,
steroid/triterpenoid. Sedangkan ekstrak n heksana mengandung flavonoid dan
triterpenoid.
Deskripsi Alternatif :
ABSTRACT:
Turkeyberry is commonly used as vegetable, but traditionally is also used to decrease
blood pressure and as a painkiller. But the chemical constituents of turkeyberry have
not been many published yet. Crude drug from turkeyberry were extracted
consecutively using reflux apparatus with n hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol.
Phytochemical screening on crude drug showed the presence of flavonoid, saponin,
steroid/triterpenoid, while n hexane extract contained for flavonoid and triterpenoid.
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TAKOKAK: Pahit Tapi Berkhasiat
Takokak merupakan buah yang bentuknya mirip leunca. Adanya kemiripan bentuk
ini menyebabkan kedua jenis tumbuhan ini dikelompokkan ke dalam genus yang sama,
Solanum. Bedanya, buah takokak memiliki kulit yang lebih tebal dibanding kulit buah lenca.
Selain itu, daun takok juga memiliki daun yang besar dan kasar serta batangnya berduri.
Sedangkan leunca memiliki daun yang kecil, licin, dan batangnya tidak berduri. Dari rasanya,
takokak memiliki rasa yang getir sedangkan leunca pahit agak manis.
Mungkin karena kaitannya dengan rasa, masyarakat kita lebih familier dengan
leunca dibanding takokak sehingga leunca banyak dibudidayakan, dan takokak dibiarkan
tumbuh liar. Berdasarkan penelitian para ahli, takokak ternyata memiliki banyak khasiat
sehingga, selain mengenyangkan, juga bisa dijadikan sebagai obat alternatif.
Taksonomi Takokak
Takokak memiliki nama ilmiah Solanum torvum Swartz. atau S. ferrugium Jacq, termasuk ke
dalam famili Solanaceae. Tanaman ini dikenal dengan nama daerah cepoka, cokowana,
pokak atau terong pipit.
Kandungan Kimiawi
Bagian-bagian tumbuhan takokak kaya dengan berbagai kandungan kimia yang sangat
bermanfaat bagi manusia. Kandungan kimia yang kini sudah diketahui antara lain: 1) buah
mentah: chlorogenin, sisalogenone, torvogenin, vitamin A; 2) buah kering: solasonin 0,1 %;3) daun: neo - chlorogenine, panicolugenin; 3) akar: jurubine.
Efek Farmakologis
Farmakologi Cina menyebutkan, tanaman takokak memiliki sifat: rasa pedas, sejuk, dan agak
beracun. Selanjutnya, tanaman ini juga mampu melancarkan sirkulasi, menghilangkan darah
beku, menghilangkan sakit (analgetik) dan menghilangkan batuk (antitusif).
Efek farmakologi ini diperoleh dari penggunaan daun dan akar. Akar dicuci dan dipotong-
potong secukupnya lalu dijemur untuk penyimpanan. Daun digunakan untuk pemakaian
segar.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OraAjGYztUc/SGEBOApACXI/AAAAAAAAADU/4QdLJ9lEj4Y/s1600-h/takokak.bmp -
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Khasiat Takokak
Berdasarkan penelusuran dari berbagai literatur dan sumber, buah takokak mampu
meningkatkan gairah, baik bagi pria maupun wanita. Untuk mendapatkan efek ini,
penggunaannya mudah sekali; buah langsung dimakan dalam keadaan mentah,
sebagaimana memakan lalap.
Sumber lain juga menyebutkan, buah takokak mampu bertindak sebagai antioksidan.
Beberapa zat kimia yang dikandung takokak terbukti dapat melindungi jaringan tubuh dari
efek negatif radikal bebas. Dalam Medicinal Plants: Quality Herbal Products for Healthy
Living (1999), Vimala S. dkk. menyatakan, takokak memiliki aktivitas pembersih superoksida
yang tinggi, yakni di atas 70%.
Selain itu, takokak juga bisa digunakan sebagai anti radang dan alat kontrasepsi.
Takokak berkhasiat sebagai anti radang karena memiliki senyawa sterol carpesterol.
Sementara takokak bisa digunakan sebagai alat kontrasepsi karena buah dan daunnya
mengandung alkaloid steroid jenis solasodin 0,84%, yang merupakan bahan baku hormon
seks untuk kontrasepsi. Menurut Suriawiria (2004), kandungan solasodin dalam biji dan
lendir buah takokak mencapai 5,5 persen. Senyawa tersebut telah berkali-kali dibuktikan
bisa mencegah kehamilan pada hewan percobaan seperti tikus. Mula-mula tikus itu disuntik
dengan 0,4 mg solasodin setiap hari. Dalam perkembangannya, ada peningkatan status
kornifikasi, dan 33%-40% dari hewan percobaan itu tidak dapat berkembang biak. Setelah
dosis dinaikan menjadi 1 mg dan diberikan selama 45 hari, tikus betina tidak berahi dan tidak
bisa hamil.
Bagi penderita artritis (termasuk gout artritis/asam urat), takokak bisa digunakan
sebagai obat alternatif (alami) untuk mengatasi penyakit ini. Cara penggunaannya, buah
takokak disayur atau dijadikan lalap. Artritis adalah peradangan pada persendian, baik yang
terjadi secara mendadak (akut) atau menahun (kronis). Artritis ini dapat menyerang satu
sendi atau beberapa sendi sekaligus. Penyakit ini biasanya disertai dengan pembengkakan
dan rasa nyeri pada sendi yang terkena. Bila penyakitnya kronis, kadang hanya timbul rasa
nyeri saja.Bagi para manula (60 tahun untuk laki-laki, 55 tahun untuk perempuan), takokak
berkhasiat untuk mengatasi atau meminimalisir penyakit yang sering menghinggapi mereka.
Pada usia tersebut mereka sangat mudah terkena berbagai penyakit lingkungan, misalnya,
pusing-pusing, batuk-batuk, cepat pegal, dan susah tidur, atau yang lainnya. Untuk
mengatasi penyakit ini, bagian yang digunakan adalah buah takokak muda, misalnya dengan
cara dilalap atau dibuat karedok. Dengan mengkonsumsi takokak, tingkat kebugaran dan
kekuatan para manula dapat meningkat
Menurut Prof. Hembing Wijayakusuma (2006), takokak bermanfaat untuk mengobati
sakit lambung, sakit gigi, katarak, tidak datang haid, wasir atau ambeien, radang payudara,
influenza, panas dalam, pembengkakan, bisul, koreng, sakit pinggang, asam urat tinggi,
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keropos tulang, jantung berdebar-debar, menetralkan racun dalam tubuh, melancarkan
sirkulasi darah.
Menurut beliau, untuk pemakaian luar, cara dan bagian yang digunakan adalah daun
segar yang telah dicuci bersih, kemudian digiling halus, lalu ditempelkan pada bagian yang
sakit. Untuk pemakaian dalam, 10-15 garam takokak kering dan 30-60 gram tumbuhan
takokak segar direbus dengan air secukupnya hingga mendidih lalu airnya diminum dan
takokaknya dimakan.
Secara lebih rinci, untuk mengobati penyakit-penyakit teersebut di atas, Hembing
menjelaskan sebagai berikut:
Bisul: daun takokak segar secukupnya dicuci bersih, lalu digiling halus dan ditempelkan pada
bagian yang terdapat bisul. Lakukan secara teratur 3 kali sehari. Untuk radang payudara,
daun takokak secukupnya dikeringkan, lalu ditumbuh hingga halus. Tambahkan cuka beras
putih secukupnya, dan dibalurkan pada bagian yang sakit. Lakukan secara teratur 2 kali
sehari.
Wasir atau ambeien: tiga puluh gram takokak, 10 gram temu hitam, 30 gram daun dewa,
direbus dengan 600 cc air hingga tersisa 300 cc, lalu disaring, dan diminum airnya hangat-
hangat. Lakukan secara teratur 2 kali sehari. Atau gunakan takokak, 5 butir angco yang telah
dibuang bijinya, direbus dengan air secukupnya hingga mendidih, lalu disaring dan airnya
diminum sedangkan angco dan takokaknya dimakan.
Asam urat tinggi: buah takokak muda secukupnya, 100 gram nanas, udang, rebon kecil,
dibuat tumisan sesuai selera, lalu dimakan. Lakukan secara teratur.
Influenza: 30 gram buah takokak, 15 gram jahe direbus dengan 400 cc air hingga tersisa 200
cc, disaring, diminum airnya secara teratur. Lakukan 2 kali sehari.
Jantung berdebar: enam lembar daun takokak, 10 gram kunyit yang telah dicuci bersih
dihaluskan, tambahkan 100 cc air matang lalu dimasak hingga mendidih, tambahkan madu
secukupnya lalu diminum.
Penyakit liver: enam puluh gram tumbuhan takokak direbus dengan 500 cc air hingga tersisa
200 cc, lalu disaring, dan diminum airnya hangat-hangat.
Keropos tulang: sertaus gram takokak, 100 kacang kedelai, tahu secukupnya, dibuat
masakan sesuai selera lalu dimakan.
Melancarkan peredaran darah: tiga puluh gram buah takokak, 20 gram daun dewa, direbus
dengan 600 cc air hingga tersisa 300 cc lalu disaring dan diminum airnya. Lakukan secara
teratur setiap hari.
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Panas dalam: 30 gram akar takokak, 30 gram labu air, 10 gram bawang putih, direbus
dengan 600 cc air hingga tersisa 300 cc, disaring, tambahkan madu dan diminum airnya.
Lakukan 2 kali sehari secara teratur.
Pembengkakan atau menetralkan racun dalam tubuh: tiga puluh gram buah takokak, 20
gram daun dewa, direbus dengan 600 cc air hingga tersisa 300 cc lalu disaring, diminum
airnya secara teratur 2 kali sehari.
Sakit pinggang: tiga puluh gram takokak, 30 gram akar sawi langit, 20 gram temulawak, 15
gram jahe direbus dengan 800 cc air hingga tersisa 400 cc, lalu disaring dan diminum airnya.
Lakukan secara teratur 2-3 kali sehari. Atau, 30 gram takokak, 30 gram rambut jagung, 15
gram jahe merah, 10 gram adas, direbus dengan 600 cc air hingga tersisa 300 cc, lalu disaring
dan diminum airnya. Lakukan secara teratur.
Selain jenis penyakit yang diuraikan oleh Hembing, literatur lain juga mencatat penyakit-penyakit yang bisa dimsebuhkan oleh takokak adalah:
Pinggang kaku, bengkak terpukul. Akar kering 10 - 15 gram direbus dengan 4 gelas air
sampai menjadi dua gelas dinginkan, saring, minum 2 kali 1 gelas.
Sakit lambung, tidak datang haid. Akar kering 10 - 15 gram direbus dengan 4 gelas air sampai
menjadi dua gelas dinginkan, saring, minum 2 kali 1 gelas.
Batuk kronis. Akar kering 10 - 15 gram direbus dengan 4 gelas air sampai menjadi dua gelas
dinginkan, saring, minum 2 kali 1 gelas.
Jantung berdebar (tachycardia). Daun takokak 6 lembar ditambah jari rimpang kunyit
dicuci bersih lalu ditumbuk halus, tambahkan cangkir air masak dan 1sendok makan madu.
Diperas dan disaring minum sehari 2 kali.
Selain efek positif, takokak juga memiliki efek negatif. Karena itu, untuk mengurangi efek
negatifnya, tidak semua orang bisa mengkonsumsi takokak sesukanya. Misalnya, penderita
kecenderungan glaucoma dilarang minum ramuan ini. Kemudian, kelebihan dosis juga dapat
menimbulkan keracunan.
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2.1.4 Rhaphidophora pinnata
Nomor sampel : 44
Divisi : Spermatophyta
Kelas : Monocotyledoneae
Bangsa : Arales
Famili : Araceae
Genus : Rhaphidophora
Spesies : Rhaphidophora pinnata Schott
Nama daerah:
Indonesia : Tapanawa tairis (Mal.)
Sunda : Lolo Munding, Lolo tali
Jawa : Jalu mampang, Sulang
Bali : Samblung
Sumatera Utara : Ekor naga
Deskripsi :
Daun ekor naga (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f.) Schott) merupakan salah satu
tanaman yang telah dikenal masyarakat sebagai tanaman obat. Diperoleh informasi
bahwa, masyarakat yang mengkonsumsi air rebusan daun ekor naga memiliki efek
polyuri (banyak buang air kecil). Kalium dan natrium berhubungan erat dengan efek
ini.
Tanaman ekor naga sejenis tanaman merambat yang besar, memanjat,
tingginya mencapai 5-15m, daun berbentuk bulat memanjang, daun berbagi-bagi,
mempunyai toreh, dalamnya melebihi setengah panjang tulang daun yang berjumlah
7-12, ujung daunnya meruncing, dengan batang yang bulat, dan mempunyai akar
pelekat dan akar gantung yang panjang bergantungan seperti ular yang meliliti pohon.
Tanaman ini berasal dari Himalaya sampai Australia dan Pasifik.
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Sinonim: Epipremnun pinnatum (L.) Engl, Scindapsus pinnatus (L.) Schott,
Rhaphidophora merilliiEngl.
Manfaat :
Kulit akar gantung dikunyah dengan pinang dan kapur, bergunauntuk menguatkan akar gigi dan dapat menghitamkan gigi sebagai efek sampingnya.
Batang digiling dapat menyembuhkan anggota badan yang salah urat (terkilir). Di
Singapura, daunnya digunakan sebagai teh herbal untuk mengobati reumatik dan
kanker. DiPilipina, getah dari batang tanaman digunakan untuk mengobati gigitan ular
beracun. Di Vietnam, tanaman ini berguna untuk mengobati batuk, paralisis dan
konjungtivitis.
Masyarakat sekitar yang telah mengkonsumsi daun ekor naga ini dapat
menyembuhkan suara yang mengecil atau serak karena suatu penyakit di
tenggorokan, membersihkan benjolan-benjolan daging yang tumbuh di kulit.
kandungan kimia :
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Lampiran
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Ekor Nagas Leaf; Haphidophora Pinnata; MCF-7 Cells; MTT
Method; Cytotoxic Assay
ABSTRACT
Ekor nagas leaf (Rhaphidophora pinnata (Lf) Schott) is a type of vines and climbing plant.
The leaves are elongated round and hollowed inside. This plant had been using for the
treatment of breast cancer. Extraction with percolation method has been done in ekor nagas
leaves with ethanol, and fractionated by nhexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate using
liquidliquid extraction (LLE). Cytotoxicity assay of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction,
chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction against MCF-7 cells were done
using MTT method (3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide).
Phytochemical screening results showed the presence of the compounds such as
triterpenoida/steroid, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin. n-hexane fraction was positive
for the presence of triterpenoida/steroid, chloroform fraction containing alkaloids, saponin
and triterpenoid; ethyl acetate fraction contained, flavonoid, tannin, and the fraction of waterindicated the presence of tannin and saponin. Secondary metabolite compounds in ethanol
extract, chloroform fraction and ethyl acetate fraction gave positive results against MCF-7
cells. Cytotoxicity assay of MCF-7 cell line showed that crude ethanol extracts had 112.240
mcg/ml IC50chloroform fraction IC50was 59.082 mcg/ml, and ethyl acetate fraction IC50was
812.663 mcg/ml.
1. INTRODUCTION
Breast cancer is one of the worldwide deathly cancer type after lung, liver and colon cancer.
It is the main enemy of women and currently in the first rank of danger. Identification of
breast cancer cases worldwide has increased from about 640.000 in 1980 to 1.6 million by2010 in developing country [1]. Patients with breast cancer are mainly caused by the diet,
such as the selection of foods and drinks contain preservatives, coloring agents and beverages
that contain alcohols [2].
Cause of cancer usually cannot be known with certainty because it is a combination of a set
of factors including genetics, environment, foods containing chemicals, viruses, for example
Papilloma Virus, which caused genital warts/genital, cytomegalo virus that caused Kaposi
sarcoma/cancer of vascular system marked by blood red skin lesions, Hepatitis B virus,
hormonal imbalance, free radicals, psychological and emotional factors [3].
The efforts for developing anticancer drugs had been continued intensively, both derived
from chemicals and natural sources. Some research showed that many of the plants contain a
variety of chemical compounds as potential anticancer. One of those things that has became
scientists observation is traditional medicine. This research is done because the potential of
traditional medicine has long been believed by the people to cure the disease [4].
One of the plants that can be used for the cancer treatment is ekor nag as leaves
(Rhaphidophora pinnata (Lf) Schott), from Araceae family. Some people have used the
boiling water for the treatment of cancer. Polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins and
saponins) are generally effective as antioxidant and could kill the growth of abnormal cells
(tissue) and uncontrolled cell, which is one of the causes of cancer [5].
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Pre-eliminary screening test for active compounds contained in the extract was the toxicity
test on the shrimp larvae Artemia salina L. using the brine shrimp test method with LC50
values of crude ethanol extract 19.686 mcg/ml, n-hexane fraction 505.82 mcg/ml, ethyl
acetate fraction 28.84 mcg/ml and ethanol fraction 128.82 mcg/ml [6-9]. Acute toxicity test
with oral administration in female mice up to doses of 5000 mg/kg BW did not reveal any
mortality up to 7 days and no physiological changes in the body of mice. Therefore, the LD50value of the ethanol extract of ekor nagas leaves cannot be calculated and it was declared the
value LD50was greater than 5000 mg/kg/BW in female mice.
One model of breast cancer cells used MCF-7 cells that had been patented by the institute of
Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7). MCF-7 cells are cell type isolated in 1970 from a
womans breast tissue of Caucasian race. MCF-7 cells have been used for a variety of in vitro
research on breast cancer because they have some of the same characteristics associated with
breast epithetlial estrogen in the form of the ability to process estradiol via estrogen receptors
in the cytoplasm. It makes the MCF-7 cells give positive result to estrogen (ER) recipeent in
the control cells [10].
In order to find new drugs for the treatment of breast cancer, the in vitro cytotoxicity test of
the ethanol extract (crude) and fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water) of
ekor naga leaves against MCF-7 cells had been done.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Materials and Reagents
The material used in this study was ekor nagas leaves. The chemicals used were, n -hexane
(Merck), 96% ethanol (Merck), chloroform (Merck), ethyl acetate (Merck), a solution ofdimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) pro 99.5% GC (Sigma), Roswell Park Memorial Institute
Medium (RPMI 1640), hepes (Sigma), 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium
bromide (MTT), Fetal Bovine Serume (FBS), Penicillin-Streptomycin, silica gel GF254,
H2SO4p (Merck), methanol (Merck), acetone (Merck), Amphoterisin B, Sodium dodecyl
sulphate in 0.01N HCl, Doxorubicin, MCF-7 cell line.
2.2. Phytochemical Screening
Phytochemical screening of ekor naga leaves powder, ethanol extract and fractions of class
compounds included examining alkaloids, glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides, saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoida/steroid.
2.2.1. Examination of Alkaloids
Crude leaves powder weighed 0.5 g and then diluted with 2 N hydrochloric acid and distilled
water, heated over a water bath for 2 minutes, cooled and filtered. Filtrate was tested with the
addition of reagent of alkaloid such as Mayer, Bauchardat, and Dragendorff.
2.2.2. Examination of Glycosides
Crude leaves powder was refluxed for 2 hours with a mixture of ethanol-water (7:3) and 2 N
hydrochloric acid, then filtered. Filrate was added with a solution of lead (II) acetate 0.4 M,then shaken, and filtered. Filtrate was extracted with isopropanol-chloroform mixture (2:3).
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Water extract was collected and evaporated at a temperature of not more than 50C. The
remaining part was dissolved in methanol and added with 2 ml of water and reagent Molish.
Then slowly 2 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added through the tube wall. The
formation of a purple ring was formed.
Examination of anthraquinone glycosides Crude leaves powder was heated with 5 ml of 2 Nsulfuric acid, then cooled it room temperature, the mixture then was added with 10 ml of
benzene, shaken and allowed to stand. Benzene layer was separated and shaken with 2 ml of
2 N NaOH, allowed stand. Water layer is red and colorless benzene layer showed the
presence of anthraquinone.
2.2.3. Examination of Saponin
Crude leaves powder was inserted into a test tube, then hot water was added. The mixture
was cooled then shaken vigorously for 10 seconds. If the 1 - 10 cm tall foam was formed and
stable for not less than 10 minutes and did not disappear with the addition of 1 drop of 2 N
hydrochloric acid, then it was positive for saponin.
2.2.4. Examination of Flavonoide
Crude leaves powder was shaken with hot water for 5 min and filtered under hot conditions,
the filtrate was added magnesium powder, and concentrated with hydrochloric acid and amyl
alcohol, then shaken. It showed flavonoid with positive if a red or yellow or orange colour in
the lining of amyl alcohol was formed [11].
2.2.5. Examination of Tannin
Crude leaves powder was boiled in water for 3 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate was
added with 1 - 2 drops of 1% iron (III) chloride. If there is blue-black or blackish green
indicates the presence of tannins [11].
2.2.6. Examination of Steroid/Triterpenoida
Crude leaves powder was macerated with 20 ml n-hexane for 2 hours, then filtered. Filtrate
should was evaporated in the evaporating dish, then added with a few drops of Liebermann-
Burchard reagent. Onset of blue or blue-green color showed the presence of steroid, while the
color is red, pink or purple that indicated triterpenoid [12].
3. PLANT MATERIAL AND EXTRACTION OF EKOR NAGAS LEAVES
Extracts were performed using 96% ethanol by percolation method [13].
Dried ekor nagas leaves were weighed approxinately 900 g and soaked with n-hexane for 24
hours to eliminate the fat content. The residue was filtered and aerated until the n-hexane
solvent evaporated, then soaked in ethanol for 3 hours for percolation the mass was moved
into the percolator while carefully pressed and slowly poured the solvent until the liquid
began to drip and the sample was still embed in the solvent. After that the percolator was
closed and left for 24 hours. Then the tap was opened and the liquid was allowed to drip at
rate of 1 ml per minute. Solvent was added continuously until there was a layer of liquid ontop of sample. Percolation was continued until the last out of liquid evaporated leaving no
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residue. Resulted liquid was evaporated using rotary evaporator with temperature 40C, and
then freeze dried until highly viscous extract was obtained as much as 138 g. Proceed the
fractionation by liquid-liquid extraction.
3.1. Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Ethanol Extract
Fractionation was performed using solvents with different polarity from non-polar to polar
such as: n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water.
A total of 100 g of ethanol extract was dissolved in ethanol and then added with distilled
water, the mixture was put in a separating funnel and added with 200 ml of n-hexane, shaken,
allowed to stand until there were 2 separated layers. n-hexane layer (upper layer) was taken
with decantation methode. Fractionation was done if the n-hexane layer was colorless (clear)
and did not give color with Liebermann-Burchard reagent. The fractionation was continued
with addition of 200 ml of chloroform in the shaker (separating funnel). The sample was
shaker and then allowed to stand until there were 2 separated layers. The chloroform layer
was taken (bottom layer). Fractionation was done until the chloroform was layer colorlessgave negative result with Dragendorff reagent, then add 200 ml of ethyl acetate in water
layer, shaken, and then allowed to stand until there are 2 separate layers. Fractionation is
done until the color of the layer and the ethyl acetate is clear then fraction of water is taken,
all the fractions obtained were evaporated by vacuum rotary evaporator. Each of the obtained
fractions was assay for cytotoxic activity.
3.2. In Vitro Assay for Cytotoxic Activity
Five milligrams of ethanol extract and the fractions (nhexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and
water) were dissolved with the aid of 100 L of DMSO, then diluted with cultur media inorder to get a series of concentration (500, 250, 125, 62.50, 31.25 mcg/ml). The culture media
was used as negative control and doxorubicin was used as positive control with series
concentration of (200, 100, 50, 25 mcg/ml). Each concentration was made replication for 3
times.
3.3. Cytotoxic Assay with MTT Method
MCF-7 cells were growth in 96 wells microplate in order to obtain the density of 1x 104
cells/wells and incubated for 24 hours to get good growth. After the medium was replaced
with a new one it was added with 100 L of test solution in a variety of concentrations and
incubated again for 24 hours. At the end of incubation, the media was be removed andwashed with PBS solution, and then each of the wells was added with 10 L MTT (3-(4.5-
dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2.5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) 0.5% in PBS. Incubation was continued
for 4 hours at 37C until formazan was formed. The living cells were converted MTT into
dark-blue formazan. MTT reaction was stopped by the stopper reagent (100 L of Sodium
dodecyl sulfate), and then incubated overnight at room temperature. The absorbance was read
by ELISA reader at a wavelength of 595 nm. The absorbance results were converted into
percentage of life reads. MTT method was performed according by Mossman [14] with
modification of stopper reagent.
3.4. Data Analysis
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Data obtained in the form of absorbance values of each which converted into percentage of
living cell and calculated with the following formula:
Then IC50concentrations calculated were by probit analysis using SPSS 17, in order to obtain
linearity between log concentration and percentage of live cells. IC50is the concentration that
causes cell death for 50% of the population.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Extraction of plant material was done to get secondary metabolites from plant material which
is used as medicine. Percolation extraction had been done by ethanol with obtained 117.4 g
from 900 g of dried ekor naga leaves.
4.1. Phytochemical Screening
The identification of leaves powder and ethanol extract of ekor nagas leaves chemical
compounds were done with some color reagents to obtain the class of secondary metabolites
information. The results could be seen inTable 1.
Flavonoids as antioxidants can prevent and cope with of cancer. Mechanism of action:
flavonoids in cancer treatment can inhibit the cancer cells growth through the inhibition of
cell cycle mechanism, induce apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, antiproliferative or a
combination of these mechanisms [15].
4.2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Solvent extraction with n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate obtained 3.681 g of n-hexane
fraction, 1.680 g of chloroform fraction, 0.572 g of ethyl acetate fraction, and 24.809 g of
water fraction. The screening results of n-hexane fraction with Lieberman-Burchard (LB)
reagent gave a blue purple color, which was likely to contain triterpenoid/steroid compound.
The chloroform fraction gave pink color wich may contained triterpenoid. Triterpenoid is an
antioxidant as a catcher of free radicals that can kill brain cells and also could revitalize blood
vessels
Ethyl acetate fraction with FeCl3reagent gave a positive result, which was likely to contain
polyphenolic compounds that can inhibit the growth of cancer cells through the inhibition of
cancer cell growth, induce apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, antiproliferative or a
combination of these mechanisms [15].
4.3. Assay Anticancer
The results of the extract and some fractions treatment on MCF-7 cells can be seen in Figure
1.The morphology of MCF-7 cell due to the treatment of n-hexane and water fractions did
not provide significant changes to the untreated cells (control cells). While the ethanol extract
(crude), chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions with high concentration, i.e. 500 mcg/ml couldbe seen dead cells which was round (Figure 1).
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Cytotoxicity assay were performed to confirm the cy-
Table 1. Phytochemical screening simplex and ethanol extract.
totoxic ability of the sample solution against MCF-7 cells with a quantitative colorimetric
method based on the measurement of the color intensity that occurred as a result of
metabolism of a substrate by living cells into colored product. This study used yellow MTT
{(3-(4,5-dimetaltiazol- 2-il)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide} to form a dark blue formazan
which insoluble in water and attached to the cells. The ability of the succinate dehydrogenase
enzyme to reductase tetrazolium system were included in the mitochondria of living cells
[14,16]. The method was fast, sensitive, accurate and could be used to test large samples
which automatically using a spectrophotometer [16], that also proved more reliable than cell
counting using a hemocytometer [17].
The results of t-test analysis of the sample treatment with several concentrations, positive
control, control cells, and media control can be seen inFigure 2.
FromFigure 2,it was known that the ethanol extract (concentration of 31.25 - 250 mcg/ml).
The chloroform fraction (concentration of 31.25 - 500 mcg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction
(concentration of 31.25 - 500 mcg/ml), n-hexane fraction (concentration of 500 mcg/ml) and
water fraction (concentration of 62.5 - 500 mcg/ml), showed a significant difference (p