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Last week - Textbook page 73
Given enough time, humans take advantage of all available resources
Given enough time, humans take advantage of all available resources
十分な時間が与えられたら、人間はすべての資源を利用可能化にする
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Chapter 10 “Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes”
Guns, Germs, and Steel
What is an “axis?”
What is an “axis?” 軸
How does geography influence society?
Most of the continents are longer from north to south…
Most of the continents are longer from north to south…
…than they are wide from east to west
Which continent is widest from east to west?
a) Africa b) South America c) Eurasia
Which continent is widest from east to west?
a) Africa b) South America c) Eurasia
a) Africa b) South America c) Eurasia
Which continent is widest from east to west?
Agriculture spread east and west far quicker than it spread north and south
Agriculture spread east and west far quicker than it spread north and south
eastwest
Agriculture spread east and west far quicker than it spread north and south
eastwest
From Mesopotamia to the Indus Valley =
From Mesopotamia to the Indus Valley =
0.95 miles a year
From Mesopotamia to the Indus Valley =
0.95 miles a year
westeast
= 1.5 kilometers
From Mexico north =
From Mexico north =
0.3 miles a year
From Mexico north =
0.3 miles a year = 0.5 kilometers
From Mexico north =
0.3 miles a year
north
south
= 0.5 kilometers
Agriculture and the domestication of large mammals
Agriculture and the domestication of large mammals
spread more slowly through the Americas than Eurasia
Why?
Why?
Mesopotamian agriculture transplanted crops and farming techniques to Europe
Why?
Mesopotamian agriculture transplanted crops and farming techniques to Europe
Why?
Europeans began to grow wheat and barley because they acquired Mesopotamian wheat and barley through trade and travel
小麦 オオムギ
Mesopotamia
the first (known) area to spread agriculture to its neighbors
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamian farmers spread their techniques and their crops to Europe
The sun’s heat warms places with the same latitude（緯度）equally
The sun’s heat warms places with the same latitude（緯度）equally
Two areas with the same latitude have similar day lengths and…
The sun’s heat warms places with the same latitude（緯度）equally
tend to have similar climates even if they’re on opposite sides of the world
The sun’s heat warms places with the same latitude（緯度）equally
tend to have similar climates even if they’re on opposite sides of the world気候
Whereas two areas with the same longitude (経度) often have very
different climates
Whereas two areas with the same longitude (経度) often have very
different climates
A person whose climate is similar to that of a farmer’s is …
A person whose climate is similar to that of a farmer’s is …
more likely to adopt crops and techniques from the farmer
A person whose climate is similar to that of a farmer’s is …
more likely to adopt crops and techniques from the farmer
Eurasia
Eurasia = Europe and Asia Eurasia
The biggest continent
Eurasia = Europe and Asia Eurasia
More regions in Eurasia shared the same latitude than in Africa or the Americas
The biggest continent
More regions in Eurasia shared the same latitude than in Africa or the Americas
The biggest continent
（緯度）
Mesopotamian agriculture spread quickly to the many areas that shared Mesopotamia’s climate
This benefited many different peoples
Mesopotamian agriculture never spread very far south into Africa because of…
Mesopotamian agriculture never spread very far south into Africa because of…
“climate barriers” like the _______ ________
Mesopotamian agriculture never spread very far south into Africa because of…
“climate barriers” like the Sahara Desert
In the Americas, Incas never transported their domesticated animals …
In the Americas, Incas never transported their domesticated animals …
north into _______
In the Americas, Incas never transported their domesticated animals …
north into Mexico
Why?
Why?
changes in climate made such travel very difficult
Why?
longitude (経度) is a big barrier to diffusion (普及, 流布)…
but so are geographic barriers
Why?
What is an example of a geographic barrier?
___________________________________
What is an example of a geographic barrier?
___________________________________
Possible answers:
D_____
Tr______ ra________
O_____
What is an example of a geographic barrier?
Desert
What is an example of a geographic barrier?
Tropical rainforest
What is an example of a geographic barrier?
Ocean
Agriculture can never emerge in a place where the soil (土, 土壌)
can’t support agriculture
Agriculture rarely spreads through such a region and moves on to others
Agriculture rarely spreads through such a region and moves on to others
T_________
r_________
Agriculture rarely spreads through such a region and moves on to others
Tropical
rainforest
Agriculture rarely spreads through such a region and moves on to others
________
Agriculture rarely spreads through such a region and moves on to others
Desert
Both coasts of the U.S. shared a similar, fertile (肥沃な, 肥えた) climate
Both coasts of the U.S. shared a similar, fertile (肥沃な, 肥えた) climate
Both coasts of the U.S. shared a similar, fertile (肥沃な, 肥えた) climate
However, agriculture didn’t spread from one side to the other because of the _______ (at that time) in between
Both coasts of the U.S. shared a similar, fertile (肥沃な, 肥えた) climate
However, agriculture didn’t spread from one side to the other because of the deserts (at that time) in between
Diffusion
Diffusion
What does “diffusion” mean?
Diffusion
diffusion is “the spreading of something more widely”
What does “diffusion” mean?
Diffusion
diffusion is “the spreading of something more widely”
What does “diffusion” mean?
(普及, 流布)…
Diffusion
not just crops, but ideas and inventions
Diffusion
not just crops, but ideas and inventions
Diffusion
not just crops, but ideas and inventions
Diffusion
not just crops, but ideas and inventions
Diffusion
Diffusion
Generally ideas and inventions “travel” east and west (i.e. latitude)
Diffusion
Generally ideas and inventions “travel” east and west (i.e. latitude) （緯度）
Diffusion
Generally ideas and inventions “travel” east and west (i.e. latitude)
more effectively than they travel north and south (i.e. longitude)
（緯度）
Diffusion
Generally ideas and inventions “travel” east and west (i.e. latitude)
more effectively than they travel north and south (i.e. longitude)
（緯度）
(経度)
Diffusion
Writing was developed in Mesopotamia and “diffused” (spread) to
Diffusion
Writing was developed in Mesopotamia and “diffused” (spread) to
Rome and India (same latitude)
Diffusion
Writing was also developed in Mesoamerica but never diffused to
Diffusion
Writing was also developed in Mesoamerica but never diffused to
the Andes (same longitude)
Diffusion
Ideas and inventions are passed along the same trade networks
Diffusion
Ideas and inventions are passed along the same trade networks
that arose though agriculture in the first place
Chapter 11 “Lethal Gifts of Livestock”
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Differences between:
agricultural societies
Differences between:
hunter-gatherer societies
and
agricultural societies
Agricultural societies -
large, centrally organized, food storage, non-food producing specialists, hierarchal
Hunter-gatherer societies -
small, egalitarian, no food storage
Differences between civilizations led to huge differences in:
Differences between civilizations led to huge differences in:
literacy
Differences between civilizations led to huge differences in:
literacy health
Differences between civilizations led to huge differences in:
literacy health
government
Differences between civilizations led to huge differences in:
literacy health
technologygovernment
Differences between civilizations led to huge differences in:
literacy health
technologygovernment
People living close to animals =
Differences between civilizations led to huge differences in:
literacy health
technologygovernment
People living close to animals =
catch diseases from those animals
Epidemic (流行; 伝染病) diseases that spread…
from _______ to _______
Epidemic (流行; 伝染病) diseases that spread…
from animals to _______
Epidemic (流行; 伝染病) diseases that spread…
from animals to humans
Epidemic (流行; 伝染病) diseases that spread…
from animals to humans
Black Death 1346–1353（黒死病, ペスト）
Spanish Flu 1918-1919（スペインかぜ）
Human Defenses
Human Defenses
coughing
Human Defenses
coughing
sneezing
Human Defenses
coughing
sneezing
running a fever
Human Defenses
evolution
Human Defenses
evolution
over time humans with weak immune systems are more likely to die
Human Defenses
evolution
over time humans with weak immune systems are more likely to die免疫系・免疫機構が弱い者は死ぬ確率が高い
Human Defenses
evolution
over time humans with weak immune systems are more likely to die
Over time, the people who survive evolve to be immune to diseases
免疫系・免疫機構が弱い者は死ぬ確率が高い
Human Defenses
evolution
over time humans with weak immune systems are more likely to die
Over time, the people who survive evolve to be immune to diseases
免疫系・免疫機構が弱い者は死ぬ確率が高い
生き残る者は免疫力が高い者
Human Defenses
evolution
over time humans with weak immune systems are more likely to die
Over time, the people who survive evolve to be immune to diseases
Diseases then evolve to become more infectious
免疫系・免疫機構が弱い者は死ぬ確率が高い
生き残る者は免疫力が高い者
Human Defenses
evolution
over time humans with weak immune systems are more likely to die
Over time, the people who survive evolve to be immune to diseases
Diseases then evolve to become more infectious
免疫系・免疫機構が弱い者は死ぬ確率が高い
生き残る者は免疫力が高い者
伝染病、感染病がより伝染性になるように（高くなるように）進化する
Population size
Population size
Fewer people =
Population size
Hunter-gatherer community can easily be wiped out by disease
Fewer people =
Population size
More people =
Population size
Farming community will contain some people with
immunity (免疫) to the disease More people =
Population size
Even if most people die
Population size
The community as a whole will survive
Even if most people die
Population size
The community as a whole will survive
Even if most people die
Those who survive will pass on their immunity to their children
Population size
The community as a whole will survive
Even if most people die
Those who survive will pass on their immunity to their children 生き残る者は子供へ免疫力が高い遺伝子を渡す
Crowd diseases
Crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
Crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
Flu (インフルエンザ)
Crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
Flu (インフルエンザ) Measles (はしか)
Crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
Flu (インフルエンザ)
Cholera (コレラ)
Measles (はしか)
Some diseases only exist in large communities =
Some diseases only exist in large communities =
large communities are the only groups that develop immunities (免疫) to the diseases
When a large community (_______) interacts with
When a large community (farmers) interacts with
When a large community (farmers) interacts with
a smaller community (______ & __________)
When a large community (farmers) interacts with
a smaller community (hunter & gatherers)
a greater number of the small community will die of the disease
Agriculture led to crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
Farming communities were ..
Agriculture led to crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
Farming communities were ..
bigger
Agriculture led to crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
Farming communities were ..
bigger denser
Agriculture led to crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
Farming communities were ..
bigger denser
Agriculture led to crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
人口密度が高い
Farming communities were ..
bigger denser
more sedentary (定住している, 移動をしない)
Agriculture led to crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
人口密度が高い
Everyone shared resources like food and water and there were many animals
Agriculture led to crowd diseases (群衆の病気)
Cities
The rise of cities was also important for the spread of crowd diseases
Cities
Cities allowed many people to live very close to each other
Cities
Many animals spread disease to humans
Agricultural societies in which people are often around animals will…
tend to have more ___________
Agricultural societies in which people are often around animals will…
tend to have more diseases
However, they will also develop more…
____________
However, they will also develop more…
immunities
A large, agricultural society = _____
A large, agricultural society = Spain
A large, agricultural society = Spain
encounters…
a small, hunter-gatherer society = most ______ __________
a small, hunter-gatherer society = most Native Americans
The small, hunter-gatherer society will die of …
Native Americans
The small, hunter-gatherer society will die of …
the larger society’s diseases (i.e. smallpox 天然痘）
Native Americans Spanish
The Spanish Europeans who colonized the New World had immunities to the diseases that killed so many Native Americans
The Spanish Europeans who colonized the New World had immunities to the diseases that killed so many Native Americans
Why?
Because the Spanish came from dense, __________ societies
Because the Spanish came from dense, agricultural societies
Because the Spanish came from dense, agricultural societies
They had developed _________ living close to each other over many hundreds of years
Because the Spanish came from dense, agricultural societies
They had developed immunities living close to each other over many hundreds of years