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GunakanPETUNJUKAuntukmenjawabsoalnomor31sampaidengannomor45!Text1ThefirstancientDNAsequencestobegathered 3400basepairsfroma2400yearoldEgyptianmummy

wereaproofofprinciple.Afullgenomesequencewouldbefarmoreinformative perhapsexplainingwhat

killedKingTut,forinstance.Atpresent,Inuk'sistheonlypublishedancienthumangenome.However,

a team led by Svante Paabo and EdGreen at theMax Planck Institute for EvolutionaryAnthropology in

Leipzig, Germany, will soon publish the complete genome sequence combined together from several

Neanderthals,frombetween38,000and70,000yearsago.

5Neanderthalsarenot theonlyhominidswhosegenomes couldbe sequenced, saysWillerslev.Homo

erectus, a species that emerged inAfrica about 2million years ago, survived in eastAsiauntil less than100,000 years ago. If wellpreserved bones can be found, a genome might be possible, Willerslev says.Willerslev's laboratory has just received bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis, thepredecessor toNeanderthals. "Wearebasically startingon it rightnow,"he says. If thesegenomesevermaterialize andthat'sabigif theycouldleadtoabetterunderstandingofhowdifferenthominidspecies

arerelated,andwhenandwheretheybranchedoff.Ifthegeneticinformationisgoodenough,itmaytellus

10

somethingaboutthenatureofpastpeoplespossiblyevenwhattheylookedlike.Ancienthumangenomes

couldgiveus insightsintotheevolutionofourownspecies,explainingwhengenesinvolvedindiseaseand

highercognitiveskillsemerged.

15But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually they

becometoosmalltoreassemble,andall informationis lost."Thereseemstobeatimehorizonof100,000

yearsor

so

under

most

preservation

conditions

during

which

intact

DNA

survives,"

Green

says.

Stephan

Schuster at Pennsylvania StateUniversity,who led thewoollymammoth genomeproject, thinks ancient

genomics isalreadyplateauing. Large chunksof Inuk'sgenome couldn'tbe filled inbecausehisDNAhad

crumbledintosmallpieces."Wewillfaceanuphillbattleintryingtoapplythistoalargenumberofhuman

remains,"hesays.

20

31.With reference to thewhole text, thewritermainlydealswiththetopicon

(A) theuseofancientDNAinanthropology.(B) thepastlifeoftheNeanderthals.(C) theroleofDNAinfossilstudies.(D) DNAresearchontheNeanderthals.(E) DNA engineering in the Max Planck

Institute.

32.The writer is mainly of the opinion thattracingancienthumanslifeusingtheirDNA

(A) istechnologicallypossiblethroughithasnaturalchallenges.

(B) promises a new horizon ofunderstandingpastillnesses.

(C) is a new breakthrough in modernanthropological

studies.

(D) providesabetterpictureofoldpeoplesDNAstructures.

(E) requiring a longer chain of completeDNAsequences.

33.Thephysicallookofhominidspeciescanevenbe reconstructed using the DNA technology

underthe

condition

that

(A) the DNA forms a solid fossil in a goodshape.

(B) the genetic information in the DNA ishighquality.

(C) theDNAhadnotbeensmallerinchunks.(D) the sequence of the DNA pieces is

systematic.

(E) the DNA sequences can be easilyreassembled.

34.Basedonthetext,thefollowingwouldbethekind of information that could be revealed

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www.onlinelesson.org 734about ancient people through modern

genomeanalyses,EXCEPT

(A) typicalillnesses.(B) thinkingpotentials.(C) evolutionaryphases.(D) migratorydirections.(E)

nutritional

patterns.

35.Based on the text, soon Darwins humanevolution theory will be most likely

empirically validated, if contemporary DNA

analyses are supported by the following

factors,EXCEPT

(A) morediscoveryofearlyhumanremains.(B) moderngenomiclaboratories.(C) expertiseassociatedwithancientDNA.(D)

better

management

in

fossil

excavation.

(E) availability of complete ancient humangenomes.

Text2Furtherresearch,conductedbyDeanMobbs,thenatStanfordUniversity inCalifornia,uncoveredasecond

pointofactivity in thebrain's limbic system associatedwithdopamine releaseand rewardprocessing

whichmayexplain thepleasure feltonceyou "get" thejoke.Examiningoneparticularpartof the limbic

system

the

ventral

striatum

was

especially

revealing,

as

its

level

of

activity

corresponded

with

the

perceived

funninessofajoke."It'sthesameregionthatisinvolvedinmanydifferenttypesofreward,fromdrugs,to

sexandourfavouritemusic,"saysMobbs,nowattheMRCCognitionandBrainSciencesUnitinCambridge,

UK."Humourthustapsintobasicrewardssystemsthatareimportanttooursurvival."

Yethumourisafarmoremultifacetedprocessthanprimevalpleasureslikefood.Inadditiontothetwo

coreprocessesofgettingthejokeand feelinggoodabout it,jokesalsoactivateregionsofthe frontaland

cingulatecortex,whichare linkedwithassociationformation, learninganddecisionmaking.Theteamalso

foundheightenedactivityintheanteriorcingulatecortexandthefrontoinsularcortex regionsthatareonly

presentinhumansand,inalessdevelopedform,greatapes.Indeed,thefactthattheseregionsareinvolved

suggests thathumour isanadvancedabilitywhichmayhaveonlyevolved inearlyhumans, saysWatson,

whoconductedtheresearch.

Notwobrainsarethesame,however,andhowthesedifferencesarereflectedinoursenseofhumour

isthesubjectofmuch research.Menandwomen, forexample,seem toprocessjokesslightlydifferently.

Althoughboth sexes laughat roughly thesamenumberofjokes,women showgreateractivity in the left

prefrontal cortex thanmen. "This suggests a greaterdegreeof executiveprocessing and languagebased

decoding,"saysMobbs.Asaresult,womentakesignificantlymuchlongerthanmentodecidewhetherthey

findsomethingfunny,thoughthatdoesnotseemtospoiltheirenjoymentofthejoke.Indeed,womenshow

agreaterresponseinthelimbicsystemthanmen,suggestingtheyfeelagreatersenseofreward.

36.Whichofthefollowingstatementsinthetextabovecontainsanopinion?

(A) Basic rewards systems associated withhumor are vital to human continued

existence.

(B) The anterior cingulate cortex and thefrontoinsular cortex regions belong to

humans.

(C) Womens limbic system reacts moreresponsively than mens does to a

humorstimulus.

(D) Differenttypesofreward likedrugsandour favorite music are linked to the

ventralstriatum.

(E) Jokefuninessrelateswiththeamountofdopamine

release

and

reward

processing.

37.The part that comes before the text wouldmostlikelydescribe

(A) Mobbs same study conducted onhumans brain limbic system

sensitiveness.

(B) another activity found in the brainslimbicsystemofMobbsdifferentstudy.

(C) a researchers studyother thanMobbson another activity found in the brain

limbicsystem.

(D) theimportanceofconductingastudyonresponses by humans brain limbic

system.

(E) the timely reaction of humans brainlimbicsystemtoperceptiononhumor.

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www.onlinelesson.org 73438.The scientists see that the internal

mechanisms in ahumansbrain relatedwith

enjoymentinhavinggoodmealsare

(A) more explainable than those inperceivingajoke.

(B) lessobservablethanpleasuresingettinga

prize.

(C) asquickasthoseinseeingfunninessofajoke.

(D) morecomplexthanthoseinperceivingajoke.

(E) less clear than those of enjoyment inwinningaprize.

39.Humorisworthinthesefourfacets,EXCEPT(A) experiencing the sense of the humor

itself.

(B)

having

good

feelings

about

the

humor.

(C) activating parts of the frontal andcungulatecortex.

(D) enhancing activities in two humanscortexareas.

(E) triggeringmoredynamicresponsesinallcells.

40.Which chart below most likely indicates theresponsetimeneededbywomenandmento

laughonajoke?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Text3JohnApollosislosingweighttheoldfashionedwaybyeatingless.Awholelotless.Asavolunteerinthetwo

year Comprehensive Assessment of LongTerm Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts

Universityin

Boston,

Apollos

has

lowered

his

daily

calorie

intake

25%

over

the

past

eight

months.

The

fat,

not

surprisingly,hasmeltedaway; the52yearoldphysical trainerhas lostmorethan11kgsince thestudybegan

andisdowntohishighschoolweight.5Yet, that's not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three

quartersofwhat theyusedto.The researchers running themulticenterCALERIEstudyare tryingtodetermine

whetherrestrictingfoodintakecanslowtheagingprocessandextendourlifespan."Ifeelbetterandlighterand

healthier," says Apollos. "But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing." The idea is

counterintuitive: Ifweeat to live,how can starvingourselvesadd years toour lives? Yet.decadesof calorie

restriction studies involvingorganisms ranging frommicroscopic yeast to ratshave shownjust that,extending

the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a longterm study led by researchers at the

UniversityofWisconsinnudgedtheimplicationsofthisabitclosertoourspecies,findingthatcalorierestriction

seemedto

extend

the

lives

of

humanlike

rhesus

monkeys

as

well.

The

hungry

primates

fell

victim

to

diabetes,

heartandbraindiseaseandcancermuchlessfrequentlythantheirwellfedcounterpartsdid.

10

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www.onlinelesson.org 734However, theremaybemore thanjust theabsenceofdiseaseoperatinghere.Anytimeyougoonadiet,

afterall, you standagood chanceof lowering yourbloodpressure, cholesterol leveland riskofdiabetes and

otherhealthwoes.Allthatcantranslate intoextrayears.Withcalorierestriction,usuallydefinedasadietwith

25%to30%fewercaloriesthannormalbutstillcontainingessentialnutrients,somethingelseappearstobeat

worktoextendlongevity.20

41.Which of the following ideas from the textabovecontainsanopinion?

(A) Restricting calorie consumption forlongevity.

(B) Absence of disease due to controllingcalorieintake.

(C) Apollos feeling better and lighter andhealthier.

(D) The melting of body fat by having lessfoods.

(E) Apollos restricting his daily calorieconsumption.

42.The study aims at evaluating the impact ofcalorierestrictionon

(A) minimizing the risks of getting seriousillnesses.

(B) enhancing the feelingofhappiness andhealth.

(C) reducing the amount of extreme fataccumulation.

(D) controlling blood pressure andcholesterol

levels.

(E) agingprocess slowing and life spanextension.

43. Ifthe information inthetext istrue,therisksthat someone whose calorie consumption is

controlleduptotheportionsuggested inthe

studysuffersfrombonecancerare

(A) substantial.(B) negligible.(C) unpredictable.(D) serious.(E) indefinite.

44.The following is among other things theempirical impactsof the studymentioned in

thetext,EXCEPT

(A) slenderbodyshape.(B) longlifeexpectancy.(C) goodhealthiness.(D) emotionstability.(E) goodfeelings.

45.As mentioned in the text, the study held atthe multicenter CALERIE, Tufts University in

Bostonhasemployedaresearchmethodthat

seemstobe

(A) complicated.(B) temporary.(C) ultramodern.(D) conventional.(E) methodological.

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latihan soal snmptn 2011 b. inggris 734

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