LectureOne:IntrotoLaw121 Offtopicintroductionsandannouncementsonly

PartA:BranchesofGovernmentandHistoricalBackgroundLectureTwo:ParliamentarySupremacy&RelationshipofCommonLawandStatute

ParliamentarySupremacy CommonLaw:Derivesfromcourtdecisionsbuiltupovertheyearsby

operationofdoctrineandprecedent StatuteLaw:Passedbyparliamentmayoverridethecommonlawsetoutin

writtenforminpublishedstatutes JudgeMadeLaw

Hierarchyofcourts[Imageonpage58ofcoursebook] MOREIN131

WestminsterSystemofGovernment TheSovereign

HermajestytheQueenofNewZealand GovernorGeneralofNewZealand,SirJerryMateparae

TheExecutive Ministers

TheLegislature MakeLaws

TheJudiciary SupremeCourt

WestminsterModel Ministersareresponsibletoparliament MinistersmustgainandretaintheconfidenceoftheHouseofRepresentatives

bymajorityvotesonconfidenceandsupply Sovereignwillactontheadviceoftheministers(makingappointments,

assentingtobills,etcetera)underConventionsoftheConstitution TheQueenreignsbutthegovernmentrulessolongasithasthesupport

oftheHouseofRepresentatives RepresentativeDemocracy

BritishconstitutionwasNOTdemocraticinitsorigins(norfullyrepresentativeuntil1930)

NZHouseofRepresentativesbecamedemocraticbeforetheUK VotingRights:

1853Adultpropertyowningmales

1867AllMaorimen 1879AllEuropeanmen 1893Allmen&women

Universalsuffrage SourcesofNZconstitution

ConstitutionAct1986(statute) Prerogativepowers(commonlaw) OtherNZstatutesegBillofRightsAct1990[Class24] SomeoldEnglishorUKstatutes CourtCases(commonlaw) TreatyofWaitangiandprinciples(statute&commonlaw) Constitutionalconventions

Practiceswhichregulate,controlandinsomecasestransformtheuseoflegalpowersarisingfromtheprerogativeorconferredbystatute.Theyarenotenforceablebycourts.

Ancientrightsofdueprocess MagnaCarta1215 MagnaCarta1297(25Edw.1,c.29)

nofreemanshallbetakenorimprisonedbutbylawfuljudgementofhispeersorbythelawoftheland.

EnglishLawsAct1858ImperialLawsApplicationAct1988(NZ) ConstitutionalMonarchy

BillofRights1688[Class7] Pretendedroyalpowersofsuspending,ordispensingwithlawswithout

consentofParlyamentisillegal ParliamentarySupremacy ActofSettlement1700 IndependenceofjudgesjudgescannotbedismissedbytheSovereign

whethershe/hepleases TheSeparationofPowers

JohnLockeMontesquieu Threebranchesofgovernmentlegislative,executive,andjudicialbranches Parliamentarysupremacy Nofundamentallaws,nopowerallowingcourtstostrikedown

unconstitutionalActs Shouldtherebesuchapower? InNZ,CabinetMinisters[Executive]arealsoMembersofParliament

[Legislature]LectureThree:AnnexationofAotearoa

TheAnnexationofAotearoa Cession Discovery&Settlement

Conquest[Usurpation] BackgroundtoAnnexation

Proposalstoannexsince1771 Commerce Christianity Colonisation

Commercefirstfollowedbymissionaries 18371839:Colonialofficedecidestoannex Untidyprocessofannexation ActionsinLondon,Sydney&NZwereoftenuncoordinatedandcontradictory NZCapitals:

Sydney Russell Auckland Wellington

Commerce(from1790s) JohnWebster(Whaling,Hokianga) JamesClendon(Entrepreneur,USconsul,Trader,WitnessedTreatyof

Waitangi) Christianity(from1814)

WilliamWilliams(Methodists,1823) MateneTeWhiwhi(KapitiCoast,SouthIsland) BishopPompellier(Catholic)

Colonisation(from1840) JamesStephen(InChargeofColonialOffice) WilliamHobson

Belichs3scalesgradualaccretionofBritishSovereignty Intervention:

1883:Busby,token 1840:Hobson,minimal 18441845:Somemilitaryforce 1860:Substantial 1863:Massiveduringwars

Authority: 1835:Disclaimed 18371839:Indirectruleideas 1846:Symbolicclaimtosovereignty

Control: Gradualextensiontookmanydecades(WhyisKingCountrysocalled?) ControlnotinforceinTeUrewerauntil1917

Factorsinfluencingannexation: PushfromUK:

Economicconditions

NewMarkets Migration

PullfromNZ/Aus: Missionaries Entrepreneurs Sydneyinterests

Ideology MythsofEmpire AngloFrenchrivalry Fatalimpact&frontierchaos Intertribalwarfare Selfimageofsuperiority&civilisingmission WhiteMansBurden

Key1840AnnexationDates(Notformemorising) 15June1839:LettersPatentextendedNSWjurisdictiontoNZ 14January1840:GovernorGippsProclamationsthat:

JurisdictionofNSWGovernorextendedtoNZ OathsofofficetoHobsonasLieutenantGovernor TitletoNZlandonlyfromcrown

19January1840:GippsProclamationspublishedinSydney 30January1840:HobsonissuesproclamationsinNZthathehasassumed

officeofLieutenantGovernor 6February1840:InitialsigningofTreatyofWaitangi 21May1840:HobsonproclaimedsoveriegntyoverNorthIslandbycession,

SouthIslandbydiscovery 16June1840:LawsofNSWappliedtoNZthroughNSWAct September1840:Treatysigningcompleted 2October1840:HobsonsMayproclamationsgazettedinLondon 16November1840:RoyalCharterpromulgated 24November1840:LetterspatentCommissiontheGovernor 5December1840:RoyalinstructionstoGovernor 30March1841:HobsonnotifiedofImperialratificationofTreaty

NationalBirthday? 28thOctoberDeclarationofIndependence1835 14thJanuaryEnglishLawsAct1858&ImperialLawsApplicationAct1988 6thFebruaryWaitangiDayAct1976 24thNovemberStatuteofWestminsterAdoptionAct1947

LectureFour:DeclarationofIndependenceandTeTiritioWaitangi&TheTreatyofWaitangi

TeTiritioWaitangi1840KeyIssues

TeTiriti/theTreaty,signedin1840isnowoftendescribedasthefoundingdocumentofNZofgreatesthistoricalimportanceessentialtothefoundationofNZetc.

After1840Maori&theCrownappeartohavehaddifferentunderstandingsandexpectations

Thesedifferencesrunthroughhistorytoday ResponsibledebatesaboutNewZealandsconstitutionnow,andinthefuture,

needtobeinformedbyanunderstandingofthesedifferences TheDeclarationofIndependence1835[Transcriptonpg4143]

DeclaredIndependence(rangatiratanga)ofNewZealandasanIndependentState

Allsovereignpowerrestsinhereditarychiefs(TinoRangatira) Nolegislativeauthorityorgovernmentunlessbypeopletheyappointedacting

undertheirlaws AgreedtomeetregularlyinCongress ThankedKingWilliamIVforacknowledging1834flag AskedKingtobecomeProtectorofinfantstateagainstallattemptsonits

independence Firstsigned:Waitangi28thOctober1835 TeWherowhero(Waikato)later1stMaoriKing(Potatau)signedJuly1839

TiritioWaitangi:Maoritext[Transcriptionpg48] Act1:ChiefsgrantQueenrightsofkawanatanga(governorship) Act2:Queenreaffirmsrightsofrangatira(chiefs)toexercisetino

rangatiratanga(absoluteauthority)overwenua(lands),kainga(villages),toangakatoa(allthingstreasured)

Act3:Queenwillrespecttikanga(rights,ways)ofMaoriasshedoesthoseoftheEnglish

OralAct4/protocol:GovernoragreestorespectallfaithsandthelawsandcustomsofMaori

TreatyofWaitangi:Englishtext[Transcriptionpg49] Act1:TribescedesovereigntyabsolutelytotheQueenofEngland Act2:Queenguaranteesfull,exclusive&undisturbedpossessionoflands,

fisheries,forests&otherproperties Act3:MaoritobecomeBritishsubjects ComparetosummaryofMaoritext

WaitangiTribunal CreatedbytheTreatyofWaitangiAct1975 ApermanentcommissionofinquiryappointedbytheGovernmenttoinquire

intoandadvisetheGovernmentonclaimsbyMaoriagainsttheCrown Presidedoverbyajudge TribunalmemberswithadiverserangeofexpertiserelevanttoTribunal

inquiries TeTiritioWaitangi:plausibleMaoriunderstandings

Maoritextistheprimarytext,thoughactuallyachiefsword&manaismoreimportantthananywrittentext

Oraldebateisimportant(butonlyrecordedinEnglish) ExpectationsthatMaoriwouldsuffernodiminutionofmana,ofrangatira

authority QueentoactaskaitakiforMaoriandMaoritoprotectQueensGovernor GovernortomediatedisputesbetweenMaoriandEuropean

WaitangiTribunalMuriwhenuaLandReport(Wai45,1997) Maori&Queeninpartnership/alliance MaoriwouldbenefitfromPakehapresence Maori&Governorwouldbeequal Governorwouldinquireintolandtransactions GovernorwouldrespectMaorisocialstructure&dealthroughleaders British(unspoken)assumptionsincludedtheradicaltitleoftheCrownand(as

timewentby)theapplicationofEnglishlawtoallBritishsubjects WaitangiTribunalhearings20102011

WaitangiTribunalconvenedhearingsatWaitangiforthefirsttimeeverin2010=claimsofNgapuhitribe

FourweeksofhearingsdevotedexclusivelytoevidenceconcerningtheconstitutionalstatusoftheDeclarationandtheTreaty

ManyNgapuhiandexpertsassertedthattheindependence/rangatiratangaof1835wasaffirmedbyrangatiratangaguaranteesinthetreaty

Crownevidenceandsubmissionswerethattheindependence(suchasitwas)from1835wascededtotheBritishCrownin1840infavourofBritishsovereignty

WaitangiTribunalTePaparahioTeRaki(Wai1040,2014) TherangatiradidnotcedetheirsovereigntyinFebruary1840 Thatis,theydidnotcedetheirauthoritytomakeandenforcelawovertheir

peopleandwithintheirterritories Rather,theyagreedtosharepowerandauthoritywiththeGovernor.Thedetail

ofhowthisrelationshipwouldworkinpractice,especiallywheretheMaoriandEuropeanpopulationsintermingled,remainedtobenegotiatedovertimeonacasebycasebasis

ButtherangatiradidnotsurrendertotheBritishthesolerighttomakeandenforcelawoverMaori

ResponsestoReportMinisterofTreatyNegotiations ThereisnoquestionthattheCrownhassovereigntyinNewZealand.This

reportdoesntchangethatfact. Nothingwillchange.NewZealanderscanresteasyintheirbedstonightand

wakeupinthemorninghappyintheknowledgethattheQueenstillreignsoverusandthatthegovernmentstillrulesus.

ResponsestotheReportPrimeMinister

InmyviewNewZealandwasoneoftheveryfewcountriesintheworldthatweresettledpeacefully,

Maoriprobablyacknowledgethatsettlershadaplacetoplayandbroughtwiththemalotofskillsandcapital.

LectureFive:ParliamentandtheEnactmentofLaws

Constitution Executive Legislative Judicial

Wheredoesthepowerlie? MostinExecutive(publicservice/governmentdepartments)

Cabinetdirectsgovernmentpolicyanddecidesonthelegislativeprogramme

TechnicallydescribedasaninformalcommitteecreatedbyconstitutionalconventionandnotbyanystatuteBagehot(1867)pg52ofcoursebook

MinistersmustalwaysbeMembersofParliament,soseparationofpowersisnotcomplete

SystemsofParliament(Legislative) FirstPastthePost(Pre1996)

Partywithmostseatshadunbridledpowerregardlessofwhetherornotitwonasmanyvotesastheoppositionparty(asinboth1978and1981)andevenifitwonsubstantiallylessthan50%ofallvotes

Cabinethadneartotalpowerbycontrolofthegoverningcaucusandthusofparliament

Anelectedonepartystatefor3years Governmentswerenotboundbytheirpartyselectionmanifesto Parliamentcouldpasswhateverlawsitliked

ReformtoVotingSystem RoyalCommissionontheElectoralSystem1986inquiredandreported BothLabourin1987andNationalin1990brokepromisesmadeduring

theelectioncampaign Nonbindingreferendum1992onelectoralreformsvotedforchange Bindingreferendum1993choseMMP 1996firstMMPParliament

MixedMemberProportional(1996Onwards) Nopartyhasobtainedamajorityinparliamentsince1996 LessdominanceofParliamentbyCabinet,increaseddistinction

betweenExecutiveandLegislativefunctionsofgovernment CabinetManualnolongerrequiresCabinettobeunanimous(butnotall

ministersareinthesameParty) MorePowertotheHouseofRepresentatives?

Cabinetcannowincludemembersofpartiesnotinaformalcoalitionwithelectoratewinningmajorparties

MorepublicdebatewithintheHouse,insteadofbehindcloseddoorsofCabinetandcaucus

SomeuncertaintyoverwhatParliamentwillpass LegislativeProcess

UnicameralParliamentonechambernoUpperHouse(Since1951inNZ)

MostParliamentsarebicameraltwohouses AlmostallActsareintroducedasGovernmentBillsintheHouseof

Representatives ImportanceoftheCabinetLegislationCommitteeandtheCabinet

Manual PrivateMembersbillsfewareeverpassed Crimes(SubstitutedSection59)AmendmentAct2007[bashingor

smackingchildren]LectureSix:Courts&Juries

CommonLawSystem NZscourtandlawsystemsarederivedfromEnglandscommonlaw

Commonbeinginreferencetolawcommontothewholerealmasopposedtolocalorcustomlaw

MostcommonwealthnationsandtheUSAhaveacommonlawlegalsystemastheirpracticesaresimilarlyderivedfromEngland

DissimilartoCivilLawsystemsderivedfromtheRomanlawwhichapplyinalmostallothercountries(andQuebec,ScotlandandLouisiana)

HierarchyofCourts(seepage58incoursebookfordiagram) SuperiorCourts(mostLLBcoursesfocusonthese)

SupremeCourt CourtofAppeal HighCourt

InferiorCourts(mostcasestakeplaceherebutwithverylittlecontroversy) TribunalsandAuthorities(holdspecialisedjurisdictions)

SupremeCourtJurisdictionfinalappellatecourt:SupremeCourtAct2003 Purpose:

(1)ToestablishwithinNewZealandanewcourtoffinalappealcomprisingNewZealandjudges

(i)torecognisethatNewZealandisanindependentnationwithitsownhistoryandtraditionsand

(ii)toenableimportantlegalmatters,includinglegalmattersrelatingtotheTreatyofWaitangi,toberesolvedwithanunderstandingofNewZealandconditions,history,andtraditionsand

(iii)toimproveaccesstojustice.

(2)NothinginthisActaffectsNewZealandscontinuingcommitmenttotheruleoflawandthesovereigntyofParliament.

JurisdictionofCourts Authorityofcourtstomakedecisionsconferredbystatute

InherentJurisdiction(HighCourtonlyderivedfromallEnglishcourtjurisdictions)

Originalfirstinstance Appellateonappealtoahighercourt CriminalprosecutionsbyState Civildecisiononprivatedisputes

Modesoftrialorinquiry Adversarial

Partiesargue,courtdecides.Thenormincommonlawcourts. Inquisitorial

Tribunals,commissionsmayseekoutinformation Conciliationormediation

EspeciallyintheFamilyCourt AlsoRangatahiCourts(NgaKootiRangatahi)

AnalternativetotheYouthCourt LawDeclaredorMade

Declaratorytheoryofcommonlaw Judgesdeclarewhatthelawus[historical]

StareDecisis Rulesofbindingprecedent Casesformthepastbindlaterjudges

Roleofjudgestodevelopthelawisnowrecognised forgedandreforgedbythejudges[ThomasJ] dutyofthecourtistomakelaw[CookeP] judgesownconceptsofjusticeandfairness[GaultJ]

TrialbyJudgealone,orbyJudgeandJury Civiltrials

Nojury(exceptrarelyindefamationcases) Summarycriminaltrials

Judgealone Trialsonindictment(themoreseriouscrimes)inDistrictCourtandHighCourt

JudgeandJury Juryfindsverdictonevidence,followingdirectionsastolawfromthejudge

Jury Apeculiarfeatureofcommonlawjurisdictions,traced(somewhatdubiously)

backtotheMagnaCarta1215 Righttotrialbyonespeers

12Peopleselectedatrandomfromtheelectoralrollsofeligiblevoterslivingintheregionofthecourthearing

Ordinarypeoplewithoutexpertise,representativesofthecommunity JuryVerdicts

Judgesaskforunanimousverdict,but Civilcasesallowforamajorityafter4hours

Section29CJuriesAct (1)Inthissection,majorityverdictmeans,inrelationtoajurythat,atthe

timeofitsverdict,consistsofacertainnumberofjurors,averdictagreedtobyallbutoneofthem.

(2)Thecourtmayacceptamajorityverdictinacriminalcaseif (a)thejury,havingretiredtoconsideritsverdict,hasdeliberated

foratleast4hoursand (b)thejurorshavenotreachedaunanimousverdictand (c)theforepersonofthejuryhasstatedinopenCourt

(i)thatthereisnoprobabilityofthejuryreachingaunanimousverdictand

(ii)thatthejuryhasreachedamajorityverdictand (d)theCourtconsidersthatthejuryhashadaperiodoftimefor

deliberationthattheCourtthinksisreasonable,havingregardtothenatureandcomplexityofthetrial.

LectureSeven:SeparationofPowersChecksandBalances WhatisthebalanceofpowerasbetweentheCourts&theExecutive? DoesanyonebranchofgovernmentinNZhavesoleultimateauthority? Roleofcourtsinprotectingindividualrightsandtheruleoflaw

JudicialCheckonexecutivePower EntickvCarrington(1765)

Kingsmessengersusewarranttobreakintohomeofcitizenhoweveritisfoundthatthewarrantwasnotobtainedinaccordancewiththelaw

Executivemustactinaccordancewithlaw SearchandseizureunderwarrantissuedbySecretaryofState

mustbeauthorisedbyexistinglaw Argumentbasedonwhatisnecessaryfortheendsof

governmentwasrejectedbyLordCamdenCJ LordCamden,ChiefJustice

Ifitislaw,itwillbefoundinourbooks.Ifitisnottobefoundthere,itisnotlaw.

ProfessorAVDicey(18351922) TwinpillarsoftheEnglishconstitution ParliamentarySovereigntyan RuleofLaw LawoftheConstitution(1885)

SupremeCourtAct2003 S3(2)

NothinginthisActaffectsNewZealandscontinuingcommitmenttotheruleoflawandthesovereigntyofParliament

RobertDavidMuldoon(19211992) ProminentmemberoftheNationalpartyMPfortheTamakielectorate1960

1991 31stPrimeMinisterofNewZealandfrom1975to1984

NZSuperannuationAct1974 PassedbyLabourGovernment PromotedbyRogerDouglas(nowACT,thenLabour) Compulsoryleviesonworkers&employersinvestedintopensions(future

proofingforbabyboomersretirement) NationalPartyopposedthescheme(roleofgovernmenttosupportitspeople,

Muldoonhimselfgrowingupingovernmenthousing) MajorissueinNovember1975election PopularMandatetoabrogatethelawimmediately?

3daysafterbeingsworninasPrimeMinisterMuldoonissuesapressstatement:

Allsuperannuationleviestoceaseimmediately anewlawwouldretrospectivelyremoverequirementon

workersandemployerstopaylevy ExcusefrompunishmentanyonewhoreliedonPrimeMinisters

pressreleasenottopaylevy BoardofSuperCorpdecidednottoenforcepaymentoflevies,though

stillrequiredtodosobytheSuperannuationAct1974 Governmentsaidschemeendedon15December

ithadbeenadvisedthatnocourtactionwouldsucceed evenifincorrectaretrospectivelawwouldreimburseanylevies

MuldoonrefusedtoadviseGovernorGeneraltocallParliamentintosessionearly

TradeUnionsprosecutionsofemployersforbreachingActwerestayedbyAttorneyGeneralastheLawOfficeroftheCrown

FirzgeraldvMuldoon[1976]NZLR615 Fitzgerald,employeeinEducationDepartmentconductedaonemanprotest Triedtolevyeachpayday,IRDsaidno Claimedlossof$14.56&askedCourtfor:

DeclarationthatPrimeMinistersactionswereillegal InjunctionsorderingPrimeMinistertowithdrawhisannouncement&

reversehisinstructiontonotcollectleviesandnotenforcethelaw Motionforafixture

Plaintiffsoughturgenthearing Crownvigorouslyopposed:amatterconcerning$14.56wasnoturgent

Parliamentwouldmeetsoonandpassaretrospectivelaw

BeattieJorderedfixtureforimmediatehearingbeforeparliamentarysessionbeganinJune

Proceduralrightsadjectivallawcanbeasimportantassubstantiverights

Mainsubstantiveissue DidPrimeMinistersactionsbreachArticle1,BillofRights1688:

thepretendedpowerofsuspendingoflawsbyregalauthoritywithoutconsentofParliamentisillegal

JudgementofWildCJ ThiswasadecisionofwhatisnowtheHighCourtbutatthetimewas

calledtheSupremeCourt(nothingtodowithcurrentsupremecourt) TwolimbsinCourtjudgement:

BillofRights1688 ContextofBillofRights1688

JamesII(Catholic)soughtreligioustolerationbysuspendingantipapistlawsanddispensingcertaincatholicsfromcomplyingwithActofUniformity

GloriousRevolution1688overthrowsJamesII William&MaryofOrange(Protestants)accepted

DeclarationcontainingBillofRights Kingmustnowgovernonlythroughhisministers

inParliament DiceyonTheLawoftheConstitution

Courtsfindings Wasthe1974ActsuspendedbythePrimeMinisterorjustnot

enforced? PrimeMinisterdidnotinstructSuperannuationBoardor

tellStateServicesCommissiontostopdeductionsbothhadchoices

Buttheydidactbecauseofhispublicannouncement

Ifnoannouncementtheywouldhavekeptonapplying&enforcingthe1974Act

Remedies AdeclarationwasissuedthatthePrimeMinisterspress

statementwasillegal However,thecourtrefusedtograntaninjunctionthatwould

haveorderedtheSuperannuationSchemesAct1976waspassedbyParliamentandretrospectivelychangedthelaw

NZremainsaconstitutionalmonarchygovernedbytheBillofRights1688TheGovernorGeneralrepresentstheQueenofNewZealand

EnglishBillofRIghts1688isastatutethatisstillinforcetoday

EnglishLawsAct1858(from1840) ImperialLawsApplicationAct1988 SeveralrecentNewZealandcasesinterpretingtheBillofRights1688on

Parliamentaryprivilege&thelawofdefamation [1688BillhasnoconnectionwiththeNZBillofRightsAct1990.The1990Act

dealswithquitedifferentmatters] Timeline:

1974LabourgovernmentenactedSuperannuationAct1974 12December1975Muldoonswornin 15December1975Muldoonmakesstatement LateMarch1976Proceedingsfiled LateMay1976FixtureaccededbyBeattieJ 31May3June1976Hearing 11June1976WildCJjudgement LateJune1976Parliamentreconvened

LectureEight:AnotherCourtIntervention PrivateBodies&PublicInterest

FinniganvNZRugbyUnion(1985) Backgroundto1985CourtCase

ApartheidandSport NationalPartygovernmentofSouthAfricaformalisedracially

segregativeApartheidLawsafter1948,althoughracialsegregationhadexistedlongprior.

LongstandingNZRFUdecisionwastorespectthesensitivitiesoftheirhostsbynotselectinganyMaoriplayersforSouthAfricantours

NewZealandgovernmentcannotstopNewZealandersfromleavingNewZealandandsoonlydiscouragedthe1985tour.

HoweverthegovernmentcanrefusevisastothoseenteringNewZealandwhichtheLabourgovernmentdecidedtodoin1973formoralreasonsandfearofjeopardisingtheChristchurchCommonwealthgamesin1974

RisingTideofProtest MaoriplayersareexcludedfromAllBlacktourstoSouthAfricain1928,

1949,1960and1976 1960NoMaorisNoTourcampaignbuttheNZRFUcontinuedpolicy 1960sonUnitedNationssanctionsagainstSouthAfrica 1973GovernmentcalledofSouthAfricatourtoNewZealand(contrary

toLabourelectionpromisein1972) 1976AllBlacktourtoSouthAfricaduringSowetouprising28African

nationsboycottedOlympicGamesinMontrealspecificallyinprotesttoNewZealandspolicies

1977CommonwealthGleneaglesAgreement:GovernmentsrequiredtodiscouragesportingcontactswithSouthAfrica

MassProtests:1981SouthAfricaTourofNewZealand 1981NZRFUinvitedSouthAfricatoNewZealand PrimeMinisterMuldoonformallydiscouragedtour,butemphasised

thattheRugbyUnionhadtherighttodecideforthemselves LegalchallengebyBishopAshbytostopvisasforSouthAfricateam

failed Country&familiesdivided Massdisobedience,riots,arrestseverymatchday:300,000protesters

onstreets InvitationforAllBlackstoTourSouthAfricain1985

LabourgovernmentaskedNZRFUtosayno UnanimousParliamentaryresolutionaskingNZRFUtosayno,butno

lawtostopthetourwasproposed Churchesandothersspokeoutinopposition Threatsbyantiapartheidmovementtorepeatmassprotests1981style

inNewZealandoneverymatchdayduringthe1985tour JudgementsinThisCase,FirstProcedural:ThenaTrial

1.DavidsonCJ(HighCourt)plaintiffshadnostandingtobringacaseagainsttheNZRFU

CourtofAppealreversedChiefJusticeplaintiffsdidhavestandingtosue 2.CaseJ(HighCourt)Agreedtoissueaninteriminjunctiontopreventtourof

SouthAfricaproceedinguntilRNZFUhadconsideredALLoftheobjectivesofitsconstitution.

[Nofinalhearingonaninjunctionevertookplace.AppealonstandingissuetoPrivyCouncilrefused]

LegalStandingIssue Onlypeoplewithspecialinterestaffectedbyadecisioncanbringcourt

proceedings Plaintiffswere

ActivemembersofAucklandrugbyclubs Notmerebusybodiesormischiefmakers HadnocontractwithNZRFUbutlinkedtoUnionbychainofcontracts HadgenuineinterestinwhetherNZRFUactedagainstitsownobjectsof

promoting,fostering&developinggameofrugby. WhatElseCourtofAppealConsidered

NZRFUtechnicallyaprivatesportsbodybutitsdecisionshaveanalogieswithpubliclaw

JudgestooljudicialnoticethatsignificantnumberofNewZealanderswerestronglyfor&stronglyagainsttour

DecisionaffectsNewZealand'sinternationalstanding In1981thecourtsappliedlawimpartiallyagainstprotesters

CourtsmustnowimpartiallyassessNZRFUdecisionmakingprocedures PublicLawAnalogy

HigherobligationonNZRFUthanordinaryprivatebodies DecisionimportanttorugbyandtoNewZealand CookePsuggestsspecialareaboundarybetweenpublicandprivateisnot

realistic UnionmustspecificallyconsiderinterestsofNewZealandrugbyasawhole,

notjustthepromotionofAllBlacktours RobinBruskillCooke,BaronCookeofThorndon,ONZ,KBE,QC,PC(9May1926

30August2006) NewZealandjudge PresidentofCourtofAppeal LordofAppealoftheBritishHouseofLords MemberofJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil

InterimInjunctionHighCourt(CaseyJ) Interiminjunctionsareurgentorderstopreservestatusquountilfullhearingfor

injunctioncanbeheard Balanceofconvenienceandhardshipasbetweenthepartiesaremattersfor

thejudgesdiscretion ItwasfortheNZRFU(notthecourt)tomakethefinaldecision,butithadtobe

alawfuldecisioninaccordwithitsownconstitution WhyMighttheTourBreachNZRFUObjects?

NZRFUsaidobjecttopromotegamewasseparatefromobjecttoarrangetours Courtdisagreed NZRFUhadexplicitlydisregardedrecenthistoryandappealsfromgovernment 1981tourwasdisasterforcountry 1985tourtoSouthAfricamaybenefitrugbyinNewZealand NZFRUshouldreconsideritsdecisioninthelightofallitsobjectstomakea

lawfuldecision NZRFUApologyin2010

TheUnionaplogisedformallyforitspolicytorespectSouthAfricansensitivitesanddisallowMaoriplayersfromSouthAfricantoursfrom1920stothe1980sinMay2010

RoleofCourtsinControversialCases DifferentJudgesreacheddifferentdecisionsoverthestandingofthe

complainantsafterhearingthesamelegalarguments Lawmaybeuncertain ShouldcourtshaveintervenedwhenGovernmentandParliamentrefused? Notethatproceduralmattersstandingandbalanceofconveniencein

injunctionsdecidedtheactualoutcomeofthetourbeingcancelled AretheCourtsthereforeusefulasapartofthechecksandbalancesinour

constitution?

LectureNine:ImpactofColonialLegislationonMaori PassiveresistanceprophetsatParihakainTaranaki WestCoast(NorthIsland)ActsofParliament

topreservepeaceintheColony ParliamentarySovereigntyagain

ColonialWars18451872 ResistancebysomeMaoritoEuropeanexpansion

SomeMaorifoughtbesidetheCrown 1860sWaikatoWar,2ndTaranakiWar,18,000Imperialtroops Britishlostsomebattles,butwonthewars Furtherguerrillawars(TeKootivcolonialmilitias)until1872 Landlossbyconfiscationinafewdistricts NativeLandCourtalienationsinwholecountry

NewZealandSettlementsAct1863 S.2GovernorinCouncilcandeclareDistrictwhereNativesengagedin

rebellion DelegationofpowerfromLegislativetoExecutive

S.3Setaparteligiblesitesforsettlement S.4AlldistrictisCrownlandMaorititleextinguished

Raupatu S.5Compensationgrants,butonlytoindividualswhoprovetheyareloyal

natives GoingagainstthecommunalownershipandtribalbeliefsofMaori

S.19Proceedsoflandsalestomeetwarandsettlementcosts Parihaka

1870sthrivingTaranakicommunity PropheticleadersTeWhiti&Tohu Passiveresistance&isolationism Monthlymeetings,supportfromotheriwi Demandgovernmentinquireintolandgrievances Settlersdemandopeningupofland Maoriliftsurveypegs&ploughlandmorethan200arrested,butnotbrought

tocourttrespassingisnotacrimethen SomesettlersurgeforexterminationofMaori

MaoriPrisoners MaoriPrisonersActs

Deferredtrialsindefinitely SentprisonerstoSouthIslandgaols Writofhabeascorpussuspended

Oneofavarietyofwritsthatmaybeissuedtobringapartybeforeacourtorjudge,havingasitsfunctionthereleaseofthepartyfromunlawfulrestraint.Therightofacitizentoobtainsuchawrit.OlderthanMagnaCarta1215

WestCoastSettlement(NorthIsland)Act1880 Introducednewoffences(onlyinthenewlyconfiscatedterritory)

Toploughfields Toremovepegs Toerectfences Todiguproads Toassembleingroups PrisonersheldnowdeemeddetainedunderthisAct,though

withoutpriortrialorconviction SackingofParihaka,November1881

NativeMinisterBryceandtroopsattackParihaka Receivedwithflowersbydancingchildren Readriotact ArrestTeWhiti&Tohu ImprisonTeWhiti&Tohu SendTeWhiti&TohutoChristchurch Rape,looting,destructionofcrops Villagerazed MaorisupportersforcedtoleaveWestCoast&arebannedfromholding

meetings WestCoastPeacePreservationAct1882

TeWhiti&Tohuareheldonseditionchargesbutnevertried Noneedtopunish,butpreventativedetentionifreleased,prisonerswould

resumemeetings&causeapprehensionforpeaceableinhabitants.NoreleaseexceptbyorderofGovernor

MeetingsatParihakawerestopped.GroupsofMaoricannotassemblepublicly,canbearrested,fined,imprisonediftheydo.

THISLAWAPPLIEDONLYTOMAORILectureTen:TheTreatyandtheCourts

Oldorthodoxypriorto1980s Neworthodoxysince1987 Howsignificantarethechangesintheapproachestakenbyjudgessince

1987? OldOrthodoxy

3PivotalCases R[TheQueen]vSymonds(1847)

Colonisationisguidedandcontrolledbythegovernment.ItdecidesontherightsthatMaorihave.

WiParatavBishopofWellington(1877) Governmentactsofstatearenotexaminablebythecourts

Treatywasasimplenullity TeHeuHeuTukinovAoteaDistrictMaoriLandBoard(1941)

Treatywasacessionofsovereignty,butisnotenforceablelawunlessincorporatedintodomesticlaw

ParamountcyofstatutesinNewZealandlaw CourtsrefusedtogobehindCrowngrantstolandissuedbytheGovernor[ie

theExecutive] AllcasesaffirmedlegitimacyofCrownsovereignty,buttookdifferent

approachestothestatusoftheTreatyofWaitangi RvSymonds(1847)

Crownhasexclusiverighttoacquirenewterritory&radicaltitletoallland Priorcustomary/aboriginaluserightscontinueuntilextinguishedbyCrown Treaty[Englishtext]confirmsthis CrownpreemptionCrownhassolerighttoextinguishnativetitle.Settlers

cannotpurchasefromMaori Contrastingperspectives

MorrissviewthattheSupremeCourtin1847tookafavourableviewofthetreatyofWaitangi

HickfordsinformationthatthecourtexplicitlyrejectedargumentsbasedonthewordingofbothtextsoftheTreaty

ParataDecision OnlyCrowncanextinguishnativetitle CourthasnopowertovoidaCrowngrantactsofstatecannotbequestioned

byjudges NewZealandacquiredbydiscoveryandoccupation,notacededcolony

Treatywasasimplenullity Treatyisapolitical/moralobligationonlyand,indealingwithprimitive

semibarbarians,governmentmustbearbiterofitsownjustice ParatavBishopofWellington(1877)infamousquotations

Maoritribeslackedcapacitytoenterintotreaty:theMaoritribeswereincapableofperformingthedutiesandthereforeassumingtherightsofacivilisedcommunity

Maorihadnolaw:hadanybodyoflaworcustom,capableofbeingunderstoodandadministeredbythecourtsofacivilisedcountry,beenknowntoexist,theBritishgovernmentwouldsurelyhaveprovidedforitsrecognition

TreatyofWaitangi:sofarindeedasthatinstrumentpurportedtocedethesovereigntyitmustberegardedasasimplenullity

TeHeuHeuvAoteaDMLBoard(1941)(PrivyCouncil) BoardempoweredbyGovernmenttoactinwaysthatmeantNgatiTuwharetoa

lostlandasaresultoffailedbusinessesinDepression NgatiTuwharetoainvokedTreatyarticle2thatTreatyboundthegovernment

toprotecttheirland PrivyCouncil

Treatywasavalidtreatyofcession,BUTrightsconferredbytreatyofcessioncanbeenforcedonlyifincorporatedintodomesticlawbyanAct

ofParliament.TreatydidnothelpandsoNgatiTuwharetoalostthiscase,

1980s:Thetimestheyareachanging OldprecedentslikeWiParatanowseentobeproblematic Maoriactivismconfrontedcourtsin1970s&1980s Challengesfromlawyers&academics Maorichallenges,especiallyonenvironmentmattersMaoricultural&spiritual

valuesshouldberecognisedinlaw StateOwnedEnterprisesAct1986

GovernmenttotransferCrownownedassetstoStateOwnedEnterprises MaoriclaimsinWaitangiTribunalcouldonlybeagainstCrownassetsunder

newpowerstoinquireintohistoricalclaims(1985) LastminuteinclusionofTreatyrelatedsectionsin1986Act Section9:NothinginthisActshallpermittheCrowntoactinamanner

inconsistentwiththeprinciplesoftheTreatyofWaitangi NZMaoriCouncilvAG(1987)[SOElandscase]

Maorisaidtransferofassetswouldbreachsection9 CA:Broadlanguageofs9prevailsoverallelseinSOEActitmustbeheldto

meanwhatitsaysCourthadtodefinewhatprinciplesoftheTreatyactuallyare

IssueddeclarationsagainstCrownnoassettransfersuntilsystemofsafeguardsforMaori

[SomenegotiatedsafeguardswereagreedtobetweenCrownandMaoriputintoa1988Act]

ImpactofSOEcase? AgenuinevictoryforMaori Noretreatnowfrompostcolonialera Inspiredstrokeofajudicialpen Subtleculturalrepositioning Agenuineseachangeinlegaldiscourse InanycaseWiParatanowrejectedbyNewZealandcourts

PrinciplesoftheTreatyofWaitangisince1987 PartnershipbetweenCrownandMaoribasedonreasonablenessandgood

faith Fiduciarydutyoncrown,activelyprotectMaoriintereststofullestextent

practicable RightofredressforTreatybreaches

redressisnotcompensation Maoridutyofloyaltyandcooperation RightofCrowntogovern 100ActsofParliamentcontainthephraseprinciplesoftheTreatyofWaitangi

NZMaoriCouncilvAttorneyGeneral[BroadcastingAssetscase] TreatyisofthegreatestconstitutionalimportancetoNewZealandbut

TeHeuHeustillremainsacorrectstatementoflaw Treatyisenforceableonlyifincorporatedintodomesticlawnoconstitutional

constraintonParliamentarysupremacyLectureEleven:Courts,Executive,Parliament&TeTiritioWaitangi

TeRunangaoWharekauriRekohuvAttorneyGeneral(Sealordcase1992)[1993]2NZLR301

RoleofCourts Holdexecutiveaccountable,ensuringthatthePrimeMinisteractslawfullybut

willleaveittoParliamenttorepeallawsasinFitzgeraldvMuldoon Holdprivatebodiesaccountable,ensuringtheyactlawfullyintermsoftheir

ownconstitutionbutwillleavefinaldecisionmakingtothemasinFinniganvRNZFU

ShouldthecourtsinterfereinproposalsfromtheExecutivetoParliamenttoconsider,orleavethattoParliamenttodecideupon

Maoriclaimstofisheries Maoricosmology&tikanga:Tangaroa,atuaofthesea,isoneoftheoriginal

mythicancestors MaoritextofTiritioWaitangi:sayaHapuretaintotalauthorityoveralltaonga EnglishtextofTreaty:saysMaoriretainundisturbedexclusivepossessionof

fisheries Coloniallaw,aboriginaltitle:priorMaorirightstofisheriesapplyuntil

extinguishedbystatute ColoniallawonTreaties:Maorirightsareenforceableifrecognisedindomestic

law,and Legislation,s88(2)FisheriesAct1983:nothinginthisActshallaffectanyMaori

fishingrights 1980sMaorifisheriesclaims

QuotaManagementSystem[QMS]1986creatednewexclusiveprivatepropertyrightstocatchfishforcommercialpurposes

MaoriopposedQMSbecause ManysmallscaleMaorifisherswereexcluded Quotasbreachedtheirexistinglegallyguaranteedpropertyrights

19881992:WaitangiTribunalreports,HighCourt,andCourtofAppealcasesallaffirmedcontinuingMaorifishingrightsandpreventedfurtherextensionofQMSunlesstheseMaorilegalrightshadbeendealtwith

PreludetoSealordsDeed MaoriFisheriesAct1989interimsettlementfollowingMuriwhenuaFishing

ClaimReport1988 Transfer10%ofquotatoMaoriFisheriesCommissionover4years CrownappointsMFCCommissioners Litigationsuspendedfor4yearsuntil1993

1992WaitangiTribunalNgaiTahuSeaFisheriesReportagainupheldextensiveMaoriclaimstoseafisheries

1992SharesinSealordLtdaprivatefishingcompanyputupforsale(itheld26%ofNewZealandfishingquota),entirelycoincidentally

TermsofSealordDeed Crown/Maori/BrierleysInvestmentsLtdjointventuretoacquireSealordLtd CrowntopayMaori$150milliontodevelopfisheries,includingSealord Crowntopasslawstoensure20%ofquotasinnewquotaspeciestogoto

Maori Newlawswillregulatenoncommercialfishingtorecognisetraditionalfishing

practices CrownwillreconstituteFisheriesCommission

ObjectionsfromsomeMaori ToacceptquotaassettlementafterchallengingtheQuotaManagement

Systemisseenasacontradiction MaoriNegotiatorschosenarbitrarilybasedonwhowereplaintiffsin1980s

courtcases Consultations&huimanipulatedforaquickresultinfavourofMaorinegotiators Manyiwi/hapudidnotagreetotheDeedhowevertheirrightswouldalsobe

extinguished,withoutconsent CourtofAppealdecision

Deedchallengedbyplaintiffsfrom13nonsigningiwi[tribes] CourtofAppeal:

Publicpolicyrequiresthatcourtsdonotinterferewithparliamentaryprocesses.WhetheraMinistershouldintroduceaBilltoParliamentwerepoliticalquestionsforpoliticaljudgement.Curialnonintervention=ThiswasnottheCourtsbusiness.

Maoricanchallengelawonlyafterenactment Manydidsoandthereweremanycourtchallenges.Itwasnotuntilthe

MaoriFisheriesAct2004thatthe1992settlementwasfinallyimplemented

WaitangiTribunalhearing DeedchallengedasbreachofTreatyofWaitangi TribunalcriticisedpovertyofspiritofDeedandlackofproperprovisionfor

noncommercialMaorifisheries,butoverallaccepteditasfairinthecircumstances:TheCrownhasdonewellinourtime

RejectedviewthatMaoriwereentitledto100%offisheries[exclusiverightsasinTreaty]andthatMaoriseeking50%wasareasonablecompromise

TreatyofWaitangi(FisheriesClaims)SettlementAct1992 Full&finalsettlementofallMaoriclaimstocommercialfisheries Section9:allcommercialfisheriesclaimsbyMaori,current&future,however

sourced,havebeenacknowledgedandfinallysettled FisheriesActsection88(2)isrepealed CourtsnolongerhavejurisdictiontoconsidervalidityofMaorifisheriesclaims,

orvalidityoftheSealordDeedofSettlementitself

Crown,notCourts,decidesonCrownsdutiestoMaori Anationcannotcastitselfadriftfromitsownfoundations.TheTreatystands.

BUT Fiduciary[trustlike]dutyofCrowntoMaoriBUT ManyMaoriwerehappywiththedealwhilemanywerenot.TheGovernment

decidedthatenoughMaorisupportedthedeal Fortheplaintiffs,theSealordsCaseoutcomewasnotallthatdifferenttothe

ParatacasetheTreatyisanunenforceablenullity CourtsdonotassesstheCrownscompliancewiththeTreatyParliament

doesthat

PartB:ConceptsofLawLectureTwelve:NaturalLawTheories

Whatmakeslawlaw? Morality?

Whosemorality? Isimmorallawtrulylaw?

Isthelawdifferentfromvaluesorconventionsetc? Shouldlawbejudgedbyexternalcriteria?

NaturalLawTheorists Aristotle

384322BC Athens,Greece Properlawispartofthenaturalorder

StThomasAquinas 12251274 Sicily,Naples,Paris,Rome Thatwhichisnotjustisnotlaw

JohnFinnis 1940 Adelaide,Australia&Oxford,England Lawmustcomplywithfundamentalprinciples

Conservativeand/orradical? PHarris,2007 NaturalLawisoftenusedtojustifyexistingsocialandlegalorder NaturalLawisalsooftenusedtojustifyoverthrowingoropposing

existingsocialandlegalorderLectureThirteen:LegalPositivistTheories

LegalPositivistTheorists JohnAustin

Lawcomprisesthecommandsfromanuncommandedcommander HansKelsen

Puretheoryoflawnotatallconcernedwiththelegitimacyormoralcontentoflaw

HLAHart Ruleofrecognitionacceptedbyofficialsdetermineswhichrulesare

lawandwhicharenotlaw Differencesofapproachbutcloselyaligned

LegalPositivismisaproductof19thand20thcenturylawandlegalphilosophy Theeraofthenationstate Whiledifferentlyexpressedbythetheoriststhereisagreementamongst

positivists Verydifferenttonaturallaw

AmoralLegalPositivism DespitetheoftenabhorrentnatureofsomelawsthestanceofLegalPositivism

stillacknowledgesthemaslawLectureFourteen:TikangaMaoriPerspectivesonLaw

LegalPositivismTikangaisnotlaw ColonialLawdeniedthevalidityoftikangaasreallaw WiParata(1877)

RejectsNativeCustomaslawevenifmentionedinanAct AboriginaltitleisnotTikanga

Assumptionsaboutlaw Allsocietiesandtheirlawsarereflectiveoftheirunique

Values Philosophies Worldviews

Eachsocietyseesitssystemasnormalandothersasunorthodox Butareothersystemsnotlaworjustdifferent?

NaturalLaw/HumanRightsandTikanga Westernhumanrightslookattheindividualasopposedtothecollective DoUNselfdeterminationprinciplesincludethecollectiverightsofindigenous

peoples? UNDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples2007hadonly4

dissenters,includingNewZealand,allofwhichnowagree. StartingpointsforcustomaryrightsinAotearoa(accordingtoAniMikaere)

Inherentstatusastangatawhenua AffirmedinDeclarationofIndependence,1835 GuaranteedagaininTeTiritioWaitangi,1840

TikangaMaorifirstlawoftheland NgatikangaMaori

Therightandproperways Commonlyunderstoodrulesaimingtokeepfollowingwellbeingsin

balance: Spiritual

Environmental Physical Social

Tikangaisdistinctfromture. TurearelawsoftheBible,Parliament,andCourts

AndrewEruetisCoreConceptsofTikanga Utu

Balancemustberestored Mana

Spiritualpowerandauthority Whakapapa

Ancestral,genealogicallinkagesbondsbetweenpeople,ancestorsandthewholeenvironment

Whanaungatanga Relationshipsbasedonfamilykinshiplinkages

ComparewithwesternideasofJustice,Fairness,andEqualitybeforethelawasfundamentalvalues

Whanaungatanga,Utu Anyonepersonswrongdoingreflectsontheirwhanauandisashared

responsibility Anywrongapersonissubjectedtoreflectsontheirwhanauandisashared

responsibility Remedialactionissoughttoberestorativetorestorethebalanceand

wellbeingofthewhanau GeneralisedComparisons

EnglishLaw TikangaMaori

Individual Collective

IndividualResponsibility

Whanaungatanga

ChristianSources MaoriCosmology

HumansSuperior HumansInterconnected

Abstracted Contextual

Written Oral

FormalPrecedents Whakapapa

Legislative/Judiciary Hui,Wananga

Right,WrongorDifferent?

DiscussionofTikangaincourseisnottodeterminethebestoronlylawinAotearoaNewZealand

Theimportanceistheexistenceofmultipleconceptsoflawinasingleterritoryornation

ManynationsrecogniseadiversesetoflegalsystemsegUSAandUKLectureFifteen:LegalRealism&CriticalLegalStudies

ImportantQuestions Whatcanwelearnaboutlawinactionfromgrandtheory? Dosocietieshaveagenerallyacceptedsharedmorality? Areanyvaluesuniversalorarethereagreeddefinitionsofnatural? Doeslawrepresentcommunityvaluesorisitimposedbytherulers?

ImageryofJustice Womanbalancingthescales(Themis,Iustitia/Justitia)

Oddchoiceoffemaleiconographyconsideringthehistoricalroleofwomenassomewhatrelegatedfiguresintheeyesofthelaw.

Blindfoldrepresentssocialorderabstractedfromthesocialcontext Corereferencepointofthereasonableman

LawinContext:Realism Rejectionofformalismandgrandtheories Impatiencewiththeoryoverobservablefact

theviewofourfriendthebadmanOliverWendellHolmes,SupremeCourtJustice19021932

ThepropheciesofwhatthecourtswilldoinfactarewhatImeanbythelaw

KarlLlewellynrulesceptic ProfessoratColumbiaLawSchoolinNewYork,19251951principal

drafteroftheUniformCommercialCode 9headingsofarealistsmanifesto

Lawinflux(change/judgemadelaw) Lawasameanstosocialends,notanendwithinitself Societyinfluxfasterthanlaw Temporarydivorceofisandoughtforthepurposeofstudy Distrustoftraditionallegalrulesandconceptsastrueinpractice Distrustintheideathattraditionalpracticesarethemainfactorin

courtdecisions Beliefingroupingcasesandlegalsituationsintonarrower

categories(subjectivitybeingkey) Insistenceinevaluatingthelawbyitseffects Insistenceonsustainedandprogrammaticattackonthe

problemsoflaw CriticalLegalStudiesCLS

MuchmoreradicalcritiqueoflawthantheRealistsfocusonjudges&discretion

Fromthe1970s InfluentialintheUSAacademiccirclesegHarvardLawSchool RocksuccessortoRealismsJazzjurisprudence CLSoffshootsincludeFeministLegalTheoryandCriticalRaceTheory

Chambliss&Seidman Rejectionoffavouritemyths

Oursisagovernmentoflaws,notofmen equalitybeforethelaw

ThestateisNOTvalueneutral,iustitiaasasymbolisasham InfluenceofMarxism,thenpostmodernism

Controlofthestateisthepoliticalprizesoughtbythemostpowerfultoprotecttheirinterests

Conflictmodelsofsocietynoticeinequitiesanddisparitiesbasedongender,class,ethnicityetc.

ConflictorConsensus Naturallaw,Positivism,TikangaMaori(&Realism)allassumeasocial

consensuslawreflectingthis. Doesthestateequitablyrepresenttheinterestsofall?

IsCLSjustoutofdateleftistposturing? Hascapitalismtriumphed?\

LectureSixteen:CriticalPerspectivesFeministLegalTheory,ThirdWorldApproachestoInternationalLaw,&CriticalRaceTheory

FeministLegalTheory Deepseatedgenderbiasinlaw

Blindfoldedwomanbalancingthescales Assumesajustsocialorderabstractedfromsocialcontext HOWEVER,NaffinenotesthatLawsconceptionofthereasonable

personistypicallyamoniededucatedmiddleclassMALE. Naffine:Phasesoffeministjurisprudence

Phase1:Malemonopolyoverlaw Phase2:Lawprivilegesmensworldview Phase3:Lawservesasatoolofsocialreformandofrepressionfor

women Goals&Outcomes

Formalequalityofwomen&menunderthelaw? Differentrulesforwomen? Underminegenderednotionsofobjectivity/rationality?

HistoryofWomeninAngloCentricLaws Exclusionfrompublicaffairs

TheQueenvHarrald(EnglishCourtofAppeal,1872) Rightofwomentovoteinmunicipalelections

1869Statute

wordwhichimportthemasculinegendershallbeheldtoincludefemales

CourtofAppeal ThisprovisiondoesNOTincludemarried

women marriageisatcommonlawatotal

disqualificationandamarriedwoman,therefore,couldnotvote,herexistencebeingmergedinthatofherhusband.[MellorJ]

EdwardsvAttorneyGeneral(Canada,1930) A.C.124thePersonsCaseonmembershipofthe

CanadianSenate Doesthewordpersonsinsection24ofThe

BritishNorthAmericaAct,1867,includefemalepersons

In1867,No SupremeCourt(Canada):StillNoin1928

unanimousdecision PrivyCouncil:Exclusionofwomenisarelicof

daysmorebarbarousthanours.SupremeCourtreversed

DomesticViolence Genderneutrallanguageinlawdoesnotmeanthatsocialrealitiesand

lawsoperationsaregenderneutral,butchangeispossible Abolitionin2009ofprovocationasadefencetoamurdercharge

ThirdWorldApproachestoInternationalLaw(TWAIL) Acriticalapproachtointernationallawnotamethodinthestrict

senseofquestioningwhatthelawis Anapproachthatdrawsonthehistoryoftheencounterbetween

internationallawandcolonisedpeoples MakauMatua,Kenya/USA

TWAILisaconflicttheoryconflict,ratherthanconsensus,isafeatureofinternationalrelations

Decolonisationandpoliticalindependencefrom1947didnoteliminateconflictsandinequity

InternationallawreinforceWesternhegemonybothintheoryandpractice

EnforcementofWesterndominanceisessentiallyneocolonialism TWAILchallengestheassumeduniversalismofinternationallaw

WesternHegemony VetopowersonSecurityCouncilofUnitedNations

WorldBank,InternationalMonetaryFund,WorldTradeOrganization,GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade

Whyshouldfreetrade,privatepropertyvaluestrumpotherhumanvalues?

PartC:TheConceptofPropertyLectureSeventeen:PrivateProperty

LegalconceptslikepropertyareoftentakenforgrantedascommonsensebutPartCasks:

WhatisdefinedasProperty? Whohasrightstowhat? Whataresuchrights? Howdosuchrightsaffectothers? Howandwhyweretheserightscreated?

Definitionofproperty Themeaningofpropertydiffersaccordingtotime,place,culture,&who

definesit Propertyimplieslegalrightsandrelationshipsintermsofparticularthings

protectedbythelaw Tangible,observablethingsegland,house,car,gold,design Intangible,abstractthingseginventions,ideas,sounds Definitionsarenotconstantegslaveryastherighttoownpeople

Historyofslavery Oncejustifiedasanaturalright,formostofhumanhistory

ArgumentsbothforANDagainstitinvokednaturallawtheory,religiousvalues,andinherentrights

SlavetradebutnotslaverywasbannedbytheUKin1807 Abolition

BritishEmpire Emancipationin1833

TikangaMaori Slaveryceasedin18351845

UnitedNations ConventionsfortheSuppressionoftheTrafficin

Personsin1949 USA

13thAmendmenttoUSConstitutionin1865 slaveryandinvoluntaryservitudeisnot

toexistwithintheUnitedStatesoranyplacesubjecttotheirjurisdiction.unlessasapunishmentforcrimeifthepersonhasbeendulyconvicted

CivilRightsAct1866 14thAmendmenttoUSConstitutionin1868

GrantedcitizenshiptoallpersonsbornornaturalisedintheUnitedStates,includingformerslavesrecentlyfreed.

Forbidsstatesfromdenyinganypersonlife,libertyorproperty,withouttheprocessoflaw

Forbidsdenyinganyonewithinitsjurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthelaws.

Moderndayoutcomesofslavery RacerelationsintheUS

PatriciaJWilliamspositsthatmanywhiteAmericans,whileabhorredbyslavery,remaintoenvisageblackAmericansascriminalsintheLockeansense(aspeoplewhowantsomethingfornothingandfailtoconsidertheresponsibilityofproperty)andunconsciouslyorsymbolicallyexcludethemfrompropertyrights.

LockeandtheNaturalLawOriginsofPrivateProperty Godgavetheworldtomenincommonfortheiruse

Nothoweverwithoutresponsibility,theywerecommandedtosubdueandcultivatetheearthnottoleaveitcommonanduncultivated

Propertyisthereforederivedfromlabourandwork Commonsenclosedandannexedasproperty Fruitsoftheearthforthebenefitofindustriousandrationalpeople

Propertyengagedtheideasofprogress Mainfocusofpropertywaslandownership

LockeanTheoryappliedinNewZealand In1846instructionsweregiventoGovernorgreytocoloniseNew

Zealandfaster,howevertheTreatyhadgrantedallownershipoflandtotheMaoriinarticle2

TotaketheMaorissocalledWasteLandswithouttheconsentoftheownerswouldleadtooutrageandpossiblywar.

BothMaoriandmissionariesrejectedLockeantheory GovernorGreydecidedin1857tousethepreemptionclauseto

purchasethelandatludicrouslylowrates. CriticalTheoristsrejectionofLockeanideology

Chambliss&SeidmanUSscholarsofcriticallegalstudies Propertyrulesreflectandcreatepower Corporatepowerhasrisenundercapitalism

Moderncapitalismpreventsfruitsoflabourfromgoingtolabourers(asLockestheorywouldassume)buttoshareholderswhoriskmoneybutdonotprovidelabour

Lockesjustificationisnolongervalidyetstillcontinuestobeprotectedbylaw

LectureEighteen:MaoriApproachestoProperty PartialIncorporationofTikangaMaoriintotheStateLegalSystem

TikangaMaoriPerceptions ManaWhenuaisadifferentconcepttolandasproperty Nokuteneiwhenua(peopleoftheland)NOTNakuteneiwhenua(landofthe

people) Maoriaremembersoftheenvironmentasopposedtoitsmasters Whenuatranslatestobothlandandplacenta,whichisburiedinthelandto

signifythespiritualbond MythandLegend

Nottobeseenashistoricallyaccurate MataurangaMaoriasacorpusoffundamentalknowledge Holisticviewoftheuniverse Tangaroa,asanexampe,requiresrespectfortheseaanditscreaturesand

thusrequiredprotocolforusingit QuestionsonIncorporatingTikangainLaw

CanMaoriconceptsbefittinglyrelevantinEnglishlanguagelaws? HowtobalanceMaoriconceptsinNewZealandlaws?

eg,kaitiakitangaisverymuchunlikepropertyright Doestrueequalitybeforethelawrequirereformlaws?

Rangatira/PartnershipAndreaTunks TinoRangatirasitsuponcrowntitle LesserpowerthanCrownsovereignty CourtsandCrownpreferthe(fiduciary)principlesofthetreaty

Partnership ActiveProtection GoodFaith

Consultationrightsonlyshallhaveregardto NovetopowerforMaori

ResourceManagementAct1991 ExplicitrecognitionofMaorivaluesinNewZealandkaw Mattersofnationalimportancesection6(e) IncorporationofKaitiakitangasection7 DefinitionofKaitiakitangasourcedinspiritualinterconnectedbondsofhuman

&naturalworld Howdoesthiscomparetothenotionsofstewardshipor

guardianship?

Newsection2definitionnowmentionstangatawhenuaandtikangaMaori,butremainstobedefinedandappliedbyEnvironmentCourtjudges

Tribunalrecommendations TheCrownmustactivelyprotectthecontinuingobligationsofkaitiakitanga

Balancethesewithotherlegitimateinterests InsomeinstancesallowcontrolbyMaoriofimportanttaonga

Orpartnershipindecisionmaking Oreffectiveinfluenceinenvironmentalinfluence

EnhancedIwimanagementplansgreateruseofnationalpolicystatementsLectureNineteen:PrivateProperty,Power&theCriminalLaw

Capitalpunishmentastheprimaryinstrumentofthecriminallawtoprotectprivateproperty

ProtectingPropertybytheCriminalLawtheBloodyCode Between1688(followingtheGloriousRevolutionandsubsequentBillof

Rights)to1820thenumberofcapitalstatutesincreasedfrom50to200 FollowingtherevolutiononlypropertiedmencouldvotefororsitinParliament

andgenerallyonlylookedoutfortheirowninterests Governmenthasnootherendbutthepreservationofproperty.

JohnLocke Nopoliceforceuntil1829duetoWhigfearsofitasastandingarmy,

rememberingthethedevastationofEnglandintheEnglishCivilWar,1640s IntheUSAconstitutionthereferencetotherighttobeararmsisdueto

exactlythis,thenotionofdefendingoneselfandonesproperty Whigs&Tories

Tories Dominanteliteinthe17thcentury(1600s)whosupportedtheStuart

KingsroyalistsWhigswonin1688 King&HouseofLordslostpowertotheHouseofCommons Constitutionalmonarchy Protectionofpropertyforlandedgentryandforemergingindustries

HouseofCommons England&Waleshad272constituencies In1700itwasestimatedthat70,000to200,000peoplewereeligibletovotefor

theHouseofCommons TotalpopulationoftheBritishIslesin1700wasestimatedtobe8.2million EvenaftertheReformAct1832,only1in6malesnowomenhadtherightto

vote CapitalCrimestoProtectPropertyInterests

PublicHangingsbeforelargecrowds Deathpenaltyforforgery,foodrioting,stealingshipwreckedgoods,stealing

linen,damagingWestminsterbridgeetc

AlmostallexecutionswereforpropertyoffencesegLondon1785:95executions,1formurder,74forburglary/housebreaking

18outof20hangedwereunder21 Legitimiation

Criminallawbasedondeterrence&fear Threatofhanging&gibbeting(butnotalwayscarriedout) Threemainfocuses:

Majesty Pomp&ceremonytoexaltjustice

Justice Someideaofrelationorcauseforpunishment

Mercy Togivehumanitytothejusticesystem

PropertyCrimesActtoday CrimesAct1961containsalonglistofpropertyoffences Vastmajorityofcrimescommittedarestillpropertyoffencesbutfinesand

imprisonmentaretheusualpunishmentsnow Propertyrightsoftherichandcriminalityofthepoorremaintopicalpolitical

issues SensibleSentencing

DoubleStandardsondeviancy Taxavoidancevtaxevasion

LectureTwenty:WomenasProperty

JohnStuartMill,TheSubjectionofWomen(1869) thelegalpositionofwomenwasonalevelwithslavery

Keyideas

HowhaswomensplaceinEnglishsocietybeenshapedbytheirhistoricalplaceinEnglishlaw?

WhatimpactdidEnglishlawstreatmentofwomenhaveonMaoriwomen? SirWilliamBlackstone

17231780 FirstProfessorofEnglishLaw,OxfordUniversity,1758 CommentariesontheLawsofEngland(Published17651769) Criticised,notablybyJeremyBentham,forhiscomplacencyinEnglishLaw

beingbeyondimprovement Womeninhiswritings:

MarriedWomen(FemmeCovert) Inmarriageorcovertureawomansindividuallegalexistenceis

halted,herhusbandbecomingherlord Shecannotsueorbesued,herhusbandactsonher

behalfinlegalproceedings

Shecannotgiveevidenceagainstherhusband

ModerateCorrection Husbandisentitledtorestrainawifeofherlibertyand

administermoderatecorrection Asgoeswithchildrenorapprentices NomentionofthereverseinBlackstoneswritings

PersonCases Demonstrateslawinflux Redefiningmeaningsofwordsinlaw

Personoriginallyexcludedwomenandisnowgenderinclusive HistoryofPersoncases

QueenvCrosthwaite Exclusionofwomenfromlawduetothedelicacyandmodesty

oftheirgender Refusalofapplicationsbywomentobeadmittedaslawyers

Illinois(USA)1872 NewBrunswick(Canada)1905

EthelBenjamin(18751943) NewZealandsfirstfemalelawyer GraduatedfromtheUniversityofOtagoin1897achieving

outstandingmarks AdmittedasabarristerandsolicitoroftheSupremeCourtof

NewZealandinMay1897followingthepassingoftheFemaleLawPractitionersActin1896

SecondwomanintheBritishEmpiretobeadmittedasabarristerandsolicitor,twomonthsafterClaraBrettMartinofCanada

EdwardsvAttorneyGeneralforCanada CanadasSupremeCourtdeclaredin1928thatwomendidnot

fillthecriteriaofqualifiedpersonstobeappointedasSenatorsafteragroupof5womenbroughtacaseforit

ThisdecisionwasthenreversedbythePrivyCouncilofEnglandactingasahighercourt

Thisshowsusthatevenaconstitutionisorganicandmustbereadinabroadandliberalmannersoastoadaptittochangingtimes

TortofEnticement1980 DukevSymonds

Genderneutrallanguagein1975ActallowedDuketosueSymondsfordamagescausedbyDukeslossofservices,lossofconsortium,andinjurytofeelingsandhonourafterDukeswifelefthimforSymonds

JuryawardedDuke$26,000indamages

Previouscaseshadonlybeen$750to$3000 RoperJ,thejudgeinthecase,foundthisamounttobe

excessiveandorderedanewtrialbutdamagesstillavailableforDuke

ActionabolishedbyDomesticProceedingsAct1980 CameintoforceJanuary1981