layman guidebook

8/13/2019 Layman Guidebook

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A handbook prepared under contract for theCommission of the European Communities,Directorate-General for Energy byEuropean Small Hydropower Association (ESHA)



D I R ED I R ED I R ED I R ED I R E CCCCC T O R AT O R AT O R AT O R AT O R A T ET ET ET ET E G E N E R A LG E N E R A LG E N E R A LG E N E R A LG E N E R A L F O RF O RF O RF O RF O R E N E R GE N E R GE N E R GE N E R GE N E R G YYYYY ( D G X V I I )( D G X V I I )( D G X V I I )( D G X V I I )( D G X V I I )

E U RE U RE U RE U RE U R O P EO P EO P EO P EO P E A NA NA NA NA N C O MC O MC O MC O MC O M MMMMM I S II S II S II S II S I OOOOO NNNNN



AUTHOR

Celso Penche

Dr Ingeniero de Minas (U.Politécnica de Madrid)



Acknowledgements



1.0 A free fuel resource potentially everlasting.

1. Introduction



1.1 Definition of small hydropower

1.2 Site configurations



1.2.1 Run-of-river schemes



1.2.2 Schemes with the powerhouse at the base of a dam



1.2.3 Schemes integrated with an irrigation canal



1.2.4 Schemes integrated in a water abstraction system



1.3 Planning a small hydropower scheme



2.0 Introduction

2.1 Water flow in pipes

g

g

=

ν

n

2. Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering



u

+ + = + + +γ γ



2.1.1 Los of head due to friction

=

F H G

I K J

= = µ

ρ

= × × =

µ ρ

µ ρ



=F

H G

I

K J

=

F H G

I K J

= − +F

H GG

I

K J J



p

u u

= × × × =

α =

α α = − +F H G

I K J



a a



m

µ =

µ ν

=

m

= − +F

H GI

K J

µ

µ

m

m

µ = × ×

× ×= ×

−

= − × × ×

+× ×

F

H G

I

K J = ×

−

= =

×= =

ν



=

=

m



=

× ×

=



=

F H G

I K J

2.1.2 Loss of head due to turbulence

2.1.2.1 Trash rack (or screen) losses

= F H G I K J

F H G

I K J

Φ



b b

β β =

2.1.2.2 Loss of head by sudden contraction or expansion



=

F H G

I K J

=

−= −

F H G

I K J

= −F H G

I K J

= −F H G

I K J

b g

a



=

−

2.1.2.3 Loss of head in bends



2.1.2.4 Loss of head through valves



2.1.3 Transient flow

=



= ×

+

−

= ∆

D

∆

= + +F

H G

I

K J

=

F H G

I K J

ρ

r

D



2.2 Water flow in open channels

2.2.1 Clasification of open channel flows



2.3.2 Uniform flow in open channels

=

=



=

=

2.2.3 Principles of energy in open channel flows

g



γ γ γ = = − = +

g

= + α

a a a

= +

= +

a



=− + =

=

= = = =



=

=

= =

Y a a



Φ Φ−

+ + φ

−b g

+

+

+ +

b g

−

F H G

I K J

Φ

Φ

+

+

b g

Φ Φ

Φ

−F

H

GGG

I

K

J J J

+

+

b g

θ θ

θ

−

b g

Ψ

F H G

I K J

Ψ

F H G

I K J −

F

H G

I

K J Ψ

YYYYY aaaaa



2.3 Computer programs



Bibliography



3.0 Introduction

g

g

3 The water resource and its potential



3.2 Evaluating streamflows by discharge measurements

3.2.1 Velocity-area method



=

−

+ −

3.2.1.1 Measuring the cross-sectional area

= × + + +

3.2.1.2 Measuring the velocity



D

Q V

T

V

v

c

c= × ×

* *

'

∆

∆

D

∆



3.2.3 Weir method



3.2.4 Slope-area method

=

D i s c h a r g e m / s

3

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug



3.3 Streamflow characteristics

3.3.1 Hydrograph

3.3.2 Flow Duration Curves (FDC)



3.3.3 Standardised FDC curves

3.3.4 Evaluating streamflows at ungauged sites



≥



3.3.5 European Atlas of Small Scale Hydropower Resources



3.3.6 FDC’s for particular months or other periods

3.3.7 Water pressure or ‘head’

3.3.7.1 Measurement of gross head

3.3.7.2 Estimation of net head



= F

H G I

K J ×=



3.4 Residual, reserved or compensation flow



3.5 Estimation of plant capacity and energy output

h h h h g

h



h

h

h

h

D

h h h h

g

g



3.5.1 How the head varies with the flow and its influence on the turbinecapacity

=



3.5.2 Another methodology to compute power and annual energy output



h

D

3.5.3 Peaking operation



Qop

24 QR Qres tpQP

top

Qmin

= − −

>b g

3.6 Firm energy



Bibliography



4.0 Introduction.

4.1 Cartography

4. Site evaluation methodologies



4.2 Geotechnical studies



4.2.1 Methodologies to be used



4.2.2 Methodologies. The study of a practical case.

4.2.2.1 The weir



4.2.2.2 The open channel



4.2.2.3 The channel in tunnel.



4.2.2.4 The powerhouse



4.3 Learning from failures



5.1 Structures for storage and water intake

5.1.1 Dams

5.1.2 Weirs

5. Hydraulic structures



5.1.2.1 Devices to raise the water level.



5.1.4 Energy dissipators

5.1.5 Low level outlets

5.1.6 River diversion during construction



5.2 Waterways5.2.1 Intake structures



5.2.1.1 Water intake types



5.2.1.2 Intake location



5.2.2 Power intake



5.2.3 Mechanical equipment5.2.3.1 Debris management in intakes



=

+F H G

I K J

α



a



α α =

F H G

I K J

a a

a



5.2.3.2 Sediment management in intakes



5.2.3.3 Gates and valves



5.2.4 Open channels

5.2.4.1 Design and dimensioning

= =



S QnP

A

Qn

AR=

F H G

I K J

= F H G

I K J

2 3

5 3

2

2 3

2 /

/ /

=



p p p



A 1.5 0.5 1 1 2m ; P 1 .5 2 1 0.5 3.736m2 2= + × × = = + × + =b g

Q 1

0.015

25/ 3

3.7362/ 3 0.001 2.78 m3 /s; V

2.78

21.39m/s= × × = = =

= ××

F H G I K J =



AR nQ

S

2 3 0 012 11

0 0014174 / .

..= =

×=



5.2.4.2 Circumventing obstacles

5.2.5 Penstocks

5.2.5.1 Arrangement and material selection for penstocks.



5.2.5.2 Hydraulic design and structural requirements

gh

g

h

=



=F

H GI

K J

= F

H

G I

K

J



= ×

+× × =

= ×F H G

I K J

××

× =



= × ×

× =

=

σ

s

= +

σ

s



= ×

F H G

I K J

=

Pc ≤ 0 49. kgN / mm2 =



= ∆

D

= ×

+ × ×

× ×

=

= ×

+ × ×

× ×

=

= ×

=

= ×

=



=

F H G

I K J

D

= ×

+ × ×

× ×

=

= ×

×=

π

= ×

× ×

F H G

I K J

=

∆

= ± +

F

H G

I

K J = + −



= ×

×+ =

Pc = F H G I K J =882500 5

10000 11

3

. kN / mm2

d = =7 47 3

0 1122 46.

.. cm



t VL

gH h =



5.2.5.3 Saddles, supporting blocks and expansion joints

F W W L cosF1 p w= +c h

Wp W

w

L F

L 182.61D 0.0147

4D43

P= ×

+ −b g

5.2.6 Tailraces



6.0 Powerhouse

6 Electromechanical equipment



6.1 Hydraulic turbines



6.1.1 Classification criteria

6.1.1.1 On the basis of the flow regime in the turbine

6.1.1.1.1 Impulse turbines



6.1.1.1.2 Reaction turbines



6.1.1.2 On the basis of the specific speed

= × =

F H

I K

= = F

H

I

K

= =

= = × = F H G

I K J

×

= =F H

I K

F H

I K

F H

I K

F H

I K



=

=

F H G

I K J

F H G

I K J

=

F H G

I K J

=

=

Ω ρ

b g

W r



=



= = =

= ×

=

π

π

d Q

v

Q

H

j

j

= =4

3 37π .



d P

H j =

2807 3 2

. /



=

=π

=

π



=

6.1.2 Turbine selection criteria



= =

= = =



s

s

s

s

s

s



6.1.3 Turbine efficiency



6.1.4 Turbine performance characteristics



6.1.5 Turbine performance under new site conditions



= =

= =

A

a

A



= = F H G

I K J

= F

H G I

K J



= = F H G

I K J

F H G

I K J

=

= F

H G I

K J

6.2 Speed increasers

6.2.1 Speed increaser types



6.2.2 Speed increaser design



6.2.3 Speed increaser maintenance

6.3 Generators



6.3.1 Generator configurations

6.3.2 Exciters



6.3.3 Voltage regulation and synchronisation

6.3.3.1 Asynchronous generators

6.3.3.2 Synchronous generators



6.4 Turbine control

6.4.1 Speed Governors



Ω= −

W

W W

W



= =

Ω

=∑

6.5 Switchgear equipment



6.6 Automatic control



6.7 Ancillary electrical equipment

6.7.1 Plant service transformer

6.7.2 DC control power supply

6.7.3 Headwater and tailwater recorders



6.7.4 Outdoor substation

6.8 Examples

h = 1.5

= =

= = × × =



= =

×=

π π

= × × × ×

=

π

= × × × ×

=

π

σ = × × =−

= − − × = −

s

hhhhh

= = =

= =

× ×=

γη



= = =

= = =

= = =



Bibliography



7.0 Introduction

7. Environmental impact and its mitigation



7.1 Burdens and impacts identification



7.2 Impacts in the construction phase



7.2.1 Reservoirs

7.2.2 Water intakes, open canals, penstocks, tailraces, etc.



7.3 Impacts arising from the operation of the scheme

7.3.1 Sonic impacts



7.3.2 Landscape impact



7.3.3 Biological impacts

7.3.3.1 In the reservoir

7.3.3.2 In the streambed

7.3.3.2.1 Reserved flow



7.3.3.2.2 Fish passes (upstream fish)



7.3.3.2.3 Fishpasses (downstream fish)



7.3.3.3 In the terrain

7.3.4 Archaeological and cultural objects



7.4 Impacts from transmission lines

7.4.1 Visual impact



7.4.2 Health impact

7.4.3 Birds collisions

7.5 Conclusions



8.0 Introduction

8.1 Basic considerations

8 Economic Analysis



8.2 Financial mathematics

=

+

F

H GG

I

K J J b g

×

+=

b g



a v v v vn

n= + + + +

1 2 3 ...

= −

= + −

+=

− + −

b gb g

b g

an

a a3

3

3

1 1 0 08

0 082 577 200 515 42=

− += × =

−.

.. ; .

b gthen ECU

8.3 Methods of economic evaluation

8.3.1 Static methods (which do not take the opportunity cost intoconsideration)

8.3.1.1 Pay-back method



8.3.1.2 Return on investment method

8.3.2 Dynamic methods

8.3.2.1 Net Present Value( NPV) method

= − + +

++

=

=

∑

b gb g



8.3.2.2 Benefit-Cost ratio

= +

+ +

+

∑

∑

b gb g

b g

8.3.2.3 Internal Rate of Return method



8.3.3 Examples



NPV =i= 4

i=36 R O M

r

I

r

i i i

i

i

i

i

i− +

+−

+=

=

∑∑ b g

b g b g1 10

3



8.4 Financial analysis of some European schemes



9.0 Introduction

9.1 Economic issues

9. Administrative procedures



9.3 How to support renewable energy under deregulation*

9.5.1 Set asides



9.2.2 Emission Taxes, Caps and Credits

9.2.3 Green pricing.



9.2.4 Imposed tariffs

9.2.5. Miscellaneous



9.3 Technical aspects



9.4 Procedural issues



9.5 Environmental constraints



GLOSSARY



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