lect 5 n 6.thailand

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  • 8/13/2019 Lect 5 n 6.Thailand

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    Socio-culture and People of Thailand

    Geography

    Thailandsoutheast of Asia, close to Andaman Seaand Gulf of Thailand, neighbouring Burma, Cambodia,

    Laos and Malaysia. Divided into 5 sections (Thai:pak)i.e. iaitu: north,

    Korat Plateau (Tanah Tinggi Korat) or northeast (Thai:Isan), centre, southeast, south. (Semenanjung Thailand).

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    Historical

    Background

    Earliest Tai kingdom- believed to be theKingdom of Sukhotai. Ethinic Tai are tehdominant people of Thaialnd.

    4 major kingdoms or centres or mandalas since theera of Sukhotai:

    i. Sukhotai 1238-1378 AD/TM

    ii. Ayutthaya 1350-1767 AD/TMiii. Thonburi 1767-1782 AD/TM

    iv. Bangkok 1782- to present

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    Men of Prowess

    King Ramkamhaeng (of Sukhotai), KingNaresuan, Prasatthong (of Ayutthaya), KingTaksin (of Thonburi), King Mongkut, King

    Chulalongkorn (of Bangkok) are some of themore prominent Siames Kings who broughtchange/reform and success to the Kingdom and

    peole of Thailand.

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    Administration

    Administrative Structure

    3 main administrative divisions: inner provinces(wilayah-wilayah dalaman), outer provinces (wilayah

    luaran) and tributary states (wilayah jajahan) Capital city- is the administrative centre.

    At the provincial level(wilayah), administrative divisions

    include: muban(village/kampung), tambon (sub-district/kumpulan beberapa kampung atau sub-daerah),amphoe(district/daerah) dan changwat(province/provinsi).

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    Realtions between King and people through Royalrepresenattives called nai (masteratau ketua). Thre aremany nai at every level of administrative unit head of

    the village/district called nai)and who have powersove rthe poepl under their supervision. Commonpeople are referred asphrai (rakyat).

    Nai-phrairelations used to be , in the past, the main

    mechanism to control manpower needs and taxcollection.

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    PHRAI

    KHUNNANG

    CHAO

    PHRA CHAO

    LUNG

    RAJA

    GOLONGAN HAMBA

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    Chiefs of provinces or tributary states are calledChao muang (governor).

    2 main departments at the central government played a

    major role in administration - Mahattai dan Kalahom.Mahatthaicivil adminsitration /in charge ofnorthern provinces

    Kalahommilitary/defence matters / in chargeof southern provinces.

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    Social Aspects

    Ethnic Groups:

    Thai (Tai) (75%)

    Chinese: Sino-Thai (14%)

    Malay/Malayu (3.5%)

    Others (7.5%) ????? (who??)

    MAIN RELIGION (NOT OFFICIALRELIGION!)

    Buddhisme (95%), Islam (4.6%), Christianity(0.7%), Hindu (0.1%), others (0.2%)

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    Economy Tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, teak/timber, forest products, marine produce.

    More recent: Apart from food and agriculture, industrieslight and heavyindustries. Agriculture: Paddy (central part/sep along the Chao Phraya delta), Sugar Cane,

    Fruits, Cloth Weaving. Khlongs or waterways important for a/culture and transportation. Husbandry- cows and buffalo.

    International trade

    Pertanian: Padi di kawasan tengah (atau di persekitaran delta Chao Phraya).Gula/tebu, getah, buah-buahan. Industri tenun juga penting. Aktivitipembuatan sampan (boat building) juga giat di jalankan di masa lalu. Sungai ChaoPhraya dan cawangan-cawangannya iaitu Me Ping, Me Wang, Me Yom, Me Nan

    yang mengairi kawasan utara penting sebagai kawasan kegiatan pertanian. Terusanair atau khlongjuga penting bagi aktiviti pertanian dan bagi kemudahanpengangkutan air. Perusahaan ternakan lembu dan kerbau juga giat di jalankanterutamanya untuk membantu aktiviti penanaman padi. Lembu dan kerbau digunakan untuk bekerja di sawah dan untuk mengangkut barang-barang kepelabuhan dan pusatpusat penjualan samada pasar atau depot di pelabuhan.

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    Philosophy of majority rural Thai-ha kin(seeking to eat) or ha yu ha kin(seeking to live and eat)

    Land traditionally belonged to the King (ChaoPaendin) and Lord of Life (Chao Chiwit)

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    (I) Theravada Buddhisme and role of

    the Sangha Theravada Buddhisme refers to Buddhism of the elders

    (guru/acharn/teachersand is different from MahayanaBuddhisme (based on the great vehicle.

    Thai King- is the patron and defender of Buddhisme. King has a good relations with the Sangha (institution

    representing all the monsk in Thailand)ensuring thesurvival of Theravada Buddhist practice in the country.

    Every young Thai male is encouraged to become a

    novice i.e to become a member of the Buddhistmonkhood to learn religion and the ways of being agood Buddh (Buddhist)

    Royal rituals and government rituals- based onBuddhist and Brahmanistic practices.

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    (II) Organisasi sosial

    Kamma- Buddhist concept , an important element in the culture andlives of Buddhist people. Kamma is inherited from past life.

    Concept of living a good Buddhist. Every person is responsible fortheir own action.

    Thailand- as a loosely structured society.John F. Embree).

    Berlandaskan Theravada Buddhisme, kehidupan berlandaskan kammayang diwarisi dari kehidupan di masa lampau. Kammamerujuk kepadakesan dari aktiviti individu di masa lampau; misalannya bermoral atautidak, berbuat baik atau sebaliknya. Seorang penganut Buddha yangbaik (a good Buddhist) seharusnya bertindak secara bermoral danpositif. Setiap individu bertanggungjawab ke atas setiap aktiviti atautindakannya. Konsep yang diamalkan oleh orang Thai ini telahdiinterpretasi oleh pemerhati-pemerhati asing /golongan sarjanasebagai suatu sistem atau struktur sosial yang mempunyai banyakkelonggaran (a loosely structured society). (pendapat John F.Embree).

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    Kinship

    Matrilineal- esp in the north, in terms of land inheritance.

    Kinship based on hierarchy. E.g.

    Phinong(hubungan antara kawan atau teman sekerja).

    Phinongkan(ahli-ahli masyarakat atau kumpulan yang sama).

    Setiap penaung (patron atau nai) digelarpho liangdan pengikut dibawahnya luk nong.

    Hubungan kinship membawa implikasi tanggungjawab (atau

    obligation). Concept of heritage (Thai: morodok) important.

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    (III) Ethnic and minority groups

    North khon muang(atau Lao)

    Tribal groups Karen, Hmong (Meo)

    Hilltribes chao khaoTribal/groups in south Melayu-Muslim

    Sino-Thai khon cjin/luk cjin

    (biggest minority group)

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    i. Sakdina system

    - refers to a ranking /class system. Means power over land kuasa ke atas tanah. People have certain points/merits based on their class/status.

    Arictocrats have high sakdina, while commoners low sakdina. Sakdina is viewed as a feudal system (based on landholding, territory).

    Yet (feudal society- notion of fragmentation of society but Thai sakdina reflects

    concentration of power in the hands of the monarchy).

    Pada kebiasaanya, setiap orang dalam masyarakat Thai mempunyaibilanganpoints(mata) yang tertentu berdasarkan kelas atau statusseseoranag itu. Seorang aristokrat mempunyai sakdina yang tinggimanakala rakyat biasa memiliki sakdina yang rendah. Pendapatbeberapa penulis bahawa sistem sakdina Thai ini bercirifeudal (iaituterikat kepada tanah, berdasarkan kawasan atau territorial) masih

    diperdebatkan.

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    Religion and socio-culture

    Theravada Buddhism- and Thai Buddhist worldviewobvious in most Thai living.

    Role of Sanghaand Chief Abbot important Tradition of young novice monks entering Buddhist

    monkhood/monastery lived tradition- A way of earningmerit.

    KingDharmmarajadan defender of Buddhism.

    Almost all royal ritual s indicate Buddhist beliefs.

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