lecture 09 ionizare
DESCRIPTION
x-rayTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 2: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 3: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation counters
Solid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 4: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 5: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 6: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 7: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 8: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 9: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 10: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 11: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 12: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 13: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types of X-ray Detectors
Gas detectors
• Ionization chamber
• Proportional counter
• Geiger-Muller tube
Scintillation countersSolid state detectors
• Intrinsic semiconductor
• P-I-N junction
• Silicon drift
Charge coupled device detectors
• Indirect
• Direct coupled
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 1 / 10
![Page 14: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Gas Detector Curve
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 2 / 10
![Page 15: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ionization Chamber
Useful for beam monitoring, flux measurement, fluorescence measurement,spectroscopy.
• Closed (or sealed) chamber oflength L with gas mixtureµ =
∑ρiµi
• High voltage applied to plates
• Calculate fraction of beamabsorbed I/Io = e−µL
• When x-ray interacts with gasatom, photoionized electronsswept rapidly to positiveelectrode and current (nanoAmperes) is measured.
• Count rates up to 1011
photons/s/cm3
• 22-41 eV per electron-holepair (depending on the gas)makes this useful forquantitative measurements.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 3 / 10
![Page 16: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ionization Chamber
Useful for beam monitoring, flux measurement, fluorescence measurement,spectroscopy.
• Closed (or sealed) chamber oflength L with gas mixtureµ =
∑ρiµi
• High voltage applied to plates
• Calculate fraction of beamabsorbed I/Io = e−µL
• When x-ray interacts with gasatom, photoionized electronsswept rapidly to positiveelectrode and current (nanoAmperes) is measured.
• Count rates up to 1011
photons/s/cm3
• 22-41 eV per electron-holepair (depending on the gas)makes this useful forquantitative measurements.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 3 / 10
![Page 17: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ionization Chamber
Useful for beam monitoring, flux measurement, fluorescence measurement,spectroscopy.
• Closed (or sealed) chamber oflength L with gas mixtureµ =
∑ρiµi
• High voltage applied to plates
• Calculate fraction of beamabsorbed I/Io = e−µL
• When x-ray interacts with gasatom, photoionized electronsswept rapidly to positiveelectrode and current (nanoAmperes) is measured.
• Count rates up to 1011
photons/s/cm3
• 22-41 eV per electron-holepair (depending on the gas)makes this useful forquantitative measurements.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 3 / 10
![Page 18: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ionization Chamber
Useful for beam monitoring, flux measurement, fluorescence measurement,spectroscopy.
• Closed (or sealed) chamber oflength L with gas mixtureµ =
∑ρiµi
• High voltage applied to plates
• Calculate fraction of beamabsorbed I/Io = e−µL
• When x-ray interacts with gasatom, photoionized electronsswept rapidly to positiveelectrode and current (nanoAmperes) is measured.
• Count rates up to 1011
photons/s/cm3
• 22-41 eV per electron-holepair (depending on the gas)makes this useful forquantitative measurements.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 3 / 10
![Page 19: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ionization Chamber
Useful for beam monitoring, flux measurement, fluorescence measurement,spectroscopy.
• Closed (or sealed) chamber oflength L with gas mixtureµ =
∑ρiµi
• High voltage applied to plates
• Calculate fraction of beamabsorbed I/Io = e−µL
• When x-ray interacts with gasatom, photoionized electronsswept rapidly to positiveelectrode and current (nanoAmperes) is measured.
• Count rates up to 1011
photons/s/cm3
• 22-41 eV per electron-holepair (depending on the gas)makes this useful forquantitative measurements.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 3 / 10
![Page 20: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ionization Chamber
Useful for beam monitoring, flux measurement, fluorescence measurement,spectroscopy.
• Closed (or sealed) chamber oflength L with gas mixtureµ =
∑ρiµi
• High voltage applied to plates
• Calculate fraction of beamabsorbed I/Io = e−µL
• When x-ray interacts with gasatom, photoionized electronsswept rapidly to positiveelectrode and current (nanoAmperes) is measured.
• Count rates up to 1011
photons/s/cm3
• 22-41 eV per electron-holepair (depending on the gas)makes this useful forquantitative measurements.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 3 / 10
![Page 21: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ionization Chamber
Useful for beam monitoring, flux measurement, fluorescence measurement,spectroscopy.
• Closed (or sealed) chamber oflength L with gas mixtureµ =
∑ρiµi
• High voltage applied to plates
• Calculate fraction of beamabsorbed I/Io = e−µL
• When x-ray interacts with gasatom, photoionized electronsswept rapidly to positiveelectrode and current (nanoAmperes) is measured.
• Count rates up to 1011
photons/s/cm3
• 22-41 eV per electron-holepair (depending on the gas)makes this useful forquantitative measurements.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 3 / 10
![Page 22: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Scintillation Counter
Useful for photon counting experiments
• NaI(Tl), Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (YAP) or plastic which,absorb x-rays and fluoresce in the visible spectrum.
• Light strikes a thin photocathode which emits electrons into thevacuum portion of a photomultiplier tube.
• Photoelectrons are accelerated in steps, striking dynodes andbecoming amplified.
• Output voltage pulse is proportional to initial x-ray energy.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 4 / 10
![Page 23: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Scintillation Counter
Useful for photon counting experiments
• NaI(Tl), Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (YAP) or plastic which,absorb x-rays and fluoresce in the visible spectrum.
• Light strikes a thin photocathode which emits electrons into thevacuum portion of a photomultiplier tube.
• Photoelectrons are accelerated in steps, striking dynodes andbecoming amplified.
• Output voltage pulse is proportional to initial x-ray energy.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 4 / 10
![Page 24: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Scintillation Counter
Useful for photon counting experiments
• NaI(Tl), Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (YAP) or plastic which,absorb x-rays and fluoresce in the visible spectrum.
• Light strikes a thin photocathode which emits electrons into thevacuum portion of a photomultiplier tube.
• Photoelectrons are accelerated in steps, striking dynodes andbecoming amplified.
• Output voltage pulse is proportional to initial x-ray energy.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 4 / 10
![Page 25: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Scintillation Counter
Useful for photon counting experiments
• NaI(Tl), Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (YAP) or plastic which,absorb x-rays and fluoresce in the visible spectrum.
• Light strikes a thin photocathode which emits electrons into thevacuum portion of a photomultiplier tube.
• Photoelectrons are accelerated in steps, striking dynodes andbecoming amplified.
• Output voltage pulse is proportional to initial x-ray energy.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 4 / 10
![Page 26: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Scintillation Counter
Useful for photon counting experiments
• NaI(Tl), Yttrium Aluminum Perovskite (YAP) or plastic which,absorb x-rays and fluoresce in the visible spectrum.
• Light strikes a thin photocathode which emits electrons into thevacuum portion of a photomultiplier tube.
• Photoelectrons are accelerated in steps, striking dynodes andbecoming amplified.
• Output voltage pulse is proportional to initial x-ray energy.
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 4 / 10
![Page 27: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Solid State Detectors
Open circuit p-n junction has a natural depletion region
When reverse biased, the depletion region growscreating a higher electric field near the junction
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 5 / 10
![Page 28: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Solid State Detectors
Open circuit p-n junction has a natural depletion region
When reverse biased, the depletion region grows
creating a higher electric field near the junction
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 5 / 10
![Page 29: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Solid State Detectors
Open circuit p-n junction has a natural depletion region
When reverse biased, the depletion region growscreating a higher electric field near the junction
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 5 / 10
![Page 30: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ge Detector Operation
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 6 / 10
![Page 31: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Silicon Drift Detector
Same principle as intrinsic or p-i-n detector but much more compact andoperates at higher temperatures
Relatively low stopping power is a drawback
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 7 / 10
![Page 32: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CCD Detectors - Direct
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 8 / 10
![Page 33: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
CCD Detectors - Indirect
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 9 / 10
![Page 34: Lecture 09 Ionizare](https://reader030.vdocuments.pub/reader030/viewer/2022020311/56d6bf391a28ab3016956524/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CCD Detectors - Lightpipe Taper
C. Segre (IIT) PHYS 570 - Fall 2010 September 21, 2010 10 / 10