lecture contents ae4b34em - cvut.cz · basic methods of solving electrical circuits...

Electronics and Microelectronics AE4B34EM

Lectures: Jiří Jakovenko

[email protected]

Labs: Vladimír Janíček

[email protected]

Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU

Lecture contents

Historical overview of electronics and microelectronics, Moore's Law, electronic components - the ideal and the real parameters

Basic methods of solving electrical circuits (Thevenin's theorem, superposition principle, voltage divider

Basic types and properties of semiconductors, PN junction, the metal-semiconductor junction, semiconductor diodes, the basic types of rectifiers

Bipolar transistor BJT

MOSFET

Technological process of manufacturing semiconductor devices and integrated circuits

Basic CMOS manufacturing process, layout, advanced sub-micron technologies


Lecture contents

Parameters of CMOS logic gates, power dissipation in log. gates, delays, bus drivers

Basic electronic circuits blocks, feedback. Operational amplifier, comparator, oscillators

Integrated memory structures: types and characteristics, methods of writing and reading, speed, access time

Optoelectronics components: a photodiode, phototransistor, laser, LED, their characteristics and applications

Power switching elements: power MOSFET, tyristor, IGBT

Sensors: types, characteristics, technologies and applications.

Design and technology of micro-electro-mechanical systems MEMS


Labs - content

Introduction to the laboratory. Measurement equipment for measuring and diagnosing of electronic circuits.

Measurement - VA characteristics of diodes, diode operating point.

Measurement - Applications LED: One way and two-way rectifier.

Measurements - Bipolar transistors: characteristics, parameters and applications of bipolar transistors.

Measurement - MOSFET: characteristics, application parameters with MOS transistor.

Circuit simulation, analysis types (DC, AC, Transient). Models of active and passive components.

Design, simulation and testing of amplifier stage.


Labs - content

Static and dynamic properties of logic gates and CMOS transmission gates.

Measurement - Operational Amplifier: basic circuits, static and dynamic properties

Measurement - Optoelectronic components: properties of opto-couplers, photodiodes and a phototransistor

Individual project

Presentation of projects, credit

Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU Jiří Jakovenko – Electronics and Microelectronics - Department of Microelectronics – CTU

Electronics and Microelectronics AE4B34EM

Studing materials: server MOODLE

http://moodle.kme.fel.cvut.cz

AE4B34EM – Electronics and Microelectronics

Book:Sedra, Smith: Microelectronic Circuits

http://moodle.kme.fel.cvut.cz/

http://moodle.kme.fel.cvut.cz/


Main benefits of electronics and

microelectronics technologies

Absolutely unique technology …

Increased speed and performance

Increasing integration density (transistors)

Less power dissipation in the functional block (energy saving) - but dramatically increases the power loss per chip

Less cost per functional unit

Less weight

Negative???

50 years of electronic integrated circuits

Integrated circuits have a relatively short history. From its inception until today, however, have seen an unprecedented momentum.

" If the car industry followed the same rules of progress as microelectronics tehnologies, cars would get 1 000 000 miles per gallon, travel at millions of miles per hour and be so cheap that it would be cheaper to buy a new Rolls-Royce than park it downtown for a day. "

G.E. Moore, cofounder of Intel



The history of semiconductor electronics

1906 – Semiconductors are used to detect the radio signals (Pickard, ATT)

1912 – Discovery of the rectifying characteristics of semiconductors

(Pickard, ATT)

1925 – FET - J. Lilienfeld patented principle US#1,745,175, #1,900,018, #1,877,140), 1935 O. Heil (British #439,457 )

1943 – Germanium crystals are used for demodulation of radio signals.

1947 – Tranzistor “Invention” Bardeen, Brattain a Schockley, ATT, Nobel Price, 1956

1952 – Implementation of the first FET (Field Effect Transistor)


Lilienfeld - FET Tranzistor (1930)

Implementation was not possible due to the presence of the large surface charges at the interface of the semiconductor and gate insulator.

In the fifties, this issue was resolved


The First Computer

Babbage Difference Engine (1832)

25 000 Mechanical parts

Price: 17 470 liber


ENIAC – The first electronic computer (1946)

Constructed by: John W. Mauchly (computer architecture) and J. Presper Eckert (electronics circuits) , university of Pennsylvan


1947 – The birth of modern electronics

Bell Laboratories - Invention of point-contact transistor - gain 18

William Shockley, Walter Brittain and John Bardeen

Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 1951: Shockley – transistors suitable for series production. 1954: The first transistor radio, The first silicon transistor (TI – price $2.50)


1958 – Revolutionary invention - the invention of the integrated circuit

The first integrated circuit - Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments 1 transistor and 4 resistorst integrated to 1 chip

Nobel Prize in 2000

Practically at the same time Robert Noyce invented the

IC


The planar technology - 1959

• Much more favorable for the production of integrated transistors

• Fairchild Electronics --

Jean Hoerni and Robert

Noyce


The first commercial planar IC

Fairchild -- One Binary Digital (Bit) Memory Device on a Chip

4 Tranzistory a 5 Rezistorů

Begining of SSI (SMALL SCALE INTEGRATION)

1961: Dual flip-flop

Price ~ $50 1963: Higher interration

density and yield– 4 x flip flop.


Integration of MOS Tranzistors - 1962

Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor

Radio Corporation of America (RCA) Sarnoff Laboratories


The first analogue IC - 1964

Operational Amplifier MA 702 – Fairchild


The first 1024 bit memory chip - 1970

Intel Corporation DRAM


The first 256-Bit Static RAM - 1970

Fairchild 4100


The first EPROM - 1971

INTEL 1702


Birth of first Microprocesor - 1971

Intel 4004 – 2,300 Tranzistors, 108 kHz

The first computer on a single chip - constructed (Ted Hoff) for calculators


The first comertial Microprocessor - 1974

8-Bit Intel 8080, Intel Corporation – 6,500 Tranzistors, 2MHz


16-Bit Microprocessor 1979

Motorola 68000

ETAPA LSI (LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION)


The first 256 kb Bit Dynamic RAM 1981

IBM Corporation


The first 32-Bit Microprocessor 1981

Hewlett-Packard Co. –

450,000 Tranzistors

Bebining of VLSI (VERY LARGE SCALE

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT )

And how is it today ?

Intel Nehalem - surface of the chip size is approximately 246 mm2 in 45nm process technology

731 million transistors - each core has 32 KB instructions memmory and 32 KB of data cache L1 and 256KB L2 cache, 8 MB L3 cache is shared between all cores


The most advanced technologies

Intel I7 45 nm, 710 milions of tranzistors chip size 107 mm2 - origin of all the latest Intel CPUs


The most advanced technologies

AMD - core Shanghai "K10.5" –

705 millions tranzistors chip size 243 mm2,


World Semiconductor Market 2003 by SIA –

Semiconductor Industry Asociation


Ratios of end-users Moore’s Law

In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months.

He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months



Moore’s Law

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

10

100

1

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

8086

80286 i386

i486 Pentium®

Pentium® Pro

K 1 Billion

Transistors

Zdroj: Intel

Year

Pentium® II Pentium® III

Pentium® IV

Nahalem

Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years


Evolution of CMOS technologies

When will it end ???


Today's look of MOS transistors

“Strained Silicon”

Gate oxide thickness = 1.2 nm


64

256

1 000

4 000

16 000

64 000

256 000

10 000 000

40 000 000

160 000 000

640 000 000

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

1E+09

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010

Kb

it c

hip

cap

acit

y

Year

Evolution of DRAM memories

1.6-2.4 m

1.0-1.2 m

0.7-0.8 m

0.5-0.6 m

0.35-0.4 m

0.18-0.25 m

0.13 m

0.1 m

0.07 m

Human memmory

enciklopedia

2 hours of CD audio

30 sec HDTV

Book

page

4X growth each 3 years!


Clock Frequency

P6

Pentium ® proc 486

386 286 8086

8085

8080

8008

4004 0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Fre

qu

en

cy

(M

hz)

Doubles every

2 years


Power Dissipation

P6 Pentium ® proc

486

386

286 8086

8085 8080

8008 4004

0.1

1

10

100

1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000

Year

Po

we

r (W

att

s)

2009

Power will be a major problem !!!

5KW 18KW

1.5KW

500W

4004 8008

8080 8085

8086 286

386 486

Pentium® proc

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2010 2015 2020

Year

Po

we

r (W

att

s)

Power delivery and dissipation will be prohibitive


Evolution of computers – Costumer will

be never satisfied

1995 2000 2003

Processor Pentium Pentium III Pentium IV

Power

dissipation (W)

1 12 60

Frequency

(MHz)

81 650 1800

Memory(MB) 8 64 512

HDD (GB) 0.8 15 80 GB

Price (Euro) 1 000 1 000 1 000

And what about today ???


MEMS Technologies


MEMS Technologies & Aplications

Accelerometers

Mikrofluidics

Optical MEMS

Other technologies

High frequency MEMS

Preassure sensors

Akccelerometres

Gyroscopes

Ink jet trysky

Lab on chip

MAP sensors

Barometric sensors

TIP display

DP projectors

Switchers

Coils with high Q

Fractal antena

R/W drive heads

Mikro-motors

RF power measurement

Electronic tveasure

Delphi - Delco

SensoNor

Hewlett Packard

Seiko Epson

TI, Nortel,

JDS Uniphase,

Lucent

Seagate

Siemens

MEMSCAP

Vaisala

Lucas Novasensor


Natural vs Human made things

lecture contents ae4b34em - cvut.cz · basic methods of solving electrical circuits...

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