leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 88 countries. cause: leishmania spp. over 23...

• Leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 88 countries.

• Cause:

• Leishmania spp.

• Over 23 different species of Leishmania exist.

• Vector:

• Sand flies of genus Phlebotomus in the old world

• Sand flies of genus Lutzomyia in the new world.

Cutaneous• Leishmania major• L. tropica

Leishmaniasis

Sand Flies Phlebotomus papatasi L. major P. sergenti L. tropica P. alexandri L. donovani/infantum

Visceral• L. donovani• L. infantum

lab 6 by wafa menawi

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Kingdom: Protisata Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Zoomastrgophora Order: Kinetplastida Family: Trypanosomatidae Genus: LeishmaniaSpecies: Donovani, Tropica, major


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Vector

Life Cycle

Pathology: Parasites in macrophages; Infiltration to skin/RE cells

Reservoir


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Promastigotes differentiate to complement resistant

metacyclic promastigotes in the sand fly midgut

metacyclicmetacyclic

procyclicprocyclic


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The intermediate host and vector of Leismania are species of sandflies (Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia spp.). Female sandflies become infected when taking a blood meal containing amastigotes in white blood cells (macrophages). In the gut of the sandfly, amastigotes transform into promastigotes, attach to the gut wall and multiply by longitudinal binary fission. After approximately 1 week, they transform into the infective metacyclic promastigotes which are so numerous in the anterior gut and pharynx that they may block it.


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• Humans are infected when an infected sandfly regurgitates the metacyclic promastigotes while taking a blood meal. Promastigotes that enter the bloodstream are phagocytized by macrophages, in which they transform into amastigotes and multiply.


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Leishmania spp. Amastigote


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Leishmania spp. Promastigote


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Leishmania

• Promastigote


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Leishmania spp (Promastigote)Single flagellum found in sand flies


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Leishmaniasis

Amastogotes

Amastogotes with nucleus and kinetoplast

Macrophage rupturing


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Leishmania

• Amastigotes


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Leishmaniasis rosette


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Leishmaniasis

1- Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL).

2- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML).

3- Visceral leishmaniasis (VL).


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Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Have different names such as oriental sore, Al mohtafirah, Al domal. Caused by L.tropica and L.major in the old world. widely distributed in the Mediterranean, Middle East, India, and Africa . characterized by skin lesions (oriental sore).


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Infected macrophages containing amastigotes are found primarily at the site of infection around the sores. The sores are characterized by an elevated rim encircling the lesion. The sores generally heal by themselves within a year, but secondary bacterial infections are possible in open sores.


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Patient infected with CL

http://bp3.blogger.com/_xHQgaqFbFvE/Rj_DlQc5Y5I/AAAAAAAAA20/nItQYj6iwFo/s1600-h/cutleish.jpg


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Mucocutaneous leishmaniasisfound in South America—particularly Peru, Bolivia,

Paraguay, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela .Caused by L. braziliensis, L. major and L.tropica characterized by lesions near mucosal

membranes. The initial site if infection is a small red papule

that ulcerates in a few weeks. The lesions are flat (no raised rim) and often oozing. Infections of the ear, nose and mouth area lead to degeneration of the cartilage and soft tissues, resulting in disfigurement.


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Patient infected with MCL


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Visceral leishmaniasis

commonly known as kala-azar ,Found in Africa to India and China .Caused by L. donovani and L. infantum In most areas, individuals do not develop

sores but in some cases, small lumps may appear over the entire body or in patches on the nose.

Common symptoms include: weight loss, fever, low blood cell count, and enlarged spleen and liver.


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Patient infected with VL.

http://bp1.blogger.com/_xHQgaqFbFvE/Rj_GHwc5Y6I/AAAAAAAAA28/6Mw9ManEIzU/s1600-h/leishvisc.jpg


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Symptomatic dogs


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Sand fly taxonomy

Kingdom: Animalia.

Phylum: Arthropoda.

Class: Insecta.

Order: Diptera.

Family: Psychodidae.

Genus: Phlebotomous, Sergentomyia, Lutzomyia.

Species: P. papatasi, P. sergenti, S. antennata,

S. clydi.


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• It has a brownish body colour.

• The body covered with dense hairs.

• V wing shape at rest.

• It has a weak flight for short distance and for short levels.

• Nocturnal habit.

General characteristics


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Sand fly life cycle

http://bp2.blogger.com/_xHQgaqFbFvE/Rj-6CAc5Y0I/AAAAAAAAA2M/WtHeocXQ34g/s1600-h/Phlebotomus.jpg


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• The eggs are elongated oval-shaped

• The first larval instar has a dark head capsule and can be distinguished by the presence of two caudal bristles, all subsequent instars bearing four bristles.


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Male & Female sand flies

Male Female


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Diagnosis

Prevention

Cutaneous leishmaniasis Gives Life Long Immunity


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• DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for human

• visceral and cutaneous Leishmaniasis

• Serological methods:

• IFA (>1/800)

• ES (4-24 arc)

• Molecular methods: PCR

• Culture


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Indirect Immunofluorescence. Search for antibodies.


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An electrosyneresis strip

Note the arc (a) appeared by the connection of theantigen (b) with the positive control (c) and the positive to Leishmaniasample (d).


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pentamidineThere is a strong need fornew drugs with less Toxicitycoetaneous leishmaniasis gives life long immunityControl of Leishmania transmission is challenging because of difficulties in limiting contact with shadflieInsecticide spray to kill sand flies

Treatment & Prevention


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leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 88 countries. cause: leishmania spp. over 23...

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