ležišta skarnova - pmf
TRANSCRIPT
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Ležišta skarnova
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Skarn
kalcijski
(vapnenac)
hedenbergit (CaFeSi2O6)
andradit (Ca3Fe2Si3O12)
wollastonit (Ca3Si3O9)
grossular (Ca3Al2Si3O12)
uvarovit (Ca3Cr2Si3O12)
magnezijski
(dolomit)
diopsid (MgCaSi2O6)enstatit (Mg2Si2O6)pyrop (Mg3Al2Si3O12)
endoskarn (unutar magmatskih stijena)egzoskarn (unutar karbonatnih stijena)
proksimalni skarn (blizu magmatskih stijena)distalni skarn (udaljen od distalnih stijena)
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Pb-Zn-Ag mineralno ležište
Trepča, Kosovo - distalni skarn
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- 31 Mt rude @ 4.2 % Pb, 3.0% Zn i 86
g/t Ag
- 1,302,000 t Pb
- 930,000 t Zn
- 2,666 t Ag(prema EurOmax resources Ltd., 2010)
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Geološki smještaj
OB – ofiolitni pojas; DIE - Drina-lvanjica element;
CVSZ – centralna vardarska zona; IVSZ – unutarnja
vardarska zona; SMM – srpsko-makedonski masiv
(prema Dimitrijević, 1997)
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Geološki smještaj
Paleozojske metamorfne stijene
(metapješčenjaci, škriljavci,
metabazalti)
Trijaski metamorfni kompleks (filiti,
metapješčenjaci, kristalizirani
vapnenac, mramor i škriljavci)
Ofiolitni melange & jurski ofioliti
Gornjokredna jedinica (grebenski
vapnenci, mramorizirani vapnenci, fliš)
Tercijarni vulkaniti (oligocenski bazalti
andeziti, latiti, kvarc-latiti i asocirani
piroklastiti)
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Geološki smještaj – stijena domaćin
NW SE865 m
830 m
795 m
760 m
730 m
670 m
610 m
545 m
485 m
435 m
Trepča stream
Travertine
Schist
Qua
rtzite
Limestone
Breccia
Longitudinal section
0 100 200 m
škriljavac (gornji trijas)
travertin, površina (+850m)
Stijena domaćin – vapnenac s razvijenim krškim
sustavom (trijas), horizont X. (+75m)
(After Schumacher, 1950)
100 m
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Ležište je vezano uz intenzivni
tercijarni magmatizam unutar
zapadnog dijela vardarske ofiolitne
zone, u najistočnijem dijelu Dinarida.
Geološki smještaj – vulkanske stijene
Kvarc-latitKontakt: kvarc-latiti/breča
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Geološki smještaj – vulkanske stijene
kaldera
trahit, brdo Zvečan
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pirhotit
ilvaithedenbergit + mt
ilvait
hedenbergit + mt
karbonati + kvarc
Romboedrijski karbonati
sulfidi (Gn, Sph)
Geološki smještaj – skarnska mineralizacija
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pirhotit
ilvaithedenbergit + mt
ilvait
hedenbergit + mt
karbonati + kvarc
Romboedrijski karbonati
sulfidi (Gn, Sph)
Geološki smještaj – skarnska mineralizacijaGeološki smještaj – skarnska mineralizacija
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Rekristalizirani vapnenac
Geološki smještaj – hidrotermalna mineralizacija
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pirit
kalcit
kremen
kalcit
kremen
sfalerit
Hidrotermalna mineralizacija na skarnskoj paragenezi
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Geološki smještaj - brečaizmijenjena trahitna jezgra, površina (+850m)
Vertikalni presjek ležišta
Horizontalni presjek ležišta
(prema Schumacher, 1950)
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Geološki smještaj - brečaizmijenjena trahitna jezgra, površina (+850m)
Vertikalni presjek ležišta
Horizontalni presjek ležišta
(prema Schumacher, 1950)
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Milled breccia within limestone
Level X. (+75 m)
Geološki smještaj - breča
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Milled breccia within limestone
Level X. (+75 m)
Geološki smještaj - breča
“Jigsaw-puzzle” breča
horizont X. (+75 m)
vapnenac
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Geološki smještaj - breča
Fragment rekristaliziranog vapnenca
Fragmenti škriljavca
Mineralizirani fragment u breči
horizont X.
fragmenti s jezgrom od magnetita i rubom od pirita
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Freatomagmatska breča
Fragmenti s jezgrom od magnetita i rubom
od pirita
3 CaFe2+Si2O6 + 3 CO2 + ½ O2 → Fe2+Fe3+2O4 + 3 CaCO3 + 6 SiO2 (DG325,100 = -39.3 kcal/mol)
hedenbergit magnetit kalcit kremen
9 CaFe2+Si2O6 + O2 → 3 Ca3Fe3+2Si3O12 + Fe2+Fe3+
2O4 + 9 SiO2 (DG325,100 = 12.5 kcal/mol)
hedenbergit andradit magnetit kremen
Fe2+Fe3+2O4 + 3 S2 + 8 H+ + 8 e- → 3 FeS2 + 4 H2O (DG325,100 = -134.2 kcal/mol)
magnetit piritd34Spy = 2.4 ‰
granat Magnetit s piritom
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Freatomagmatska breča
Fibrozno-radijalni agregat arsenopirita s
magnetitom
3 CaFe2+Si2O6 + 3 CO2 + ½ O2 → Fe2+Fe3+2O4 + 3 CaCO3 + 6 SiO2 (DG325,100 = -39.3 kcal/mol)
hedenbergit magnetit kalcit kremen
Fe2+Fe3+2O4 + 3/2 S2 + 17 H+ + 3 As(OH)3 + 17 e- → 3 FeAsS + 13 H2O
magnetit arsenopirit
L+V fluidne inkluzije u kalcitu
CaCl2-NaCl-H2O
salinitet = 3.4-7.1 wt.% NaCl equ
Th = 295 - 310°C
d34Sapy = 3.8 ‰
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Freatomagmatska breča
- kontakt između stijene domaćina – vapnenca i
glavne breče (+75 m) (puna linija)
- kontakt između stijene domaćina – vapnenca i
„milled matrix” breče (+75 m) (iscrtkana linija)
- temperatura nastanka od 400°C je u skladu s
pretpostavljenim genetskim modelom nastanka
Trepče
-Kalcit iz fragmenata magnetit-pirit
(površina)
P<100 bar
P=400-550 bar
P=1300-1500 bar
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Freatomagmatska breča
– vapnenca
The Gibbs free energies of formation (DG0) of aqueous species at a given pressure (P) and temperature (T)
were calculated according to revised HLF (Helgeson, Kirkham & Flowers, 1981) equations of state proposed
by Tanger & Helgeson (1988)
Magnetite
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Log fO2 vs. temperatura
Log fO2 vs. temperature diagram illustrating fluid environments for the prograde (skarnization) and the retrograde
alteration stage at the total fluid pressure of 50 MPa (500 bar)
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Freatomagmatska breča
Izmijenjena trahitna jezgra
Ar/Ar age K-feldspar
24.2 ± 0.3 Ma
KAlSi3O8 + 2 H+ ↔ KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 + 6 SiO2 + 2 K+
K-feldspat muskovit kremen
Sample Sample description Dated fraction K % 40Ar*
cm3/g
40Ar*
%
K/Ar age
TP-4 Surface,
trachyte
Sanidine
Whole rock
8.54
2.77
8.035×10-6
2.787×10-6
86.7
55.1
24.0 ± 0.7
25.1 ± 0.9
T4 Level X.,
milled breccia
Whole rock 8.01 7.277×10-6 82.7 23.2 ± 0.7
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Schist
Triassic limestone
Schist
Recrystallized limestone
Genetski model
23.3 -26.0 Ma
Kasni oligocen1. Isochemical metamorphism2. Prograde stage (skarnization)3. Breccia formation by phreatomagmatic explosion
Ilv
Mt
Carb+Qtz
Sph + Gn
4. Retrograde stage 5. Precipitation of sulphides6. Deposition of travertine
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Genetski model
Str
mić
Pa
lin
ka
še
ta
l. (
20
13
)