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LeopoldvonRanke

PortraitofLeopoldvonRanke,byAdolfJebens,1875

Born 21December1795Wiehe

Died 23May1886Berlin

Nationality German

Almamater UniversityofLeipzig

LeopoldvonRankeFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

LeopoldvonRanke(/rk/[1]German:[ak]21December179523May1886)wasaGermanhistorian[2][3]andafounderofmodernsourcebasedhistory.[4][5]AccordingtoCarolineHoefferle,"Rankewasprobablythemostimportanthistoriantoshape[the]historicalprofessionasitemergedinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesinthelate19thcentury."[6]Hewasabletoimplementtheseminarteachingmethodinhisclassroomandfocusedonarchivalresearchandanalysisofhistoricaldocuments.Rankesetthestandardsformuchoflaterhistoricalwriting,introducingsuchideasasrelianceonprimarysources(empiricism),anemphasisonnarrativehistoryandespeciallyinternationalpolitics(Auenpolitik).

Contents

1Overview2Methodologyandcriticism3Selectedworks

3.1WorksinEnglishtranslation4Seealso5Notes6References7Externallinks

Overview

RankewasborninWiehe,thenpartoftheElectorateofSaxony.HecamefromafamilyofLutheranpastorsandlawyers.HewaseducatedpartlyathomeandpartlyinthegymnasiumofSchulpforta.HisearlyyearsengenderedalifelongloveofAncientGreekandLatinandoftheLutheranChurch.In1814,RankeenteredtheUniversityofLeipzig,[7]wherehissubjectswereClassicsandLutherantheology.AtLeipzig,RankebecameanexpertinphilologyandtranslationoftheancientauthorsintoGerman.HisteachersincludedJohannGottfriedJakobHermann.Asastudent,Ranke'sfavoriteauthorswereThucydides,Livy,DionysiusofHalicarnassus,JohannWolfgangvonGoethe,BartholdGeorgNiebuhr,ImmanuelKant,JohannGottliebFichte,FriedrichSchelling,andFriedrichSchlegel.Rankeshowedlittleinterestintheworkofmodernhistorybecauseofhisdissatisfactionwithwhatheregardedashistorybooksthatweremerelyacollectionoffactslumpedtogetherbymodernhistorians.



Between18171825RankeworkedasaschoolmasterteachingclassicsattheFriedrichsGymnasiuminFrankfurtanderOder.Duringthistime,hebecameinterestedinhistory,inpartbecauseofhisdesiretobeinvolvedinthedevelopingfieldofamoreprofessionalizedhistory,andinpartbecauseofhisdesiretofindthehandofGodintheworkingsofhistory.

In1824helaunchedhiscareerwithhisbookGeschichtederromanischenundgermanischenVlkervon1494bis1514(HistoryoftheLatinandTeutonicPeoplesfrom1494to1514),inwhichheusedanunusuallywidevarietyofsourcesforahistorianoftheage,including"memoirs,diaries,personalandformalmissives,governmentdocuments,diplomaticdispatchesandfirsthandaccountsofeyewitnesses".Inthissenseheleanedonthetraditionsofphilologybutemphasizedmundanedocumentsinsteadofoldandexoticliterature.[8]

Rankebeganhisbookwiththestatementintheintroductionthathewouldshowtheunityoftheexperiencesofthe"Teutonic"nationsofScandinavia,EnglandandGermanyandthe"Latin"nationsofItaly,SpainandFrancethroughthegreat"respirations"oftheVlkerwanderung(greatmigration),theCrusadesandcolonizationthatinRanke'sviewboundallofthenationstogethertoproducemodernEuropeancivilization.Despitehisopeningstatement,RankelargelytreatedallofthenationsunderexaminationseparatelyuntiltheoutbreakofthewarsforthecontrolofItalystartingin1494.However,thebookisbestrememberedforRanke'scommentthat"Tohistoryhasbeenassignedtheofficeofjudgingthepast,ofinstructingthepresentforthebenefitoffutureages.Tosuchhighofficesthisworkdoesnotaspire:Itwantsonlytoshowwhatactuallyhappened(wieeseigentlichgewesen)".[9]Ranke'sstatementthathistoryshouldembracetheprincipleofwieeseigentlichgewesen(meaning"howthingsactuallywere")wassubsequentlytakenbymanyhistoriansastheirguidingprinciple.Therehasbeenmuchdebateovertheprecisemeaningofthisphrase.Somehavearguedthatadheringtotheprincipleofwieeseigentlichgewesenmeansthatthehistorianshouldonlydocumentfactswithoutofferinganyinterpretationofthesefacts.FollowingGeorgIggers,PeterNovickhasarguedthatRanke,whowasmoreofaromanticandidealistthanhisAmericancontemporariesunderstood,meantinsteadthatthehistorianshoulddiscoverthefactsandfindtheessencesbehindthem.Underthisview,thewordeigentlichshouldbetranslatedas"essentially",theaimthenbeingto"showwhatessentiallyhappened".[10]Rankewentontowritethatthehistorianmustseekthe"Holyhieroglyph"thatisGod'shandinhistory,keepingan"eyefortheuniversal"whilsttaking"pleasureintheparticular".[11]

In1825aftertheministerofeducationwasimpressedwiththeworkofahistorianwhodidn'thaveaccesstothenation'sgreatpubliclibraries,RankewasgivenapositionintheUniversityofBerlin,wherehewasaprofessorfornearlyfiftyyears.Attheuniversityhenotonlyimplementedtheseminarsystemintohisclassroom,buthetaughthowtochecktheworthinessofsources.RankebecamedeeplyinvolvedinthedisputebetweenthefollowersofthelegalprofessorFriedrichCarlvonSavignywhoemphasizedthevarietiesofdifferentperiodsofhistoryandthefollowersofthephilosopherGeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegelwhosawhistoryastheunfoldingofauniversalstory.RankesupportedSavignyandcriticizedtheHegelianviewofhistoryasbeingaonesizefitsallapproach.AlsoduringhistimeinBerlin,RankebecamethefirsthistoriantoutilizethefortysevenvolumesthatcomprisedthediplomaticarchivesofVenicefromthe1500sand1600s.Sincemanyarchivesopenedupduringthistimehesentouthisstudentstotheseplacestorecruitinformation.Inhisclassroomshewoulddiscussthesourcesthathisstudentswouldfindandwouldemphasisthathistoryshouldbetold"thewayithappened."Becauseofthisheisoftenseenas"thepioneerofacriticalhistoricalscience."[12]Rankecametopreferdealingwithprimarysourcesasopposedtosecondarysourcesduringthistime.Rankelaterwrote"Iseethetimeapproachingwhenweshallbase



modernhistory,nolongeronthereportsevenofcontemporaryhistorians,exceptinsofarastheywereinthepossessionofpersonalandimmediateknowledgeoffactsandstilllessonworkyetmoreremotefromthesourcebutratheronthenarrativesofeyewitnesses,andongenuineandoriginaldocuments."[13]

ItwasinViennawherethefriendshipofFrederichvonGentzandtheprotectionofKlemensvonMetternichopenedtohimtheVenetianArchives,avirginsource,thevalueofwhichhefirstdiscovered,andwhichisstillnoexhausted.HefoundtimetowriteashortbookonDieSerbischeRevolution(1829)frommaterialsuppliedtohimbyVukKaradi,aSerbwhohadhimselfbeenwitnessofthescenesherelatedduringtheFirstSerbianUprisingin1804.ThiswasafterwardsexpandedintoSerbienunddieTurkeiim19Jahrhundert(1879).

In18321836atthebehestofthePrussiangovernment,RankefoundedandeditedtheHistorischePolitischeZeitschriftjournal.Ranke,whowasaconservative,usedthejournaltoattacktheideasofLiberalism.Inhis1833article"TheGreatPowers"andhis1836article"DialogueonPolitics"RankeclaimedthateverystateisgivenaspecialmoralcharacterfromGodandindividualsshouldstrivetobestfulfillthe"idea"oftheirstate.Thus,inthisway,RankeurgedhisreaderstostayloyaltothePrussianstateandrejecttheideasoftheFrenchRevolution,whichRankeclaimedweremeantforFranceonly.

In18341836RankepublishedDiermischenPpste,ihrekircheundihrStaatimsechzehntenundsiebzehntenJahrhundert(ThePopesofRome,TheirChurchandStateintheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies)(3vols.).AsaProtestant,RankewasbarredfromviewingtheVaticanarchivesinRome,butonthebasisofprivatepapersinRomeandVenice,hewasabletoexplainthehistoryofthepapacyinthe1500s.Inthisbook,RankecoinedthetermtheCounterReformation,andofferedcolorfulportrayalsofPopePaulIV,IgnatiusofLoyola,andPopePiusV.Itcontainsthesentence:"Iseethetimecomingwhenwewillbasemodernhistorynolongeronsecondhandreports,orevenoncontemporaryhistorians,savewheretheyhaddirectknowledge,andstilllessonworksyetmoredistantfromtheperiodbutratheroneyewitnessaccountsandonthemostgenuine,themostimmediate,sources."ThepapacydenouncedRanke'sbookasantiCatholic,whilemanyProtestantsdenounceditasnotantiCatholicenough,,buthehasbeengenerallypraisedbyhistoriansforplacingthesituationoftheRomanCatholicChurchinthecontextofthe1500sandforhisfairtreatmentofthecomplexinteractionofthepoliticalandreligiousissuesinthatcentury.BritishRomanCatholichistorianLordActondefendedRanke'sbookasthemostfairminded,balanced,andobjectivestudyeverwrittenonthepapacyofthe1500s.

In1841hisfameinacendancy,RankewasappointedRoyalHistoriographertothePrussiancourt.

In18478hepublishedNeunBcherpreussicherGeschichte(translatedasMemoirsoftheHouseofBrandenburgandHistoryofPrussia,duringtheSeventeenthandEighteenthCenturies),inwhichheexaminedthefortunesoftheHohenzollernfamilyandstatefromtheMiddleAgestothereignofFredericktheGreat.ManyPrussiannationalistswereoffendedbyRanke'sportrayalofPrussiaasatypicalmediumsizedGermanstateratherthanasagreatpower.

In185261hepublishedFrenchHistoryMainlyinthe16thand17thCenturies(5vols.),coveringFrancisItoLouisXIV,gaininghimmorepraiseforhisimpartialitydespitebeingGerman.

In1854inaseriesoflectures[14]givenbeforefutureKingMaximilianIIofBavaria,Rankearguedthat"everyageisnexttoGod",bywhichhemeantthateveryperiodofhistoryisuniqueandmustbeunderstoodinitsowncontext.HearguedthatGodgazesoverhistoryinitstotalityandfindsallperiodsequal.Rankerejectedtheteleologicalapproachtohistory,bywhicheachperiodisconsideredinferiorto



Rankein1877

theperiodwhichfollows.Thus,theMiddleAgeswerenotinferiortotheRenaissance,simplydifferent.InRanke'sview,thehistorianhadtounderstandaperiodonitsownterms,andseektofindonlythegeneralideaswhichanimatedeveryperiodofhistory.ForRanke,then,historywasnottobeanaccountofman's"progress"because,"AfterPlato,therecanbenomorePlato."ForRanke,Christianitywasmorallymostsuperiorandcouldnotbeimprovedupon.Ultimately,"Historyisnocriminalcourt."

In18547RankepublishedHistoryoftheReformationinGermany(DeutscheGeschichteimZeitalterderReformation),usingthe96volumesofcorrespondencefromambassadorstotheImperialDiethefoundinFrankfurttoexplaintheReformationinGermanyastheresultofbothpoliticsandreligion.

In185967hepublishedthe6volumeHistoryofEnglandPrincipallyintheSeventeenthandSeventeenthCenturies(EnglischeGeschichtevornehmlichimXVIandXVIIJahrhundert),followedbyanexpanded9volumeeditionin18704,extendinghishugereachevenfarther.Atthispointhewaseightyyearsold,andhadshothisbolt,devotingtherestofhiscareertoshortertreatisesonGermanhistorythatsupplementhisearlierwritings.

Thehonorspouredin.In1865Rankewasennobled,in1882appointedaPrussianPrivyCouncillor,andin1885givenanhonorarycitizenshipofBerlin.In1884hewasappointedthefirsthonorarymemberoftheAmericanHistoricalAssociation.Afterhisretirementin1871,RankecontinuedtowriteonavarietyofsubjectsrelatingtoGermanhistorysuchastheFrenchRevolutionaryWars,AlbrechtvonWallenstein,KarlAugustvonHardenberg,[15]andKingFrederickWilliamIVofPrussia.Startingin1880Rankebeganahuge6volumeworkonWorldHistory,whichbeganwithancientEgyptandtheIsraelites.BythetimeofRanke'sdeathinBerlinin1886,attheageof90,hehadreachedonlythe1100s,thoughhisassistantslaterusedhisnotestotaketheseriesupto1453.

Afterhiswifediedin1871,Rankebecamehalfblind,dependingonassistantstoreadtohim.AdiaryentryfromJanuary1877containshismaturethoughtsaboutbeingahistorian:[16]

Theproverbtellsusthatpoetsareborn.Notonlyinthearts,buteveninsomescholarlyfields,youngmendevelopintofullbloom,oratleastdisplaytheiroriginality.Musiciansandmathematicianshavetheexpectationofattainingeminenceinearlyyears.Butahistorianmustbeold,notonlybecauseoftheimmeasurableextentofhisfieldofstudy,butbecauseoftheinsightintothehistoricalprocesswhichalonglifeconfers,especiallyunderchangingconditions.Itwouldhardlybebearableforhimtohaveonlyashortspanofexperience.Forhispersonaldevelopmentrequiresthatgreateventscompletetheircoursebeforehiseyes,thatotherscollapse,thatnewformsbeattempted.



Methodologyandcriticism

Atthecoreofhismethod,Rankedidnotbelievethatgeneraltheoriescouldcutacrosstimeandspace.Instead,hemadestatementsaboutthetimeusingquotationsfromprimarysources.Hesaid,"Myunderstandingof'leadingideas'issimplythattheyarethedominanttendenciesineachcentury.Thesetendencies,however,canonlybedescribedtheycannot,inthelastresort,besummedupinaconcept."Rankeobjectedtophilosophyofhistory,particularlyaspracticedbyHegel,claimingthatHegelignoredtheroleofhumanagencyinhistory,whichwastooessentialtobe"characterizedthroughonlyoneideaoroneword"or"circumscribedbyaconcept."[17]Thislackofemphasisonunifyingtheoriesorthemesledsometodenigratehis"mindlessempiricism."Inthe19thcentury,Ranke'sworkwasverypopularandhisideasabouthistoricalpracticegraduallybecamedominantinwesternhistoriography.However,hehadcriticsamonghiscontemporaries,includingKarlMarx,aformerHegelian,whosuggestedthatRankeengagedinsomeofthepracticeshecriticizedinotherhistorians.

WhileRanke'smethodremaininfluentialinthepracticeofhistory,hisbroaderideasofhistoriographyandempiricismarenowregardedbysomeasoutdatedandnolongercredible.Itheldswayamonghistoriansuntilthemidtwentiethcentury,whenitwaschallengedbyE.H.CarrandFernandBraudel.CarropposedRanke'sideasofempiricismasnaive,boringandoutmoded,sayingthathistoriansdidnotmerelyreportfacts,theychoosewhichfactstheyuse.Braudel'sapproachwasbasedonthehistoireproblme.RemarkingonthelegacyofRanke'sdictumthathistoriansshouldrepresentthepast"wieeseigentlichgewesen"(asitactuallyhappened),[18]WalterBenjaminscathinglywrotethatitrepresented"thestrongestnarcoticofthe[nineteenth]century".[19]

Selectedworks

GeschichtederromanischenundgermanischenVlkervon1494bis1514("HistoryoftheRomanicandGermanicPeoplesfrom1494to1514",1824)SerbischeRevolution("SerbianRevolution",1829)FrstenundVlkervonSdEuropaimsechzehntenundsiebzehntenJahrhundert("PrincesandPeoplesofSouthernEuropeintheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies")[20]DiermischenPpsteindenletzenvierJahrhunderten("TheRomanPopesintheLastFourCenturies",18341836)NeunBcherpreussischerGeschichte(MemoirsoftheHouseofBrandenburgandHistoryofPrussia,duringtheSeventeenthandEighteenthCenturies,18471848)FranzsischeGeschichte,vornehmlichimsechzehntenundsiebzehntenJahrhundert(CivilWarsandMonarchyinFrance,intheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies:AHistoryofFrancePrincipallyDuringThatPeriod,18521861)DiedeutschenMchteundderFrstenbund("TheGermanPowersandthePrinces'League",18711872)UrsprungundBeginnderRevolutionskriege1791und1792(OriginandBeginningoftheRevolutionaryWars1791and1792,1875)HardenbergunddieGeschichtedespreussischenStaatesvon1793bis1813(HardenbergandtheHistoryofthePrussianStatefrom1793to1813,1877)WeltgeschichteDieRmischeRepublikundihreWeltherrschaft(Worldhistory:TheRomanRepublicandItsWorldRule,2volumes,1886)

WorksinEnglishtranslation



TheOttomanandtheSpanishEmpires,intheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies,(https://archive.org/stream/ottomanspanishem00rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up)Whittaker&Co.,1943.MemoirsoftheHouseofBrandenburgandHistoryofPrussiaDuringtheSeventeenthandEighteenthCenturies,(http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086102795seq=9view=1upnum=i)Vol.2,(https://archive.org/stream/memoirshousebra00rankgoog#page/n3/mode/2up)Vol.3(https://archive.org/stream/memoirshousebra00unkngoog#page/n5/mode/2up),JohnMurray,1849.CivilWarsandMonarchyinFrance,intheSixteenthandSeventeenthCenturies,(https://archive.org/stream/civilwarsandmon01rankgoog#page/n6/mode/2up)RichardBentley,1852.TheHistoryofServiaandtheServianRevolution,(https://archive.org/stream/historyofservias00rankrich#page/n3/mode/2up)HenryG.Bohn,1853.HistoryofEnglandPrincipallyintheSeventeenthCentury(https://archive.org/stream/historyofengland01rank#page/n7/mode/2up),VolumeTwo(https://archive.org/stream/historyengland02rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up),VolumeThree(https://archive.org/stream/historyengland03rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up),VolumeFour(https://archive.org/stream/historyofengland04rankuoft#page/n7/mode/2up),VolumeFive(https://archive.org/stream/historyofengland05rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up),VolumeSix(https://archive.org/stream/historyofengland06rankuoft#page/n5/mode/2up),Oxford:AttheClarendonPress,1875.[21]UniversalHistory:TheOldestHistoricalGroupofNationsandtheGreeks,(https://archive.org/stream/universalhistor00rank#page/n5/mode/2up)CharlesScribner'sSons,1884.HistoryofthePopes:TheirChurchandState,(https://archive.org/stream/a605673801rankuoft#page/n7/mode/2up)Vol.2,(https://archive.org/stream/a605673802rankuoft#page/n7/mode/2up)Vol.3(https://archive.org/stream/a605673803rankuoft#page/n7/mode/2up),P.F.Collier&Son,1901.HistoryoftheReformationinGermany,(https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029240020#page/n5/mode/2up)GeorgeRoutledge&Sons,1905.HistoryoftheLatinandTeutonicNations,14941514,(https://archive.org/stream/historyoflatinte00rankiala#page/n7/mode/2up)GeorgeBell&Sons,1909.TheSecretofWorldHistory:SelectedWritingsontheArtandScienceofHistory,RogerWines,ed.,FordhamUniversityPress,1981.

Seealso

HistoricismGermanHistorismRankeanpositivismFriedrichWilhelmSchirrmacher,historianandRanke'sstudent[22]

Notes1. "Ranke"(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/leopold+von+ranke).RandomHouseWebster'sUnabridged

Dictionary.2. FrederickC.Beiser(2011)TheGermanHistoricistTradition,p.254(http://books.google.com/books?

id=w2c6YaKf9usC&pg=PA254)3. JanelleG.Reinelt,JosephRoach(2007),CriticalTheoryandPerformance,p.193

(http://books.google.gr/books?id=asORYuvznpQC&pg=PA193&dq=rankean+positivism&hl=el&sa=X&ei=kH2XUI65MuTc4QTU8YHwBw&ved=0CD0Q6wEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=rankean%20positivism&f=false)

4. Stern(ed.),TheVarietiesofHistory,p.54:"LeopoldvonRanke(17951886)isthefatheraswellasthemaster



ofmodernhistoricalscholarship."5. GreenandTroup(eds.),TheHousesofHistory,p.2:"LeopoldvonRankewasinstrumentalinestablishing

professionalstandardsforhistoricaltrainingattheUniversityofBerlinbetween1824and1871."6. CarolineHoefferle,EssentialHistoriographyReader(Boston:Pearson,2011).68.7. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Leopold_Von_Ranke8. Ranke,"PrefacetotheFirstEditionofHistoriesoftheLatinandGermanNations"in"TheModern

HistoriographyReader,WesternSources",pp1729. Ranke,"Preface:HistoriesoftheLatinandGermanicNationsfrom14941514",inStern,TheVarietiesof

History,p.57.10. Novick,ThatNobleDream,pp.2131Iggers,"Introduction"toRanke,TheoryandPractice,pp.xixxxEvans,

InDefenceofHistory,p.17:"TheGermanphrasewhichRankeused'Wieeseigentlichgewesen'isbettertranslatedas'howitessentiallywas',forRankemeantnotthathejustwantedtocollectfacts,butthathesoughttounderstandtheinnerbeingofthepast."

11. Ranke,"AFragmentfromthe1830s",inStern,TheVarietiesofHistory,p.59:"Twoqualities,Ithink,arerequiredforthemakingofthetruehistorian:firsthemustfeelaparticipationandpleasureintheparticularforitself...Still,thisdoesnotsufficethehistorianmustkeephiseyeontheuniversalaspectofthings."

12. ErnstBreisach,Historiography:Ancient,Medieval,andModern,ThirdEdition(Chicago:UniversityOfChicagoPress,2007).233.

13. Ranke,Leopoldvon(1905).HistoryoftheReformationinGermany.NewYork:E.P.Dutton&Co.pp.xi.14. umass.edu(http://www.umass.edu/wsp/history/ranke/)15. "PrinceHardenberg'sMemoirs,"(https://archive.org/stream/edinburghreview22smitgoog#page/n404/mode/2up)

TheEdinburghReview,Vol.CXLVI,July/October1877.16. umass.edu(http://www.umass.edu/wsp/history/ranke/old.html)17. VonRanke(1973),p.27.18. StephenHoulgate,MichaelBaur(2011),ACompaniontoHegel,p.334(http://books.google.gr/books?

id=XJ9X2_Q8rY4C&pg=PA334&dq=rankean+positivism+ranke&hl=el&sa=X&ei=nn2XUOWqH8aj4gSFmICgBw&ved=0CDwQ6wEwBQ#v=onepage&q=rankean%20positivism%20ranke&f=false)

19. "Whatasynopticandartificialviewreveals:extremehistoryandthemodernismofW.G.Sebald'srealism"(http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2220/is_3_46/ai_n15954408/?tag=mantle_skincontent).Criticism.2004.

20. "Turkey,"(https://archive.org/stream/northamericanre02writgoog#page/n300/mode/2up)TheNorthAmericanReview,Vol.XXXI,1830.

21. "VonRanke,Pattison,Spedding,Gardiner,"(https://archive.org/stream/quarterlyreview48smitgoog#page/n14/mode/2up)TheQuarterlyReview,Vol.CXXXIX,July/October1875.

22. Schirrmacher,Thomas."LeopoldvonRankeregardingmyGrandfatherFriedrichWilhelmSchirrmacher"(http://www.thomasschirrmacher.net/blog/leopoldvonrankeregardingmygrandfatherfriedrichwilhelmschirrmacher/).ThomasSchirrmacher.Retrieved28November2012.

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Gay,Peter(1974).StyleInHistory.NewYork:McGrawHall.p.256.ISBN0393305589.Geyl,Pieter(1958).DebateswithHistorians.NewYork:Meridian.p.287.Gilbert,Felix(1986)."LeopoldvonRankeandtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety,"ProceedingsoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety,Vol.130,No.3,pp.362366.Gilbert,Felix(1987)."Historiography:WhatRankeMeant,"TheAmericanScholar,Vol.56,No.3,pp.393397.Gilbert,Felix(1990).History:PoliticsorCulture?ReflectionsonRankeandBurckhardt.Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress.p.109.ISBN0691031630.Gooch,G.P.(1913).HistoryandHistoriansintheNineteenthCentury(https://archive.org/stream/a583266900goocuoft#page/n5/mode/2up).London:Longman's,Green&Co.p.547.Green,AnnaTroup,Kathleen(eds.)(1999).TheHousesofHistory:ACriticalReaderinTwentiethCenturyHistoryandTheory.ManchesterUniversityPress.p.338.ISBN9780719052552.Guilland,Antoine(1915)."LeopoldvonRanke."(https://archive.org/stream/moderngermanyher00guiliala#page/68/mode/2up)In:ModernGermanyandherHistorians.NewYork:McBride,Nast&Company,pp.68119.Iggers,Georg(1962)."TheImageofRankeinAmericanandGermanHistoricalThought,"HistoryandTheory,Vol.2,No.1,pp.1740.Iggers,GeorgPowell,J.M.(eds.)(1990).LeopoldvonRankeandtheShapingoftheHistoricalDiscipline.Syracuse,NY:SyracuseUniversityPress.p.223.ISBN0815624697.Krieger,Leonard(1975)."ElementsofEarlyHistoricism:Experience,Theory,andHistoryinRanke,"HistoryandTheory,Vol.14,No.4,pp.114.Krieger,Leonard(1977).Ranke:TheMeaningofHistory.Chicago,IL:UniversityofChicagoPress.p.402.ISBN0226453499.Laue,Theodorevon(1950).LeopoldvonRanke,theFormativeYears.Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress.p.230.Lincoln,JohnLarkin(1894)."TheHistorianLeopoldvonRanke,"(https://archive.org/stream/inmemoriam00linciala#page/568/mode/2up)InMemorian:JohnLarkinLincoln.Boston&NewYork:Houghton,Mifflin&Company,pp.568584.Novick,Peter(1988).ThatNobleDream:the'Objectivity'QuestionandtheAmericanHistoricalProfession.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.p.648.ISBN0521357454.Price,William(1897)."AContributiontowardaBibliographyofLeopoldvonRanke,"(https://archive.org/stream/1896annualreport01ameruoft#page/1262/mode/2up)AnnualReportoftheAmericanHistoricalAssociation,Vol.I,pp.12651274.vonRanke,Leopold(1973).GeorgIggers&KonradvonMoltke,ed.TheTheoryandPracticeofHistory.Indianapolis,IN:BobbsMerril.p.514.ISBN067251673X.Rsen,Jrn(1990)."RhetoricandAestheticsofHistory:LeopoldvonRanke,"HistoryandTheory,Vol.29,No.2,pp.190204.Schevill,Ferdinand(1952)."Ranke:Rise,Decline,andPersistenceofaReputation,"TheJournalofModernHistory,Vol.24,No.3,pp.219234.Stern,Fritz,ed.(1973).TheVarietiesofHistory:FromVoltairetothePresent(2nded.).NewYork:VintageBooks.p.528.ISBN039471962X.White,Hayden(1973).Metahistory.Baltimore,MD:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.p.448.ISBN0801817617.



LeopoldvonRanke'spapers(http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/l/LeopoldVonRankePapersDes.htm)atSyracuseUniversityRanke'spersonallibrary,containingmanyworksbylesserknownwritersonhistorical,politicalandliterarysubjectsofthe16thto19thcenturies,wasalsodonatedtotheUniversity'sRareBooks(http://library.syr.edu/information/spcollections/rarebooks.htm)department.Williams,H.S.(1907).Thehistorians'historyoftheworld(http://books.google.com/books?id=vacFAAAAIAAJ).VolumeXV.(ed.,thisvolumecoversLeopoldvonRankeonPage633(http://books.google.com/books?id=vacFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA633).)WorksbyLeopoldvonRanke(https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Ranke,+Leopold+von)atProjectGutenbergWorksbyoraboutLeopoldvonRanke(https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20von%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20L%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leopold%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leopold%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20L%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20L%2E%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leopold%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20title%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leopold%20von%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leopold%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22L%2E%20v%2E%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20von%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%20v%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Leopold%20Ranke%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ranke%2C%20Leopold%22%29%20OR%20%28%2217951886%22%20AND%20Ranke%29)atInternetArchiveWorksbyLeopoldvonRanke(http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Ranke,%20Leopold%20von,%2017951886.%22&type=author&inst=all)atHathiTrustWorksbyLeopoldvonRanke(http://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=who%3a(Ranke+Leopold+von+%3b+17951886.+%3b)&rows=12)atEuropeanaChisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911)."Ranke,Leopoldvon".EncyclopdiaBritannica(11thed.).

CambridgeUniversityPress.GeschichtederromanischenundgermanischenVlkervon1494bis1514(https://archive.org/details/geschichtenderro00rankuoft)byLeopoldvonRankeattheInternetArchiveBiographyofRanke,1901(https://archive.org/stream/a605673801rankuoft#page1/n15/mode/2up)byWilliamRobinsonClark

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