lesson xxx pluperfect tense future perfect tense + lesson xxix: substantive adjectives
TRANSCRIPT
Lesson XXX
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
+ Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives
Perfect System
• The PERFECT SYSTEM of Latin verbs has 3 tenses:– Perfect– Pluperfect (aka “past perfect”)– Future perfect
Perfect Tense System
• The perfect system gets its name because all 3 tenses use the “perfect stem.”
• Perfect stem: 3rd principal part of the verb minus –i.
• Remember “i surgery!”
Perfect Tense Review
• We’ve already learned the perfect tense.
• Perfect tense translates I verbed, I did verb, I have verbed.
–i -imus
–isti -istis
–it -erunt
Pluperfect/Past Perfect Tense
• The pluperfect, or past perfect, tense refers to an action that was completed before a certain time in the past.
• e.g.: He had gone. (before something else happened)
• He had gone to the store before his mom could tell him they needed milk.
• Past perfect/pluperfect tense is always translated in English with the helping verb HAD.
Forming Pluperfect/Past Perfect
• Add the letters “era” to the perfect stem.– Example: amavera-
Add the personal endings.
-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
Singular Plural
1st person AmaveramI had loved
AmaveramusWe had loved
2nd person AmaverasYou had loved
AmaveratisY’all had loved
3rd person AmaveratHe/she/it had loved
AmaverantThey had loved
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular Plural
1st dux dux
2nd dux dux
3rd dux dux
eram
Future Perfect Tense
• The future perfect tense refers to an action completed before a certain time in the future.
• e.g.: He will have gone. (before something else will happen)
• He already will have gone to the store before his mom can tell him they’re out of milk.
• Future perfect tense is always translated in English with the helping verbs WILL HAVE.
Forming Future Perfect
• Add the personal endings. (Use the same ones you used for the pluperfect, but just use –o in instead of –im/-io for 1st person singular.)
-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
Amo, amare, amavi, amatusSingular Plural
1st person AmaveroI will have loved
AmaverimusWe will have loved
2nd person AmaverisYou will have loved
AmaveritisY’all will have loved
3rd person Amaverith/s/i will have loved
AmaverintThey will have loved
doceo, docere, docui, doctus---teach
Singular Plural
1st docu docu
2nd docu docu
3rd docu docu
ero
Your Turn!
• What are the tenses of the following verbs?– afuimus– produxerat– retinuisti– noverunt– processerimus– amiseratis– docebas
Your turn!
• Give the past perfect (pluperfect) tense chart for lego, legere, lexi, lectus: choose.
• Give the future perfect tense chart for
facio, facere, feci, factus: make.
Substantive Adjectives
• Sometimes adjectives can be used as nouns.– Why do the good die young? – The few, the proud, the Marines.– The best is yet to be.• When an adjective is used in place of a noun,
it’s called a substantive adjective.
Substantive Adjectives
• Remember that adjectives have 3 genders: masculine, feminine, neuter.
• bonus, bona, bonum
• Because they already have 3 gender forms, they can easily be subbed for nouns like man, woman, and thing.
Substantive Adjectives
• bonus: good man
• bona: good woman
• bonum: good thing
• The words use 1st and 2nd declension noun endings like the ones you’ve already learned.
Substantive Adjectives
• boni: good men (or “people”…masculine was used when referring to mixed groups)
• bonae: good women
• bona: good things
• remember neuter plural nom/acc end in –a like feminine singulars! So, “bona” could be “the good woman” or “good things”
Substantive Adjectives
• miser, misera, miserum
• Miser est meus amicus.
• The poor man is my friend.
• Misera ad silvam ambulat.
• The poor woman walks to the forest.
• Miserum non amamus.
• We do not like the unhappy thing.
Your Turn!
• bona• nostri• mea• bonus• misera• malum• multi• verum• mali• multa
• a good man• the truth (a true thing)• many people• many things• our men• goods• misfortune (a bad thing)• bad people• poor woman• my things