lesson xxx pluperfect tense future perfect tense + lesson xxix: substantive adjectives

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Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

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Page 1: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Lesson XXX

Pluperfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense

+ Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Page 2: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Perfect System

• The PERFECT SYSTEM of Latin verbs has 3 tenses:– Perfect– Pluperfect (aka “past perfect”)– Future perfect

Page 3: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Perfect Tense System

• The perfect system gets its name because all 3 tenses use the “perfect stem.”

• Perfect stem: 3rd principal part of the verb minus –i.

• Remember “i surgery!”

Page 4: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Perfect Tense Review

• We’ve already learned the perfect tense.

• Perfect tense translates I verbed, I did verb, I have verbed.

–i -imus

–isti -istis

–it -erunt

Page 5: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Pluperfect/Past Perfect Tense

• The pluperfect, or past perfect, tense refers to an action that was completed before a certain time in the past.

• e.g.: He had gone. (before something else happened)

• He had gone to the store before his mom could tell him they needed milk.

• Past perfect/pluperfect tense is always translated in English with the helping verb HAD.

Page 6: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Forming Pluperfect/Past Perfect

Page 7: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

• Add the letters “era” to the perfect stem.– Example: amavera-

Add the personal endings.

-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

Page 8: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Singular Plural

1st person AmaveramI had loved

AmaveramusWe had loved

2nd person AmaverasYou had loved

AmaveratisY’all had loved

3rd person AmaveratHe/she/it had loved

AmaverantThey had loved

Page 9: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead

Singular Plural

1st dux dux

2nd dux dux

3rd dux dux

eram

Page 10: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Future Perfect Tense

• The future perfect tense refers to an action completed before a certain time in the future.

• e.g.: He will have gone. (before something else will happen)

• He already will have gone to the store before his mom can tell him they’re out of milk.

• Future perfect tense is always translated in English with the helping verbs WILL HAVE.

Page 11: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Forming Future Perfect

Page 12: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

• Add the personal endings. (Use the same ones you used for the pluperfect, but just use –o in instead of –im/-io for 1st person singular.)

-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

Page 13: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Amo, amare, amavi, amatusSingular Plural

1st person AmaveroI will have loved

AmaverimusWe will have loved

2nd person AmaverisYou will have loved

AmaveritisY’all will have loved

3rd person Amaverith/s/i will have loved

AmaverintThey will have loved

Page 14: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

doceo, docere, docui, doctus---teach

Singular Plural

1st docu docu

2nd docu docu

3rd docu docu

ero

Page 15: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Your Turn!

• What are the tenses of the following verbs?– afuimus– produxerat– retinuisti– noverunt– processerimus– amiseratis– docebas

Page 16: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Your turn!

• Give the past perfect (pluperfect) tense chart for lego, legere, lexi, lectus: choose.

• Give the future perfect tense chart for

facio, facere, feci, factus: make.

Page 17: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Substantive Adjectives

• Sometimes adjectives can be used as nouns.– Why do the good die young? – The few, the proud, the Marines.– The best is yet to be.• When an adjective is used in place of a noun,

it’s called a substantive adjective.

Page 18: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Substantive Adjectives

• Remember that adjectives have 3 genders: masculine, feminine, neuter.

• bonus, bona, bonum

• Because they already have 3 gender forms, they can easily be subbed for nouns like man, woman, and thing.

Page 19: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Substantive Adjectives

• bonus: good man

• bona: good woman

• bonum: good thing

• The words use 1st and 2nd declension noun endings like the ones you’ve already learned.

Page 20: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Substantive Adjectives

• boni: good men (or “people”…masculine was used when referring to mixed groups)

• bonae: good women

• bona: good things

• remember neuter plural nom/acc end in –a like feminine singulars! So, “bona” could be “the good woman” or “good things”

Page 21: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Substantive Adjectives

• miser, misera, miserum

• Miser est meus amicus.

• The poor man is my friend.

• Misera ad silvam ambulat.

• The poor woman walks to the forest.

• Miserum non amamus.

• We do not like the unhappy thing.

Page 22: Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Your Turn!

• bona• nostri• mea• bonus• misera• malum• multi• verum• mali• multa

• a good man• the truth (a true thing)• many people• many things• our men• goods• misfortune (a bad thing)• bad people• poor woman• my things