.

Vladimir Moss THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Copyright Vladimir Moss, 2006. All rights reserved , , .

XX

, 2007.

:

: : , , . , , . . 3,1-2 , . . 16,18

, , - XX . , , . , . 1904-05. - , , , 1917. . , , , . 1912-13. : , . 1917. . . , . , , , , ,

5

.1 : . : . (. 24,14). , , , , 222 , . , , , , , , : . . . , . 1900. . , , - . , , . II , , ( , , , ) ( , 1903. ) . : , , , , , - 1 The First Chinese Orthodox Martyrs, Chinese Herald, June, 1935 (); Orthodox Life, vol. 29, no. 1, January-February, 1979, pp. 14-18; The True Vine, N 8, Winter, 1991, pp. 42-51. (), (), (), (), () ().

6

. , : . , , . . , , , . , , . , . , , . ? ? , , , , . : , , , . , , ; , , . , , . , : , , , , . ,

7

( ), ( ). , 2, , , . . (1. . 3,15), , . , , , , . , , 2, 4, 6. 7. . , , , . , (). , , . 1, 3, 5. 7. . : , , , ' '. ' ', 1919. , . : ' '. : 1) , 2) () , 3) , .2 V. Moss, Ecucommunism, Living Orthodoxy, September-October, 1989, vol. XI, no. 5, pp. 13-18.

8

-, . . , , , 3 , , , , , , , , (1. . 2,5). 20-23. 1901. : , . , , , : ' '. , , : , , .4 . , , , , . : , , , ? ? ? , 3 Archbishop Averky, On the situation of the Orthodox Christian in the Contemporary World, : Istinnoe Pravoslavie i Sovremennij Mir, Jordanville, NY: Holy Trinity Monastery, 1971. 4 Vladimir Gubanov (ed.), Nikolai II-ij i Novie Mucheniki, St. Petersburg, 2000, p. 701

9

? , ? , , () , . , , VII. , , , , , , , , , , , , . . , . : . , , ; , . ; . , , . , , , . , . , , . ( ) , , , . : , , . : . . , , ,

10

5, , . , 1917. , . , , , 1917. . 1989-1991. . . , , , . , ; , , .6 , . , 1991. : , . , , .7

- , , . , 5 Marek Kohn, Joyfully back to Church?, New Statesman and Society, May 1, 1992, p. 32. 6 : I. Shafarevich, Sotsializm kak yavlenie mirovoj istorii, Paris: YMCA Press, 1977, : A. Solzhenitsyn (ed.) Iz-Pod Glyb, Paris: YMCA Press, 1974. 7 Orthodox Life, vol. 41, no. 6, November-December, 1991, p. 10.

11

, , , ? , ; , , , , . , , . , . , : , , . . . , , , . , (. 6,16), , , , . , - : . , , . 1917. , , . , . , : 9. 1917. ,

12

. : , . . , (. 24,8), (2. . 2,7), (. 20,3). , , . , , - , -. , - , , . , 4/17. 1918. . . , , : Belsatzar ward in selbiger Nacht Von seinen nechten umgebracht. .8 . ( ). , , . . , , : 8 : Nicholas Kozlov, Krestnij Put', , 1993; Enel, Zhertva, Kolokol', , 1990, N 5, . 17-37, i Michael Orlov, Ekaterinburgskaya Golgofa, Kolokol', 1990, N 5, . 37-55

13

, a '' , (), (), () (), , . , , . ; . . .9 : , , 3 ( 10) 9 . , 23 13 . 556 1918-1919. 448 108 . , 55 6 .11 : . : , , 95 . 1918-1923, .129 Illustrated Sunday Herald, February 8, 1920; : Douglas Reed, The Controversy of Zion, Durban, S. A.: Dolphin Press, 1978, pp. 272-273. 10 , J. , , , . : Lina Averina, Evrejskij koren', Nasha Strana (Israel), 22. , 1997. 11 Reed, The Controversy of Zion, p. 274. 12 Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 1919-1924, London: Fontana Press, 1995, pp. 112-13. , , , -

14

, - , , . , , , .13 ; , . , , , . , , , - - , , , 14 , , , , : -, - . , , , . , .

. , , 1948. . 1989. : Pyatnitsa (Israel), N 69, January 22, 1997, p. 8 13 Pipes, op.cit., p. 113. 14 Weitzmann, Trial and Error: The Autobiography of Chaim Weitzmann, New York: Harper, 1949.

15

: 1. , . , : ( ); () ( ), , ( ).15 . . : ) , , ; ) , .16 , ( , , ). : , 381. , .17 , , , , . , , , . , , .15 Russell, A History of Western Philosophy, London: Allen Unwin, 1947, p. 383 16 Shafarevich, Sotsializm, : Solzhenitsyn, A. (ed.) Iz-pod Glyb, Paris:YMCA Press, 1974; Sotsializm kak yavlenie mirovoj istorii, Paris: YMCA Press, 1977. 17 , ( 21. 1997): ( ) ( ); 381. . . . . (J.N.D. Kelly) ' ' (Early Christian Creeds) . . (Brian E. Daley) ' : ' (The Hope of the Early Church: A Handbook of Patristic Eschatology), 381. .

16

, . , . . . ; . , , . . , , , . . , . . , . , , , , , . , . , , . ' ', , , , . , .1818 Florovsky, Metaphyzicheskie predposylki utopizma, Put', June-July, 1926, . 30 ().

17

: 2. - - , . . , , , - ? : , , . , , . (. 3,2223). , , ; , , . , , . , ? , . , (. 3,29-30). , ; , , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , .1919 : Borisov, Natsional'noye vozrozhdeniye i natsiya-lichnost', : Solzhenitsyn, A. (ed.) Izpod Glyb, Paris: YMCA Press, . 202 ().

18

, , , . , . . , , , .20 , , , . , , , , .21 , , , . ; , . , , , . , , , . , , , : (. 3,28). , , ,

20 Dostoyevsky, The Diary of a Writer, 1877; translated by Boris Brasol, Haslemere: Ianmead, 1984, p. 738. 21 I. Shafarevich, Obosobleniye ili sblizheniye, : Solzhenitsyn, A. (ed.), Iz-pod Glyb, Paris: YMCA Press, 1974 ().

19

: 3. , - , , . , . . , , , ? . , . pontifex maximus- . , , ; , . , ( , . ), . , , . 1917. . , , . , . , . : . , ; , , ( ). , . ,

20

, . . , , . , , , . . . , , . . , ; ; , ( ). , . , . , .22 , , , , ; , : .23 , , , , 1806. , , : ? ; , . , , , , . 22 Tuskarev (Bishop Dionysius (Alferov)), Tserkov' o Gosudarstve, Staritsa, 1992, . 9-10 (). 23 : Elizabeth Dilling, The Jewish Religion: Its Influence Today, The Noontide Press, 1983.

21

, . : (). , , , , , , , , , , , , , 24 . , , , . , , . , . , , , . . . : ; , ; , . , , : , .25

24 Protocol 10, : Begunov, Yu.K., Stepanov, A.D., Dushenov, K.Yu., Tajna Bezzakonij, St. Petersburg, 2000, . 174, 176 (). 25 : Sergius Fomin, Rossia pered vtorym prishestviem, Sergiev Posad: Holy Trinity Monastery, 1993, . 100 ().

22

, : - : . , , , . , , . , , , - , , , , , .26 , , (. ), (. , ), , , ( -). , . - , - , . , , 1917. , . , - -: , , , . 1917. , 10 , 26 : I. N. Andrushkevich, Doktrina sv. Imperatora Yustiniana Velikago, Pravoslavnaa Rus', No. 4 (1529), February 15/28, 1995, . 4-12 ().

23

, , , . , , , , - . , , . , , 1914. , , . , . , . , , , .27 , ; .28 . , , , , . : , (1. . 11,19). , . . , , 27 M. Novoselov, Pis'ma k Druzyam, Moscow, 1994, . 94-95; V. Verkhovtseva, Nyeskol'ko slov o nashem dukhovenstve (Khram Khrista Spasitelya), : Bessmertny, A.R. & Filatov, S.B. (eds.) Religia i demokratia, Moscow: Progress, 1993, . 141-148; : S. Golubtsov, Moskovskoe dukhovenstvo v predverii i nachale gonenij, Moscow, 1999, pp. 7-12 (). : Peter Botsi, Gerontas Ieronymos o isykhastis tis Aiginas, Athens, 1991, pp. 58-77 (). 28 : K. Dinkov, Istoriya na B'lgarskata Ts'rkva, Vratsa, 1953, chapter 2 ().

24

. (. 2,34); . , , , ? . , , , , . , , . , , - , . , , , ! 20. / 2. 2003. . , , , , ,

25

1. : (1900-1924) , . . 10,3 , . 2. . 2,7

, , , , , . , , , ; . , , . , , , , ( , ). , , , , . , -

26

, , .29 1721. , , . : , , . , , , , : , ; ; , , , . , , . , 1903. . , - 1904-1905. 1905-1906. . , . , 1905, , , . , 29 : Sir Steven Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity, Cambridge University Press, 1968; Charles Frazee, The Orthodox Church and Independent Greece 1821-1853, Cambridge University Press, 1969.

27

, - . , , , . 1905. , (), ( ) , , , , . ( ) , , , - . .30 , . 31 , . , , , () . 1917-1918. . , , , : (), (), () ( ) (), (), () (). , 30 Alferov, Ob uderzhanii i symphonii, http://www.monarhist-spb.narod.ru/D-ST/dionisy-1.htm, p. 15. : M.V. Danilushkin (ed.), Istoria Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Tserkvi, 1917-1970, Saint Petersburg, 1997, pp. 67-69 (). 31 : James Cunningham, A Vanquished Hope: the movement for Church renewal in Russia, 1905-1906, Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1981; Alexander Bogolepov, Church Reforms in Russia, 19051918, Bridgeport, Conn.: Publications Committee of the Metropolitan Council of the Russian Orthodox Church of America, 1966.

28

, 1905-1907. , .

() (). . , , 1899. : , , , , , , .32 -. - . , , .33 . , , . : , , (. ), , . , , , , . . , , : .32 : N. Talberg, Istoria Russkoj Tserkvi, Jordanville, 1959, . 831 (). 33 : Holy New Hieromartyr Maximus Sandovich, Liberty, Tenn.: St. John of Kronstadt Press, 1998.

29

, , , . , . . : ( ), , ; , , . , . , , , . - . , . - , . . 1913. . , : , , . , ,

30

, , . , , . - , , - . , , .34 1914. , , . , 19. 1914. , , , , , . , - .

1914. . . , , , , : , , - , , , . , : , , , ( ), , 34 Holy New Hieromartyr Maximus Sandovich, op. cit., pp. 48-50.

31

, . , , . , . , , , . - ' ' . . , , ' ' . - 1923. , , , ().35 ; , ( ), .36 . , II 1861. . ; , , . : , . ! , , ,35 Kyril Fitzlyon and Tatiana Browning, Russia Before the Revolution, Harmondsworth: Penguin books, 1977, p. 46. 36 Trial and Error: The Autobiography of Chaim Weitzmann, New York: Harper, 1949.

32

, , . , , , . ? : . ' '. , , , . . . . ? ? . , , , status in statu, , . , , , ? ( ), , o?37 , , status in statu . , , , , , . , . . ' , ' , , , . , , 37 , .

33

, , , , , . , , , , , ; , , ! , , , . , , , , , . . , , , . , , , : , , , . , , ? ( ) , , , . , ! , ! , : , . , ! ? . ? ? ; '' 38 , , , , 38 , , 1877, II, 3; : Boris Brasol, Haslemere: Ianmead, 1984, pp. 648-651.

34

. , , , , , . , - . , , , , . , . . 1911. . : , . , . . , . , . . , : ' '. , : ', , '. , , , ' . , '.39 (), 1905. , . . , : , :39 Massie, Nicolas and Alexandra, London: Book Club Associates, 1967, p. 229.

35

' ?', : , , , , ( ), ( ), , , , . 1903. ( ) , , . 1905. , , . . , , , ' '. 1907. , , ' ', . . , 1906. ( ), , , ; , , , , , 40

1911. . 1913. , . , ( ).4140 Pis'ma Blazhenneishago Mitropolita Antonia (Khrapovitskago), Jordanville, 1988, pp. 37, 39 (). 41 : Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Dvesti let vmeste (1795-1995), part 1, Moscow: Russkij Put', 2001, pp. 444-451 ().

36

. , . , , - , () 1908. .42 . , , , , . , . , , 1096, , 1492, . , , , . , , . , , , . 38. , . 1803, 1913, .4342 S. V. Bulgakov, Nastol'naya Kniga dlya Svyashchenno-Tserkovno-Sluzhitelya, Kharkov, 1900, . 143 (). Dal', V. Rozyskanie o ubiyenii yevreev khristianskikh mladentsev i upotreblenii krovi ikh, St. Petersburg, 1844; Rozanov, V. Obonyatel'noe i osyazatel'noe otnoshenie yevreev k krovi, St. Petersburg, 1913; O. Platonov, Ternovij venets Rossii, Moscow, 1998 (). 43 : Platonov, op. cit., pp. 748-754 ().

37

() , , . . , , , 1903. 1905, , : , , , , , , , , . , , , , '', , , , , , , . 1911. ( ) 14. 15. , 15. 18. . 408. 412. . 44 ,

( , ), , , . , 1907. 44 Archbishop Anthony, : Zhizn' Volynii, 221, 2 September, 1913 ().

38

. , . , - , , , . 1912. ( . 8522 III , 12. ) 1913. ( . 758 , 15. ), 1913. ( 18. 27. . 7644). , , . . .45 1914. , (), (1913), , : , : ' , , ' ( . 1443 8. 1914). , , ( . 1442 8 1914). , : ( , , ), , , , . , ? , . , .45 Vladimir Gubanov (ed.), Nikolai II-ij i Novie Mucheniki, St. Petersburg, 2000, . 770 ().

39

18. 1914. (!). : , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , ( - , ). (. 1,18), . , . , , , . , . , , ! , . 1442 ( . 4136 10-24. 1914), . 2670 10. 1916. (), . 1917-1918. , :

40

() , , . , , . , ; ( ); . , () , , , ! 46 , . , , , . , , , .47 ( ) . , , , . : 46 . 1913. : Afonskaia Smuta, Tserkovnie Vedomosti, N 20, 1913, pp. 882-909 (). 47 : Constantine Papoulides, Oi Rossoi onomolatroi tou Agiou Orous, Thessaloniki, 1977 ().

41

. .48

, , . , . , . , , , . , . , , ; , , .49 . 1907. , , : , , . : , : ! . 16. , 18. , , , . , , , . , , (2. . 2). : . 48 : V. Moss, The Name of God and the Name-Worshipping Heresy. 49 Metropolitan Anastasius, Conversations with My Own Heart, Jordanville, 1948, p. 123 (); : Living Orthodoxy, N 101, vol. XVII, no. 5, September-October, 1996, p. 9.

42

'', , '' , . : , . . ( ) , . , , - , , 50 : , . , . : 90, 10. 20. . , , . . , , . , , . . . , , , . . . . : , , . , , . ().51 2. 191752, , . , 50 Bishop Andronicus, Russkij grazhdanskij stroj zhizni pered sudom khristianina, Fryazino, 1995, pp. 24-25 (). 51 : Gubanov, op. cit., p. 30. 52 , . , 1918, .

43

, , , , , . , , . ? , () (+1915), 1903. , : , .53 , , (+1952) : , . . , .54 , , , I ( , , (' ') ; . ). ; , , , . , , , ( ). . , , , , , . , 53 : Gubanov, op. cit., p. 70. 54 : Gubanov, op. cit., p. 62.

44

, , . : , .55 , . , . , , , - .

? , , . , . . -, - . , . 26. . . .56 27. , . . . ( ) . . . - ( 6. . .). . . II . ( 55 Nazarov, Kto naslednik rossijskogo prestola, Moscow: Russkaia Idea, 1996, . 68-69 (). 56 A. D. Stepanov, Mezhdu mirom i monastyrem, : Tajna Bezzakonia, St. Petersburg, 2002, . 491 ().

45

3. . ). 4. . , - . . , . ( , . .) . - . . , 5. , . , , . II , , 2. 1917, 3. . 6. , ' '.57 . , , : , . . , . ( ) . .57 Babkin, Sviatejshij Sinod Pravoslavnoj Rossijskoj Tserkvi : Revoliutsionnie Sobytia Fevralia-Marta 1917 g., http://www.monarhist-spb.narod.ru/D-ST/Babkin-1, pp. 2, 3 ().

46

, 6. 9. . . 9. ' '. . : ' . . '. De facto, ' ' , . . . , , ' ', . . ' '. '' , '', . '' 58 , , . , , ; - , . , , 59 , . , . 11. 12. 58 Babkin, op. cit., pp. 3-4. : . , , , ( : Oleg Lebedev, Mezhdu Febralyem i Oktyabrem, Nezavisimaia Gazeta, 13 November, 1996, . 5 ()). 59 Danilushkin, op. cit., p. 88.

47

- . , , , .60 , . , , . -, (), 5/18. : , , , . , , , , . .61 , . 4. , , . : , , , . , , . - , , . 16. :60 : Tamara Groyan's work on Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow, Tsariu Nebesnomu i Zemnomu Vernij, Moscow: Palomnik, 1996, . 142 (). (..). 61 Pis'ma Blazhenneishago Mitropolita Antonia (Khrapovitskago), op. cit., p. 57. : Victor Antonov, 1917 god: Arkhiepiskop Antonij i Fevralisty, Vozvrashchenie, N 2 (6), 1994, . 25 ().

48

, , , , . , . ; , . , . , .62 , : , , . , , . , . , , ; ; . , , , .63 , , , : .64 , , . , 24. 1917. : , , 62 Babkin, op. cit., p. 8. , . . .: : () , , . , , , ( , . , 1923 ()). 63 : Groyan, op. cit., p. 128. 64 : G. M. Katkov, Fevral'skaia Revoliutsia, Paris: YMCA Press, 1984, . 370 ().

49

' ' ? , ( . .). ? ? , .65 . . , - . . , - . , 4/17. ( ). . , , , ( 30. , 1. ). , . . : () . . , . , , . . . , . , , ? ? ' ', ?... , , 65 : Groyan, op. cit., pp. 122, 123.

50

, - , , .66 () - , . ( ) . , , , .67 , . , , ''. . . . . , ().68 ( ) , . , , , (). , . 66 : Groyan, op. cit., pp. 183-184. (Russkaya Tserkov' pered litsom gospodstvuyushchego zla, Jordanville, 1991, p. 4). 67 : K 80-lyetiyu Izbraniya Sv. Patriarkha Tikhona na Svyashchennom sobore Rossijskoj Tserkvi 1817-18gg., Suzdal'skie Eparkhial'nie Vedomosti, N 2, November, 1997, . 19 (). 68 () : , ( 23 /6. 1992. , Church News, April, 2003, p. 9).

51

- - . . , (). . , 1905. , ' () '. , 1906. , , - , ; ( II). , .69 . , 1917-1918. , , 18. 1906. : : , , () . , , . , . ( 45 ) .70 .71 . 69 1915. (A. Paryaev, Mitropolit Sergij Stragorodskij: Nyeizvestnaya Biographiya, Suzdal'skie Eparkhial'nie Vedomosti, N 1, September, 1997, . 12-15 ()). 70 Suggestions of the Diocesan Hierarchs on the Reform of the Church, St. Petersburg, 1906, vol. 3, p. 443 (). 71 : V ob'iatiakh semiglavago zmiia, Montreal, 1984, . 14 ().

52

, 7. 1917, , . (), 1917. 72 , . . . , , . . , . , (), , . , () , () . , , .73 1. 7. 800 . ; , , - , . .72 Preemstvennost' Grekha, op. cit., p. 7. 73 . . : Paryaev, op. cit.

53

20. 37.000 - . , . () . , . , 15. , .

1917-1918. 15. 1917. 564 350 . , , , . , , 1667. , . . , 20. , , , . , , , , , ( !). , , , , . , . . .74 , , 74 , op. cit.

54

. , , . , 25. , . , , : . . , , , , . , , . . . , , , - . ! , , , . , , . , . , 75 , 1918. : , , , . . , , , , . .75 : Nicholas Zernov, The 1917 Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Religion in Communist Lands, vol. 6, no. 1, 1978, p. 21.

55

: 1. . , , . , , () (). 30. : 101 , ( ) 27 , 23 . 31. : , . , 5. , 21. , . : , . . . , , , , , . : . , , - , , - . 1918. . . ; . , 1925. , ( 1924) : , , ,

56

(). , (). , (), . , , () . , , . . , 1918. , ! '', ( , ) . , .76 2. . . , , 26. , , , 11. , : , (2. . 2,4). : . . . , , 76 Regelson, op. cit., p. 67.

57

. 77 2. . , , , , , , . , , . , . ( ), , , . 18. , . , , . , .78 79, , , . , 19. . ( , , ), : , , : (1. . 5,13). , 77 Citirano prema: Nicholas Zernov, The 1917 Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Religion in Communist Lands, vol. 6, no. 1, 1978, p. 24. 78 Pipes, op. cit., p. 343. (op. cit., p. 226), 19. . 79 Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, London: Pimlico, 1997, p. 528; Archpriest Michael Polsky, The New Martyrs of Russia, Wildwood, Alberta: Monastery Press, 2000, pp. 91-92.

58

( ), . , , . (. 16,18).80 , . , . , 16. 1. 1923. .81 , , , , . , 25. / 7. , , : ; , (. 13,3). , , 82 , 22. / 4. , , : , , . . . ! , . , , , 80 M. E. Gubonin, Akty Svyateishego Patriarkha Tikhona, Moscow: St. Tikhon's Theological Institute, 1994, . 82-85 (). 81 Gubonin, op. cit., pp. 280, 296. 82 Gubonin, op. cit., p. 151.

59

, . , , , . ; ' '. , , , ! ! , .83 , , , . IV , , . , , .84 , (. 13,1), , , .85 , 19. , , . (. 7,25), 24. 1918. 31. 1918. 14., 1. . .8683 : . 1011 // Nauka i Religia, 1989, no. 4; : Arfed Gustavson, The Catacomb Church, Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Monastery, 1960, p. 9. : , , , : , , , , ( , 6, . 40). 84 V.A. Konovalov, Otnoshenie khristianstva k sovyetskoj vlasti, Montreal, 1936, p. 35 (). (), : , , , . , . . , (Pis'ma, Moscow, 1998, p. 85 ()) 85 V.A. Konovalov, op. cit., p. 35. 86 : , 71. 27. 1918.

60

, , . / 2. , , . ; , , 18 . , , , , , .87 . . , 29. 1918, , . . ' ', . . ' '. . . ' , , ' : ', , , , , , '. , . , : '1) , . 2) . 3) . . 4) . 5) . 1583. , '. , . (St. Patriarch Tikhon and the Calendar Question Part 1, orthodox@LISTSERV.INDIANA.EDU, 10 July, 2002). 87 Professor Ivan Andreyev, The Catacomb Church in the Soviet Union, Orthodox Life, March-April, 1951. : Vladimir Rusak, Pir Satany, London, Canada: Zarya, 1991 ().

61

. : ! : !88 . . : . , , , . , . , , , . , . . ' ' ' '. , , , , , , , . , , , , ( ) . (. ) , ! , , , 88 Deyania Sobora, p. 159. , : , .

62

, . , . : , . , . ' ', , 83. . , . , , ; , . , . ' - ', . : 1. , , . 2. , , , , ( 73. 13. ). (25. / 7. ). 15. : , , , , .89 .89 Bogoslovskij Vestnik, N 1, 1993, p. 217.

63

3. . / 13. . 5. : 1. , . 2. : ) ) . 3. 25. ( ) () . 4. , , , , .90 3. 4. . , 1981. , , , 1991. . , 1918, . .

, . 1922. () : , , . 90 Regelson, op. cit., pp. 236-237.

64

, ? , ?91 , () , , , . , . : 1921. , 1922. , . ' ', , . . , . . . , , , (), . . , , . . . . . , , , .92 1917. 1918. . , (): . .9391 Tserkovnost' ili politika?, Pravoslavnaia Rus', N 9 (1558), May 1/14, 1996, . 4 (). 92 Alferov, op. cit., pp. 16-17. 93 -, - , (San Francisco, 1991, p. 125). (): '' . , (Russkaia Ideologia, St. Petersburg, 1992, pp. 50-51). ,

65

, , 4/17. 1918. , . : , . I , , . II , III. -. , , . , , , . , : (. 27,25)94 , . ; , . : , , , 95 . . . / 8. , : , ; ; , , ; , , . , , . , . , , , (Istinnoe Pravoslavie i Sovremennij Mir, Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Monastery, 1971, p. 166). 94 : Orthodoxy America, June, 1987, pp. 10-11. 95 Gubonin, op. cit., p. 143.

66

, . . , . , , , 96 , , . , , . ( ) . . : , , , . . ? . ? , . , , . ! , , , ? , , , . . , , , .96 Regelson, op. cit., p. 52; Gubonin, op. cit., p. 146.

67

, . . , , , : ; , ! , , 97 . , . , : , , , .98 1918. : . : .99 , : , , , . . , .100 - . . , 97 : V Obyatiyakh Semiglavago Zmiya, (Montreal, 1984), pp. 22-23. 98 Lenin, Letter to Gorky (1913), Collected Works (second edition, 1926-1932), vol. 17, pp. 81-86. : S.G. Pushkarev, Lenin i Rossia, Frankfurt: Possev-Verlag, 1986. : R. Wurmbrand, Was Karl Marx a Satanist?, Diane books, 1978. 99 Liberman, S. I. Narodnij komisar Krasin, Novij zhurnal, N 7, 1944, p. 309; : Volkogonsky, D. Lenin, London: Harper Collins, 1994, p. 372. , : ; , (S. Courtois et al., The Black Book of Communism, Cambridge, Mass., London, England: Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 124). 100 Solzhenitsyn, Acceptance Speech, Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, 1983; Russkaia Mysl', no. 3465, 19 May, 1983, p. 6.

68

, . . ,

, , , . , 12 , 8 9 . , , , , (+1918), ( ) .101 , . 1918. . , , , . , , , , , : ' '.102101 : Sergius Fomin, op. cit., p. 229. 102 Nazarov, Tajna Rossii, Moscow: Russkaia Idea, 1999, pp. 85-86 (). A.D. Stepanov : . (op. cit., p. 493).

69

, . . : 1919-20. , , , . - ()103 () : , () , . , , , : ' '. ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ' ( ). ' , '. , ; ; .104 , . , .105 . , . . . , , , , , , . 103 Denikin, Kto spas Sovetskuiu vlast' ot gibeli, Paris, 1937, : A.I. Denikin and A.A. von Lampe, Tragedia Beloj Armii, Moscow, 1991, p. 8 (). 104 Tserkovnost' ili politika?, Pravoslavnaia Rus', N 1558, May 1/14, 1996, p. 4 (). 105 Anthony Lockley, Propaganda and the First Cold War in North Russia, 1918-1919, History Today, vol. 53 (9), September, 2003, pp. 46-53.

70

. . , ''! , , , , . , ; , , , , . , ; , , , ! . , , ! , ; , , , , , . ; , , , , , , ; . , . , ;

71

, ; , ; , , , ! , ; , , 106 , , . .107 , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , . , . , , 1925. , 106 Von Lampe, Prichiny neudachi vooruzhennogo vysuplenia belykh, Berlin, 1929, : Denikin and von Lampe, op. cit., pp. 28-30 (). 107 , . , , (Otviet apologetu kommunisticheskoj ideologii, Pravoslavnaia Rus', 1553, February 15/28, 1996, p. 15 ()). , : , , (Vladimir Gubanov, Nikolai II i novie mucheniki, Moscow, 2000, p. 131 ()).

72

. 1923. , , , , , . , : . . , , 1921. 637 1.026 . 25. 1920. , . 1918-19, , 28 1.414 108, 1922, , 2.233 109, , 1917. 1922. , 550 .110 , . , '' .111 , .112 , . , . .

108 Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov' i kommunisticheskoe gosudarstvo, 1917-1941, Moscow: Terra, 1996, p. 69 (). 109 Gustavson, op. cit., p. 34. 110 Anatoly Latyshev, Proviesti besposhadnij Massovij Terror Protiv Popov, Argumenty i Fakty, 26, 1996 (). 111 Rusak, Pir Satany, op. cit. 112 Latyshev, op. cit.

73

1921. . - ( ) , , 1929. . , , . , .113 . , , , . 1920. . , , -, : (. ) . . , , , .114 : , . . . , . , .115 1921. , , , 113 S. Savelyev, Bog i komissary, : Bessmertny A.R. and Filatov, S.B., Religia i Demokratia, Moscow: Progress, 1993, pp. 164-216. 114 : Edward Radzinsky, Stalin, New York: Doubleday, 1996. p. 244. 115 Protojerej Vladislav Cipin, Obnovlenchestvo. Raskol i ego Predistoria, Pravoslavnaia Beseda, 1994, N 3, p. 31.

74

, - , , .116 , 1921-1922. , 25 , . : , , . . ' ' . , ( ) . , - , , . , - : . . : , . ! , , ! 1) . 2) . 3) , . . , 1921, , . . , . , , 116 N. A., Nye bo vragom Tvoim tajnu povyem..., Vestnik Germanskoj Eparkhii Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Tserkvi za Granitsej, 1992, no. 1, p. 17. : Grabbe, op. cit., p. 42.

75

. , ? . , , . , 27. 1921. , , . . : ! 1922. , . , , . ! . 26. : ' !'117 , . 28. : . , , . , , , (73. , 10. ).118 , .119117 Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, London: Fontana, vol. 1, pp. 342-344. 118 Gubonin, op. cit., p. 190; quoted in Mucheniki Shuiskie, Vestnik Russkogo Khristianskogo Dvizhenia, 170, III-1994, p. 182. 119 . 24. 1923. . . 28. 1922. , , 1918. , -

76

: , , !120 , , , , , . , (, , ), . , 11. : , . : . , , . , . , .121 . - , (. ), , , (: ) , . , , . , . , (). , (Vlast' i Tserkov' v 1922-1925gg., Moscow, 1997; : S. Golubtsov, op. cit., pp. pp. 151-152). 120 Matushka Evgenia Grigorievna Rymarenko, Remembrances of Optina Staretz Hieroschemamonk Nektary, Orthodox Life, vol. 36, no. 3, May-June, 1986, p. 39. 121 Op cit., pp. 184-85. : Gregory Ravich, Ograblennij Khristos, ili brillianty dlya diktatury proletariata, Chas-Pik, no. 18, p. 24.

77

, . , , , , -. , .122 . 1.414 . 15 . , . 1921. 1923. 2.691 , 1.962 , 3.447 .123 . : , , , ( ) , , , , . , , , , - , , .124122 Ravich, op. cit., pp.24-25. 123 Ibid., p. 26. - 28 , 1,215 8,000 (Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 1919-1924, op. cit., p. 355). , 10,000 (V. Petrenko, Sv. Patriarkh Vserossijskij Tikhon, Vestnik I.P.Ts., N 1 (11), 1998, p. 27. 124 Lenin, Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenij, vol. 45, p. 666, : Vestnik Russkogo Khristianskogo Dvizhenia, no. 94, pp. 54-60, Regelson, op. cit., p. 314, : Richard Pipes The Unknown Lenin, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996, p. 134. (Literator, August 31, 1990, p. 4, : Pipes, The Unknown Lenin, p. 11, note).

78

, , : , . , ; ( ) , , . , , 125, . , . 23. , , : 50 1922-1923. , 75 19231924. : 126 , 1,5 127, 14 .128 , 300 .129 . 1. 1919, , . - , . . . (u: Dokumenty svidetel'stvuyut, Vestnik I.P.Ts., N 3 (17), 1999, p. 76. 125 Pipes, The Unknown Lenin, op. cit., p. 155. (op. cit., p. 380) . 126 Mucheniki Shuiskiye, op. cit., p. 190. 127 . : Pipes, op. cit., p. 355. : , op. cit., p. 381. Rukh (N 34, November 4, 1996) 2,5 , 40,000 , (u: Vestnik I.P.Ts. (Odessa), N 1, 1997, p. 45). 128 Richard Joseph Cooke, Religion in Russia and the Soviets, p. 149. 129 Pipes, op. cit., p. 355.

79

, . . , .

(1) 1921. , , .130 1922.131 , , 20. / 2. , , . : , ( 5); , ( 6); , ( 7); , , . ( 8); : , , , ( 9); , ( 13). , 130 Pipes, op. cit., p. 338. 131 Pipes, op. cit., p. 359.

80

, , , .132 . , 1905. 1917, . 1918. , , .133 , , 1922. , . , , , , (). 1905. . , 1907. . 1921. . 1922. . . , - , .134 , , , .135 () .136132 N. A., Nye bo vragom Tvoim tajnu povyem..., op. cit., p. 17. 133 Grabbe, op. cit., p. 32. 134 Jane Swan, A Biography of Patriarch Tikhon, Holy Trinity Monastery, Jordanville, N.Y., 1964, p. 62; Levitin-Shavrov, : Pospielovsky, The Russian Church under the Soviet Regime, 1917-1982, Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982, vol. I, pp. 55, 54. 135 Citirano prema: Pospielovsky, The Russian Church, op. cit. p. 45. 136 Citirano u: Grabbe, op. cit., p. 5.

81

, , , . , , , , , , , .137 , , . , . () . , . , . , .138 24. , , , , . . , . , , , . . , , .137 E. L., Episkopy-Ispovedniki, San Francisco, 1971, p. 68. 8. 1922. : . , . , ; , , . (Citirano prema: Volkogonov, op. cit., p. 382). 138 Grabbe, op. cit., pp. 31, 32.

82

, 19. , 54 . , . . : ? : , , . : , ! .139 , 1917-18, , , . , 1917-18, . ( , 1921), ( , ). , , , , . : ( ) ( , ), ( , , ). , 1917-18. , , , . 139 Gubonin, op.cit., p. 198; Solzhenitsyn, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 348.

83

, , . . ; , , , . , , : ( , , ), ( ), (, ), ( ), ( ), ( ) ( , , , ). , . . . , (. 2,10), . , , . , , , , , ( ) . . , , . 1922. , , , .

84

. , , , , , . , ; , ; , . , : : . .140 , , , : , ; , , .

, . . : ( ). , XVIII , . , , , , . . ' ' 1921. , , . : , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , 140 Russkaia Mysl', no. 3143, March 17, 1977.

85

, , , , , , , , , , . , 1917. , . , . . , . . , , . . . ? 1919. . 1919. , . , . ( ), : , , . , . . , . . - . . . 1919. () . , . , 1918. . , , . , , ,

86

, , . 1920. () 141, . , 1920, , , . 1920, . . () , . , , , (. ), . , , , . . 19. 1920. ( ) . , 20. 1920. , . 362 , , ( ). :141 , , , , , . . Monk Anthony (Chernov), Archvque Theopane de Poltava, Lavardac: Monastre de St. Michael, 1988, p. 73 ().

87

1. , , , 2. , , , , , . 3. 2, 142142 : (), , , , , : : 1) , , , . 2) , ( ), , , , ( , ). 3. 2, . 4. , , , , , , ( , ) ; . 5) 2 4 , , , ( ) :

88

, , , , . , 2. 3. . . 19-21. 1921. , , , . , , , .143 . , ) , , , , ; ) , , , . 6) 5 , . 7) 2 4 , , , , , , (. ) , 5, 2 6, , , . 8) , 7 . 9) , , , 2 6, , ; , . 10) , , , . 143 Traskovsky, Istoria Russkoj Zarubezhnoj Tserkvi, 1921-1939 gg., Pravoslavnij Put', Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Monastery, 1995, pp. 20-24.

89

( 1. , . ). , , , , , . , , , , ! , ! , , , , . , , , , , , , , . : , , , .

1921. 21. 1921. . , .144 , , , () : , , 144 . : Demetrius Anakshin, Poslednij zemskij sobor, Pravoslavnaia Rus', N 21 (1594), November 1/14, 1997, pp. 1011,15 (), and Danilushkin, op. cit., chapter 6.

90

. , , . : , , ; , . , , , 1917-1918. .145 ( ) , , , 24 , ( ). , .146 , 4. . . . . , , 5. (. 347) ( ) . .147 , . . 347 . , (I) 145 Holy Transfiguration Monastery, Boston, A History of the Russian Church Abroad, Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1961, p. 24; Archbishop Nikon (Rklitsky), Zhizneopisanie Blazhennejshago Antoniya, Mitropolitan Kievsakgo i Galitskago, New York, 1960, vol. VI, p. 36 (). 146 Istochnik, N 3, 1995, p. 116. 147 Acts of the Russian Pan-Diaspora Church Council in Sremsky-Karlovtsy, Sremsky-Karlovtsy, 1922, p. 126. : Fr. Victor Potapov, What is False is also Corrupt, Living Orthodoxy, vol. XIV, no. 1, January-February, 1992, p. 26.

91

, (): , ; (II) , !148 (III) , , . , , . , . . , : ( ). , . , 149 , , , .150 , , . 148 Protopriest Alexander Lebedev, 'Ya napisal eto dlya vlastej, a ty sidi i rabotaj', Vozvrashchenie, N 2 (6), 1994, p. 29; Schema-Monk Anthony, op. cit., p. 88. 149 Igumen Luke, An Answer to the Orthodox Church in America's Document, 'Why Deepen the Schism?', Orthodox Life, vol. 40, no. 6, November-December, 1990, pp. 13-14. 9. , (op. cit., p. 115), ' '. , , - 1922, . , , . , , , . 150 Holy Transfiguration Monastery, Boston, A History of the Russian Church Abroad, Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1961, p. 24.

92

, , : . , , .151

(2) - , ( , , ), . , . . , ' ' . , (), . . . , . . . 5. 1922. . ' '. . , , , . , , . . , . 15. 1922. . . , . . . , ' ,151 Grabbe, op. cit., p. 32. , 1922 . : Igumen Luke, op. cit., p. 14.

93

, 2. (15) '.152 . . , : , , , , .153 , , . , . , 27. , : , , . . . . : ! !154 , . . , , . , . , . : : 152 N. A. Krivova, op. cit., Moscow, 1997; : Golubtsov, op. cit., p. 116. 153 J. S. Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State, Boston: Little, Brown, 1953, pp. 159-160; Gubonon, p. 290; Grabbe, op. cit., pp. 33-34. 154 N. A. Nye bo vragom Tvoim tajnu povyem..., op. cit., p. 17.

94

. . . . . , , () (?!). , ; . , , (??) ( 5/18. 1922, . 214) . . . . . . . 155 , , , .156 , . . . : , . . , , . , : , , . .155 Levitin, A., Shavrov, V. Ocherki po istorii russkoj tserkovnoj smuty, Kusnacht, 1977; : Gubonin, op. cit., p. 813. 156 Gubonin, op. cit., pp. 219-221.

95

: . , !. : , , .157 : , . : , ' ', . . ? , , , . ; .158 12. 13. ( . .) 1922. . (), . , 5. 1922. .159 1927. . -, .

, . , 12. 1917. , , , , , .157 Regelson, op. cit., p. 302. 158 Polsky, op. cit., part 2, p. 294. 159 N. A. Nye bo vragom Tvoim tajnu povyem..., op. cit., p. 18.

96

1. -. . , 29. / 11. , .160 , . , , . . , 1921. , . 1922. ( ) , , , , . 1923. . , , . : 1) ; 2) ; 3) . , . , , , , , . . . . 29. 1927. . 1924. , , , 160 : Gubonin, op. cit., pp. 71-75.

97

, . . . .161 , . , : 1917, 1941. 1990. 1917. , (). , , . 1918.162 1920. , 1921. . , , , , . , , (), , , . . . 1922. , : , , , , ,161 Melia, The Orthodox Church of Georgia, A Sign of God: Orthodoxy 1964, Athens: Zoe, 1964, pp. 112-113. 1994. 162 A Wreath on the Grave of the New Hieromartyr Vladimir of Kiev, Liberty, TN: St. John of Kronstadt Press, 1987, chapter 2.

98

; , , , , , , , , , , , . : , , , , . 1930. -.163 , 1924. , . 5. 1924. 1923. . , 1925. .164 1929. ( ), 1930. , , .165

1923. 1922. . : , 163 Protopresbyter Michael Polsky, Novie Mucheniki Rossijskie, Jordanville, 1957, part 2, chapter IV. 164 Spravka o Prinyatii v Obshenie Episkopa Seraphima (Lyade), Tserkovnaya Zhizn', N 12, 1937. 165 : Archbishop Leontius (Philippovich), Ukrainskiye shovinisty i samosvyaty, Russikij Pastyr, IIIII, 1995, pp. 154-187; J.-F. Meyer, Religions et securite internationale, Berne: Office Centrale de la Defense, 1995, p. 29.

99

( ''), , , , , . , , .166 () : - ' '. : ' , '.167 , . , , , . , , , . 29. 1923. , , , , , , : , , , , , , , , . . , ( ) , , . , . , 166 : Gubonin, op. cit., pp. 218-219. 167 Snychev, Mitropolit Sergij i Obnovlencheskij Raskol, : Danilushkin, op. cit., p. 182.

100

, , . , : . , .168 ( ) . , (), . ''. , : ' , '. ( ), , , . .169 , 1923. . : ( ), (- ), ( ) . , , .170 , , ( ), . . , ,168 Gubonin, op. cit., p. 224. 169 : Archbishop Nikon (Rklitsky), Zhizneopisanie, op. cit., vol. VI, p. 114. 170 Savelyev, op. cit., p. 195.

101

, , , , 17. . : , : , , . () , .171 11. : : 1) ; 2) : ) ; ) ; ) , , ; ) , ) ( , ), ) ( , ). , , . , : . 1) , . 2) . 3) , : ; ; (); ; , , , ; , ( 171 Volkogonov, op. cit., p. 383.

102

, ) '' . .172 . , . , , , , . 16. , 1. ( ) , - .173 , , , , , , , , ' '. , ' ' . .174 , () , : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) 172 N. N. Pokrovsky, S.G. Petrov, Arkhivy Kremlia: Politburo I Tserkov' 1922-1925gg., Moscow: Rosspen, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 282-284 (). 173 Gubonin, op. cit., pp. 280, 286; S. Bychkov, Moskosvskij Komsomolets, May 16, 1990. 1923. , . . , , . : Latyshev, op. cit. 174 Yakunin, V sluzhenii kul'tu (Moskovskaya Patriarkhiya i kul't lichnosti Stalina), Na puti k svobodye sovyesti, Moscow: Progress, 1989, p. 178.

103

, 5) , 6) . . , , , .175 27. 1923. , ( ) .176 ; 1926. (, ), . . , ; , .177 , : 178 15. : . , , ; , 179175 Nikon, op. cit., pp. 151-152. 176 : 1922. 4 400 , 66% , 1924. 14,000 , 30% (Obnovlenchestvo: Pereosmyslenie techenia v svete arkhivnykh dokumentov, Vestnik Russkogo Khristianskogo Dvizhenia, 168, II-III, 1993, p. 217). 177 Swan, op. cit., p. 83. 178 : Protopriest Lev Lebedev, Dialogue between the ROCA and the MP: Why and How? - Report to be given to the Sobor of Bishops of the Russian Church Outside Russia, Great Lent, 1998. Christopher Birchall. 179 Regelson, op, cit., p. 347; Gubonin, op. cit., p. 291.

104

, ( 180) ( 181), , , ( , 182) . , , , : , , , . , , () , , , . . , : ' , , !' . , . , . , , . , : ' , !' , , , . : ' , !', : (. 6,37). . 180 : Metropolitan John (Snychev) of Saint Petersburg, Mitropolit Manuil (Lemeshevsky), Saint Petersburg, 1993. 181 : Pyotr, arkhiepiskop Voronezhskij, Vestnik Germanskoj Eparkhii Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Tserkvi za Granitsei, no. 6, 1991, pp. 18-21; Episkop Varnava (Belyaev), Pravoslavnaia Zhizn', no. 3 (518), March, 1993, p. 19; Andreyev, Russia's Catacomb Saints, Platina, Ca.: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, p. 177; Vospominania monakhini Seraphimy ob Arkhiepiskope Petre (Zvereve), Troitskoe Slovo, N 6, pp. 12-27). 182 E. L. Episkopy-Ispovedniki, San Francisco, 1971, p. 68, note.

105

? ? , , . : ' , , , , , '. , . . , , . ; ' ' . , , , , . , , , .183 . , , 16. 1922, . , ; .184 8. 1923. , - .185 , , 183 Preemvstvennost' Grekha, a publication of the parish of the Holy New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia, Tsaritsyn, pp. 7-9 (). 184 I. Kontsevich, Optina pustyn' i ee vremia, Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Monastery Press, 1971, p. 546 185 Danilushkin, op. cit., p. 192.

106

, . , , . VII , .186 () 1925. , , , , .187 .

1917-1918. , 1922-1923. , . : 1. , . , , . , , . , . 363 7/20. 1920. , , . 1927. , , (), .186 Archbishop Nikon (Rklitsky), op. cit., pp. 161-163. 187 Metropolitan Anthony, : Orthodox Life, vol. 25, March-April, 1975.

107

2. , . , , . , , . . 3. , . , . , , ! 1923. : . , . . , , , , .188 , , .189 . , , . , , , .190 , , (, 12); .

188 : Gustavson, op. cit. 189 Nichols, Theology in the Russian Diaspora, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 53. 190 Regelson, op. cit., p. 313.

108

2. : (1900-1924) , , , , , . 2. . 2,15

, , , . , , , .

1912. , , , 1913. , . , , , , , . 1913. , , . , , . , 1872. . , : , , (+1920). ,

109

, , . , . . , 100,000 , 200,000 , 275,000 , 800,000 , 15 55 .191 , . , , - . , , , . , , , , . , , - . . , -, - , .

: (1) . , , (. 1,12). , , . () , , 191 : Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Cambridge University Press, 1983, volume 2, p. 136, and Tim Judah, The Serbs, Yale University Press, 1999, p. 101.

110

. 1910. . 1912. 1913. , , , . . 1913. , , : ' '. . : , , . , , , . , ; , , , ( ), . , . , , . ; . . . , . , , , . ' ( ) '. . , , . , . , , ( ); . 1919, , . . , , -

111

. , , , . () . 400,000 . , ( ) , . 1914. . , , . . 1908. , , 1912. 1913, , . , ( ) ; . , 1914. , . , . . , . 1919. . ; ' '. . , , ; , ; . . , , , , . ; ' '. 1915.

112

1917. , 1916. . 1917. . , . , , , , . , , . ; ; , . , , . , ; . , ' ', . , '' . . ' , , , , , , . , , , '. 1919. . , , -, . . , , , , . , : ( , ) , , ( ), 600 , , , . -

113

. . : . , , , . .192

: (2) . . . : . 21. 1871. . 1889. . 1892. . 1900, , . 1908. , , , ' '. 1909. , 1910. ( ).193192 Margaret Macmillan, Peacemakers, London: John Murray, 2003, pp. 358-362. 193 Bishop Photius, The 70th Anniversary of the Pan-Orthodox Congress in Constantinople, Orthodox Life, no. 1, 1994, p. 40. 1909. . 1967. : (1906) (1908) , , , , . '' . 44 1909. . , (Alexander J. Zervoudakis, Meletius Metaxakis, Tektonikon Deltion: Organon tes Magales Stoas tes Hellados, No. 71, January-February, 1967; : Dimitri Kitsikis, The Old Calendarists and the Rise of Religious Conservatism in Greece, Etna, Ca. 1995, p. 17). : Oecumenical Patriarch Meletios (Metaxakis), Orthodox Tradition, vol. XVII, nos. 2 & 3, 2000, pp. 2-8.

114

. , , , , -. : , , ' '. III, 13. 1921, . , .194 10/23. 1916. , . , , . : , , , . : ( ). . , ( ) , ? 1) , . , . , , , , . , , . , ' ' . Pythagoras-Gnomon, 15. 1910, ( ) (Monk Paul, op. cit., pp. 49-59). 194 Bishop Photius, op. cit., p. 40.

115

2) . , , . ? . - , , . 3) , , ( , ), , , , , . 4) . , . , , , . - . . : , , . () ' ' . , . '' 5) , . , . , , , , . , , , , , , , 195195 D. Gatopoulos, Andreas Michalakopoulos, 1875-1938, Athens, Elevtheroudakis, 1947, pp. 90-93; : Kitsikis, op. cit., pp. 9-11.

116

, , ; 1917, . . 1918. . . 1918.196 1919. . , , . , , , , . .197 , (). 1919, , : , . , , , .198 1919. . , , . , . , , , , , , , .196 To imerologiakon skhisma apo istorikes kai kanonikes apopseos exetazomenon, Agios Agathangelos Esphigmenites, 130, March-April, 1992, p. 16 (). 197 Goutzidis, Ekklesiologika Themata, Athens, 1980, pp. 67-68 (). 198 Ibid., p. 68.

117

: , , , . , (!), , , , . .199

, , . . ; , , , . , 1919. , , . , . 21. 1919, - (), . 16. , . , , . , 466 .200 - , , , . 1919. - .201199 Monk ( ) Ephraim, Letter on the Calendar Issue, Brookline, Mass.: Holy Transfiguration Monastery, 1968, second edition 1979, St. Nectarios Educational Series, no. 2. 200 Alexis Alexandris, The Greek Minority of Istanbul and Greek-Turkish Relations, 1918-1974, Athens: Centre for Asia Minor Studies, 1983, pp. 54-57. 201 Ibid., p. 58.

118

, , . , . , 1920, 1927. 1937. .202 , , , ... .203 . , , . , , , () , , (). : : ? . , , , , . , , (. 2,19); , (. 16,16; 8,29; . 1,24; . 8,28). , ? , 202 V. Stavrides, Istoria tou Oikoumenikou Patriarkheiou, Thessaloniki: Oikos Adelphon Kyriakidi, 1987, pp. 260, 247 (). 203 Fr. George Macris, The Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Movement, Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1986, pp. 4-5.

119

- , . ? ? ? ? . , . . . ? : ( 2,47; 5,13-14). . , . , . . . . , , , . , . . . . , , , , . , . , . , . , . .204 . , . , ,204 Troitsky, The Unity of the Church and the World Conference of Christian Communities, Montreal: The Monastery Press, 1975, pp. 13-15.

120

, , , 1920. . - , ( ). , , . : , , : () ; () ; () ; () , ; () ; () ; () ; () ; () ; () ; () .205205 Stavrides, op. cit., pp. 248-249.

121

: (1) , , , , ; (2) , , , ; (3) . . , , . : , , . 24. : ( ). , .206 , , , , , . , ( 1922). .

206 Alexandris, op. cit., p. 62.

122

1919. , , , . . . : , . , . , , . ( , ) - , , , . ' , , , 300,000 '. , , . : ' , '. , . , , . . , , . 250,000 , . , , . , , . , . -

123

, . , , . , - , . , , : ' '. .207 ; . , , , , . , .208 , : , , , , . , , , , . .209 15. . , 16. . . , 16. . , , , , . , . 207 Macmillan, op. cit., pp. 440-441. 208 Macmillan, op. cit., p. 443. 209 Macmillan, op. cit., p. 451.

124

, 1920. , . . , 1920, , , . : ' ; ; , ? , '. : ' . '.210 1920. 100,000 400 . , 5. . , 4,000 20,000 , . , . , , . , , ( 1921. ) . 1920. , . , , . , , , .

210 Macmillan, op. cit., p. 459.

125

, , . 1920. ( . ). . . , 1921. , . 17. 1921. , , , .211 , , , , . , , 1918. ! , . 1920. , ! , , , , , V . 1438. . , , , .212 , 6. 1921.211 Archimandrite Theokletos A. Strangas, Ekklesias Ellados Istoria, Athens, 1970, vol. II, p. 1118 (); : Oecumenical Patriarch Meletios (Metaxakis), Orthodox Tradition, vol. XVII, nos. 2 & 3, 2000, p. 11. 212 Monk Paul, Neoimerologitismos-Oikoumenismos, Athens, 1982, p. 35 ().

126

. ? : . (), , : ' 1921. . , . 10,000 . , . , . . 100,000 , , . . . . . , . . . ( . .) '. , 25. 1921, . , 23. 1921. . . , . . ( , , ). ' ' '

127

'. , .213 . 1921. . (), , . , 1856. , , .214 1921. , . 22. 1922. , 24. 1922!215 () . , (), , . : : ' . ( ) , , . . , , '.216213 Bishop Photius, op. cit., p. 41-42. 214 Alexandris, op. cit., pp. 75-76. 215 To imerologiakon skhisma apo istorikis kai kanonikis apopseos exetazomenon, Agios Agathangelos Esphigmenites, 131, May-June, 1992, p. 17 (); Bishop Photius, op. cit., p. 41. 216 Oleg Platonov, Ternovij Venets Rossii, Moscow: Rodnik, 1998, p. 475 (), : La Temple, 1943, N 3.

128

- , . 1921. . , .

, 60% , . , , . , . , , , . , . 1917. . , ; 1917. ; . 1917. 1917. 1918. 1917. .217 , 1918. , 217 Jelavich, op. cit., pp. 158-159.

129

. . : ( , 1918. ), . , , . 1920. , , , . . , - , . (), . , . , , . , . . ; . () . , , . , ? , . , . --

130

. , , , , . , , , . , . ' , ' 1922. ' '. . . , . . 1924. . , , , , . . . ' ', .218

, - . 1922. ; , , . 1923. , .219218 Glazkov, Istoricheskiye prichiny nyekotorykh sobitij v istorii Rumynskoj Pravoslavnoj Tserkvi do II Mirovoj vojny, Tserkovnaia Zhizn', NN 3-4, May-August, 2000, pp. 46-48 (). 219 Stavrides, op. cit., p. 45.

131

, . VII . 28. , , : 1. . 1922. . VII 1924. - , ( 1951. ) . , , . .220 2. . 1921. . 1922. . , ( ). . , , . . VII . ( ), , , ,220 A History of the Russian Church Abroad, Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1972, p. 51.

132

; 6. ( ), : ' , '. 28. . , . '' , , , , , , , , , ; , . , , . ( ), , , , , , , .221 / 1923. , , : , .222 , , . 3. . 1921. . 1922. 221 : Monk Gorazd, Quo Vadis, Konstantinopol'skaia Patriarkhia?, Pravoslavnaia Rus', no. 2 (1455), January 15/28, 1992, p. 9 (). 222 Gubonin, op. cit., p. 304.

133

, , . (1996) , () . 4. . 1921. , , 1934. . 1936. . 5. . 1921. () , , , . () . , , .223 : 3 ( ).224 1922. , () () . 1922. , . . 1922. , 1923. .225 , () () . .223 Danilushkin, op. cit., p. 197. 224 , 22. 1919. 497 , , . : Danilushkin, op. cit., p. 586. 225 Koeller, Kommentarii k pis'mu Arkhiepiskopa Rizhskago i Latvijskago Ioanna Arkhiepiskopu Vilyenskomu i Litovskomu Elevferiyu ot 2 noyabrya 1927 g., Tserkovnaia Zhizn', nos. 3-4, May-June-JulyAugust, 1992, pp. 56-57 ().

134

1923. , , IV (). , . , -, . 1924. VII . 6. . 1868, 1918. 1920, , -. , 3. 1921. . , , , 4. 1923. , -. 15. 1924. , . . . . - - . . , ; , . . '' ''. , , .

135

, , .226 1938. () : . 13. 1923, , , , . , , , , , , . , , , , , , , .227

, , 1921. , . 1922. , ( 226 Monk Gorazd, op. cit. , 13. 1945. , . : Novij svyashchenno-ispovyednik Dosifej mitropolit Zagrebskij, Pravoslavnaia Rus', N 7 (1628), April 1/14, 1999, p. 3 (). 227 Archbishop John, The Decline of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, : The Orthodox Word, vol. 8, no. 4 (45), July-August, 1972, p. 175.

136

) .228 , , .229 , , ( ) , : . : , , , . . , , . , . , , . , 230 , , - 1922. , 3.000 . , , , . 12 .231228 (ORTHODOX@LISTSERV.INDIANA.EDU, January 17, 1999) : 1914 400,000 ; 1922- 100,000 ; 1916-22 350,000 ; 1914-22 900,000 . 229 B. Jelavich, History of the Balcans (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) Vol. 2, pp. 131-132, 173-174; 1922-1982. : 1922-1982 // Orthodox Christian Witness, October 4/17, 1982. 230 Karamitsos, O Synkhronos Omologitis tis Orthodoxias, Athens, 1990, p. 25 (). 231 Peter Bostes, Gerontas Ieronymos o Isykhastes tis Aiginas, Athens: Monastery of the Annunciation, Oinoussi, 1991, p. 76 ().

137

, , , (1922-1923), , , . . , ( ) . , , . ( ) . , . . , .232 , . . , , 1923 1453. .

1923. , 1923. , , . , , , , . , , . 232 Alexandris, op. cit., pp. 90, 91.

138

, 25. .233 , , , .234 , 25. , , . , .235 , . ; 6. . , 16. , 13 , , . , , , . , , , . , , , .236 , , 10. 8. 1923. . , , , , 233 234 235 236 Goutzidis, op. cit., pp. 68-70. Ibid., p. 76. : Bishop Photius, op. cit., p. 40. Ibid., pp. 74-78.

139

. , , .237 () : , , , . , .238 (14. 1929) , : 34. : ' , , . : '. ; , , ; ; ; , . , , - , , .239 , . , , 240237 , , , , . 238 : Oecumenical Patriarch Meletios (Metaxakis), Orthodox Tradition, vol. XVII, nos. 2 & 3, 2000, p. 9. 239 Monk Paul, op. cit., pp. 72-73. 240 Dionysius Batistes, Praktika-Apophaseis tou en Kon/polei Panorthodoxou Synedriou 1923, 1982, p. 57 ().

140

: . , , ( ). , , ' , , ' ( 23. 1923). ( ), , .241 () .242 , , , , . , . , , 1926, , , . . . , ''. , - (1928) .243 , .244 1922. . . : ( . .) 241 242 243 244 Nicon (Rklitsky), op. cit., vol. 10, p. 38. A History, op. cit., pp. 53-55. : Monk Gorazd, op. cit. Platonov, op. cit., p. 478. Holy Transfiguration Monastery, Boston, A Reply to Archbishop Athenagoras, Montreal, 1979, p. 19.

141

, .245 , VII VI, .

, . , ( ) , . , , , . 70 . , 14. 1923. , . , 65 , . 24. (!), 27. , , , . . 24. , , : , , , 245 : Bishop Photius, op. cit., p. 42.

142

, , .246 . : . 1924. , , . , . 14. , , 10. ( 23. ), . . , 15. : , , , ; . , . 10. , , ( 13 , ). , 10. 23. . , 4. , , , , 246 Archimandrite Theocletus A. Strangas, Ekklesias Hellados Historia, ek pegon apseudon, 1817-1967, vol. 2, Athens, 1970, p. 1181 (); prevedeno kod: Kitskikis, op. cit., p. 18.

143

, , , .247 , , . : . VII . , , , .248 . , , 1926. 1929. , . 1936. .

, , , . , . . , .249 , , . , , , , 247 Ibid., pp. 85-98. 248 Demetrius Mavropoulos, Patriarkhikai selides: To Oikoumenikon Patriarkheion apo 1878-1949, Athens, 1960 (); : Kitsikis, op. cit., p. 19. 249 : Fr. Demetrius Serfes, The Life and Works of St. Tikhon the confessor Patriarch of Moscow, Old Forge, PA, pp. 37-38.

144

. , . , 250 . : '' ' ' ( ) (. -) , (, ,