Crossing the Crossing the Mangatawhiri Mangatawhiri

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The 1863 invasion of the WaikatoThe 1863 invasion of the Waikato

The Main Players

• Governor Gore Brown• Wiremu Kingi• Governor George Grey• General Duncan Cameron• Russell & McVeagh• Wiremu (the King Maker)Tamehana Tarapipipi• Te Wherowhero Tawhiao• Rewi Maniapoto• Titokowaru• Te Kooti

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Grey, McLean and Land• Grey's greatest success as a colonial

governor was probably his management of Maori affairs in the years 1845 to 1853.

• He gave every appearance of scrupulously observing the terms of the Treaty of Waitangi, and assured Maori that their rights to their land were fully recognised.

• Under the chief land purchase commissioner, Donald McLean, procedures were evolved for negotiating a sale at a tribal meeting.

• The meeting had to agree to the sale. Often large numbers of Maori signed the purchase agreement.

• The land then became Crown land and was sold to settlers at a profit, which provided significant government revenues

Governor George Grey

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Te Kingitanga• A movement arose in the 1850s to establish a

Maori king to protect Maori land from alienation and to make laws to end internal strife.

• Tamihana Te Rauparaha had been to London and observed the position and power of the Queen.

• He also noted the unifying influence of the position.• In 1852 Matene Te Whiwhi travelled throughout

New Zealand seeking a chief of high standing who was willing to be king.

• His groups motto was “Whakakotahitanga,” “Union.”

• They proposed a confederacy of all the tribes, and that one chief should be appointed as King or Governor.

• Iwikau Te Heuheu Tukino III, of Ngati Tuwharetoa, suggested that Te Wherowhero of Tainui should be approached, and his choice was supported by Wiremu (the Kingmaker) Tamihana, of Ngati Haua.

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Te Wherowhero (Potatau)

• Te Wherowhero never regarded the kingship as being in opposition to the sovereignty of Queen Victoria, and wanted to work co-operatively with the government.

• In his speech of acceptance he stressed the spirit of unity symbolised by the kingship, likening his position to the 'eye of the needle through which the white, black and red threads must pass.' He enjoined his people to 'hold fast to love, to the law, and to faith in God.'

• Some of his associates, however, sought to prevent or hinder government activities in areas which supported the King.

• He died in 1860 and was succeeded by his son, Matutaera (Who took the name Tawhiao).

Te Wherowhero, Te Waru and Te Pakaru

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The Kingite Challenge• The King Movement threatened the principal of

Empire in several ways. 1. The King was a threat to the idea of British Authority

being paramount.2. The King would unite the tribes, and their disunity

was their greatest weakness.3. This had allowed the Europeans to establish

themselves in settlements and to move inland. 4. By prohibiting the sale of land the King inhibited the

European ability to acquire land they believed belonged to them.

5. Settlers felt that the Kingites were bullying other Maori from selling their land.

6. This threatened the Governors ability to raise revenue as land was bought cheaply and sold at a good profit to the settlers.

7. This was the Governors most important source of revenue,

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Sovereignty and Control: What’ in a Name?

• The various names attached to the conflicts tend to indicate the current thinking about their causes

• The Maori Wars (1800’s)

• The Anglo-Maori Wars (1920’s)

• The New Zealand Wars (1930) - Cowan

• The Land Wars (1940’s)

• The New Zealand Wars (1990’s) - Belich

• The Land Wars (2009) - Survivors of the Wars Recorded in the early

20th C

Taranaki Iwi

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The Waitara Dispute 1858• In 1840 the NZ co had claimed

several million acres.

• Land Commissioner Spain had reduced the area around New Plymouth to only 4500 acres.

• By 1858 the pressure from the ever increasing settler population created a huge demand for land.

• The Government under Robert Gore Brown was unable to satisfy this demand.

• There was an increasing demand to deal with Maori resistance to British authority and to acquire the land required to allow expansion and development of the ‘waste’ land that surrounded many of the settlements

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Te Atiawa and the Waitara.

• Te Atiawa were not a united Iwi.

• Some wanted to sell land to the Europeans others refused.

• This disagreement led to fighting and deaths.

• Eventually by the late 1850’s a faction led by Te Teira were prepared to defy Wiremu Kingi and offer land at the Waitara.

• Settlers and the Government increasingly viewed the refusal to sell as barrier to civilisation.

• “Land League” and Kingitanga became synonymous.

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Governor Robert Gore Brown

Accepting the Challenge• When an offer to sell land was

made in the Taranaki, (by Teira) then vetoed by other senior Maori (Wiremu Kingi).

• These Maori were not aligned to the Kingitanga.

• But the Governor took it as a chance to challenge the Maori (Kingite) authority.

• Despite some misgivings (from some settlers) the land was surveyed and when challenged the Governor replied with force.

• Kingi replied by building a Pa at te Kohia.

• The New Zealand Wars had begun.11

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Taranaki War

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Camp Waitara 1860

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Stockade

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New Plymouth 1860

Defeat.....?• Initially the Military was overconfident in their

ability to defeat the Maori.

• General Gold wanted to face the enemy in open battle, hoping to inflict a devastating defeat upon these ‘savages’ and force a surrender.

• Te Kohia should have shown him how Kingi was going to engage him.

• A well protected fighting Pa, with a safe escape route, it was not designed to be defended for long.

• The campaign became one of frustration.

• Maori built a Pa.

• British advance and attack

• Maori withdraw

• Maori built another Pa.

• The lack of success frustrated Settlers who expected more form their soldiers.

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“The Kingite Influence”• As the war progressed Kingi called for

help.• Friends and relatives came from

Tauranga, Rotorua, and Taupo, but the bulk were from the Tainui tribes of the Waikato. (Belich p.102.)

• The Kingites who arrived made it possible for part-time warriors and farmers to fight a war against full-time professional soldiers.

• At any one time there were probably no fewer than 400 Kingite warriors and as many as 800 in January 1861.

• Aucklanders continued to rely on the produce that was supplied by the Waikato.

• Their trade with the Kingites allowed the continuation of the war effort. It also made it easier to obtain ammunition, despite Government restrictions.

Wiremu Kingi

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Changing Leaders and tactics• After several setbacks and little to show for all his effort

Colonel Gold was replaced by General Pratt.• Settlers alarmed at the lack of success began to worry

about attacks on a besieged New Plymouth and even threats to Auckland.

• Many left for the safer South Island or even Australia.• Pratt tried to use Saps (trenches) to threaten the

numerous Pa which surrounded New Plymouth. It was a slow and easily evaded tactic which seemed to emphasise the British impotence in the face of an enemy that refused to fight in a conventional manner.

• The slow rate of advance was frustrating for the frightened settlers who expected the British Empire to be more robust against painted savages. They derided the General and his soldiers for their lack of success.

• After the intervention of Wiremu Tamehana a truce of sorts was established.

• Browne and his successor Grey both realised that the pre-requisite to establishing British sovereignty lay with the destruction of the Kingite power in the Waikato.

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New Plymouth Stockade & Pukerangiora Pa

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General Cameron• Cameron was keen 'to have a brush' with the

Maori, but ironically he arrived at the conclusion of the Taranaki war.

• However, Governor Thomas Gore Browne was planning an invasion of Waikato to crush the Maori King movement and, at a meeting of the New Zealand Executive Council, Cameron enthusiastically supported this course.

• 'I strongly recommended that they [the Kingites] should be called to account, without loss of time, for their participation in the [Taranaki] rebellion'.

• Then, in mid 1861, Browne was sacked and replaced by Governor George Grey, and, to Cameron's bitter disappointment, the invasion was called off.

General Cameron

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Kohimaramara 1860• In July 1860 Governor Gore Browne sought to

isolate the Kingitanga and its supporters when he invited about 200 chiefs to a conference at Kohimarama near Auckland.

• Those deemed to be rebellious, from areas such as Taranaki and Waikato, were not invited.

• The conference reaffirmed the Treaty of Waitangi and the sovereignty of Queen Victoria, but those present did not endorse the government's line in Taranaki.

• Nor did they condemn the Kingitanga. • Gore Browne was not pleased. Public opinion

was critical of his performance as governor and no significant progress had been made in Taranaki.

• A breakthrough came in March 1861 when Wiremu Tamihana visited Taranaki and arranged a truce.

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Kohimaramara 1860• An unexpected result was for some chiefs

to see this as being a chance to create a Maori Assembly.

• The chiefs wanted the conference to be a regular event, and New Zealand's Parliament voted the funds to stage another conference.

• George Grey, governor again from 1861, had other ideas.

• He cancelled the plans, partly because he did not think it wise 'to call a number of semi-barbarous Natives together to frame a Constitution for themselves'.

• He proposed, instead, that Maori districts be administered through runanga (tribal assemblies), supervised by the Crown.

Grey prepares the ground• Grey was unwilling to share the country with

the King.• He chose to postpone the attack on the

Waikato.• Publicly he preached peace.• Privately he began to prepare for war.• Claiming danger to Auckland he requested

more troops.• Imperial regiments arrived from Australia

and India. (The Royal Tigers)• Grey recruited troops from Australia on the

promise of land. (The Fencibles)• He also began to build a military road from

Auckland towards the Waikato.• By 1863 he had a total force in excess of

18,000 Imperial and local Militia.• Loans in London were secured on the basis

of future land confiscations. 24

The Great South Road

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Kupapa and Ranger• One of the most important of the military

units that the Imperial and Government had was the Queenite or Kupapa. These were Maori who fought with the Crown but often with their own agenda. While ostensibly led by Europeans they were answerable only to their own Rangatira.

• Often they were more interested in revenge for past slights and used the conflict as an excuse to attack old adversaries.

• These Maori were extremely effective in the fighting. Often defeats that were inflicted were as a direct result of their contribution.

• The Forest Rangers were local militia who often fought in conjunction with Kupapa using the same tactics and often wearing the similar uniform.

Hohepa Tamamutu dressed in Kupapa attire

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The Waikato War 1863• Cameron planned to advance steadily on the

Waikato heartland, using his great superiority in numbers and supplies, hoping to force the Maori into a decisive battle which would end the war quickly.

• The Maori, under Rewi Maniapoto and Tawhana Tikaokao, opposed him with a defensive line centred on Meremere.

• They also used the strategy of raids on the British lines of communication.

• The Maori raids prevented Cameron from concentrating enough troops to attack Meremere until 30 October.

• When he finally did attack, the Maori escaped without loss. Cameron was blamed for the wholly unexpected delay of three months before the advance on Meremere, and it is true that the Maori had won the first round.

Wiremu Tamehana Tarapipi Te Waharoa

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Gunboats vs Ships Cannon at Meremere

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Rangiriri Nov 1963• Nevertheless Cameron moved on up

the Waikato River. • The Maori army had had to disperse

for economic reasons.• Cameron advanced on the next line at

Rangiriri. Most of its defenders had already left.

• Cameron attacked the rump of it at Rangiriri on 20 November.

• Eight British assaults were repulsed, only one was partially successful capturing part of the rampart.

• Despite this after 130 casualties Cameron retired for the night.

• Cameron managed to take the pa the next morning, capturing 180 prisoners after misunderstanduing a flag of truce.

• Back row, from left: Rewi Maniapoto, Tawhana Tikaokao, Taonui Hikaka, Hone Wetere Te Rerenga. Front row, from left: Te Rangituataka, Te Naunau Hikaka.

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Waikato War 2

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The Earthworks at Rangiriri

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Assault at Rangiriri

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Soldiers on the Rangiriri Ramparts

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Paterangi (von Tempsky)

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Paterangi

• Cameron continued his advance until confronted by the Paterangi line.

• It was the most formidable group of pa the Maori had ever built.

• It protected the Kingite’s richest agricultural area and garrisoned by their strongest army.

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Rangiaowhia• On 20--21 February1864, in easily his greatest military achievement, Cameron brilliantly

outflanked the Paterangi line and took it and the whole district at low cost, gravely and permanently weakening the King movement. Many Maori still believe that he managed this by breaking an agreement on the neutrality of the village of Rangiawhao, where Kingite non-combatants were assembled

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Orakau 1864• Maori who arrived late decided to challenge

the British by building a new Pa. Rewi was related to them and felt required to support them.

• The Pa was defended by about 300 Maori (as many as a third were women) who faced 1200 troops led by Brigadier General Carey.

• It had no water and was easily surrounded. . Maori help arrived too late and unable to get to the Pa sat instead "...on the hill and wept their farewell, for they thought that...none (would) escape..." (Belich p171)

• There were 5 Assaults and the offer of surrender before the Maori attempted to break out.

• Belich argues that while the Maori saw Orakau as a defeat it was "the cruellest disappointment of the entire war" for the British (p 175).

• The King Movement still existed, now behind the "aukati" (boundary) to the Ngati Maniapoto land

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Rewi Maniapoto at Orakau

'Ka whawhai tonu matou, Ake! Ake! Ake!'

(We will fight on for ever and ever).

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The King Retreats to his Rohe • With their forces almost surrounded the

Kingite army melted into the bush.

• Again Cameron was denied his decisive victory.

• With his lines of communication stretched and vulnerable he halted and consolidated his position.

• The King was now surrounded by his strongest supporters the Ngati Maniapoto.

• The Kingites began to dig more pa in preparation for more fighting.

• Cameron had received new of developments in Tauranga, another Kingite stronghold.

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Tukaroto Matutaera Potatau Te Wherowhero Tawhiao

The wars of the 1860s in Taranaki and Waikato and the government's subsequent confiscation of Maori land saw Tawhiao and his people rendered virtually landless and forced to retreat as wandering refugees into the heartland of Ngati Maniapoto, now known as the King Country. As a result of the invasion of Waikato by British forces in 1863 on the pretext that the Waikato tribes were preparing to attack Auckland, Tawhiao and his people lost over a million acres to the settler government and subsequently to the settlers themselves.

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Waikato War 3

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The War in Tauranga• The war in the Waikato was at an end

but Cameron wanted a decisive victory. He also wanted to end the tacit support given to the Kingites by Maori from other regions.

• When an opportunity presented itself at Tauranga, Cameron halted operations in the Waikato basin and took his striking force east.

• The coastal location of the Maori position, the Gate Pa, enabled him to concentrate crack troops and a vast artillery train against it. His preparations for battle on 29 April were impeccable, but his assault force was routed.

• Despite his reputation for stoicism, 'the general dashed his field-glass on the ground, turned his back on the fugitives, and retired to his tent to conceal his emotion.'

Cameron (leaning on wheel) with troops

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Welcome to my Parlour... Gate Pa• Gate Pa was an interesting version of the

modern Pa. It seems to have been deliberately built to withstand an assault by heavy weapons, and more to the point to allow an assault by troops.

• The siting of the flagpole to fool the artillery and the building of loopholes inside the bunkers to allow firing into the interior of the Pa, point to a clever and very deadly trap.

• However once again when it appeared to have served its purpose, it was abandoned.

• Settler and Military reaction to the defeat was extreme with many preferring to believe military incompetence or cowardice rather than Maori ingenuity was responsible for the rout.

• A victory at Te Ranga shortly afterwards helped mollify their disquiet.

An incident from the attack when water was given to a wounded Trooper.

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Gate Pa’s fortifications

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Gate Pa

Winners and Losers

• The Government/Settlers objectives :

• To finally defeat the Maori Kingitanga in battle.

• To prove the authority of the Crown and British Law.

• To free up the ‘wasteland’ and ensure its availability to the Settlers.

• To protect future settlements and pay back the loan.

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• Maori responses to the attacks:

• No decisive battles meant the Kingite army remained intact.

• The Maori King remained safe in his Rohe.

• Almost all of the land vacated by Maori was now confiscated.

• The ‘fencibles’ occupied the land and the surplus was sold to repay the war loan.

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Gustavus Von Tempsky

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The Aftermath of the Wars

• Read Pages 71-84 C of C

• Read to Page 45 to 47 WON

Extension Reading

“War and Survivors” by Judith Binney (Extension)“The NZ Wars” by James Belich (Book or Precis in the Extension Reading)

“Mondays Warriors” Maurice Shadbolt (Novel)

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A New Religion: Pai Marire.• The wars spluttered to a halt and the Maori King

held fast behind the aukati. Having gained the best of the Waikato land the Government stood back.

• Elsewhere Maori defiance still simmered and resulted in conflicts in the South Taranaki and East Coast.

• Some of this conflict was centred around the new religions which often concentrated on the old testament Jehovah and traditional maori beliefs.

• In 1864 King Tawhiao converted to the Pai Marire religion of Te Ua.

• Based on a peaceful ideal it became a victim of misinterpreation by both its followers and by Pakeha.

• Many of its adherents bellieved they could become impervious to bullets when chanting Hau Hau….

• This became the european name of their movement.• This new warfare was to be more bloody with less

regard to traditional rules of war that Imperial troops and Maori had held to in the past.

Te Ua

Wellington High School History Department

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The Murder of Carl Volkner: 1865

• Pai Marire began to send their own missionaries around the country.

• The murder of the Missionary Carl Volkner in Opotiki horrified Europeans.

• He had been warned by visiting Hauhau led by Kereopa and when suspected of spying on their activities was hung from a tree.

• To the Settlers horror, reports that his eyes had been eaten revived vivid memories of Titokowaru and the cannibalism associated with his campaigns.

• A local chief was charged with this incident.• Later, as further punishment, a large section of

Whakatohea land was confiscated in punishment for this event.

• The arrival of Hau Hau Missionaries was also associated with outbreaks of the East Coast Wars between Ngapuhi Hapu.

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Wellington High School History Department

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Volkners Murder Site

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South Taranaki

• In order to quell Maori restistance Cameron was ordered to march on the southern Taranaki, he refused and was replaced by General Chute.

• Chute employed scorched earth tactics to destroy and drive out Maori Tribes.

• His drive around Mount Taranaki from Whanganui to new Plymouth, left many tribes almost landless and starving.

• The loss of life and destruction of their lifestyle would lead to a change in the peaceful nature of the new religion.

• Te Whiti, Tohu and Titokowaru all initially established peaceful religions. But as their plight became worse as Pakeha confiscation of land continued to take their land,

• Titokowaru in particular saw resistance as necessary.

General Chute

Chutes march to the sea and Titokowaru’s

war.

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Titokowaru’s War 1868

• Titokowaru had chosen to accept the new reality and preached peace.

• He travelled in his ‘Year of the Lamb’ calling for co-operation.

• As creeping confiscation increased pressure on his Iwi’s land, he lashed out.

• He attacked Turu turu Mokai (nr Hawera).

• Initially he had only 80 warriors but as success continued his support grew.

• He defeated several constabulary units who attacked his home at Te Ngutu O Te Manu.

• He drove the Europeans back towards Whanganui.

• At Tauranga-Ika his support suddenly disappeared.

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Titokowaru and Tauranga-ika

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Te Kooti’s War 1868-72

Extension ReadingMaori Prophet Leaders : Binney

“Season of the Jew” Maurice Shadbolt (Novel)

• Te Kooti is an interesting case. Initially he had fought as a Kupapa against Hauhau, but was arrested and sent to the Chathams where he had visions and created a new religion.

• Ringatu.• Escaping to the East Coast, he became

infamous for the massacre of both Pakeha and Maori.

• He would lead the Militia in a furious chase around the Ureweras with the aid of the Tuhoe.

• Eventually he was granted access to the Rohe Potae and eventually a pardon in 1883.

100 Top History Makers: Te Kooti

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The Native Land Court

Raupata

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Confiscation and The Land Court

• Binney has described the establishment of the Maori Land Court as an Act of War.

• The Wars had left many of the most powerful Tribes without large areas of their most valuable agricultural land.

• Now the Colonial Government which could not defeat them on the battlefield turned to the Courtroom to win the lands they desired.

• Waikato lost most of their most fertile land.

• Kupapa and Neutral tribes also lost land

• Ngati Maniapoto lost almost none.

Extension Reading:“The Native Land Court and the Maori

Communities” Judith Binney (Extension)

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Battlefield to Courtroom• The Land Confiscations were bad enough but did not

satisfy the Settler demands, now the Government used the Law to acquire the ‘wastelands’ that Maori did not need or use.

• The Government left the King behind the Aukati within the Rohe Potae, where he could defy them but could achieve little.

• Peace returned to the Taranaki and eventually the Waikato and even the East Coast, and as Grey had predicted the Government began to dig around the King.

• Laws were passes transferring land in the Waikato to armed settlers and other legislation was used to whittle away at the land which was still owned by Maori.

• The Native Schools Act (1867) began the assimilation of the Maori, educating them in English. Some Maori saw this as a good thing, in much the same way that Nga Puhi in the north had seen education in the 1820’s as a way of improving themselves and acquiring the best things in European culture.

• The Maori Representation Act (1867) created the 4 Maori Seats, initially its representatives were from Kupapa tribes. Despite their best efforts the fact there were only 4 always limited their ability to truly represent Maori interests.

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The Native Land Court• The court was established to secure Maori claims to land.• It was supposed to identify and acknowledge ownership often confused by years

of warfare and migration.• With ownership established, parting Maori from their land became easier.• Anyone (Maori or Pakeha) could claim land regardless of whether it was

occupied.• Maori occupiers were asset rich but cash poor.• When a claim was made against a block of land Maori occupiers were forced to

have it surveyed, creating a debt which often went unpaid.• When a court was set up in a nearby town Maori were expected to wait there until

their case came before it. • Absence meant that their ownership became void.• While waiting they were forced to leave fields untended and to buy food and

stores from accommodating shopkeepers… on tick.• Often even if they won their case Maori were forced to sell land to repay their

debts.• In some places, (Hawkes Bay) claimants, surveyors and shopkeepers worked

together to acquire land from Maori.

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Maori Land Holdings 1860 -1910

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Maori Land 1860- 1890

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Peaceful Resistance & Maori Governments

• Kohimaramara 1860

• Repudiation 1871

• Parihaka 1882

• Kotahitanga 1892

• Kauhanganui 1894

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Parihaka

• Followers of the Pai Maririe leader Te Ua Te Whiti and Tohu built the settlement of Parihaka based on his teachings. It was centered in confiscated land which had been labelled as unwanted.

• Pakeha prejudice meant that no matter what was said by te Whiti it was often misinterpreted or misrepresented.

• The Government began to survey the land and Te Whiti sent out the Ploughmen to disrupt their progress. They were arrested and many were sent to the South Island.

• Eventually Te Whiti, Tohu and Titokowaru were arrested and put on trial, but the charges were thrown out. The Government changed the law.

• Eventually 1600 volunteers invaded Parihaka, expelling Maori from other districts and destroying the Settlement. Te Whiti and Tohu were sent to Otago.

100 Top History Makers: Te Whiti

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Te Ua, Te Whiti and Tohu and Parihaka

Te Ua Te Whiti

Treaty 2 U Videos: Land Purchasers the 1850’s

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Treaty 2 U Videos: Kingitanga

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Treaty 2 U Videos: War & Confiscations

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Gods and Guns

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