lia axalaze javaxetis warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro · 2013. 11. 6. · iv bagrationi, giorgi...

qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY I

lia axalaZe

javaxeTis warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro msoflio istoriaSi werilobiTi kulturis uZvelesi

nimuSebi epigrafikuli Zeglebis saxiT aris SemorCenili. maTi Seswavla da sasitorio wyarod gamoyeneba jer kidev Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi daiwyo. sxva saxis werilobiT wyaroebTan SedarebiT epigrafikuli Zeglebis didi umravlesoba Tanamedrovis mier Sesrulebuli warwerebia da istoriuli warsulis aRweris procesSi maT pirvelxarisxovani da sando saistorio wyaros Rirebuleba gaaCniaT. saqarTvelo uZvelesi werilobiTi kulturis qveyanaa da bunebrivia, am kulturis mravalricxovani nimuSebi epigrafikuli Zeglebis saxiTaa SemorCenili. maT Soris aris, rogorc uZvelesi, aseve Sua saukuneebisa da axali drois warwerebi. mravalricxovan qarTul epigrafikul Zeglebs Soris

gamorCeuli da TvalsaCino adgili uWiravs javaxeTis warwerebs, rogorc mravalricxovnebiT, aseve qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis istoriisa da istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi RirebulebiT. javaxeTis warwerebis zogadi istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi

mimoxilvac ki cxadyofs, Tu raoden mdidaria es masala informaciulobis TvalsazrisiT. maTSi umniSvnelovanesi cnobebia daculi aramarto javaxeTis, aramed mTeli qveynis istoriis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis calkeuli sakvanZo sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. mravalricxovani cnobebia daculi saeklesio istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. bunebrivia, am masalas saqarTvelos istoriis werilobiT wyaroebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs da mecnierul qarTvelologiaSi did interess iwvevs. javaxeTis warwerebis qveda qronologiuri zRvari VI

saukunea. am periodidan moyolebuli mTeli Sua saukuneebisa da axali drois manZilze regioni qarTuli kulturis, maT Soris werilobiTi kulturis ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi centri iyo. regionis epigrafikuli Zeglebi garegnuli niSnis mixedviT

SeiZleba sam ZiriTad jgufad daiyos: 1. lapidaruli, anu qvaze amokveTili warwerebi 2. freskuli, anu saRebaviT Sesrulebuli warwerebi da 3. Weduri, anu liTonze Sesrulebuli warwerebi

l. axalaZe, javaxeTis warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro

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mozaikuri warwerebi aq gamovlenili ar aris. javaxeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebis korpusze muSaobis procesSi

Zeglebis simravlem da mravalferovnebam gansazRvra lapidaruli warwerebis calke Seswavlisa da gamocemis aucilebloba. es nawilobriv, ganapiroba epigrafikuli Zeglebis kvlevis msoflio gamocdilebam da qarTvelologiaSi damkvidrebulma lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebis korpusebis cal-calke gamocemis tradiciam (larfeldi 1914; SoSiaSvili 1980; silogava 1980; abramiSvili… 1989). qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis Sinaarsobrivi

klasifikaciis erT-erTi pirveli mcdeloba javaxeTis epigrafikis magaliTze v. ciskariSvilma mogvca. `epigrafikuli Zeglebi xasiaTis mixedviT SeiZleba 2 ZiriTad jgufad daiyos: iuridiuli da saamSeneblo-memorialuri. zogjer ki saamSeneblo da memorialuri xasiaTis warwerebi erTgvarad iuridiul saxesac atareben. ase rom Tu SeiZleba iTqvas gardamavalni arian saamSeneblo memorialuridan iuridiuli xasiaTis warwerebSi” (ciskariSvili 1959:4; vaxuSti 1973:292; axalaZe 2005:8-10; axalaZe 2008:9-14). dRes miRebulia epigrafikuli Zeglebis Sinaarsobrivi

klasifikaciis Semdegi saxe: saamSeneblo, iuridiuli, memorialuri, piligrimuli. albaT, calke unda gamoiyos saflavis qvis epitafiebi, romlebsac pirobiTad memorialur warwerebsac miakuTvneben, magram memorialur warwerebSi sxva Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis (magaliTad gandidebis, locvis, Sendobis, Sewyalebis) mqone mravalricxovani warwerebic erTiandebian da am tipis epigrafikuli masala imdenad mravalricxovani da mravalferovania, rom maTTan erTad saflavis qvis epitafiebis gaerTianeba swori ar unda iyos, radgan epitafiebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ama Tu im regionis mosaxleobis eTnosocialuri Semadgenlobis Seswavlis procesSi. javaxeTis warwerebis maRal wyaroTmcodneobiT Rirebulebaze

metyvelebs is faqti, rom maT Soris gvxvdeba qarTuli warwerebis Sinaarsobrivi klasifikaciis yvela nimuSi:

saamSeneblo warwerebi,

iuridiuli xasiaTis warwerebi (epigrafikul sabuTebi),

memorialuri warwerebi,

sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis epigrafikuli Zeglebi,


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warwerebi saflavis qvebze.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da saeklesio mSeneblobis

istoriaSi javaxeTs gamorCeuli adgili ekava. swored aman ganapiroba am regionis werilobiT kulturaSi im mravalricxovani informaciis daleqva, romelsac Cven vxdebiT lapidarul warwerebSi. warwerebSi vxvdebiT Zveli saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

sxvadasxva socialur fenas dawyebuli mefeebidan ubralo mlocvelebiTa da piligrimebiT damTavrebuli. bunebrivia, rom lapidaruli warwerebis didi umravlesoba Seqmnilia adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis, xelosnebisa da kaligrafebis, mSenebel-ostatTa mier maRali saero da sasulieri fenis warmomadgenelTa dakveTiT. warwerebSi swored isini arian moxseneiebulni. dasaxelebulia umaRlesi saero da sasuliero pirebi: bagrat

IV bagrationi, giorgi III, mefe Tamari, giorgi IV laSa - `javaxT-ufali”, daviT ulu VII, gurgen kurapalati, avag amirspasalari, Salva da ivane axalcixelebi, anton Wyondideli, kaTalikosi ioane oqropiri, ivane aTabagi, liparit erisTavT-erisTavi, farsman Tmogveli, iCqiT gurgenis Ze, murvan

kჳTxasZe, Salva meWurWleTuxucesi, zosime kumurdoeli, ioane episkoposi, basili akaneli, giorgi safareli, da sxvebi da sxvebi. adreuli periodis (VI_X ss.) lapidaruli warwerebi

javaxeTSi, iseve rogorc mTel saqarTveloSi (SoSiaSvili

1980:14) SemorCenilia: sakulto Zeglebze (qvajvrebi, eklesiebi); saflavis qvebze da epigrafikuli aqtebis saxiT. saamSeneblo xasiaTis warwerebi gvxvdeba sxvadasxva saxis

negebobebze: qvajvrebze, eklesiebze, TavdacviTi xasiaTis nagebobebze da a. S. maT Soris uZvelesia qvajvrebi/ stela jvrebi. qvajvrebi adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTvelosaTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli. maT iuridiuli Sinaarsi hqondaT politikuri daqucmacebulobis xanaSi, rodesac arsebobdnen calkeuli sauflo-samamfloebi da roca es ufali-mamflebi TavianT politikur damoukideblobas stela jvrebiT gamoxatavdnen. erTiani feodaluri monarqiis warmoqmnis Semdeg stela-jvrebi kargaven aRniSnul Sinaarss. maT adgils ikavebs samefo stela-

`Ãeli”, samijne stela da samlocvelo qvajvari (SoSiaSvili 1980:19).


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javaxeTis magaliTze kargad Cans qvajvrebisa da `Ãeli”-is rogorc mamulis mflobelobis damadasturebeli iuridiuli aqtis monacvleoba. regionSi mravalricxovani qvajvrebia SemorCenili da rogorc d. berZeniSvili ityoda, utyeo zeganTa SedarebiT swori zedapiris erTgvarovan garemoSi, es maRali siluetebi Soridanve SeimCneva da mnaxvels mianiSnebda gza-gadasasvlels, sazRvars sxvis samflobelos

miwaze (berZeniSvili 1975:101). n. berZeniSvilis azriT, am Zeglebs sakulto-memorialur daniSnulebasTan erTad (Zveli veSap-menhirebis ganviTareba), sxva funqciac hqondaT: aRniSnon

miwis nakveTze kerZo ufleba (berZeniSvili 1966:156). am debulebis safuZvelze d. berZeniSvilma daaskvna, rom maSin amaTi simravlec miwismflobelobis niSnad SeiZleboda migveRo (unda vifiqroT, aseve iqneboda es qarTlis samefos barSiac, magram aq umetesi maTgani moispoboda miwismflobelobis

gamsxvilebasTan erTad) (berZeniSvili 1975:101). javaxeTSi qvajvrebi gvxvdeba, rogorc warwerebiT, aseve

warwerebis gareSe. yvela maTgans iuridiuli daniSnuleba hqonda: 1) samamulo miwismflobelobis aRniSvna, 2) taZris mSeneblobis dawyebis dadastureba ktitorebis mier, 3)Sewirulebis aqti, 4) sazRvris aRmniSvneli iuridiuli dokumenti da a. S. rogorc vxedavT qvajvrebis aRmarTvas, garda

miwismflobelobis daniSnulebisa, hqonda sxva mizanic. qvajvris, stela - jvris aRmarTva zogjer dakavSirebuli iyo taZris mSeneblobis dawyebasTan. es tradicia dadasturebulia rogorc samxreT, aseve aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos epigrafikul masalaSi. eklesiis mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg qvajvrebi eklesiis ezos, an zogjer mis interiersac amSvenebdnen. aseTive daniSnuleba unda hqonoda `qvis dasmis” faqtsac. alastanis eklesiis kedlis X s. warwera mogviTrobs: `ese me no/Selman/ davde/ qva”. filaze jvaria gamosaxuli, rac miuTiTebs, rom noSelis mier warweraSi miTiTebuli `qvis dadeba” jvris aRmarTvis tolfasia da es aqti taZris agebamde unda ganxorcielebuliyo. taZris mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg noSelis, rogorc ktitoris mier dadebuli qva eklesiis kedelSi iqna CaSenebuli. qvis Sewirvis faqti dasturdeba sxva warwerebSic. magaliTad, zvelis wmida giorgis eklesiisadmi:

`ese ek(lesia)Á w(midis)a g(iorgis)i, ese qvaÉ e(k)l(esi)as (Se)v(w)i(ren) g(i)r(S)el(is) Zeman” da. a. S. eklesiisadmi jvris Sewirvis cnobili faqti gvaqvs areSis

warweraSi: „Zem(a)n g(u)rg(e)n kurapala[ti]sam(a)n


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[S](e)w(i)ra ar(e)Sti s(a)yd(a)rsa [kum]rd(o)Ása sad[(i)d(e)bl(a)d RmrT(i)sa]“. warweriani qvajvris kvarcxlbeki dgas meRrekis X saukunis eklesiis sakurTxevelSi, (javaxeTi, 2000, tab. 195), romelic eklesiisadmi jvris Sewirvis aqti unda iyos. aseve jvris aRmarTvaze aris saubari xizabavris X saukunis eklesiis qvis filaze. Tumca faravnidan 3-5 km-ze aRmarTul 3 m. simaRlis qvajvars

gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. albaT, igi mnaxvels mianiSnebda gza-gadasasvlels, an sazRvars sxvis samflobelos miwaze. faravnis stelaze amokveTil warweraSi ikiTxeba: `Svilno RmrTisano, qristianeno sawyali daTvia locvasa

gvedivar” (javaxeTi 2000:11, #2). warwerian qvajvrebs Soris istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi

TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesia areSisa da xunamisis qvajvrebis warwerebi. areSis warwera damajereblad adasturebs im faqts, rom kumurdos taZris adgilze, 964 wlamde gacilebiT adre, arsebobda maSindeli saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovani salocavi. warweraSi garkveuli cnobebia daculi X saukunis javaxeTis

mflobelTa vinaobis dadgenisaTvis (ciskariSvili 1959:8-9) areSis stelisa da misi kvercxlbekis warwerebi saintereso masalaa IX saukunis saqarTvelos onomastikisa da toponimikis kvlevis TvalsazrisiTac. xunamisis qvajvari IX saukuniT, kerZod 898 wliT aris

daTariRebuli, romelic im iSviaT warweraTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac TariRis zusti monacemebi gvaqvs. warweraSi dasaxelebulia adrefeodaluri saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli termini ùfali“. iv.

javaxiSvilis azriT, sanam qarTul mwerlobaSi sityva `patroni“ Semovidoda, manamdis ukve sxva adgilobrivi qarTuli termini

ùfali“ arsebobda da miRebuli iyo (javaxiSvili 1982:257).

ùfali” gvxvdeba leonti mrovelis, `matiane qarTlisaÁs” ucnobi avtoris, basili zarzmelis, iakob xucesis, ioane sabanisZis da sxva TxzulebebSi. rogorc vxedavT, garda qarTuli hagiografiuli da saistorio Txzulebebisa ùfali” dadasturebulia epigrafikul ZeglebSic. Zvel qarTulSi mas jer ufrosis, xolo Semdeg mmarTvelis mniSvneloba hqonda. Cvens SemTxvevaSi - xunamisis warweraSi ùfali” warmodgenilia rogorc samoxeleo termini. xunamisis warweridan Cans, rom IX saukunis miwuruls javaxeTs ùflobda” sula jafariZe. qvajvrebi, rogorc mamulis sazRvris aRmniSvneli

iuridiuli dokumenti dadasturebulia basili zarzmelis


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`serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi” (sabinini 1882). am TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo cnobaa daculi aTonis erT-erT istoriul xelnawerSi, romelSic qvajvari dasaxelebulia, rogorc Tornikes mamulis sazRvris aRsaniSnavad aRmarTuli damadasturebeli dokumenti-iuridiuli aqti (metreveli

1996:34). SesaZloa, qvajvrebi saeklesio miwismflobelobis, an samwysos

sazRvris damadasturebeli iuridiuli dokumentic yofiliyo. Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis erT-erT dokumentSi kumurdoelis samwysos erT-erT sazRvrad xaveTia dasaxelebuli

(doliZe 1970:245; Jordania 1897:53). sofel xaveTis Tavze, dasavleTiT or kilometrze, mdgari qvajvari daumTavrebeli warweriT Cveni azriT kumurdoelis samwysos sazRvari unda yofiliyo. aqve dgas meore qvajvaric, sadac mTavrdeboda wyarosTavis samwyso. xom ar mianiSnebs es im faqtze, rom es qvajvari iyo wyarosTavis samwysos sazRvari, xolo daumTavrebelwarweriani qvajvari kumurdoelis samwysos dasawyisi? vfiqrobT, xaveTis ori qvajvari am ori samwysos sazRvars aRniSnavda, rac kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nimuSia qvajvarTa erTi nawilis, rogorc epigrafikuli sabuTisa. epigrafikul aqtebs miekuTvnebian Ãelis gamosaxulebiani

stelebi da maTi warwerebi. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde javaxeTidan Ãelis gamosaxulebiani ori warweriani stela iyo cnobili, magram 1997 wels javaxeTis eqspediciam devi berZeniSvilis, nika vaCeiSvilis, irine elizbaraSvilisa da cicino CaCxunaSvilis SemadgenlobiT, kumurdodan samxreTiT 4-5 km-ze, kumurdo-axalqalaqis gzaze, zreskis tbis sanapiroze 1996 wels agebul patara somxur samlocveloSi aRmoaCina qva, romlis wina pirze, TaRovan CaRrmavebaze gamoqandakebulia xelis gamosaxuleba da amokveTilia warwera : T(a)m(a)r/is Zis/a g(iorgi)s Ã/el[i]. bunebrivia, aq saqarTvelos mefe laSa-giorgi (1210-1223 ww) unda vigulisxmoT. samecniero literaturaSi cnobili iyo laSa-giorgis ori Ãeli, guniayalas

da prtenas (Tamarisa da laSas Ãeli) (oTxmezuri 1981:21, 72-74.) da ai, aRmoCnda laSa-giorgis kidev erTi mesame Ãeli, isic javaxeTSi. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, radgan cnobilia, rom javaxeTis nawili da TrialeTi laSa-giorgi saufliswulo domens warmoadgenda da mas qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi `javaxTuflis” saxeliTac moixsenieben. TrialeTi da javaxeTis nawili XII saukunis bolodan,

vidre XIV saukunemde samefo domenia (laSa-giorgis erTmefobamde ki saufliswulo domenad Cans), am teritoriaze


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mopovebul yvela Ãelian stelas aqvs erTi saerTo niSani gaSlili xelis mtevani, rac mefis Zalauflebis simboloa

(oTxmezuri 1981:46). laSa giorgis erTmefobidan moyolebuli es regioni rogorc

Cans samefo domens warmoadgenda. g. oTxmezuris azriT, laSa-giorgim es mxare aqcia samefo domenad, rasac mowmobs rusudanisa da ulu daviTis Ãeliani stelebis aRmoCena

(oTxmezuri 1981:47). am mosazrebas adasturebs kidev erTi xeliani stelis aRmoCena javaxeTSi. 2003 wels axalqalaqis sof. gomanSi mcxovrebi -miasnik filoianis ezoSi aRmoCnda warweriani stela, romelSic ikiTxeba : ì(es)u q(rist)e, adide mefeT/mefe r(u)s(u)d(a)n da Ze m(a)Ti/ d(avi)T”; es aRmoCena kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom javaxeTi, XIII saukunis I mesamedSi, saufliswulo domenidan samefo domenad iqca. amrigad, javaxeTidan dRes cnobilia Ãelis gamosaxulebiani 4

warweriani stela : prtenas Tamarisa da laSas Ãeli, zreskis laSas Ãeli, gomanis rusudan mefis Ãeli da saRamos daviT mefis Ãeli. javaxeTis lapidaruli warwerebis erTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani jgufi aris saamSeneblo warwerebi, romlebsac vxvdebiT am regionis sakulto daniSnulebis Zeglebis umravlebaze. saamSeneblo warwerebis umravlesoba amokveTilia taZrebze, maTi qtitorebis, xuroTmoZRvrebisa da xelosnebis mier, romelTa saxelebi samudamod Semoinaxa qvaSi amokveTila qarTulma damwerlobam. warwerebSi dasaxelebulia istoriuli pirebi da maTi saqmianobis amsaxvel mravalricxovan masalas zogjer sxva saxis istoriul wyaroebSic vxvdebiT, rac gvexmareba ama Tu im Zeglis mSeneblobis qronologiis zust gansazRvraSi. zogjer lapidaruli warwera TariRiania da igi azustebs ama Tu im istoriuli piris moRvaweobis epoqas da a. S. qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

mefeTa da adgilobriv msxvil feodalTa, saqveynod gamrige moxeleTa - erisTavT erisTavTa dasaxelebis faqtebi, rac am regionSi maT ktitorul-saaRmSeneblo saqmianobas ukavSirdeba. warwerebSi Cans, rogorc àfxazTa mefeebi”, aseve tao-klarjeTisa da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa saxelebi: maT Soris qronologiurad yvelaze adrindeli unda iyos leon III àfxazTa mefis” moxsenieba kumurdos warweraSi, rac miuTiTebs, rom javaxeTs am dros dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe, XI saukunis Semdegdroindel saistorio wyaroebSi àfxazTa mefed” wodebuli leon III flobda. tao-klarjeTis


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mefeebidan yala-boinas warweraSi vxvdebiT bagrat II-isa (`qarTvelTa mefe”) da daviT kurapalatis saxelebs. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebidan bagrat III (978-1014 ww) dasaxelebulia maWatias warweraSi, zeda Tmogvis (`giorgi afxazi”) da yaurmis warwerebSi dasaxelebulia giorgi I (1014-1027) da `Svilni misni”, kumurdos da zeda Tmogvis warwerebSi bagrat IV (1027-1072) da deda misi mariam dedofali, Rulalisis warweraSi bagrat IV (1027-1072) da giorgi kurapalati (giorgi II ufliswulobaSi), fokas warweraSi mxolod bagrat IV, daviT IV (1089-1125) dasaxelebulia axalqalaqis warweraSi, demetre I (1125-1156 ww) saros cixis saamSeneblo warweraSi, Tamar mefe prtenas, vanis qvabebis (iCqiT gurgenis Zis da anton Wyondidelis), daviT VIII (1293-1311 ww) Tmogvis (saminamis) warweraSi, giorgi V (1318-1346 ww) ganZanis warweraSi, daviT IX (1346-1360 ww) Tmogvis murvan kATxas Zis 1350 wlis warweraSi da a. S. saqarTvelos samefo karis centraluri mmarTvelobis

aparatis moxeleTa da erisTavT - erisTavTa, anu saqveynod gamrige moxeleTa saqmianobis amsaxveli umniSvnelovanesi informacia daculia javaxeTis araerT epigrafikul ZeglSi. am mxriv sayuradReboa axalqalaqis, wundis, vanis qvabebis, miraSxnis, varneTis, zeda varZiis, zeda Tmogvis, kvarSas, kumurdos, wundis, meredisis da a. S. warwerebi. bagrat IV-is epoqis moRvawe farsman erisTavT-erisTavi igive

farsman Tmogveli, javaxeTis garkveul nawils flobda. igi dasaxelebulia javaxeTis sam epigrafikul ZeglSi - miraSxnis, saTxisa da zeda Tmogvis lapidarul warwerebSi. farsmanis Sesaxeb cnobebi mogvepoveba sxva saistorio wyaroebSic. rogorc Cans, igi Tavisi epoqis erT-erTi aqtiuri politikuri moRvawea da aseve aqtiur ktitorul saqmianobasac eweoda Tavis mamulSi. zeda Tmogvis warweraSi igi mefe bagrat IV-sTan da mariam dedofalTan erTad zeda Tmogvis eklesiis ktitorad gvevlineba, saTxis eklesia ki farsmanis sadideblad da misi mSoblebis salocvelad aris agebuli. miraSxnis warwera mogviTxrobs farsman erisTavT erisTavis gmirobisa da tragikuli daRupvis ambavs sulTan alf-arslanis Semosevis dros. XII saukunis bolos da XIII saukunis damdegs, Tamaris

mefobis dros, wunda-Tmogvis midamoebi Zlieri feodaluri sagvareulos _ gurgenisZeTa mflobelobaSi yofila. Cvenamde moaRwia am sagvareulos umTavresi warmomadgenlis iCqiT gurgenisZis samma warweram. isini imdroindeli feodaluri sagvareuloebis tipiur warwerebs warmoadgenen. erTi wundis


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eklesiazea, xolo ori 1965 wels aRmoCnda vanis qvabebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros. wundis eklesiis warwera pirvelad akademikosma mari brosem

gamosca 1850 wels, qronologiurad, Sinaarsis mixedviT, mas win uswrebs vanis qvabebSi aRmoCenili warwerebi. vanis

qvabebis pirveli warweris teqsti aseTia: `† ese ars samkAdrebeli Cuen _ gurgenaTi. me, iCqiTman aRvaSene; Segvindvnes RmerTman”. meore warwera ufro vrcelia da zust

qronologiur miniSnebasac Seicavs: `† iesu qriste, adide orTave Sina sufevaTa mefeTa mefe da dedofali Tamar, romlisa ze me, iCqiTman gurgenisZeman, aRvaSene kedeli ese da davasuenen xatni: macxovrisaÁ, RmrTisSoblisaÁ, naTlismcemlisaÁ, da juari wmidisa sAmonisi; vinca ilocvideT, meca momiÃseneT”. iCqiT gurgeniZis mesame warwera,

moTavsebuli wundis patara eklesiazea amokveTili: `† saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa. me, iCqiTman gurgenisZeman, aRvaSene eklesiaÃ ese, mamuli Cueni, saxelsa zeda wmindisa naTlismcemlisasa, salocvelad CemTAs da mSobelTa CemTaTAs”. meore warweris mixedviT Cans, rom iCqiTi Tamaris drois

moRvawea, xolo pirveli da mesame warwerebis mixedviT Cans, rom Tmogvi Tavisi midamoebiT iCqiT gurgenisZis samamulo samkvidrebeli yofila, aseve vanis qvabTa monasteric. rogorc Cans, iCqiT gurgenis Zes memkvidre ar darCenia, mis Semdeg vanis qvabTa monasteri da misi midamoebi samefo mflobelobaSi gadasula. vanis qvabebidanve moaRwia 1204 wlis kidev erTma warweram, saidanac Cans, rom monasters kedels uSenebs mefis moxele, vaziri anton Wyondideli . iCqiT gurgenisZes ierusalimis qarTvelTa monastrisTvisac

gauwevia samsaxuri _ Sewiruloba gaucia. monastris aRapTa wignSi, 24 noembrisaTvis misi mosaxsenebelia Cawerili. sagulisxmoa, rom gurgenisZeTa feodaluri gvaris erT-erTi

TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli Cans XI saukunis iloris eklesiis erT-erT lapidarul warweraSi. aq dasaxelebuli istoriuli piri - giorgi gurgenisZe iloris eklesiis saero ktitori da amSenebeli ari (silogava 2004:274; axalaZe 2005:101). iloris eklesiis warwerebi qronologiurad saukunenaxevarze meti xniT uswreben win vanis qvabebis da wundis eklesiis warwerebs. amrigad, gurgenisZeTa feodaluri gvari XI - XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos sazogadoebis erT-erTi msxvili feodaluri gvari Cans, romelic garkveul periodSi dasavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi flobda feodalur mamuls. iCqiT gurgenisZis sami warwera ki aris


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tipiuri nimuSebi XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTvel feodalTa saamSeneblo-memorialuri warwerebisa. javaxeTSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi punqti iyo faravnis

wylisa da mtkvris SesayarSi agebuli uZlieresi xerTvisis cixe (d. berZeniSvili 1975:92). xerTvisis cixis pirveli moxsenieba gvaqvs leonti mrovelTan, romelic xerTviss aleqsandre makedonelis qarTlSi mosvlis ambebTan dakavSirebiT axsenebs `Semdgomad amisa ganZlierda aleqsandre da daipyra yoveli queyana, da aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa. da povna cixe-qalaqni ese Zlierni Sua qarTl: wunda, xerTÂsi mtkurisa” (s. yauxCiSvili 1955:1). rogorc Cans, es cixe qarTlis samefos Seqmnis dros da Semdegac feodalur xanaSic mniSvnelovan strategiul, TavdacviT funqciebs asrulebda. udavoa, rom xerTvissa da mis SemogarenSi werilobiTi kulturis mniSvnelovani Zeglebi iqneboda, magram JamTa siavesa da istoriis qartexilebs mxolod orma gauZlo. xerTvisis cixidan cnobilia ori warwera: 985 wliT daTariRebuli cixis eklesiis warwera (baqraZe 1885:146) da koSkisa da galavnis saamSeneblo warwera 1354 wlisa, romelic pirvelad mari brosem gamoaqveyna, magram man Semdeg ramdenjerme Seaswora warweris teqsti, romlis saboloo wakiTxva ekuTvnis eq. TayaiSvils. xerTvisis orive warwera mniSvnelovania istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT. XIV saukunis warweraSi dasaxelebulia qarTuli samoxeleo wyobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saxelo-molareTuxucesi. radgan warwera zedmiwevniT zustad aris daTariRebuli -1354-1356 ww., Cven SegviZlia Tamamad visaubroT giorgi brwyinvales memkvidris- daviT IX-is (1346-1360 ww) epoqaSi molareTuxucesis samoxeleo institutis arsebobaze. molareTuxucesi zaqaria qamqamisSvili adgilobrivi feodalia javaxeTidan, magram Cans igi daviT IX_is samefo karis moxelea. javaxeTis saamSeneblo warwerebs Soris istoriul-

wyaroTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs fokas, ganZanis, vanis qvabebis, ixtilas, vaCianis, prtenas, qarzameTis, zeda varZiis, Tmogvis, zeda Tmogvis, zreskis, karneTis, kvarSas, kaWios, kulalisis, kumurdos, maWatias, fiis, miraSxnis, murjaxeTis, naisas, saTxis, samsaris, suldas, qarcebis warwerebs. javaxeTis warwerebSi saintereso masalaa daculi Zveli

qarTuli samoxeleo institutebis Sesaxeb. warwerebSi dasaxelebulia uxucesTa sagamgeo uwyebis wevri - galatozTuxucesi, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos centraluri mmarTvelobis aparatis-savaziros wevrebi-


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mandaturTuxucesi da meWurWleTuxucesi. XIV saukunis qarTul samoxeleo aparatSi ki ukve Cans molareTuxucesis saxelo. XV_XVI saukuneebidan qarTul samoxeleo aparatSi gaCnda axali instituti - gamgebli. qarcebis warweraSi dasaxelebuliagamgebeli oqropir alabisZe. dasaxelebuli samoxeleo institutebidan yvelze Zveli unda

iyos galatozTuxucesis saxelo, romelic garda lapidaruli warwerebisa ar gvxvdeba arcerT sxva saxis saistorio wyaroSi. SoroTas samonastro kompleqsis lapidarul warweraSi aris dasaxelebuli galatozTuxucesis saxelo dasaxelebulia kidev or qarTul warweraSi - bediisa da dixazurgis epigrafikul ZeglebSi. afxazeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebis Seswavlis dros Cven

SevexeT samive warweris, rogorc saistorio wyaros Rirebulebas da mivediT im daskvnamde, rom SoroTas, bediisa da dixazurgisa warwerebis mixedviT CvenTvis cnobili xdeba Zveli saqarTvelos ùxucesTa~ institutis samoxeleo Tanamdebobis aRmniSvneli termini-galatozTuxucesi. am TvalsazrisiT samive warwera unikaluria da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani qarTuli samoxeleo institutebis SeswavlisaTvis. saamSeneblo xasiaTis qarTul epigrafikul ZeglebSi xSirad

gvxvdeba sityva `galatozi” (jruWis, gomareTis, iloris warwerebi). sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT, `galatozi” niSnavs `kedlis mdgmels, kedlis mgebels” (abulaZe 1991:130). Tu galatozi kedlis mgebeli da mSenebelia, maSin galatozTuxucesi mSenebelTa Soris uxucesi da ufrosi unda iyos. rac Seexeba ùxucesTa” instituts, saqarTveloSi savaziros Camoyalibebamde arsebobda calkeuli sagamgeo uwyebebi, romelTa meTaurebsac uxucesebi erqvaT. uxucesis wodeba emateboda calkeuli dargis moxeleTa ufross, magaliTad, mandaturTuxucesi, ganmgebelTuxucesi, meRvineTuxucesi da sxv. mkvlevarTa azriT, ùxucesebi” adgilobriv, qarTul niadagzea warmoSobili da ganviTarebuli da rom ùxucesobis” instituti CvenSi Zalian Zveli movlenaa _ amis mauwyebelia maTi moxsenieba uZveles werilobiT wyaroebSi (lorTqifaniZe 1955:68-69). mcxeTaSi, 1938 wels samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili IV-V saukuneebis berZnuli warwera-epitafia, romelSic moixsenieba àvreli aqolisi, mxatvarTuxucesi da xuroTmoZRvari” (yauxCiSvili 1951:255; yauxCiSvili 2004:30, 256. #236) miuTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi uxucesTa instituti Zalian Zveli movlenaa da rom ùxucesTa” instituti da xuroTmoZRvris Tanamdeboba saqarTveloSi antikur xanaSive arsebobda. qronologiurad avreli aqolisis


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warweris Semdeg termini xuroTmoZRvari gvxvdeba `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi”, imave serapionis cxovrebaSi ixsenieba `galatozi”, romelic v. beriZis azriT, qviTxuros sinonimi Cans. galatozi iyo TanaSemwe `xelovnebiT ganTqmuli kacisa” xuroTmoZRvrisa. serapionis cxovrebis meore adgilas `xelovnebiT ganTqmuli kacic” galatozadaa wodebuli e.i. arsebiTad galatozi da xuroTmoZRvari aq erTsa da imaves niSnavs (v. beriZe 1956). `galatozi” gvxvdeba abuseriZeTa sagvareulo matianis

teqstSic. `ese basili iyo qviTxuro, romelsa ewodebis galatozi” (musxeliSvili 1941:56). rogorc vxedavT, aq galatozis ganmarteba pirdapiraa mocemuli da igi, iseve rogorc `serapion zarzmelis cxovrbaSi” aqac qviT xuros aRmniSvneli terminia. `serapionis cxovrebis” da abuseriZeTa sagvareulo matianis qronologiuri Sedarebis safuZvelze unda vifiqroT, rom termin `galatozis” Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva X-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ar unda Secvliliyo. qarTul epigrafikul ZeglebSi `galatozis” garda gvxvdeba am

saxis sxva terminebic, kerZod, `galatozTa zeda momge“ (ruisi, XVs), `zedamdgomeli”, an `zedamdgomi” (oSkis warwera) (v. beriZe 1956) da a.S. gvianfeodalur xanaSi mSenebeli TavisTavs umetesad ostats uwodebs. mag: barakonis, manglisis, vaSlovanis da sxva warwerebSi. mis paralelurad rostom mefis dros xmarebaSi Semodis sparsuli sityva `saraidari”, romelmac qarTuli xuroTmoZRvari Secvala. vaxuSti bagrationi saqarTvelos samefo karis xelisufalTa

CamoTvlisas asaxelebs xuroTmoZRvarsac: `xuroTmoZRvari, amis Ãelisa iyo sruliad Ãelosanni da Senoba sasaxleTa da eklesiaTa, ÃidTa da fundukTa” (vaxuSti 1973:23). rogorc vxedavT, qarTul sinamdvileSi xuroTmoZRvris

institutis aRsaniSnavad qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT Semdegi terminebi Cans: xelovnebiT ganTqmuli kaci, galatozTuxucesi, xuroTmoZRvari da saraidari. aqedan saraidaris warmoSobis istoriuli pirobebi viciT, igi araqarTuli sityvaa da iranis politikur-kulturuli gavleniT gavrcelda saqarTveloSi. rac Seexeba xuroTmoZRvars, `xurosa” da `moZRvris” SeerTebis safuZvelze warmoqmnili sityvaa da mis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba mravali xuros moZRvari da xelmZRvaneli. abuseriZeTa sagvareulo matianis ganmartebiT viciT, rom qviT xuro igive galatozia, xolo galatozTa xelmZRvaneli, Cveni varaudiT, `galatozTuxucesi” unda iyos (aqac ori sityvis SeerTebis safuZvelze miRebuli termini gvaqvs `galatozi”+`uxucesi”) (l. axalaZe 2005:29).


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`serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi”, roca serapionis anderZis Tanaxmad, ganizraxes meore eklesiis ageba, winamZRvarma miqaelma `ÃelovnebiT ganTqmul kacsa mouwoda _ qveynisagan berZenTasa... romelsa TanaSemwed aqunda galatozi saxeliTa Suartyleli da ornive iyvnes moZRuar da maswavlebel simravles muSakTasa” (sabinini 1882). e.i. `ÃelovnebiT ganTqmuli kaci” Tanamdebobrivad ufro maRla dgas, vidre galatozi, magram oriveni iyvnen mravali mSeneblis (`muSakTa”) moZRvari da maswavlebeli (gavixsenoT `xuroT+moZRvari”). aq faqtobrivad, ori moxelis Tanamdebobriv gaTanabrebasTan gvaqvs saqme. albaT, es momenti hqonda mxedvelobaSi akad. v. beriZes, roca ganacxada, `aq galatozi da xuroTmoZRvari arsebiTad erTi da

imaves niSnavs“. rogorc vxedavT, `serapionis cxovreba” mSenebelTa Soris sam kategorias asaxelebs: `ÃelovnebiT ganTqmuli kaci”, `galatozi” da `muSakni”. Cveni azriT, mogvianebiT, am kategoriebs, unda damateboda `galatozTuxucesic”. basili zarzmelis epoqa, roca ar arsebobda erTiani

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis institutebi, roca saeklesio da samonastro mSenebloba, ZiriTadad, sasuliero da kerZo pirTa iniciativiTa da enTuziazmiT mimdinareobda, ar saWiroebda saxelmwifo moxelis funqciebiT aRWurvil Tanamdebobis pirs. magram erTiani qarTuli monarqiis Seqmnis Semdeg mdgomareoba Seicvala. samonastro mSeneblobis iniciativa amjerad saxelmwifom aiRo xelSi da garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwia. aq, albaT, unda gavixsenoT bagrat III-is (978-1014) mier farTod gaSlili saeklesio mSenebloba (bediisa da bagratis taZrebis, aseve sveticxovlis mSeneblobis dasawyisi da a.S.), risTvisac mas aucileblad dasWirdeboda saxelmwifo moxelis rangSi ayvanili `ÃelovnebiT ganTqmuli kaci”. Cveni azriT, aseT pirobebSi X s. II naxevarSi gaCnda kidev erTi moxelis `galatozTuxucesis” Tanamdeboba . e.i. vaxuStisdroindeli `xuroTmoZRvari” bagrat III-is samefo karze uxucesTa sagamgeo uwyebaSi `galatozTuxucesis” tituliT Sedioda. romelsac qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi naklebi funqciebi gaaCnda, magram mTavar rols TamaSobda qveyanaSi gaSlil saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saeklesio mSeneblobaSi. Cvens mosazrebas damajereblobas matebs isic, rom `xuroTmoZRvris” Sesatyvisi sxva termini am epoqis werilobiT wyaroebSi ar mogvepoveba. SoroTas warwera adasturebs, rom galatozTuxucesis samoxeleo institutma XIII-XIV saukuneebamde iarseba da Semdeg igi sxva institutma Caanacvla.


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amave sakiTxs exmaureba javaxeTis kidev erTi warwera sofel fokadan. fokas warwerebis gaSifvris Sedegad i. gagoSiZem da g. gagoSiZem miiRes termini `banaqarsalari”, rac avtorTa azriT, xuroTmoZRvars unda niSnavdes (gagoSiZe 1992: 190). fokas warweris teqsti aseTia: `q(rist)e, ad(i)de m(i)q(e)l q(a)rT(li)sa bnqslri” (aqve ixileT warwera #). bolo daqaragmebul sityvas mkvlevarebi i. gagoSiZe da g. gagoSiZe xsnian, rogorc `banaqarsalari”. aRniSnul daqaragmebas yvela mkvlevari xsnida, rogorc `salari”, rac sparsulad niSnavs `meTaurs”, `Tavs”, `ufross”. igi Tanamdebobis aRmniSvneli terminebis mawarmoebelia iransa da iranis gavlenis arealSi moqceul qveynebSi. `radgan `bana” aRniSnavda praqtikos-arqitetors, mSenebels, amitom mSenebel-arqiteqtorTa zedamxedvels sparsuli enis kanonebis sruli dacviT, `banaqar-salari” unda erqvas. migvaCnia, _ aRniSnaven avtorebi _ rom fokas eklesiis erT-erT saamSeneblo warweraSi dafiqsirebulia mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo moxelis, qarTlis xuroTmoZRvarTuxucesis anu `banaqar-salaris” tituli (gagoSiZe 1992:190). fokas warweris teqstis dadgenis am etapze, Cven ar

gamovricxavT aRniSnul mosazrebas, SesaZloa, qarTlSi bagrat IV-is epoqaSi, melqisedek da oqropir kaTalikosebis zeobisas, marTlac iyo aseTi Tanamdeboba, magram, rogorc Cans igi ar iyo saqarTvelos samefo karis samoxeleo Tanamdeboba. radgan samefo karze amdros ukve arsebobda `galatozTuxucesis” saxelo. SoroTas warweraSi moxseniebuli istoriuli pirovneba

galatozTuxucesi nikoloz orbisZe, CvenTvis sxva wyaroebiT ucnobia; viciT, rom igi samefi karis moxelea da misi xelmZRvanelobiT aSenda SoroTas samreklo, risTvisac moipova savedreblis ufleba lapidarul warweraSi. fokas warwerebs Soris sayuradReboa bagratis kurapalatis

warwera. masSi dasaxelebuli bagrat kurapalati aris saqarTvelos mefe bagrat IV (1027-1072), rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT bagrat IV romelic javaxeTis ramdenime warweraSi aris dasaxelebuli. kurapalatoba misi pirveli bizantiuri tituli iyo. Rulalisis 1060 wlis warweris mixedviT, igi ukve rangiT momdevno-sevastosis titulis matarebelia. amitom es warwera 1027-1060 ww. TariRdeba. TariRi kidev ufro daviwrovdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom fokaSi imave filaze, imave wesiT moTavsebulia sxva, ufro vrceli warwera qarTlis kaTalikosis ioane-oqropirisa (1033-1045) rac saSualebas gvaZlevs bagrat IV-is es warwera da imave filaze


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moTavsebuli sxva warwerebis TariRi 1033-1048 ww. ganvsazRvroT. rogorc Cans, bagrat IV-es sevastosis tituli 1048 welsac, Rulalisis 1060 wlis warweraSi mis pirvel dokumentur dafiqsirebamde bevrad adre hqonia. 1010-1033ww.

daTariRebul melqisedek kaTalikosis dawerilSi (T. enuqiZe.. 1984:20) sveticxovelisadmi bagrati jer kidev kurapalatis tituliT ixsenieba, amitom mis mier sevastoris titulis miRebis qveda qronologiuri zRvari 1033 wliT SeiZleba ganisazRvros. javaxeTis warwerebSi zogjer gvxvdeba iseTi saxelebi da

gvarebi romlebic qarTul onomastikonSi saerTod ar gvxvdeba, magaliTad momwulisZis gvari fokas warweraSi, bavreli imave fokas warweraSi, Tumca bavra Zveli istoriuli sofelia javaxeTSi da rogorc Cans, warweris avtori am soflidan iyo. amis utyuari niSania warmomavlobis sufiqsi -el. ucnauria, rom igi Tavis saxels ar aRniSnavs. mecnierebaSi am terminis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ramdenime Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli: rogorc Cans igi mainc mSeneblobasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. bavreli Tavis Tavze aRniSnavs: Rirs viqmen am eklesiis Senebado da safuZvelis dadgamasa Tana davSverio. rogorc Cans, bavreli fizikuradac Sromobda eklesiis safuZvlis gaWraSi da es Tavmdabloba damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa aRmosavluri qristianobisaTvis. bavreli oqropir qarTlis (ioane II oqropiri) kaTalikosis xelosani yofila da misi kaTalikosobis wlebis mixedviT warwera 1033-1041 ww. TariRdeba. zeda varZiis eklesiis Sesasvlelis karis Tavze amokveTil

kidurwaisruli warwera mogviTxrobs, rom bagrat IV-is epoqis kldekaris gulzviad erisTavs liparit IV-s, didi `g(u)lsmod/g(i)neb(i)T” auSenebia zeda varZiis eklesia. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom bagrat IV-s mefobis dros, 1051-1057 wlebSi `qarTli da mesxeTi

liparists sWeria da bagrats iq xeli ar miuwvdeboda“ (i. javaxiSvili 1983:148). rogorc Cans bagrat IV_m am konkretul dros dakarga javaxeTze Zalaufleba da Semdeg, liparitis dasjis Semdeg kvlav SeZlo misi aRdgena. am faqtze metyvelebs javaxeTis saamSeneblo warwerebis erTi nawili, romelSic bagrat IV aris dasaxelebuli. garda eklesiis saamSeneblo warwerebisa javaxeTis warwerebSi

gvxvdeba stoas, cixis, koSkisa da galavnis, eguteris, saamSeneblo warwerebi. maT Soris sayuradReboa varZiis samonastro kompleqsis mTavari taZris samxreTiT miSenebili stoas Sesasvlelis zemoT amokveTili warwera, romelSic


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saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobili istoriuli piri ivane aTabagi aris dasaxelebuli. iv. aTabagi 1391-1444 ww. moRvaweobda da warweris teqtis mixedviT man varZiis monastrisaTvis satrapezo aago. k. meliTauris azriT, ivane aTabags dazianebuli stoas

kedlis gasamagreblad es burji augia (k. meliTauri…1955:80), magram warweraSi saubaria trapezis mSeneblobaze da ara gasamagrebeli samuSaoebis Catarebaze. miT ufro rom samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom jer kidev broses dros, romelmac es warwera ver ipova, qva iq ar ido sadac axla devs da adre sadRac unda yofiliyo migdebuli. amdenad mTavari taZris samxreTiT miSenebuli stoas Sesavlelis zemoT warwera XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Catarebuli aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis dros meored gamoyenebis dros unda

iyos CaSenebuli (v. ciskariSvili 1959:116; v. silogava 1983:278). v. ciskariSvilis azriT, warweraSi mefis mouxseniebloba imis maCvenebeli unda iyos, rom samcxe-saaTabago gamoyofili iyo saqarTvelodan da aTabagi ar cnobda mefis uzenaesobas, mefes

varZiaze, erT dros samefo monasterze xeli ar miuwvdeba (v. ciskariSvili 1959:116). miuxedavad imisa, rom ivane aTabagi separatistulad ganwyobili feodali iyo da cdilobda aramarto politikuri damoukidebloba moepovebina, aramed

samcxe eklesiuradac moewyvita erTiani saqarTvelosagan (m. rexviaSvili 1992:45-46), aRniSnul mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radgan saistorio wyaroebiT cnobilia, rom aleqsandre I-ma (1412-1442 ww.) Seipyro ganmdgari aTabagi da samcxe daimorCila. saamSeneblo warwerebSi dasaxelebulia saqarTvelos

kaTalikos-patriarqebi, mawyvereli mTavarepiskoposi, episkoposebi da ubralo mRvdlebi. amdenad, saqarTvelos eklesiis kaTalikos - patriarqTa, mRvdelmTavarTa da episkoposTa ktitoruli saqmianobis, aseve qronologiis Sesaswavlad javaxeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebi Zvirfas saistorio wyaros warmoadgenen. javaxeTis lapidaruli warwerebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan

jgufs qmnian saflavis qvis epitafiebi, romelTa Seswavla, qronologiis dadgena da istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi kvleva mniSvnelovania am regionis mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad. saflavis qvis epitafiebis erTi nawili ikiTxeba, erTi nawili gadaSlilia, an saamSeneblo masalad aris gamoyenebuli XIX saukuneSi axali taZrebis mSeneblobis dros. saflavis qvis eptafiebi gvxvdeba vaCianis (zurabis XV s.

saflavis epitafia), bavris (mgelais XV_XVI ss. saflavis qva),


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baraleTis (petre xmalaZis 1855 wlis epitafia), eStiis (XIs), varevanis (dardaganis saflavis qva), zeda Tmogvis (zurabis XVIII s. epitafia) da a. S. rogorc vxedavT javaxeTSi yvela epoqis saflavis qvis qarTuli epitafiebi gvxvdeba. amrigad, javaxeTis 200-mde lapidaruli warwera mdidar

saistorio wyaros warmoadgens aramarto am regionis, aramed Cveni qveynis politikuri, kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. umniSvnelovanesia javaxeTis rogorc saamSeneblo, aseve iuridiuli xasiaTis warwerebi, anu, epigrafikuli aqtebi, romlebic konkretul iuridiul normas aweseben. epigrafikuli aqtebis saxiT javaxeTis warwerebSi gvxvdeba mamulis mflobelobis damadasturebeli, nasyidobisa da Sewirulebis qvaze amokveTili dokumentebi, romlebSic erTmniSvnelovnad aris gansazRvruli regionSi arsebuli miwismflobelobis formebi da misi variaciebi. javaxeTis lapidaruli warwerebis zogadi wyaroTmcodneobiTi

mimoxilva da maTi saerTo istoriul konteqstSi gaazreba am mxaris politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sarwmunoebrivi istoriis mraval sakiTxs hfens naTels da erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs javaxeTis gansakuTrebul rolsa da mniSvnelobaze saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli ganviTarebis istoriaSi. darwmunebulni varT, momavali kvlevebi javaxeTSi met

siaxlesa da sainteresos gamoavlens.

damowmebuli literatura:

i. abulaZe 1991 - sulxan saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem, Tb. 1991; g. abramiSvili… 1989 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi III, freskuli warwerebi I. atenis sioni. gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTes guram abramiSvilma da zaza aleqsiZem. Tb. 1989; l. axalaZe 2004 - l. axalaZe, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi `afxazTa mefeTa” titulaturis Sesaxeb. weliwdeuli `saistorio Ziabani”, VII, Tb. 2004; l. axalaZe, 2005 - l. axalaZe, afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro. lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebi. Tb. 2005;


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l. axalaZe, 2008 - l. axalaZe, afxazeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebis klasifikaciis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis, krebuli qarTveluri memkvidreoba. t. XII. Tb. 2008; baqraZe 1885 - vaxuSti, saqarTvelos istoria, tf. 1885; v. beriZe 1956 - v. beriZe, Zveli qarTveli xuroTmoZRvrebi, Tb. 1956; d. berZeniSvili 1975 - d. berZeniSvili, javaxeTis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi, krebuli: saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi, t. V. Tb. 1975; n. berZeniSvili 1966 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1966; n. berZeniSvili 1964 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1964; S. gloveli 2004 - S. gloveli, afxazTa samefo, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertaciis avtoreferati. Tb. 2004; i. gagoSiZe… 1992 - i. gagoSiZe, g. gagoSiZe, qarTlis xuroTmoZRvarTuxucesi, literatura da xelovneba, #2-3, 1992; i. doliZe 1970 - qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III. tyeqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb. 1970; T. enuqiZe… 1984 - T. enuqiZe, v. silogava, n. SoSiaSvili, 1984, gv. 58:123-126) qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, t. I. IX_XIII ss. Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb. 1984; vaxuSti 1973 - vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, wignSi; qarTlis cxovreba t. IV. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1973; k. meliTauri… 1955 - k. meliTauri, n. SoSiaSvili, S. xanTaZe, g. jamburia, varZia, Tb. 1955; m. lorTqifaniZe 1955 - m. lorTqifaniZe, qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis karis moxeleni, mski, nakv. 32, Tb. 1955; l. musxeliSvili 1941 - bolok basilis mSenebloba SuartyalSi da abuseriZeTa sagvareulo matiane, `1233w. teqsti gamosca levan musxeliSvilma, Tb. 1941; el. metreveli 1962 - el. metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (XI-XVII ss.), Tb., 1962; el. metreveli 1996 - el. metreveli, narkvevebi aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keris istoriidan, Tb. 1996; g. oTxmezuri, 1981 - g. oTxmezuri, XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro. Tb. 1981;


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T. Jordania 1897 - qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa, Sekrebili qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili da gamocemuli Tedo Jordanias mier.. w. II. Tf. 1897; m. rexviaSvili 1992 - m. rexviaSvili, samcxis samTavro Tb. 1992; m. sabinini 1882 - saqarTvelos samoTxe, m. sabininis gamocema, 1882; v. silogava 1980 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi. nakv. I. (IX_XIII ss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada valeri silogavam. Tb. 1980; v. silogava 1983 - v. silogava, samxreT saqarTvelos warwerebis Seswavla xelnawerTa eqspediciis mier. mravalTavi, X. 1983; v. silogava 2004 - v. silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika, Tb. 2004; s. yauxCiSvili 1955 - leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, wignSi: qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1955; s. yauxCiSvili 1951 - T. yauxCiSvili, berZnuli warwerebi saqaTveloSi, Tb. 1951; s. yauxCiSvili 2004 - T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi, meore Sesworebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema, Tb. 2004; n. SoSiaSvili 1980 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, I. lapidaruli warwerebi. aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V_X ss). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada nodar SoSiaSvilma. Tb. 1980; v. ciskariSvili, 1959 - v. ciskariSvili, javaxeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro. Tb. 1959. gv. 4; iv. javaxiSvili 1982 - iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni pirveli. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. T. VI. Tb. 1982; iv. javaxiSvili 1983 - iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Txzulebani Tormet tomad. tomi. II. Tb. 1983; javaxeTi, 2000 - javaxeTi. istoriul-xuroTmoZRvruli gzamkvlevi. redaqtori: d. TumaniSvili. teqstis avtorebi: istoria, istoriuli geografia: d. berZeniSvili; nivTieri kulturis Zeglebi: ir. elizbaraSvili, n. vaCeiSvili, c. CaCxunaSvili. Tb. 2000;

Larfeld 1914 - Larfeld 1914, Grichische epigraphic von Wilchelm Larfeld.

Dritte volling neubearbeitete Auflage, mit 4 Teilen, Munchen, 1914;


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Lia Akhaladze

Inscriptions of Javakheti as a historical source

Inscriptionsof Javakheti has a distinguishedandprominentplaceamong the

numerous Georgian epigraphic monuments as in terms ofplurality as due to

the development history of Georgian alphabet and historical-Source

Studyvalues.

The VI th century is a lower chronological limit of Javakheti lapidary

inscriptions. Since that period, during the whole Middle Ages till modern time,

the region has been one of the most important centers of the development of

Georgian culture, among them the written Georgian culture.

The region’s epigraphic monuments can be divided into three main groups

according to their outer sign:

1. Lapidary or inscriptions carved on the stone;

2. Fresco or inscriptions done with paint;

3. Chasing or inscriptions done on metal.

Inscriptions of Javakheti have high values of source studies. It is proved with

the fact that we meet all samples of content classification of Georgian inscriptions,

such as:

Construction inscriptions,

Juridical inscriptions (epigraphic documents),

Memorial inscriptions,

Epigraphic monuments with different contents and mission,

Epitaphs on the grave stones.

Javakheti always had an exceptionally distinguished place in the history of

Georgian state and ecclesiastic constructions. Exactly it has conditioned various


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and numerous information in the written culture of the region which we meet in

the lapidary inscriptions.

In the inscriptions we meet different social class of the population of old

Georgia beginning with kings and noblemen finishing with simple prayers and

pilgrims. It’s natural that the majority of lapidary inscriptions have been created

by the local residents: handicraftsmen and calligraphists, builders and masters.

They are the very people mentioned in the inscriptions.

Bagrat IV Bagrationi, Davit IV the Builder, Giorgi III, King Tamar, Giorgi

IV Lasha- “ Javakhs’ Sovereign”, David Ulu VII, Gurgen Kurapalati, Avag

Amirspasalari, Shalva and Ivane Akhaltsikhelebi, Anton Chondideli, Catholicos

called Ioane Okropiri, Ivane Atabagi, Liparit Eristavt-Eristavi, Farsman

Tmogveli, Ichkit Gurgenis dze, Gurgen Kvatkhasdze, Zosime Kumurdoeli, Ioane

bishop, Basili Akaneli, Giorgi Saphareli and others are those high secular and

ecclesiastic people mentioned in the inscriptions.

GGGUUp to 200 lapidary inscriptions of Javakheti is a rich historical source in

terms of to study not only the region’s but also the country’s political, cultural

and social-economic situation.

lia axalaze javaxetis warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro · 2013. 11. 6. · iv bagrationi, giorgi...

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