liên minh châu Âu – wikipedia tiếng việt

Quc k

Khu hiu: Thng nht trong a dng (United in

diversity)[1][2][3]

Trung tm chnh tr BrusselsLuxembourgStrasbourg

Ngn ng chnh thc

Demonym Ngi chu u[4]

Nc thnh vin

Ngi ng u

- y ban Jos Manuel Barroso

- Hi ng b trng Ty Ban Nha

- Hi ng chu u Herman Van Rompuy

- Quc hi Jerzy Buzek

Thnh lp

- Hip c Paris 23 thng 7, 1952

- Hip c Rome 1 thng 1, 1958

- Hip c Maastricht 1 thng 11, 1993

- Hip c Lisbon 1 thng 12, 2009

Din tch

Lin minh chu uBch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Lin minh chu u hay Lin hip chu u (tingAnh: European Union), cng c gi l Khi Linu, vit tt l EU, l mt lin minh kinh t chnh tr bao

gm 28 quc gia thnh vin[9] thuc Chu u. Linminh chu u c thnh lp bi Hip c Maastrichtvo ngy 1 thng 11 nm 1993 da trn Cng ng chu

u (EC).[10] Vi hn 500 triu dn,[11] Lin minh chuu chim 30% (18,4 nghn t la M nm 2008) GDPdanh ngha v khong 22% (15,2 nghn t la M nm

2008) GDP sc mua tng ng ca th gii.[12]

Lin minh chu u pht trin mt th trng chungthng qua h thng lut php tiu chun p dng cho ttc cc nc thnh vin nhm m bo s lu thng t

do ca con ngi, hng ha, dch v v vn.[13] EU duy

tr cc chnh sch chung v thng mi,[14] nng

nghip, ng nghip[15] v pht trin a phng.[16] 17nc thnh vin chp nhn ng tin chung, ngEuro, to nn khu vc ng Euro. Lin minh chu u pht trin mt vai tr nht nh trong chnh sch ingoi, c i din trong T chc Thng mi Th gii,G8, G-20 nn kinh t ln v Lin hip quc. Lin minhchu u thng qua vic bi b kim tra h chiubng Hip c Schengen gia 22 quc gia thnh vin v4 quc gia khng phi l thnh vin Lin minh chu

u.[17]),[18]

L mt t chc quc t, Lin minh chu u hot ngthng qua mt h thng chnh tr siu quc gia v lin

chnh ph hn hp.[19][20][21] Nhng th ch chnh trquan trng ca Lin minh chu u bao gm y banchu u, Ngh vin Chu u Hi ng Lin minh chuu, Hi ng chu u, Ta n Cng l Lin minh chuu v Ngn hng Trung ng chu u.

Lin minh chu u c ngun gc t Cng ng Than

Thp chu u[22] t 6 quc gia thnh vin ban u vonm 1951. T cho n nay, Lin minh chu u ln mnh hn v s lng cng nh cht lng thngqua vic tng cng thm quyn ca Lin minh chuu.

Mc lc

Lin minh chu u

23

28

Lin minh chu u Wikipedia ting Vit http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_minh_chu_u

1 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

- Tng cng 4.324.782 km2

1.669.807 mi2

- Mt nc (%) 3.08

Dn s

- c lng 2010 501,259,840[5]

- Mt 115.9/km2

300,2/mi2

GDP (PPP) c lng 2008 (IMF)

- Tng s $15.247 trillion

- Bnh qun u ngi $30,513

GDP (danh ngha) c lng 2008 (IMF)

- Tng s $18.394 trillion

- Bnh qun u ngi $36,812

Gini? (2009) 30.7 (EU25)[6]

Li: Gi tr Gini khng hp l

HDI? (2007) 0.937Li: Gi tr HDI khng hp l

n v tin t

Mi gi (UTC+0 n +2)

- Ma h (DST) (UTC+1 to+3[7])

M in thoi Xem

Tn min Internet .eu[8]

Trang webeuropa.eu (http://europa.eu/)

1 a l

2 Thnh vin

3 Ba tr ct chnh ca Lin minh chu u

3.1 Hip c Maastricht - Tr ct th

nht

3.1.1 Lin minh chnh tr

3.1.2 Lin minh kinh t v tin t

3.1.3 Hip c Schengen

3.2 Hip c Amsterdam - Tr ct th hai

3.3 Hip c Nice - Tr ct th ba

4 Hip c Lisbon - Ti cu trc Lin minh

chu u

5 C cu t chc

5.1 Hi ng chu u

5.2 Hi ng B trng

5.3 Ngh vin Chu u

5.4 y ban chu u

5.5 Ta n Cng l Lin minh chu u

6 H thng php lut

6.1 Cc quyn c bn

6.2 Cc o lut

7 T php v Ni v

8 Ngoi giao

8.1 Qun s

9 Kinh t

9.1 Th trng ni a chu u

9.2 Lin minh tin t

9.3 Lut cnh tranh

10 Dn s

10.1 th ha

10.2 Ngn ng

10.3 Tn gio

11 Vn ha

12 Hnh nh v Lin minh chu u

13 Ch thch

14 Tham kho

15 Lin kt ngoi

Euro + 11


2 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

Mont Blanc nh ni cao nht

Lin minh chu u

Cc thnh vin (mu tm) v ng vin (mu ) ca Lin

minh chu u giai on 2004-2007 (ISO 3166)

a l

Lnh th ca Lin minh chu u l tp hp lnh th ca tt c cc quc giathnh vin nhng cng c nhng ngoi l. Chng hn nh qun o Faroethuc an Mch l mt b phn lnh th ca chu u nhng khng nmtrong lnh th ca Lin minh chu u hay o Sp, thnh vin Lin minhchu u thng c xem l mt phn ca chu v gn Th Nh K hn

chu u lc a.[23][24] Mt vi vng lnh th khc nm ngoi chu u vcng khng thuc lnh th ca Lin minh chu u nh trng hp caGreenland hay Aruba.

Lin minh chu u ch yu nm Ty v Trung u, vi din tch

4.422.773 kilmt vung (1.707.642 dm vung) [25] Ngc li, mc d

trn danh ngha l mt b phn ca Lin minh chu u [26] tuy nhin lut php ca Lin minh chu u khngc p dng Bc Cyprus v de facto vng lnh th ny nm di quyn qun l ca Cng ha Bc Cyprusthuc Th Nh K - mt quc gia t tuyn b c lp v ch c Th Nh K tha nhn.

Lin minh chu u ko di v pha ng bc n Phn Lan, ty bc v pha Ireland, ng nam v pha Cng ha

Sp v ty nam v pha bn o Iberia, l lnh th rng th 7 th gii [27] v c ng b bin di th 2 th gii

sau Canada.[20][28][29] im cao nht trn lnh th Lin minh chu u l nh Mont Blanc, cao 4810,45 m

trn mc nc bin [30] v im thp nht l Zuidplaspolder H Lan, thp hn mc nc bin 7m.

Dn c ca Lin minh chu u c t l th ha cao. 75% ngi dn Lin minh chu u sng cc thnh ph(con s ny d kin s l 90% 7 quc gia thnh vin vo nm 2020). Gii thch cho iu ny c hai nguynnhn chnh: mt l mt dn c th hn ch vn ra nhng khu vc t nhin, hai l trong mt s trng

hp ngun vn ca Lin minh chu u c dn vo mt khu vc no , chng hn nh Benelux.[31]

Thnh vin

Lch s ca Lin Minh Chu u bt u t sauChin tranh th gii ln th 2. C th ni rngnguyn vng ngn nga chin tranh tn ph ti din y mnh s hi nhp chu u. B trng Ngoigiao Php Robert Schuman l ngi nu ra tng v xut ln u tin trong mt bi phtbiu ni ting ngy 9 thng 5 nm 1950. Cng chnhngy ny l ngy m hin nay c coi l ngy sinhnht ca Lin minh chu u v c k nim hngnm l "Ngy Chu u".

Ban u, Lin minh chu u bao gm 6 quc giathnh vin: B, c, , Luxembourg, Php, H Lan.Nm 1973, tng ln thnh gm 9 quc gia thnhvin. Nm 1981, tng ln thnh 10. Nm 1986, tngln thnh 12. Nm 1995, tng ln thnh 15. Nm2004, tng ln thnh 25. Nm 2007 tng ln thnh27. T 01.07.2013 EU c 28 thnh vin.

Sau y l danh sch 28 quc gia thnh vin ca


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Qu trnh gia nhp ca cc quc gia thnh

vin Lin minh chu u

Lin minh chu u xp theo nm gia nhp.

1951: B, c, , Luxembourg, Php, H Lan

1973: an Mch, Ireland, Anh

1981: Hy Lp

1986: Ty Ban Nha, B o Nha

1995: o, Phn Lan, Thy in

Ngy 1/5/2004: Sc, Hungary, Ba Lan, Slovakia, Slovenia, Litva,

Latvia, Estonia, Malta, Cng ha Sp

Ngy 1/1/2007: Romania, Bulgaria

1/7/2013: Croatia

Hin nay, Lin minh chu u c din tch l 4.422.773 km vi dn

s l 492,9 triu ngi (2006) [32]; vi tng GDP l 11.6 nghn teuro (xp x 15.7 nghn t USD) trong nm 2007. Hu ht cc quc

gia chu u u ang l thnh vin ca Lin minh chu u.

Tnh n cui nm 2010, c 4 quc gia c nh gi l ng vin chnh thc kt np thnh vin Lin minh

chu u l: Iceland, Macedonia,[nb 1][33] Montenegro v Th Nh K. Albania, Bosnia v Herzegovina v

Serbia l nhng ng vin tim nng.[34] Kosovo cng c xp vo danh sch nhng ng vin tim nng gianhp vo Lin minh chu u v y ban chu u v hu nh tt c cc quc gia thnh vin Lin minh chu u

khc tha nhn Kosovo nh mt quc gia c lp, tch bit khi Serbia.[35]

Nm quc gia Ty u khng phi l thnh vin Lin minh chu u nhng c nhng tha thun hp tc nhtnh kinh t v php lut ca Lin minh chu u l: Iceland (ng vin gia nhp Lin minh chu u),Liechtenstein v Na Uy, thnh vin th trng duy nht thng qua Khu vc kinh t chu u, v Thy S, tngt nh trng hp ca Na Uy nhng thng qua hip nh song phng gia nc ny v Lin minh chu

u.[36][37] Ngoi ra, ng tin chung EURO v cc lnh vc hp tc khc cng c p dng i vi cc quc

gia thnh vin nh nh Andorra, Monaco, San Marino v Vatican.[38]

Ba tr ct chnh ca Lin minh chu u

1951 c hiu lc 1948 1957 c hiu lc 1958 1965 c hiu lc 1967 1992 c hiu lc 1993 1997 c hiu lc 1999 2001 c hiu lc 2003 2007 c hiu lc 2009

Cng ng Than Thp chu u (ECSC)

Cng ng Kinh tchu u (EEC)

Cng ng chu u (EC)

...Cc Cng ng chu

u: ECSC, EEC (EC,

1993), Euratom

T php &Ni v

Hp tc t php v cnh stv ti phm (PJCC)

Chnh sch an ninh v i ngoi chung (CFSP)

LIN MINH CHU U(EU)

Cng ng Nng lng nguyn t chu u (Euratom)Hip c Paris Cc Hip c Rome Hip c St nhp Hip c Maastricht Hip c

AmsterdamHip c Nice Hip c Lisbon

Cc Hip c, c cu v lch s ca Lin minh chu u


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Cc nc ph chun Hip c

Maastricht

"Ba tr ct" - ECS (ECSC, EEC/EC, Euratom), CFSP, PJCC

Hip c Maastricht - Tr ct th nht

Hip c Maastricht hay cn gi l Hip c Lin minh Chu u(ting Anh, "Treaty of European Union"), k ngy 7 thng 2 nm 1992

ti Maastricht H Lan [39], nhm mc ch:

Thnh lp lin minh kinh t v tin t vo cui thp nin 1990, vi

mt n v tin t chung v mt ngn hng trung ng c lp,

Thnh lp mt lin minh chnh tr bao gm vic thc hin mt

chnh sch i ngoi v an ninh chung tin ti c chnh sch

phng th chung, tng cng hp tc v cnh st v lut php.

Hip c ny nh du mt bc ngot trong tin trnh nht th hachu u v dn n vic thnh lp Cng ng chu u.

Lin minh chnh tr

Tt c cc cng dn ca cc nc thnh vin c quyn t do i li v c tr trong lnh th ca cc

nc thnh vin.

c quyn bu c v ng c chnh quyn a phng v Ngh vin chu u ti bt k nc thnh vin

no m h ang c tr.

Thc hin mt chnh sch i ngoi v an ninh chung trn c s hp tc lin chnh ph vi nguyn tc

nht tr vn bo m ch quyn quc gia trn lnh vc ny.

Tng cng quyn hn ca Ngh vin chu u.

M rng quyn ca Cng ng trong mt s lnh vc nh mi trng, x hi, nghin cu...

Phi hp cc hot ng t php, thc hin chnh sch chung v nhp c, quyn c tr v th thc.

Lin minh kinh t v tin t

c chia lm 3 giai on, t 1 thng 7 nm 1990 ti 1 thng 1 nm 1999, v kt thc bng vic gii tn Vintin t chu u, thnh lp Ngn hng Trung ng chu u (ECB).

iu kin tham gia vo lin minh kinh t v tin t (cn gi l nhng tiu ch hi nhp) l:

Lm pht thp, khng vt qu 1,5% so vi mc trung bnh ca 3 nc c mc lm pht thp nht;

Thm ht ngn sch khng vt qu 3% GDP;

N cng di 60% GDP v bin dao ng t gi gia cc ng tin n nh trong hai nm theo c ch

chuyn i (ERM);


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Cc nc trong hip c

Schengen

Li sut (tnh theo li sut cng tri thi hn t 10 nm tr ln) khng qu 2% so vi mc trung bnh ca

3 nc c li sut thp nht.

K t ngy 1 thng 1 nm 2002 ng Euro chnh thc c lu hnh trong 12 quc gia thnh vin (cn gil khu vc ng Euro) gm Php, c, o, B, Phn Lan, Ireland, , Luxembourg, H Lan, Ty Ban Nha vB o Nha; cc nc ng ngoi l Anh, an Mch v Thu in. Hin nay, ng Euro ang c t gi hioi cao hn ng la M.

Hip c Schengen

Ngy 19 thng 6 nm 1990, Hip c Schengen c tho thun xong. nngy 27 thng 11 nm 1990, 6 nc Php, c, Luxembourg, B, H Lanv chnh thc k Hip c Schengen. Hai nc Ty Ban Nha v B oNha k ngy 25 thng 6 nm 1991. Ngy 26 thng 3 nm 1995, hip cny mi c hiu lc ti 7 nc thnh vin. Hip c quy nh quyn t doi li ca cng dn cc nc thnh vin. i vi cng dn nc ngoi chcn c visa ca 1 trong 9 nc trn l c php i li trong ton b khuvc Schengen. Tnh n 19/12 nm 2011, tng s quc gia cng nhn honton hip c ny l 26 nc: Ba Lan, Cng ha Sc, Hungary, Slovakia,Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Litva, Malta, Iceland, Na Uy, Thy in, PhnLan, an Mch, H Lan, B, Luxembourg, Php, Ty Ban Nha, B oNha, c, o, , Hy Lp, Thy S, Liechtenstein (trong c 22 nc

thuc khi lin minh Chu u).[18]

Hip c Amsterdam - Tr ct th hai

Hip c Amsterdam cn gi l Hip c Maastricht sa i, k ngy 2 thng 10 nm 1997 ti Amsterdam,bt u c hiu lc vo ngy 1 thng 5 nm 1999, c mt s sa i v b sung trong cc vn nh:

Nhng quyn c bn, khng phn bit i x;1.

T php v i ni;2.

Chnh sch x hi v vic lm;3.

Chnh sch i ngoi v an ninh chung.4.

Hip c Nice - Tr ct th ba

Hip c Nice c lnh o cc quc gia thnh vin chu u k vo ngy 26 thng 2 nm 2001 v bt u chiu lc vo ngy 1 thng 2 nm 2003. Hip c Nice l s b sung cho Hip c Maastricht v Hip cRome. Hip c Nice tp trung vo vn ci cch th ch n nhn cc thnh vin mi theo chnh sch mrng v pha ng chu u, vn ban u l nhim v ca Hip c Amsterdam nhng khng c hon

thnh.[40]

Trong cuc trng cu dn din ra vo thng 6 nm 2001, cc c tri Ireland phn i vic thng qua Hipc Nice. Tuy nhin, sau hn mt nm, kt qu b o ngc.

Hip c Lisbon - Ti cu trc Lin minh chu u


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Ch tch Hi ng

chu u Herman

Van Rompuy

Ngy 1 thng 12 nm 2009, Hip c Lisbon chnh thc c hiu lc v ci t nhiu kha cnh ca Lin minhchu u. c bit, Hip c Lisbon thay i cu trc php l ca Lin minh chu u bng cch sp nhpcu trc 3 tr ct thnh mt chnh th php l duy nht. Hip c l c s php l cho v tr Ch tch thngtrc Hi ng Lin minh chu u, chc v m ngi Herman Van Rompuy ang nm gi, cng nh v tr idin cp cao ca Lin minh chu u v ngoi giao v an ninh, chc v m b Catherine Ashton ang ph

trch.[41]

C cu t chc

Lin minh chu u c 7 th ch chnh tr chnh l: Ngh vin Chu u, Hi ng b trng, y ban chu u,Hi ng chu u, Ngn hng Trung ng Chu u, Ta n Cng l Lin minh chu u v Ta n Kim tonchu u. Thm quyn xem xt v sa i h thng lut php ca Lin minh chu u - quyn lp php - thucv Ngh vin chu u v Hi ng B trng. Quyn hnh php c giao cho y ban chu u v mt b phnnh thuc v Hi ng chu u (trong ting Anh, cn trnh nhm ln gia "Council of the European Union"bn cht thuc v cc quc gia thnh vin v "European Council" bn cht thuc v Lin minh chu u). Chnhsch tin t ca khu vc ng tin chung chu u (ting Anh, "eurozone") c quyt nh bi Ngn hngTrung ng Chu u. Vic gii thch v p dng lut ca Lin minh chu u v cc iu c quc t c linquan - quyn t php - c thc thi bi Ta n Cng l Lin minh chu u. Ngoi ra cn c mt s c quannh khc ph trch t vn cho Lin minh chu u hoc hot ng ring bit trong cc lnh vc c th.

Hi ng chu u

Hi ng chu u ph trch iu hnh Lin minh chu u v c nhim v nhm hpt nht 4 ln trong nm. Hi ng chu u bao gm Ch tch Hi ng chu u, Chtch ca y ban chu u v mt i din ca mi quc gia thnh vin Lin minh chuu, c th l ngi ng u nh nc hoc chnh ph ca quc gia thnh vin . Hi

ng chu u c xem l c quan lnh o ti cao ca Lin minh chu u.[42] Hing chu u ch ng xem xt nhng thay i trong cc hip c iu chnh hotng Lin minh chu u cng nh xc nh chng trnh ngh s v chin lc choLin minh chu u.

Hi ng chu u s dng vai tr lnh o ca mnh dn xp cc tranh chp giacc quc gia thnh vin v cc th ch chnh tr ca Lin minh chu u cng nh giiquyt cc cuc khng hong chnh tr v bt ng trong nhng vn v chnh schgy nhiu tranh ci. V i ngoi, hot ng ca Hi ng chu u c th v vi mtnguyn th ca tp th cc nguyn th quc gia k kt, ph chun cc tha thun viu c quc t quan trng gia Lin minh chu u v cc quc gia khc trn th

gii.[43]

Ngy 19 thng 1 nm 2009, ngi Herman Van Rompuy c ch nh lm ch tch thng trc ca Hi ngchu u. Ngy 1 thng 12 nm 2009 khi Hip c Lisbon bt u c hiu lc, ngi Herman Van Rompuy chnhthc nhn cng tc ti nhim s. Ch tch Hi ng chu u chu trch nhim i din i ngoi cho Lin minh

chu u,[44] gii quyt mu thun ny sinh gia cc quc gia thnh vin hng ti s ng thun trong cchi ngh ca Hi ng chu u cng nh trong cc giai on chuyn tip gia cc hi ngh . Cn trnh nhmln Hi ng chu u ca Lin minh chu u vi mt t chc quc t c lp khc ca c tn gi l Hi ngchu u (ting Anh, "Council of Europe").

Hi ng B trng


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Th tc lp php ca Lin

minh chu u.

Ch tch y ban chu

u Jos Manuel

Barroso

Hi ng Lin minh chu u thng c gi tt trong ting Anh l Council [45] hay cn gi l Hi ng B

trng (ting Anh, "Council of Ministers") [46] l mt trong hai b phn lp php ca Lin minh chu u (bphn cn li l s kt hp ca y ban chu u v Ngh vin chu u) chu trch nhim quyt nh cc chnhsch ln ca EU, bao gm cc B trng i din cho cc thnh vin. Cc nc lun phin lm Ch tch vi

nhim k 6 thng. Gip vic cho Hi ng c U ban Thng v v Ban Th k. [cn dn ngun] Tuy nhin, dc cu t chc phc tp nhng Hi ng B trng vn c xem l mt trong cc th ch chnh tr chnh thc

ca Lin minh chu u.[47]

T nm 1975, ngi ng u nh nc, hoc ng u chnh ph, cc ngoi trng, Ch tch v Ph Ch tchU ban chu u c cc cuc hp thng k bn quyt nh nhng vn ln ca EU. C ch ny gi l Hi

ng chu u hay Hi ngh Thng nh Lin minh chu u. [cn dn ngun]

Ngh vin Chu u

Gm 751 ngh s, nhim k 5 nm, c bu theo nguyn tc ph thng u phiu t tt c cc quc gia thnhvin Lin minh chu u. Trong Ngh vin chu u cc ngh s ngi theo nhm chnh tr khc nhau, khng theo

quc tch.[48]

Nhim v ca Ngh vin chu u l phi hp vi Hi ng Chu u thng qua xut lp php ca y ban chu u trong hu ht cc lnh vc. Ngh vin chuu cn c thm quyn thng qua ngn sch, kim tra, gim st vic thc hincc chnh sch ca Lin minh chu u. y ban chu u chu trch nhim trcNgh vin chu u, i vi mi hot ng phi c s chp thun ca Ngh vinchu u, bo co kt qu cng tc trc Ngh vin chu u nh gi, phbnh v rt kinh nghim. Ch tch Ngh vin chu u, c bu bi cc ngh svi nhim k 2 nm ri, ng thi phi ph trch vai tr ngi pht ngn trong

v ngoi ngh vin.[49]

y ban chu u

L c quan iu hnh ca Lin minh chu u chu trch nhim xut lp php vnhng hot ng thng nht ca Lin minh chu u. y ban chu u bao gm 27 uvin i din cho 27 quc gia thnh vin Lin minh chu u, nhim k 5 nm do ccchnh ph nht tr c v ch b bi min vi s nht tr ca Ngh vin Chu u. Chtch hin nay l ngi Jos Manuel Barroso, cu Th tng B o Nha (c bu ticuc hp Thng nh EU bt thng ngy 23 thng 3 nm 1999 ti Berlin). V trquyn lc s 2 trong y ban chu u l i din cao cp ca Lin minh chu u vngoi giao v chnh sch an ninh ng thi l ex-officio Ph ch tch y ban chu

u, hin ti l b Catherine Ashton.[50]

Ta n Cng l Lin minh chu u

C thm quyn t php i vi cc vn lin quan n lut php ca Lin minhchu u. Bao gm hai ta n chnh, l: "Ta s thm chu u" (ting Anh,"European General Court") v "Ta n Cng l Chu u" (ting Anh, "European

Court of Justice").[51]

H thng php lut


8 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

Ln tu chnh n cui cng cho Hin

php Lin minh chu u 2009

iu 1 v 2 Hin chng Lin minh

chu u v nhng quyn c bn:

"Nhn phm l khng th xm phm.

Nhn phm phi c tn trng v

bo v.

Mi ngi u c quyn c sng.

Khng mt ai b kt n t hnh hoc

b x t."

C s php l hnh thnh Lin minh chu u l cc hip c c k ktv ph chun bi cc quc gia thnh vin Lin minh chu u. Cc hipc u tin nh du s thnh lp Cng ng chu u v Lin minhchu u. Cc hip c k tip chnh sa v b sung cc hip c u

tin ngy mt y v hon thin hn.[52] chnh l nhng hip cto ra cc th ch chnh tr ca Lin minh chu u cng nh cung cpcho cc th ch chnh tr thm quyn thc hin cc mc tiu v chnhsch t ra ngay trong chnh cc hip c. Nhng thm quyn ny

bao gm thm quyn lp php [nb 2] nh hng trc tip n tt c ccquc gia thnh vin Lin minh chu u v cng dn ca cc quc gia

thnh vin .[nb 3] Lin minh chu u c y t cch php nhn

k kt cc tha thun v iu c quc t.[53]

Cn c theo nguyn tc "uy quyn ti cao" (ting Anh, "supremacy"), ta n ca cc quc gia thnh vin ctrch nhim thc hin y v ng n tt c quy nh v ngha v t ra tun theo cc hip c m quc giathnh vin ph chun, k c khi iu gy ra cc xung t php lut trong h thng php lut ni a,

thm ch trong vi trng hp c bit l hin php ca mt s quc gia thnh vin.[nb 4]

Cc quyn c bn

Cc iu c k kt gia cc quc gia thnh vin Lin minh chu ucng nhn rng Lin minh chu u c "thnh lp trn c s tn trngnhng gi tr nhn phm, t do, dn ch, cng bng, php tr v nhnquyn, bao gm quyn ca nhng ngi thuc nhng sc tc thiu s...trong mt x hi a dng, khng phn bit, khoan dung, cng l, on

kt v bnh ng gii."[54]

Hip c Lisbon trao hiu lc php l cho Hin chng Lin minhchu u v nhng quyn c bn vo nm 2009. Hin chng l s tphp c chnh sa nhng quyn li c bn ca con ngi m t cciu lut ca Lin minh chu u c th b xem xt v nh gi li trcTa n Cng l Lin minh chu u. Hin chng cng l s hp nhtnhiu quyn khc nhau vn trc y c Ta n Cng l Linminh chu u tha nhn v ng thi l "nhng gi tr truyn thngc tha nhn trong hin php ca nhiu quc gia thnh vin Lin minh

chu u." [55] Ta n Cng l Lin minh chu u t lu cng nhnnhng quyn c bn v i lc hy b mt s iu lut ca Lin minh

chu u v i ngc li vi nhng quyn c bn .[56] Hin chngc son tho vo nm 2000. Mc d ban u Hin chng khng c gi tr rng buc v mt php l nhngcc iu khon ca Hin chng lun c nu ra trc cc ta n Lin minh chu u. Bi v Hin chng, bnthn n, cha ng nhng quyn li hp php m cc ta n Lin minh chu u cng nhn nh cc nguyntc nn tng ca lut php Lin minh chu u.

Mc d vic k kt Cng c chu u v quyn con ngi (ting Anh, "European Convention on Human

Rights" hay "ECHR") l mt trong nhng iu kin tr thnh thnh vin Lin minh chu u,[nb 5] nhng bnthn Lin minh chu u khng th tham gia Cng c v Lin minh chu u vn khng phi l mt quc

gia[nb 6] v cng khng c quyn hn tham gia.[nb 7] Hip c Lisbon v Ngh nh th 14 i vi Cng c thay i bn cht vn ny trong Ngh nh th 14 rng buc Lin minh chu u vi Cng c trong khiHip c Lisbon cho php vic thc thi vic rng buc nu.


9 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

Quc gia thnh vin

Lin minh chu u ban

hnh h chiu ring ca

Lin minh chu u trn

c ghi tn gi cng

vi biu tng v dng

ch Lin minh chu

u bng ngn ng

chnh thc ca quc gia

thnh vin - (Mu

h chiu ca Ireland)

Khu vc Schengen bao gm hu ht

cc quc gia thnh vin Lin minh

chu u

Trn bnh din th gii, Lin minh chu u cng thc y cc vn v nhn quyn.Lin minh chu u phn i vic kt n t hnh v ngh loi b khung hnh pht

ny trn khp th gii.[57] Ngoi ra, vic loi b khung hnh pht t hnh cng l mt

iu kin i vi quy ch thnh vin Lin minh chu u.[58]

Cc o lut

Cc o lut chnh ca Lin minh chu u c thng qua di 3 dng c tnh chtphp l v phm vi nh hng khc nhau: quy ch (ting Anh, "regulation"), sc lnh(ting Anh, "directive") v phn quyt (ting Anh, "decision"). Quy ch ca Linminh chu u t ng b sung vo lut php hin hnh ca cc quc gia thnh vinLin minh chu u vo thi im cc quy ch ny bt u c hiu lc m khng cnbt k mt bin php can thip php l hay trin khai no t cc quc gia thnh vin

Lin minh chu u,[nb 8] v c gi tr php l cao hn ni lut ca cc quc gia thnh

vin nu pht sinh xung t php lut.[nb 2] Sc lnh i hi cc quc gia thnhvin Lin minh chu u hon tt mt yu cu nht nh a ra bi Lin minh chuu nhng cho cc quc gia thnh vin quyn t quyt v cch thc thc hin

hoc trin khai sc lnh.[nb 9] n ht thi hn trin khai sc lnh, nu nhng sclnh khng c thc thi, th chng c th, trong mt s iu kin nht nh, s c"hiu lc trc tip" (ting Anh, "direct effect") vt trn ni lut ca cc quc giathnh vin Lin minh chu u.

Phn quyt l mt la chn hon ton khc vi hai cch thc lp php nu trn. Phnquyt c hiu l nhng o lut c p dng trc tip cho mt c nhn c th,mt cng ty hay mt quc gia thnh vin nht nh. Phn quyt thng c s dng trong lnh vc lut cnhtranh hoc nhng vn lin quan n tr gi ca chnh ph (ting Anh, State Aid) nhng mc ch ch yunht vn l x l cc th tc hnh chnh trong ni b cc th ch Lin minh chu u. Quy ch, sc lnh v phn

quyt ca Lin minh chu u tng ng vi nhau v gi tr php l v khng phn th bc.[59]

T php v Ni v

K t khi thnh lp vo nm 1993, Lin minh chu u bc u cnhng pht trin trong lnh vc t php v ni v t cp lin chnhph n ch ngha siu quc gia. Hng lot cc c quan c thnh lp phi hp hnh ng: Europol gia lc lng cnh st cc quc gia

thnh vin Lin minh chu u,[60] Eurojust i vi cc cng t vin,[61]

v Frontex i vi cc c quan ph trch bin gii v ca khu.[62] Linminh chu u cng trin khai H thng thng tin Schegen (ting Anh,

"Schengen Information System")[17] c kh nng cung cp c s d liuchung cho lc lng cnh st v c quan nhp cnh ca cc quc giathnh vin. Cng tc phi hp hot ng c quan tm c bit k tkhi Hip c Schengen c k kt to iu kin cho vic m ca bingii cng nh s gia tng ng k ca vn ti phm xuyn quc gia.

Bn cnh , Lin minh chu u cng c nhng o lut gii quyt

vn gy nhiu tranh ci nh dn ,[63] hn nhn gia nh,[64] t nn,[65] v xt x ti phm.[66] Ngoi ra, cchip c c k kt gia cc quc gia thnh vin "Lin minh chu u" cng cao vic ngn cm s phn bit

i x lin quan n gii tnh v quc tch.[nb 10] Trong nhng nm gn y, h thng php lut ca Lin minh


10 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

i din cao cp ca

Lin minh chu u

v ngoi giao v

chnh sch an ninh,

b Catherine Ashton.

Chin u c Eurofighter c ch

to bi mt tp on hp tc gia bn

quc gia thnh vin Lin minh chu

u.

chu u cn c b sung thm vn chng phn bit sc tc, tn gio, khuyt tt, tui tc v khuynh hng

tnh dc[nb 11], (v d) ni lm vic.[nb 12]

Ngoi giao

Vic hp tc trong cc vn i ngoi gia cc quc gia thnh vin Lin minh chuu c bt u vo nm 1957 vi s hnh thnh Cng ng chu u. Vo thi im, cc quc gia thnh vin tp hp li nh mt khi thng nht trong vic thnglng cc vn thng mi quc t theo Chnh sch thng mi chung (ting Anh,

"Common Commercial Policy").[67] Quan h i ngoi ca Lin minh chu u chuynsang mt giai on mi vo nm 1970 vi nhiu pht trin ng lu , trong c thk ti s ra i ca T chc hp tc chnh tr chu u (ting Anh, "European PoliticalCooperation") c vai tr nh ni cc quc gia thnh vin tham vn mt cch khngchnh thc hng ti mt chnh sch i ngoi chung. Nhng phi n tn nm1987 khi Lut chu u duy nht (ting Anh, "Single European Act") c ban hnh,T chc hp tc chnh tr chu u mi c c mt c s php l hon chnh. Sau ,t chc ny c i thnh Chnh sch an ninh v i ngoi chung (ting Anh,"Common Foreign and Security Policy" hay "CFSP") khi Hip c Maastricht bt u

c hiu lc.[68]

Mc tiu ca Chnh sch an ninh v i ngoi chung (CFSP) l thc y li ch cachnh Lin minh chu u cng nh ca cng ng th gii trong vic xc tin hp tc

quc t, tn trng nhn quyn, dn ch v php tr.[69] CFSP i hi s thng nht gia cc quc gia thnh vinca Lin minh chu u quyt nh chnh sch ph hp cho bt k mt vn quan trng no. Mc d khnghay xy ra, nhng CFSP i lc cng gy ra nhng bt ng gia cc quc gia thnh vin nh trong trng hp

ca Chin tranh Iraq.[70]

Qun s

Lin minh chu u khng c mt qun i chung. Cc t chc tin thnca Lin minh chu u khng hng n mc ch hnh thnh mt linminh qun s hng mnh bi v NATO c thit lp vi vai tr

ny.[71] 21 trong tng s 27 quc gia thnh vin Lin minh chu u ang

l thnh vin ca NATO.[72] trong khi cc nc thnh vin cn li theo

ui chnh sch ca trung lp.[73] Tuy nhin, i vi quy ch thnh vinLin minh chu u th tnh trng trung lp ca cc quc gia thnh vin

ny ang b t mt du hi ln bi Th tng Phn Lan [74] cng nhvn tng h trong trng hp thin tai, tn cng khng b hay xmlc v trang vn c quy nh trong iu 42 (7) TEU v iu 222TFEU. Mt khc, Lin minh Ty u (ting Anh, "Western EuropeanUnion"), lin minh qun s vi cc iu khon quc phng chung, gii th vo nm 2010 v vai tr ca lin minh ny hin ti c

chuyn giao cho Lin minh chu u.[75]

Nm 2009, theo thng k ca Vin nghin cu ha bnh quc t Stockholm (ting Anh, "StockholmInternational Peace Research Institute" hay "SIPRI"), Vng quc Anh dnh hn 48 t EUR (tng ng69 t USD) cho quc phng, ng th 3 trn th gii sau M v Trung Quc, trong khi Php ng v tr th 4vi 47 t EUR (khong 67,31 t USD) cho qun i. Anh v Php ng gp 45% ngn sch quc phng, 50%


11 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

Airbus A380 mt trong nhng sn

phm hp tc sn xut ca cc thnh

vin Lin minh chu u

kh nng qun s v 70% tt c cc chi ph nghin cu v pht trin qun s ca c Lin minh chu u. Trongnm 2000, Anh, Php, Ty Ban Nha, v c chim n 97% tng ngn sch nghin cu qun s ca Lin minh

chu u so vi tt c 15 quc gia thnh vin cn li.[76]

Kinh t

10 nn kinh t c GDP v PPP ln nht tnh theo USD

trong Lin minh chu u c tnh l mt th ch duy nht (IMF, 2009).[77]

Ngy t lc mi thnh lp, Lin minh chu u t ra mc tiu trng tm l thit lp mt th trng kinh tduy nht chu u bao gm lnh th ca tt c cc quc gia thnh vin. Hin ti, h thng tin t chung angc s dng 16 nc thuc Lin minh chu u, thng bit n vi tn gi khu vc ng euro (ting Anh,

"eurozone").[78][79] Vo nm 2009, sn lng kinh t ca Lin minh chu u chim khong 21% tng sn

lng kinh t ton cu, c tnh vo khong 14,8 nghn t USD,[80], tr thnh nn kinh t ln nht th gii. Lin

minh chu u cng t c sn lng xut khu v nhp khu ln nht th gii,[81][82] v hng ha v dchv, ng thi cng l i tc thng mi ln nht i vi cc th trng ln trn th gii nh n v Trung

Quc.[83][84][85]

Th trng ni a chu u

Hai trong s nhng mc tiu c bn ca Cng ng Kinh t chu u lvic pht trin ca mt th trng chung (ting Anh, "common market"),hay sau ny thng c bit vi tn gi th trng duy nht (ting Anh,"single market"), v mt lin minh hi quan gia cc quc gia thnhvin. Th trng duy nht ca Lin minh chu u lin quan mt thitn bn vn t do bao gm t do lu thng hng ha, vn, con ngi

v dch v trong phm vi ca Lin minh chu u.[79] Cn lin minh hiquan l vic p dng mt h thng thu kha chung cho tt c cc loihng ha nhp khu vo th trng duy nht ny. Mt khi hng ha c nhp vo th trng duy nht, hng ha s khng phi chu thuhi quan, cc loi thu v hn ch nhp khu (quota) mang tnh chtphn bit i x khi lu thng trong phm vi Lin minh chu u. Cc

quc gia khng phi l thnh vin ca Lin minh chu u nh Iceland, Na Uy, Liechtenstein hay Thy S u

gia nhp vo th trng duy nht nhng cha tham gia vo lin minh hi quan.[36] Mt na cc hot ngthng mi ca Lin minh chu u chu s iu chnh ca h thng cn i php lut ca Lin minh chu u

(gia cc quc gia thnh vin vi php lut ca Lin minh).[86]

Quyn t do di chuyn vn nhm mc ch cho php cc hot ng u t nh mua bn ti sn cng nh c

phn doanh nghip gia cc quc gia thnh vin c d dng hn.[87] Trc khi s dng Lin minh v kinh tv tin t (ting Anh, "Economic and Monetary Union"), cc quy phm php lut v vn pht trin rt chmchp. Sau Hip c Maastricht, c rt nhiu cc phn quyt ca Ta n Cng l Chu u thc y s pht


12 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

Khu vc ng tin chung euro

(eurozone) (mu xanh m) bao

gm 16 quc gia thnh vin s

dng ng euro nh ng tin

chnh thc.

Ngn hng Trung ng

chu u Frankfurt

chu trch nhim qun

l chnh sch tin t.

ng tin chung Euro c s dng

t nm 2002.

trin i vi cc quy phm php lut iu chnh vn ny. Quyn t do di chuyn vn cng c cc quc giakhng phi thnh vin Lin minh chu u cng nhn.

Quyn t do di chuyn v con ngi c hiu rng nhng ngi mang quc tch ca mt quc gia thnh vinLin minh chu u c th t do i li trong phm v Lin minh chu u sinh sng, lm vic hoc ngh ngi.Quyn t do di chuyn v con ngi i hi mt quc gia thnh vin Lin minh chu u phi gim bt cc th

tc hnh chnh cng nh cng nhn nh gi v chuyn mn ca mt quc gia thnh vin khc.[88]

Quyn t do di chuyn v dch v v c tr cho php cng dn ca quc gia thnh vin c kh nng cung cpcc hnh thc dch v c t do i li kim thu nhp tm thi hoc c nh. Mc d lnh vc dch v chimn 60-70% GDP nhng h thng quy phm php lut i vi vn ny cha tht s c pht trin ngmc nh cc lnh vc khc. S thiu st ny va c Lin minh chu u iu chnh vi s thng qua "Lut

dch v trong th trng ni a" (ting Anh, "Directive on services in the internal market").[89] Cn c theoHip c Lisbon, quy phm php lut v dch v l mt quyn d tha, ch c p dng khi cc quyn t dokhc khng c kh nng thc hin.

Lin minh tin t

Vic to ramt n vtin t duynht trthnh mctiu chnhthc ca Cngng Kinh tchu u tnm 1969.Tuy nhin, chcho n khiHip c

Maastricht c nhng ci tin vo nm 1993 th ccquc gia thnh vin Lin minh chu u mi thc sb rng buc v mt php l bi lin minh tin t kt ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1999. K t thi im phthnh ng tin chung euro, t 11 nc ban u hinnay c 17 quc gia s dng ng tin ny. Mi y nht l Estonia vo nm 2011

Tt c cc nc thnh vin ca Lin minh chu u, tr an Mch v Vng quc Anh, u b rng buc trn c

s php l v vic s dng ng euro nh n v tin t chnh thc.[90] khi p ng cc tiu chun kinh tt ra. Tuy nhin, ch c mt vi quc gia thnh vin ca Lin minh chu u ln thi gian biu c th cho vicgia nhp h thng tin t ny. V d nh Thy in c tnh khng p ng cc tiu chun thnh vin ca

Lin minh chu u ln trnh vic s dng ng euro.[nb 13]

ng tin chung euro c to ra nhm mc ch xy dng mt th trng duy nht. ngha ca hnh ngny bao gm vic thc y cc quyn t do di chuyn, xa b vn trao i ngoi t, ci thin s minh bchv gi c hng ha v dch v, thit lp mt th trng ti chnh thng nht, n nh gi c v li sut thp vnht l hn ch nhng tc ng tiu cc do khi lng giao dch thng mi ni i khng l trong phm viLin minh chu u. ng tin chung euro cng chnh l biu tng chnh tr cho s ha hp v pht trin kinh

t lin tc.[78] T khi ra mt ng euro n nay, ng euro tr thnh ng tin d tr ln th hai trn th gii


13 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

Thnh

ph

Theo a gii hnh

chnh

(2006)

Mt

/km

Mt

/dm

vung

Khu vc

th

(2005)

Khu vc th

ln

(2004)

Berlin 3,410,000 3,815 9,880 3,761,000 4,971,331

Lun n 7,512,400 4,761 12,330 9,332,000 11,917,000

Madrid 3,228,359 5,198 13,460 4,990,000 5,804,829

Paris 2,153,600 24,672 63,900 9,928,000 11,089,124

Roma 2,708,395 2,105 5,450 2,867,000 3,457,690

Dn s ca 5 thnh ph ln nht thuc Lin minh chu u[97]

vi mt phn t ngoi hi d tr l bng ng euro.[91] Ngn hng Trung ng chu u, cn c trn cc hipc ca Lin minh chu u, chu trch qun l chnh sch tin t ca ng euro ni chung v Lin minh chu

u ni ring.[92]

Lut cnh tranh

Lin minh chu u thc hin chnh sch cnh tranh nhm mc ch m bo tnh lnh mnh ca vic cnh tranh

kinh t trong th trng ni a Lin minh chu u.[nb 14] Hi ng chu u vi vai tr l ngi qun l lutcnh tranh chu trch nhim x l nhng vn lin quan n lut ny cng nh cho php vic sp nhp v hpnht cc cng ty/tp on ln ca Lin minh chu u hay gii th cc cartel pht trin t do thng mi v

gim bt tr gi t chnh ph ca cc quc gia thnh vin cho cc cng ty/tp on ln ca nc mnh.[93]

Thanh tra Lin minh chu u v cnh tranh, hin ti l ngi Joaqun Almunia, l mt trong nhng v tr quynuy nht tr quyn uy nht trong Hi ng chu u v kh nng chi phi n cc li ch thng mi ca cc tp

on xuyn quc gia c lin quan n Lin minh chu u.[94] in hnh, vo nm 2001, ln u tin Hi ngchu u ngn cn mt v sp nhp gia hai cng ty c tr s ti Hoa K (General Electric v Honeywell),

vn c chnh quyn quc gia ng cho tin hnh sp nhp.[95] Mt v vic ng quan tm khc linquan n lut cnh tranh ca Lin minh chu u l vic Hi ng chu u tuyn n pht Microsoft 777 triu

euro sau 9 nm tranh tng.[96]

Dn s

Ngy 1 thng 1 nm 2011, tng dn s ca 27 quc gia thnh vin thuc Lin minh chu u d tnh t

501.259.840 ngi.[5] Tuy Lin minh chu u ch chim 3% din tch t lin, dn s lin minh ny chim n7,3% dn s th gii. Mt dn s ln n 115,9 ngi/km khin cho Lin minh chu u tr thnh mttrong nhng khu vc ng dn c nht trn th gii.

th ha

Lin minh chu u l ni c nhiu thnh ph ton cu hn bt c khu vc no khc trn th gii, c tt c 16

thnh ph trn mt triu dn, trong ln nht l Lun n.[98]

Ngoi cc thnh ph ln, Lin minh chu u cn c nhng vng vi mt dn c dy c vi khng ch mttrung tm n l m m rng kt ni vi nhng thnh ph khc, hin nay u c nhng vng th vy


14 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

quanh. Vng ng dn nht l Rhine-Ruhr vi khong 11,5 triu dn (bao gm Kln, Dortmund, Dsseldorf,...),Randstad c xp x 7 triu dn (gm Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht,...), Frankfurt/Rhine-Main ckhong 5,8 triu dn (gm Frankfurt, Wiesbaden,...), Flemish diamond xp x 5,5 triu dn (gm vng thgia Antwerp, Brussel, Leuven v Ghent), vng resund xp x 3,7 triu dn (gm Copenhagen, an Mch vMalm, Thy in) v vng cng nghip Thng Silesia c khong 3,5 triu dn (gm Katowice,

Sosnowiec,...).[99]

Ngn ng

Trong s rt nhiu ngn ng v ting a phng c s dng Lin minh chu u, c 23 ngn ng chnhthc v ting ph thng: Bungary, Sc, an Mch, H Lan, Anh, Estonia, Phn Lan, Php, c, Hy Lp, ,Ailen, Latvia, Litva, Malta, Ba Lan, B o Nha, Rumani, Slovak, Slovenia, Ty Ban Nha v ting Thy

in.[102][103] Cc ti liu quan trng, chng hn nh lut php, c dch sang mi ngn ng chnh thc. Ngh

vin chu u cung cp cc bn dch ti liu vn bn v phin ton th tt c cc ngn ng.[104] Mt s t chc

s dng ch mt s t cc ngn ng ph thng ni b.[105] Chnh sch ngn ng do cc thnh vin trong lin

minh qun l, nhng cc t chc Lin minh chu u lun thc y vic hc cc ngn ng khc.[nb 15][106]

Ting c l ting m thng dng nht (khong 88,7 triu ngi vo nm 2006), tip theo l ting Anh,ting v ting Php. Ting Anh l ngoi ng c ni nhiu nht v c 51% dn s Lin minh chu u s

dng (bao gm c ngi bn ng ting Anh),[107] sau l ting c v ting Php. 56% cng dn Lin minh

chu u c th tham gia vo cc cuc hi thoi bng mt ngn ng khc ngoi ting m .[108] Hu ht ccngn ng chnh thc ca Lin minh chu u thuc h ngn ng n-u, ngoi tr ting Estonia, ting Phn Lan,v ting Hungary thuc h ngn ng Uralic, ting Malta thuc h ngn ng -Phi. Hu ht cc ngn ng chnhthc ca Lin minh chu u c vit bng h ch Latinh tr ting Bungari c vit bng h ch ting Nga v

ting Hy Lp c vit bng ch ci Hy Lp.[109]

Bn cnh 23 ngn ng chnh thc, c khong 150 ngn ng a phng v dn tc thiu s, vi s lng ngi

ni ln n 50 triu ngi.[109] Trong s ny, ch c nhng ngn ng vng Ty Ban Nha (nh

Catalan/Valencian, Galician v ting Basque h phi n-u), ting Gaelic Scotland, v ting Wales[109] l cng

dn c th dng trong giao tip vi cc c quan chnh ca Lin minh chu u.[110][111] Mc d cc chng trnhca Lin minh chu u c th h tr cc ngn ng a phng v dn tc thiu s, vic bo v quyn ngn ngl mt vn i vi c nhn cc nc thnh vin. Hin chng chu u v ngn ng thiu s v a phng(ting Anh: "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages", vit tt ECRML) c ph chun bi huht cc quc gia thnh vin, nu ra nhng hng dn chung m cc quc gia c th theo bo v di sn ngnng ca h.

Tn gio

Tn gio ph bin nht trong Lin minh chu u l Kit gio, mc d nhiu tn gio khc cng c thc hnh.Lin minh chu u chnh thc th tc, mc d mt s quc gia thnh vin c gio hi c nh nc bo tr:Malta (Gio hi Cng gio Rma), Hy Lp (Chnh thng gio phng ng), an Mch (Gio hi Luther), vcc b phn ca Vng quc Anh (Anh gio) v Scotland (Trng Nhim), ti c v mt s quc gia Bc ukhc tn gio chim phn ln dn s l cc nhm Khng Cch.

Nhng li m u ca Hip c Lin minh chu u (ting Anh, "Treaty on European Union") cp n "di

sn vn ho, tn gio v nhn vn ca chu u" tho lun [113] trn cc vn bn d tho Hin php chu u.Sau , cc xut trong li m u Hip c Lisbon cp n Kit gio hay Cha hoc c hai nhng

tng khng nhn c s ng h ca phe i lp v b bc b.[114]


15 of 27 6/11/2015 8:22 PM

Ngnng

M

Tngcng

Anh 13% 51%

c 18% 32%

Php 12% 26%

13% 16%

Ty BanNha

9% 15%

Ba Lan 9% 10%

H Lan 5% 6%

Hy Lp 3% 3%

Sc 2% 3%

Thyin

2% 3%

Hungary 2% 2%

B oNha

2% 2%

Slovakia 1% 2%

anMch

1% 1%

PhnLan

1% 1%

Litva 1% 1%

Slovenia 1% 1%

Estonia

Turku ca Phn Lan (tri) v Tallinn ca Estonia (phi) l

trung tm vn ha chu u (nm 2011).

giu-ngho gia cc cu lc b trong Lin minh chuu nu cc nguyn tc v th trng t do c p

dng rng ri.[125]

Hnh nh v Lin minh chu u

Lun n Berlin

Madrid Roma Paris Bucharest

Ch thch

^ Known by the EU as the"former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (FYROM). (Tnh n thng 11 2010), further

advances on accession are dependent on a resolution of a dispute over the name Macedonia with Greece.

1.

^ a See Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on

eur-lex.europa.eu (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0047:0200:EN:PDF)

2.

^ According to the principle of Direct Effect first invoked in the Court of Justice's decision in Van Gend en Loos v.

Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen, Eur-Lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ

/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:NOT) . See: Craig and de Brca, ch. 5.

3.

^ According to the principle of Supremacy as established by the ECJ in Case 6/64, Falminio Costa v. ENEL [1964]

ECR 585. See Craig and de Brca, ch. 7. See also: Factortame litigation: Factortame Ltd. v. Secretary of State for

Transport (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603, Solange II (Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft, BVerfG decision of 22 Oct. 1986

[1987] 3 CMLR 225,265) and Frontini v. Ministero delle Finanze [1974] 2 CMLR 372; Raoul George Nicolo [1990]

1 CMLR 173.

4.

^ It is effectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria, Assembly.coe.int. (http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=

/Documents/AdoptedText/ta08/ERES1610.htm) It should be noted that this is a political and not a legal requirement

5.


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for membership.

^ The European Convention on Human Rights was previously only open to members of the Council of Europe

(Article 59.1 of the Convention (http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm)), and even now only

states may become member of the Council of Europe (Article 4 of the Statute of the Council of Europe

(http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/001.htm)).

6.

^ Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on "Accession by the Community to the European Convention for

the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms" 1996 E.C.R. I-1759 (http://eur-lex.europa.eu

/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61994V0002:FR:NOT) (in French), ruled that the European Community

did not have the competence to accede to the ECHR.

7.

^ See: Case 34/73, Variola v. Amministrazione delle Finanze [1973] ECR 981 (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ

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^ To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent

legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 27 member states. See Craig and de Brca, p. 115

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^ See Articles 157 (ex Article 141) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu

(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0013:0046:EN:PDF)

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^ See Article 2(7) of the Treaty of Amsterdam on eur-lex.europa.eu (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/11997D

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persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19.7.2000, p. 2226); Council Directive 2000/78/EC of ngy

27 thng 11 nm 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L

303, 2.12.2000, p. 1622).

12.

^ In order to meet the euro convergence criteria it is necessary first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism,

something Sweden has declined to do: ERM II (http://uk.fm.dk/Portfolio/International%20cooperation

/EU%20economic%20and%20political%20coordination/ERM2.aspx). Danish Finance Ministry. Ngy 20 thng 3

nm 2009. Truy cp ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2009.

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^ See Articles 165 and 166 (ex Articles 149 and 150) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on

eur-lex.europa.eu (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0047:0200:EN:PDF)

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Tham kho

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motto means that, via the EU, Europeans are united in working together for peace and prosperity, and that the many

different cultures, traditions and languages in Europe are a positive asset for the continent.

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/areas/qualityoflife/eurlife/index.php?template=3&radioindic=158&idDomain=3)

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^ Not including overseas territories7.

^ .eu is representative of the whole of the EU, member states also have their own TLDs8.

^ Oxford Dictionary of English: European 5 b. spec. Designating a developing series of economic and political

unions between certain countries of western (and later also eastern) Europe from 1952 onwards, as European

Economic Community, European Community, European Union. (http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry

/50078844?query_type=word&queryword=European&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&

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uncontroversial in respect of national constitutional sensitivities, being at the same time capable of embracing new

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^ The Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation Building from Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq, by Ray

Salvatore Jennings (http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks49.html) May 2003, Peaceworks No. 49, United

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/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=27&pr1.y=13&

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Berlin as at September 2007: Bevlkerung Berlin (http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_zs01_bl.asp).

Statistische mter des Bundes und der Lnder (German statistics office). Truy cp ngy 6 thng 2 nm 2008.

Paris as at ngy 1 thng 7 nm 2005: Rsultats des enqutes annuelles de recensement de 2004 2007 pour les

grandes villes (http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/grandes-villes.htm#P). Institut National de

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(http://www.europarltv.europa.eu/en/home.aspx).

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^ European Commission (2006). Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive

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of the respondents (51%) speaking it either as their mother tongue or as a foreign language.

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Summary) (http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf) (PDF). Europa web portal. tr. 3.

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language apart from their mother tongue.

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109.

^ Rory Watson (ngy 5 thng 7 nm 2008), Welsh and Gaelic are official EU tongues

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thng 3 nm 2009

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112.

^ Castle, Stephen (ngy 21 thng 3 nm 2007). EU celebrates 50th birthday-with a row about religion

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Treaty.php). International Herald Tribune. Ngy 19 thng 10 nm 2007. Bn gc (http://www.iht.com/articles

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Lin kt ngoi

EUROPA Website chnh thc ca Lin minh chu u (http://europa.eu/)

Cc th ch chnh tr ca Lin minh chu u (http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm)

Hi ng Lin minh chu u (http://european-council.europa.eu/home-page.aspx?lang=en)

y ban chu u (http://www.ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm)

Hi ng b trng (http://consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=242&lang=EN)

Ngh vin chu u (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/default_en.htm)

Ngn hng Trung ng chu u (http://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html)

Ta n Cng l Lin minh chu u (http://curia.europa.eu/)

Ta n kim ton chu u (http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eca_main_pages/home)

EUR-Lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm) Lut iu chnh Lin minh chu u

Ch Chu u

Ly t http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lin_minh_chu_u&oldid=21053051

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