limba engleza -drept
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B. the official government action of expelling a person from acountry or from a provinceC. the assembly of more than two with a common purposewithout causing death, injury or property damageD. family disputes in which there is absolutely no criminalconductE. cases of persons who intentionally terminate their livesF. the report that a persons location is unknown and, shouldreasonably be known; this report must be made by aresponsible partyG. deaths reported to the police that are caused by natural bodyfunctions or by unintentional but legal actions
III. Choose the right answer:
1) The judge _______ the pedestrian for the accident.a) accused c) charged b) blamed d) sued.
2) A _______ is a trial lawyer or litigator.
a) barrister c) solicitor b) judge d) coroner 3) The judge will hear the next _______ after lunch.
a) case c) lawsuit b) charge d) trial.
4) His legal training enables him to put his case ______ very convincingly.
a) down c) over b) out d) up
5) The ________ sentenced the convicted man.a) judge c) barrister b) counsel d) prosecutor
IV. Give the Romanian equivalents of the followinglegal terms. Write a sentence with each of them:
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assent to hold office adjournment to reverse a sentence liability
to take precedence misconduct to be empowered to vest retirement
V. Reduce each of the following complex sentencesto make a more condensed one:
1) Passengers must go through the Customs before theyembark.
2) He promised he would buy me a present.3)Dont forget you must deposit your key at thereception desk when you leave the hotel.
4) We are sorry we are so late.5) I regret I spoke to the boy so rudely.6) The meeting that was arranged for tomorrow will
now be held a week from tomorrow.7) Can you find something that will stop the door
banging?8) I hope I shall hall see you on Tuesday.
VI. Translate into English:
1) El ar fi putut obine o not mai mare la Drept Civil,dar nu a studiat ndeajuns.
2) El ar fi trebuit s plteasc o amend mai mare pentru avarierea destul de serioas a mainii reclamantului.3) Nu putea s fure el ceasul, toat lumea l consider
un om onest.4) Este necesar ca aceast lege s fie votat n
parlament.5) Avocatul insist ca inculpatul s fie eliberat pe
cauiune.
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6) Judectorul a hotrt c tnrul infractor s fie trimisla o coal de reeducare.
7) Pot fi jurisconsuli absolvenii facultilor de tiine juridice.
8) Funcia jurailor este de a declara dac acuzatul estevinovat sau nevinovat.
VII. Translate in to Romanian:
When the governments manifesto commitment tointroduce compulsory trade union recognition is finallyimplemented, an increasing number of employers may comeunder pressure to reach collective agreements on such mattersas the procedure for selection in the event of redundancy. TheCourt of Sessions decision in the case assumes particular significance against that backcloth. The employer had agreedwith the GMB a selection procedure on the basis of last in,first out, but decided instead to apply an alternative scheme.An employee who was thereby placed in the firing line sought
an order prohibiting the employer from making a selection onany basis other than last in, first out.
VIII. Comment on the following proverbs:
Much law, but little justice. Of two disputants, the warmer is generally in the
wrong.
FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
An uncountable noun has only one form. We cannotuse numbers with it:
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Eg. - substances, materials: water, air, oil, coffee,money, steel, food, electricity.
- abstract ideas: freedom, progress, health,trouble, fun.
- activities: sleep, music, work, football,research- human qualities/feelings: sadness, respect,
courage, honesty, patience.The following nouns are uncountable in English:
advice, business, cash, furniture, health, homework, luggage,machinery, money, accommodation, traffic, weather.
A few uncountable nouns and in s : athletics,diabetes, economics, gymnastics, measles, news, politics.Uncountable nouns cannot be counted directly;
however, we can count them using phrases like:a piece of, abit of, an item of, a cup of, a glass of, a bottle of, a kilo of, abarrel of etc:
eg. a piece/two pieces of advice a bottle/two bottles of water a bit/two bits of informationa kilo/two kilos of ricean item/two items of newsa barrel/two barrels of oil.
Singular or Plural?Some singular nouns can be followed by either asingular verb or a plural verb:army, audience,
board, committee, family, group, management, staff, team, union:eg. The company is/are doing very well at the
moment.Some nouns have only a plural form and take a plural verb:
eg. clothes, contents, earnings, expenses, feelings,goods, police, scissors, remains, surroundings, trousers.
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I. Underline the correct words:
a) How much/How many pages are there on your website?
b) Is/Are theremany/much traffic in Geneva?c) How much/How many information have we gotabout this company?
d) Whereis/are the goods we ordered?e) There is/are some people waiting for you in
reception.f) We bought some newequipment/equipments last
month.g) He gave mean/some advice whichwas/were really
useful.h) Im afraid we havent gotmuch/many time.i) The newsis/are on at nine. They may bean/some
information about Davos. j) You can choose some/any colour you want.
II. Fill in the blanks with the correct form, singularor plural, of the verb (use simple present or past tense):
1) The United States .. a great politicaland economic power.
2) The youth everywhere .. eager to livean interesting life.
3) The headquarters located in adeveloped area.
4) A lot of information .. necessary for the new project.
5) The equipment that we ordered . here.6) Economics studied in all business schools.7) The ecological farm produce in great
demand.
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8) The news about the closure of the company really depressing.
9) How much money left in your account?
III. Singular or plural? Underline the correct formof the words in italics in each pair there is one singularand one plural:
a) 1. The largecontent/contents of the lorry madeit possible to carry all those goods.
2. The content/contents of the book seemedinteresting enough.
b) 1. The premise/premises may have been good, but the final result was a failure.
2. The companys premise/premises had to beredecorated.
c) 1. They had to wait a lot before they passed thecustom/customs .
2. They admired the uniquecustom/customs
people keep in that village.d) 1. The sales targets for the firstterm/termscould not be achieved.
2. Theterm/terms of the contract will be drawnup by the lawyers.
e) 1. The compass/compasses broke, so that theexplorer lost himself in the rain forest.
2. I borrowed hiscompass/compasses to finishmy diploma design.
f) 1. I need the minute/minutes of the lastmeeting.
2. They didnt find out the result of the contestuntil the lastminute/minutes .
g) 1. The girls tried on a lot of cloths/clothes for their holidays.
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2.She bought somecloths/clothes to have a fewdresses made.
h) 1. The manager has asked us to collect thefigures and submit him the statistic/statistics .
2. Students have passed their exams in statistic/statistics .
IV. Translate into Romanian:
a) All Dacians rose inarms when the Romans invadedDacia. b) The letter burnt toashes . c) Clothes do not make theman. d) Have a look at the table of contents. d) Goods areusually transported in goods trains. e) They couldnt finish the project for lack of funds . f) He is a man of means , he can affordit. g) Youll find the information you need in theminutes of themeeting. h) We are all at pains to please her. i) There is asuspect on the premises . j) Ive put all my savings in the
savings bank. k) She is always in good spirits . l) I cant drink spirits . m) She is sitting on the stairs n) The standard of livingin the Middle Ages was very low.
V. Translate into English:
1) Etajera aceasta poate ine multe cri. 2) Sunt muliclieni n magazinul din col. 3) Pojarul este o boalcontagioas. 4) Cine i-a adus tirea? 5) Tmplarul, pe care l-aicunoscut la mine, face mobil frumoas. 6) Am vzut muli peti notnd sub pod. 7) Mrfurile acestea au venit din China.8) Vrei s-mi dai foarfecele o secund? 9) A tiat dou pini ia pus feliile pe mas. 10) Cu mintea ta i cu puin hrnicie pois reueti. 11) Au mncat orez n loc de cartofi. 12) Oameniiacetia s-au adunat pentru a rezolva o problem important. 13)
Trebuie s te duci n ora s cumperi nite pahare. 14)
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Acoperiurile caselor erau acoperite cu zpad. 15) A cumpratcteva gte. i place carnea de gsc? 16) Turitii au ntlnitcteva cprioare. 17) De ce se pune petrol n lamp? 18) Pineaaceasta este proaspt, aceea este veche. 19) Dac nclzeticeara, ea se nmoaie. 20) Oamenii acetia sunt din nord.
UNIT 8
THE ACTORS OF THE CONSTITUTION
The British monarchy must seem to outsiders acaricature of the traditional conceits: the participants are trustedto play the game, though its rules are undefined, and, if they donot abide1 by the rules, nobody knows what the sanctions might be.
Most political business in Britain is conducted in the
name of the Crown. Parliament does not govern; the Queen inParliament governs. When Parliament reassembles2 at the beginning of a session, the Queen herself reads out the list of laws the government hopes to pass. Every bill that passesthrough Parliament needs to have royal assent3 before it passesinto law. The Queen appoints bishops, judges and the top brass4of the army, but always on the advice of the Prime minister.When one party wins a majority in the House of Commons, themonarch has no difficulty in nominating the leader of the partyto be prime minister. The Queen has to work on two principles:she must appear impartial, and must find a government capableof surviving in the House of Commons.
The House of Lords is made up of hereditary and life peers5 and peeresses, including the law lords appointed toundertake the judicial duties of the House, the archbishops of
Canterbury and York, the bishops of London, Durham and
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Winchester and 21 senior bishops of the Church of England.The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wideexperience of its members into the process of law-making.
The House of Commons is elected by universal adultsuffrage and consists of 650 members of Parliament (MPs).General elections are held after a Parliament has beendissolved and a new one summoned6 by the Queen. When anMP dies or resigns or is given a peerage7, a by-election8 takes place.
For electoral purposes the United Kingdom is dividedinto constituencies9, each of which returns one member to theHouse of Commons. Elections are by secret ballot. Britishcitizens and citizens of other Commonwealth10 countries,together with citizens of the Irish Republic, may vote providedthey are aged 18 or over, resident in the United Kingdom,registered in the annual register of electors for the constituencyand not subject to any disqualification.
People not entitled to vote include members of theHouse of Lords, patients detained under mental health
legislation, sentenced prisoners and people convicted withinthe previous five years of corrupt or illegal election practices.The Representation of the People Act 1985 extends the
franchise11 to British citizens abroad for a period of five yearsafter leaving the United Kingdom and extends the right toapply for an absent vote to all those who cannot reasonably beexpected to vote in person at the polling12 station. Acandidates nomination for election must be signed by twoelectors as proposer and seconder, and by eight other electorsregistered in the constituency. He or she does not require any party backing. A candidate must also deposit 500, which isforfeited if his or her votes do not exceed 5 per cent of thosevalidly cast.
VOCABULARY
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1) to abide by = a respecta, a se conforma (unei legi,unui regulament)
2) to reassemble = a re-convoca o ntrunire3) royal assent = acordul regal; consimmntul4) brass = ofieri superiori5) peer = pair, nobil6) to summon = a convoca7) peerage = rang de pair; pairii, Lorzii Regatului8) by-election = alegere local/parial9) constituency = circumscripie electoral; corp
electoral10) Commonwealth = republica englez, statul englez11) franchise = privilegiu, scutire; concesiune12) polling station = centru de votare
COMPREHENSION CHECK
I. Find the meaning of the following words and
phrases: member of the Houseof Lords to conclude a debate repugnance to supply to put off
schedule hereditary peer to eradicate to plunge spokesman
II. Answer the following questions:
a) What role does the Queen play in the process of legislation?
b) What are the two principles the Queen has to work on?
c) Who are the members of the House of Lords?
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d) Who undertake the judicial duties of the House?e) What does the House of Commons consist of?f) When does a by-election usually take place?g) What are the basic requirements for someone
wishing to vote in a United Kingdom election?h) Is the system different from the one in our country?
III. Match the English terms on the left (1-14) withtheir equivalent Romanian expressions (A-N) on the right:
1. ballot2. by-election3. constituency4. to be entitled to vote5. franchise6. to lose/forfeit onesdeposit7. party baking8. to poll9. polling station10. by proxi11. to resign12. seat13. sentence14. suffrage
A. sufragiuB. loc, fotoliuC. a demisionaD. alegeri (legislative) parialeE. circumscripie electoralF. scrutinG. a avea drept de votH. a condamnaI. birou electoralJ. prin procurK. drept de sufragiuL. a obine/primi voturiM. a-i pierde cauiunea/garaniaN. susinerea unui partid
IV. Do not begin sentences with and , so , or but .Which words can be used to replace them? Complete thefollowing table:
Romanian Englishtotui, cu toate acestea
however moreover
aadar, n consecin
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therefore pe cnd, n timp ce
unlessn consecin, prin urmareaa nct
in order to
V. Make up sentences using the following legalphrases used in law courts:
to bring an action against smb. a aciona n judecat pe cineva to bring a prosecution a pune sub acuzare to comply with a decision a se supune unei hotrri to commit an offence a comite o infraciune to conduct an enquiry a conduce o anchet to deprive smb. of liberty a priva pe cineva de
libertate to discharge a defendant a pune n libertate unacuzat
to give evidence a depune mrturie to grant legal aid a acorda asisten juridic
VI. Translate into English:
1) Dreptul european devine din ce n ce mai operantdatorit Curii de Justiie.
2) Curtea de Justiie rezolv cazuri litigioase n Europa.3) Uniunea economic i monetar a Europei este un
progres imens.4) Judectorii fac totul pentru ca dreptul britanic s
rmn conform cu dreptul european.
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5) Tribunalul Primei Instane, care va trata cazurileminore, nu exist dect de cteva luni.
6) Guvernele verific deja legislaia european i suntsuspicioase cu privire la modul de scrutin.
7) Parlamentul va vota luna viitoare amendamentele laActul din 1987.8) Patrioii pretind c Marea Britanie nu ar trebui s se
plieze n faa legilor europene i nici n faa exigenelor CuriiEuropene.
VII. Translate into Romanian:
After a regulation has been adopted, there will be an ex post assessment of whether the regulation actually realizes itsobjectives. This may be a formalized assessment, but mostoften it is an informal process through public discussion, presscomments, court decisions, etc. The result may be that oneinitiate a revision process, which generally will take the formof a report that concludes whether amendments should be
introduced, and which is subject to a political decision. If thedecision is positive, a draft of the new regulation is developedand is made subject to an ex ante review, both with respect towhether political objectives will be realized and to the morelegal technical details of the drafting. The draft be thenadopted.
VIII. Discussion:
Use the following quotation as a basis fordiscussion
Modern societies still need myth and ritual. Amonarch and his family supply it; there is no magic about amud-stained politician
(Sir Ian Gilmour)
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FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
The wordswho, which, that, whom and whose can begin a relative clause. They are called relative pronouns.For people bothwho and that are used, butwho is more
common.eg: The candidate who they chose for the job has afinance background.For things or ideas bothwhich and that are used, butthat is more common, especially in speech.The productsthat you ordered were sent today.They won the contestwhich made us quite happy.The relative pronounwhose shows that something belongs to someone or some thing.The European Union is an organizationwhose policies
change quite slowly.In formal English it is possible to usewhom instead of who where who is the object of the sentence. But inmodern English most speakers only usewho .The candidatewho/whom we chose has a finance background.We must keep the relative pronoun in non-definingclauses. We can not leave it out (it makes no differencewhether it is followed by a noun or a verb).The technician,who my colleagues know well, said thenetwork was working fine.The salad,which had avocado in it, was superb.That is never used in a non-defining relative clause.
I. Complete the sentences with who, whose or that :
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1) They promoted the manager ...sales team was most successful.
2) Do you know Catherine works for?3) The consultant, ... seems very young, is
speaking to Martin.4) I cant remember . I invited to the meeting.5) The contract . you showed me before
was different to this one.6) Your colleague, I met this morning, had
the same opinion.7) I dont remember .. I spoke to when I
called yesterday.8) Its difficult to say . this fax was sent by.9) The manual .. they sent explains
everything.10) The customer company I visited is
phoning this afternoon.
II. Decide whether the words in italics are defining
or non-defining relative clauses:
1) The train,which leaves at 8 a. m., doesnt stop atBath.
2) The trainwhich leaves at 8 a. m., doesnt stop atBath.
3) The projector which has a new bulb is over there.4) The projector,which has a new bulb is over there.5) The food,which was very nice , was served at the
bar.6) The manwho is in reception has been waiting for
ten minutes.7) The technicianwho spoke to Tony was our
neighbour.8) The technicianwho spent over on hour here , said
the network was working fine.
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III. Combine the following pairs of sentences bymeans of relative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, that making any necessary changes. Some relative pronouns can
be omitted .1) You sent us a letter. Thank you very much for it.
2) A receptionist answered the phone. She said the
finance manager was not available.
3) The office clerk introduced me to the visitors. Mostof them were from abroad.
4) The lecturer announced he would arrive sooner. Thisdidnt suit me at all.
5) This is Mr. Roberts, His company was among themost successful businesses last year.
6) Our company has recently launched a range of new products last month. Many of them are already in greatdemand.
7) The firm is sending me to New York. I work for thisfirm.
8) She wanted to be shown around the new mall. Shehad been told about the mall.
IV. Translate into English:
1) De la cine a cumprat George maina?
2) De obicei nu spune cu cine se ntlnete.
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3) Cui dorea s-i plteasc Petre?4) Mi-a spus cui a dat cartea.5) Tot ceea ce mi-a spus m-a impresionat profund.6) El este un scriitor ale crui opere sunt bine
cunoscute.7) Tom poart o hain care este prea larg pentru el.8) Revista pe care mi-ai mprumutat-o este foarte
interesant.9) Fata pe care tocmai ai ntlnit-o este nepoata mea.10) Biatul care a aruncat piatra va fi pedepsit.11) Acesta este omul cruia i-am dat pachetul.12) E acelai volum pe care mi l-ai dat sptmna
trecut.13) Bibliografia pe care mi-ai recomandat-o m-a ajutat
mult s-mi fac lucrarea singur.14) notul, care este un sport minunat, face oamenii
puternici i sntoi.
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UNIT 9
LEGAL PROFESSIONS
Of the public roles played by members of the legal profession, that of judge is most visible, but the status of judgeand the mode of entry into this branch vary considerably fromcountry to country. The traditional independence, prestige and
creativity of the Anglo-American judge contrasts with therather ordinary civil servant status of most continental judges.The English judiciary consists of judges of the High
Court and appellate1 courts and comprises the Lord Chancellor,the lord Chief Justice, the Master of the Rolls2, 11 Lords of Appeal, 18 lords justices of appeal, the Vice-Chancellor, thePresident of the Family Division of the High Court and 80other judges of the High Court. The Circuit3 judges try criminalcases in the Crown Courts and civil cases in the County Courtsand they are less than 400. By contrast, the American judiciaryis enormous: the federal judiciary (over 700), District judges,who are trial judges (over 545) and the judges of the state courtsystems exceeding 7, 500 though many of these may havelimited jurisdiction. Besides, American judges operate in a far less centralized system. Not only does each state have its own
judicial system within its own borders, distinct from the federal
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system which covers the whole country, but even the federalsystem itself is decentralized to a significant degree.
In England there are two distinct kinds of legaladvisors: barristers4 and solicitors5, whereas America has one professional status of lawyer, attorney or counsel. The English bar is exceedingly small profession. There are today about5,300 practicing barristers which is only about one-tenth thenumber of practicing solicitors.
An important factor that strengthens the cohesiveness6of this tightly knit profession is that the majority of barristers practice in London and nearly all have chambers7 in a verylimited number of areas. The English bar is almost theapprenticeship8 for becoming a judge. Senior barristersappearing daily in court become so acquainted with the role of the judge that they can move from bar to bench9 overnight,doffing10 the role of advocate and adopting that of judge.
The disappearance of the civil jury means that oralargument in English Courts tends today to encourage skill inarguing strict points of law in a way which matches the
approach of English judges. The English barrister acts as afilter through whom assertions and arguments have to be made.In this respect, he is not just a hired retainer 11, but a publicofficial with important responsibilities for the working of thelegal system as a whole.
According to the American Bar Foundation ResearchStudy released in 1985, there are more than 675,000 lawyers inAmerica. About two thirds of all American lawyers are in private practice, with some ten per cent in government service.Unlike an English barrister who is a specialist in advocacy buta generalist in law, many American lawyers are likely tospecialize in a narrow area, and may have little sense of thegeneral values and ideas influencing judges in other areas.Unlike English barristers, most American lawyers do notregularly appear before judges anyhow, and those who do,
found themselves before a wide variety of judges, state and
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federal, trial and appellate. Like judges, lawyers in America areoften more political than awyers in England, and in a variety of ways they play a larger role in the formulation of policy.
The prosecutor, who performs the function of triallawyer for sovereignity has extensive resources at his disposalfor investigation and preparation purposes. He is not at libertyto distort or misuse this information. He must discloseinformation tending to relieve the accused of guilt. The effortsof the prosecutor and the court should be directed towardfairness and justice. But it is as much his duty to refrain fromimproper methods calculated to produce a wrongful convictionas it is to use every legitimate means to bring about a just one.
VOCABULARY
1) appellate court = curte de apel2) Master of the Rolls = eful baroului3) circuit judges = judectori de circumscripie
4) barrister = avocat pledant5) solicitor = avocat, consilier juridic6) cohesiveness = coeziune7) chamber = sediu profesional al avocailor pledani8) apprenticeship = ucenicie9) bench = scaun judectoresc10) to doff = a scoate, a schimba11) retainer = angajat, consilier
COMPREHENSION CHECK
I. Answer the following questions:
a) What representatives does the English judiciaryconsist of?
b) What does the American judiciary consist in?
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c) How do the American judges operate?d) What factor really strengthens the cohesiveness of
the English legal advisors?e) How does the English barrister act like?f) What is the difference between an English barrister and an American lawyer?g) What is a prosecutor?h) What way should a prosecutors efforts be directed
towards?
II. Give the Romanian equivalents of the followinglegal terms; write a sentence with each of them:
to caution bail to submit adviser under arrest
treason tax evasion to squash a decision levy chattels
III. Try to match the legal terms (1-10) with theircorrect definitions (A-J):
1. Intestate succession2. A fine3. Tenants in Chief 4. Tenure of land
5. The Assizes6. Appellate jurisdiction7. Forfeiture8. An itinerant court9. First instance jurisdiction10. Equity.
A. Ownership of propertyB. A court that moves from town to town
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C. Loss of property or a right as a result of an offence.D. The law concerning the transmission of a dead
persons estate to the beneficiaries when no will has beendrawn up.
E. Norman noblemen given their land directly by theking.F. The power of a court to hear and judge a new case.G. A system of law complementary to the common law.H. A sum of money that an offender must pay when
ordered to do so by a legal authority as a punishment for theoffence.
I. Sittings of courts presided over by judges who wouldtravel around the country.
J. The power of a superior court to review the decisionsof an inferior court.
IV. Make up sentences using the following legalphrases used in law courts:
to grant bail = a acorda cauiune to infringe smbs right = a nclca drepturile
cuiva to institute proceedings = a introduce o aciune to impose a fine = a impune o amend to issue a writ for damages = a dispune plata
unor daune
to make an appeal = a face recurs to pass sentence = a pronuna sentina to plead guilty = a pleda pentru vinovie to set aside = a infirma o judecat to vote down a proposal = a refuza prin vot o
propunere
V. Put the following actions in the correct order:
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tried committed a crime accused interrogated charged paroled arrested thought about committing acrime interrogated sent to prison convicted arrested suspected.
VI. Translate into English:
Activitatea avocatului se realizeaz prin:- consultaii i cereri cu caracter juridic, asisten i
reprezentare juridic n faa organelor de jurisdicie, deurmrire penal i de notariat;
- aprarea cu mijloace juridice specifice a drepturilor iintereselor legitime ale persoanelor fizice i juridice nraporturile cu autoritile publice, instituiile i orice persoanromn sau strin;
- redactarea de acte juridice, cu posibilitatea atestriiidentitii prilor, a coninutului i a datei actelor;
- orice alte mijloace i ci proprii exercitrii dreptuluide aprare n condiiile legii.
VII. Translate into Romanian:
Practitioners will need to familiarize themselves withthe rules about internal appeal procedures. A tribunal will havethe power to reduce the compensatory award for unfair dismissal where an employee has, at the time of the dismissal, been told about any appeal procedure provided by theemployer but has failed to make use of that procedure. Theamount of the reduction shall be such amount (if any) as thetribunal considers just and equitable. The new rules are notentirely one-sided. A tribunal will also be able to make asupplementary award of compensation where an employer doesnot allow an employee to use an appeal procedure provided byhim. The tribunal must take account of what would have been
the likely outcome of any appeal under the procedure in
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assessing the amount of the reduction or supplementary award, but in no case will its amount exceed two weeks pay.
VIII. Comment on the proverbs:
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich. It is not the coat that makes the gentleman.
FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
DETERMINERS
A determiner is a word used in front of a noun toshow which thing you mean, or to show the quantity of something. Determiners include: a/the, my/your, this/that,all/most/some/any, no/none, much/many/a little/a few,each/every, both/either/neither.
no, none
We can useno with a singular noun, plural noun or uncountable noun.eg. No employee has more than 25 days paid
holiday. No newideas were put forward at the meeting.There wasno usefulinformation in the report.
To emphasize the idea of none we can usenone at all or not one or not a :
eg. A: How many people came?B: None at all!/ Not one !/ Not a single person!
each, every- we useeach when we think of the members of a group
as individuals, one by one. It is more usual with smaller groupsand can mean only two.
eg. Make sure thateach parcel has a label.
- we can useeach of :
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eg. Each of the parcels needs a label.- each can be used after the subject, or at the end of a
sentence:The parcelseach need a label.
or The parcels need a labeleach .both, either, neither
- we useboth, either and neither to refer to twothings.. both means the one and the other :
Both emails/Both the emails/Both of the emails/Bothof them are important.
The emails areboth important . Ive readthem both . either means the one or the other . Neither meansnot the one or the other :
Monday or Tuesday? Yes,either day/either of the daysis fine.Monday or Tuesday? Im sorry, butneither day/neither
of the days is convenient.
I. Underline the correct words:
1) Every option has been/Every options have beenexplored.
2) The flight and hotel are booked. All/Everything isorganized.
3) I cant seeno/any solution to the problem, Im
afraid.4) All of/Every of the files are corrupted by the virus.5) I cant come at the week-end. Im busyboth
days/every day .6) Each our customers/Our customers each have a
separate file on the database.7) Sorry, but I cant hear either/neither of you properly.8) Some of/Some restaurants have service included in
the price.
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9) Not one/Not no question has been answered.10) The key account managerseach/every have their
own list of clients.11) There werenone/no messages on the answering
machine.12) O K, I think that coversall/everything on that point.Shall we move on?
II. Complete the sentences with a word or phrasefrom the list below: all, any, no, not one, none, each, every,both, either, neither .
1) I cant go There are only two flights, and there are.. seats left on .. of them.
2) I cant go. There are only two flights, and of them has any seats left.
3) We sent letters to sixty customers, but replied!4) .. I want is a bit of peace and
quiet to finish writing this report.
5) Ive phoned store in the Yellow pages and they are out of stock.6) We have three models, and .. one
has its own special features.7) I was nervous at the start of my talk, but after that I
enjoyed .. minute.8) I got three letters, but there were .. for
you, Im afraid.9) I got three letters, but there werent .. for
you, Im afraid.10) The Trade Fair is important. We need ..
Sue and Mike on the stand.11) Both roads lead to the city center. You can take
.. one
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12) Youve been six of the best trainees that weve ever had on this course. The best of luck to .. of you in your future careers.
III. Rewrite the second sentence so it has a similarmeaning to the first sentence and contains the word inbrackets:
1) We only have a week left (all)...................................................... a week.2) All the participants will be sent an agenda (every).....................................................will be sent an agenda.3) This idea wont work, and the other one also wont
work (neither).................................................................will work.4) Not one of my colleagues speaks German (none)..................................................... speak German.5) No documents were inside this parcel (any).There ................................................inside this parcel.
6) We only want a weaker dollar (all)...................................................... a weaker dollar.7) The hotels were both unsuitable (neither)..................................................... suitable.8) The two proposals are interesting (both)...............................................interesting.9) Not all the audience understood his talk (some)................................................... understand his talk.10) These items arent expensive (none).................................................. expensive.
IV. Translate into English:
a) El nu este nici atent, nici disciplinat. b) Nici unul dintre noi nu avea idee a cui e vina.
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c) Att poliia ct i ofierul de la imigrri pot aresta unsuspect care a comis o infraciune legat de imigrare.
d) Oricine i poate da un asemenea sfat.e) Nici oferul i nici conductorul camionului nu au
fost vinovai.f) Anul acesta noi studiem att Dreptul Civil ct iDreptul Penal.
g) Mi-a cerut nite plicuri, dar n-am avut nici unul.h) Infractorul va fi ori amendat, ori condamnat la un an
nchisoare.i) Nici Peter i nici Jane nu au fcut progrese n studiul
limbii engleze. j) Regretm cu toii timpul fericit al studeniei noastre.k) Att Robert ct i Dan au obinut note bune la
examen.l) n vara aceasta el vrea s fac o excursie n Frana ori
n Italia.
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UNIT 10
EUROPEAN LAW
The European Court of Justice in Luxembourg, the finalarbiter of European Economic Community (EEC) law, isinspired by the French Conseil dtat. The system of dividingthe court into chambers, and the role of the advocates-generalwho assist the 13 judges, are derived from the French legal
system.If the courts model is French, its functions arefrequently compared to those of the United States SupremeCourt. Just as the supreme court settles disputes1 in the federalstructure of the United States, so the Court of Justice settlesthose in the EEC. Its judgments are final, there is no further appeal. The Courts task is to see that EEC law is properlyapplied throughout the Community.
Unlike the Supreme Court, its judgments have to beunanimous. There is no dissenting2 minority, at least outsidethe judges private deliberating chamber. EEC members haveno choice but to respect the rulings3 of the court: its powers areset out4 in the Treaty of Rome, which they have all accepted. Inthis, the European Court of Justice differs from two other courts with which it is sometimes confused, the International
Court of Justice in the Hague (the World Court) and the
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European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. EEC member states have no treaty obligation to accept rulings of the WorldCourt or of the European Court of Human Rights. Allcommunity countries are also members of the Council of Europe and have chosen to recognise the jurisdiction of itscourt in human-rights cases.
No member country has refused to accept a ruling of the European Court of Justice on a large issue of principle. Insome instances, however, they have dithered5 for a long time before complying. France delayed opening its market toimports of mutton and lamb from Britain to protect its ownhigh-cost producers for several months after a courtcondemnation. Four years later Britain put into practice aruling that it should accept imports of long-life milk from thecontinent (mainly France).
When France delayed applying its ruling, the courtcame under pressure to issue a second condemnation under itsemergency procedures. The courts refusal to do so was at firstseized upon by some British commentators as evidence of the
court bowing6
to political pressure. But its reasoning-that toissue a second ruling would devaluate the validity of the first-was widely accepted as wise.
The same reasoning prevailed when the idea of penalsanctions to back up7 court decisions was rejected by EEC legalexperts looking into reforms of the Treaty of Rome designed tohelp speed the 1992 project along. The reforms, in the shape of the 1987 Single European Act, created a junior court, to easethe workload in Luxembourg. This court, called Court of FirstInstance, will deal with minor cases and is due to begin work later.
The most important cases concern the respect by EECcountries of their treaty obligations and, for private companies-the application of Community competition and trade policy.American multinationals turn to the court if they feel the
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commissions have fined them unfairly for breaches of EECantitrust8 law.
The new rules resulting from the Single European Actand the 1992 project will add to the courts work. EEC legalexperts complain privately that the act, which was drafted9 inless than six months, contains a number of ambiguities andeven contradictions. The court will no doubt have to sort someof them out. It will also be called upon more and more bynational courts for rulings on how they should apply thegrowing number of EEC rules. And it will have to arbitrate incases where member-states contest some of the Communitysnew powers. Governments are carefully checking each major item of 1992 legislation to see whether it requires a majorityvote or a unanimous one in the Council of Ministers or whether the EEC is competent to decide at all. Britain is being particularly vigilant.
VOCABULARY
1) to settle a dispute = a soluiona un diferend2) dissenting = care este n dezacord sau n opoziie3) ruling = decizie (a unui tribunal), sentin4) to set out = a pune n ordine, a stabili5) to dither = a ovi, a ezita6) bowing = care se supune7) to back up = a face s dea napoi8) antitrust law = lege antitrust9) to draft = a schia, a ntocmi un plan/proiect
COMPREHENSION CHECK
I. Find Romanian equivalents to the following wordsand phrases:
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to bring in a verdict of guilty/non guilty = a pronunaun verdict sau o decizie de achitare/condamnare (de ctre juriu).
V. Match the sentences on the left with theappropriate sentences on the right:
1) The Department of Employment Productivity inGreat Britain providesemployment services to help
men
a) unless they are guilty of serious misconduct
2) Working conditions inGreat Britain are regulated bylegislation
b) is available to bedisabled
3) Much is done on avoluntary basis by employers
c) which is enforced by public inspectors
4) Special help includesindustrial rehabilitation
d) who are seekingsuitable work to getsuitable jobs5) Employees are protected by
the Contracts of EmploymentAct 1963 against dismissalwithout notice
e) who try to maintaingood working conditionsin places of employment
VI. Translate into English:
Martorul: Am vzut acuzatul la locul crimei acum olun.
Procurorul: V nelai, pentru c n acea perioad vaflai n vacan n Italia.
Martorul: Cum putei afirma aa ceva?Procurorul: Este foarte simplu. Am plecat cu dou
sptmni naintea dumneavoastr pentru a-mi petrece vacana
n Italia. n ultima zi, n drum spre aeroport, nu-mi gseam
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portofelul i m-am gndit Probabil c l-am lsat n camer lahotel. M-am ntors la hotel unde noul locatar al camerei dehotel mi-a napoiat portofelul. Acest domn nu era nimenialtcineva dect dumneavoastr n persoan. Cunoatei pedeapsa pentru mrturie mincinoas?
VII. Translate into Romanian:
The Equal Opportunities Commission has publishedsignificant proposals to amend the Sex Discrimination andEqual Pay Acts. The main proposal is to replace the two laws by a single statute based on the principle of a fundamental rightto equal treatment between men and women. In addition, theEOC proposes a fundamental shift in emphasis from individualto collective remedies. Pregnant workers should, it is argued,enjoy a simplified and enhanced framework of rights and benefits and should be complemented by a pro-active approachto equal pay systems and adopt equal pay policies.
The EOC notes that it would continue to have a crucial
role as the unique and independent agency responsible for upholding the principle of equal treatment between the sexes, but acknowledges that a number of its proposals could not beimplemented realistically without a corresponding increase inits resources.
VIII. Discussion:
Use the following quotation as a basis for discussion:
The Romanian people have no more monarch from1947, but not only does their elected President live in a palace,he takes virtually no part in the day-today government of thecountry.
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FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
GERUND OR INFINITIVE?
After certain verbs, either the infinitive or thegerund may be used with a difference in meaning:
MAIN VERB +INFINITIVE
MAIN VERB + GERUND
The Infinitive refers to anaction that happensafter theaction of the main verb.
The Gerund refers to anaction that happensbeforethe action of the main verb.
eg.1. I rememberedto lock thedoor before we left.2. I forgotto take my camerato the mountains last week-end.
3. I regretto tell you thatyouve failed the test.4. Jane stopped in the streetto talk to Bob.
eg.1. Dont worry. I remember doing it.
2. Ill never forgettaking those beautiful pictures on
our holiday last month.3. I regret telling you the bad news.
4. Well, but she stoppedtalking to Bob a month ago.
I. Complete these sentences putting the verb inbrackets into either the infinitive or gerund :
1. He pretended .. (not/understand )the new regulations.
2. Have you finished ( study ) those statistics?3. Bank managers tend .. (be) cautious when
granting loans to small firms.
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4. Would you mind .. (cover ) me whileIm on leave?
5. Susan avoided . (upset ) her boss aboutthat issue although she was right.
6. Have you ever considered .. (emigrate )?7. The negotiating team threatened ..(break off ) talks until December.
8. They denied ( get ) involved in such illegaltransactions.
9. We refused (accept ) the terms of thecontract because they were incomplete.
10. Mike risked .. (borrow ) a large sum of money with the aim of setting up his own business.
II. Rephrase these sentences replacing the words initalics by a gerund or an infinitive construction:
a) I definitely recallthat I put the envelope here on mydesk.
b) I dont denythat I havent understood that part of the lesson.c) Fred admittedthat he had read very little about the
subjectd) The doctor advised Patythat she should take the
pills on an empty stomach.e) Did you forgetthat you had given Mr. Brad that
message?f) She couldnt bear that be should think of her in that
way.g) He preferredthat I should say nothing about it at
present.h) Can you doubtthat he will win the competition?i) I suggested that he should call a specialist
immediately.
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k) A prefera s nu-i spui lui Jim despre noua measlujb.
l) Te-am vzut traversnd strada, dar nu te-am vzuturcnd n autobuz.
m) Te sftuiesc s mai atepi puin nainte s accepiaceast slujb.n) Jane se plnge c nu are pe nimeni cu care s discute.o) El a insistat s m ajute, dei i tot spuneam c m
descurc.
UNIT 11
JUDICIAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES
Constitution of the United States of AmericaWe the people of the United States, in order to form amore perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domesticTranquility1, provide for the common defense, promote thegeneral Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty toourselves and our Posterity, to ordain2 and establish thisConstitution for the United States of America.
Article 111Section 1 (1) The Judicial Power shall extend to all
cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, theLaws of the United States, the Treaties made, or which shall bemade, under their authority; - to all cases affectingAmbassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; - to all casesof Admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; - to controversies towhich the United States shall be a party; - to controversies
between two or more states; - between a State and Citizens of
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another State; - between Citizens of different States; - betweenCitizens of the same State claiming lands under Grants3 of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof 4,and Foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
(2) In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other publicMinisters and Consuls, and those in which a state shall be aParty, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In allthe other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall haveappellate Jurisdiction, both as law and fact, with suchExceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shallmake.
(3) The Trial of all Crimes, except in cases of impeachment5, shall be by Jury; and such trial shall be held inthe state where the said Crimes shall have been committed; butwhen not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at suchPlace or Places as the Congress may by law have directed.
() section 3 (1) Treason against the United States,shall consist only in levying6 War against them, or in adheringto their Enemies, giving them Aid7 and Comfort. No person
shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of twowitnesses to the same over Act, or on Confession in openCourt.
The Congress shall have Power to declare thePunishment of Treason, but no Attainder 8 of Treason shallwork Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the lifeof the Person attained. Congress shall make no law respectingan establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercisethereof; or abridging9 the freedom of speech, or of the press.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime unless on a presentment10 or indictment11 of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the landor naval forces, or in the Militia12, when in actual service intime of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subjectfor the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb;
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
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against himself; nor be deprived13 of life, liberty, or property,without due process of law; nor shall private property be takenfor public use, without just compensation.
VOCABULARY
1) tranquility = linite, pace; calm2) to ordain = a meni, a soroci, a predestina3) grant = subvenie, donaie; dar 4) thereof = de aici; din aceasta5) impeachment = punere sub acuzare, acuzaie6) to levy = a recruta, a nrola, a mobiliza; a percepe a
strnge (impozite)7) aid = sprijin, support, ajutor 8) attainder = privare de drepturi civile i de proprietate
(pentru o crim deosebit de grav)9) to abridge = a scurta, a reduce, a limita10) presentment = prezentare, nfiare
11) indictment = acuzare, punere sub acuzaie, trimiteren judecat, incriminare12) Militia = rezerviti (n SUA); armat, oaste13) to deprive = a priva, a lipsi
COMPREHENSION CHECK
I. Find synonyms for the following words: expedient to rely on to assume default vested in
incidental
appropriate to appoint to refrain from promptly to occur
duty
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II. Fill in the blanks with the correct word:
1) The House of Commons consists of 650 Members of Parliament who each represents a
a) state b) house b) county d) constituency2) A Bill becomes on Act of Parliament when it has
received the of both Houses of Parliament andthe Sovereign.
a) enactment c) ratification b) consent d) assent3) The President of the House of Lords is called the ..a) Speaker c) Prime Minister b) Lord Chancellor d) peer 4) The .................. met urgently at 10 Downing Street
to decide Government policy on the new economic crisis.a) civil service c) Cabinet b) ministries d) Parliament5) The three parts of the Parliament are the monarch,
lords and ...................a) people c) commons b) government d) bishops6) No .................... can become law until it has been
sanctioned or read three times by both houses and receivedthe royal assent.
a) bill c) code b) act d) ratification
III. Match the English terms with their Romanianequivalents:
1) bench2) assize3) prosecution
4) probation
a) amnare, suspendare b) ncuviinare, aprobarec) vmuire, formalitate vamal
d) provocare, somare, sfidare
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5) clearance6) to trample7) to summon8) adjournment9) assent10) challenge
e) magistratur, instan de judecatf) anchet, urmrire judiciarg) libertate supravegheath) a nclcai) edin a tribunalului j) a convoca
IV. Complete the following:
1) If he is guilty, _______________________________ 2) There would have been a car accident if __________ 3) He would be sent to prison if ___________________ 4) If the criminal were caught, ____________________ 5) He would have been granted bail if ______________ 6) If the negotiations break down, _________________ 7) The heat would be unbearable if ________________ 8) If he had not damaged the mans car so badly, _____ 9) The trade unionists will refer the dispute to
arbitration if __________________
10) If you had not made so many mistakes, __________ V. Give the nouns corresponding to the verbs below:
to perceive
to qualify
to retrieve toauthorize
toconclude
todevelop
to rely
tospecify to
amend to
initiate
to state to
maintain
todescribe to quote to declare
VI. Translate into English:
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1) Conform dreptului European o societate ar trebui saleag ntre trei opiuni.
2) Pn n prezent, conducerea i muncitorii n-au pututs se pun de acord asupra sistemului de adoptat.
3) Comisia european a trebuit s modifice articolele cu privire la participarea muncitorilor.4) Acest proiect de lege ar fi putut fi adoptat n 1970.5) Este posibil ca multe ntreprinderi s aleag dreptul
european mai degrab dect propriul lor sistem juridic.6) Crearea unei societi dup normele dreptului
European s-ar putea s devin chiar obligatorie.7) n consecin, ar fi necesar o curte constituit din 19
judectori.8) Regatul Unit i-a modificat mult politica monetar n
cursul ultimelor patru luni.
VII. Translate into Romanian:
The individual responsibility of ministers for the work of their departments means that they are answerable to parliament for all their departments activities. They bear theconsequences of any failure in administration, any injustice toan individual or any aspect of policy which may be criticized inParliament, whether personally responsible or not. Since mostministers are members of the House of Commons, they mustanswer questions and defend themselves against criticism in person. Departmental ministers in the House of Lords arerepresented in the Commons by someone qualified to speak ontheir behalf, usually a junior minister.
Departmental ministers normally decide all matterswithin their responsibility. A decision by a departmentalminister binds the Government as a whole. On assuming office
ministers must resign directorships in private and public
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companies, and must ensure that there is no conflict betweentheir public duties and private interest.
VIII. Comment upon the following proverbs:
He that will lie will steal Laws catch flies but let hornets go free.
FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
The following adjectives have an irregular comparison.good better the best
bad, ill worse the worstmuch more the mostmany more the mostlittle less the least
far farther, further the farthest, the furthestold (older), elder (the oldest), the eldestlate (later), the latter (the latest), the lastnear (nearer) (the nearest), the next
Farther means mai ndeprtat. Further means suplimentar, adiional, n plus, e. g.a
further question meansone more question .Older means 1. mai btrn, 2. mai vechi.In referring to comparative ages in a family group, use
elder, eldest, but attributively only. Later means mai trziu.The latter means (cel de) al doilea, acesta din urm,
e. g. Dan and Peter are brothers. The former (Dan) is a teacher,the latter (Peter) is a doctor.
The latest means cel mai recent, cel mai nou, e. g.
This is his latest novel. (speaking of a living writer).
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The last means ultimul, final e. g. Shakespeares last play was The Tempest.
I. Translate into Romanian:
1) He has made a step further in his researches. Thelatest news Ive got is that he is drawing near to the end.
2) The manager did not find the report satisfactory; heasked for further information.
3) This street is the least noisy in the district.4) Two boys entered the room, John and Bill. The
former is my brother, the latter is my cousin.5) It has been raining for two days; today the weather is
even worse than yesterday.6) In September the days are not so short than in
December.
II. Translate into English:
1) Casa mea este mai departe de facultate dect a ta.2) Partea proast este c nu-l pot gsi nicieri, nici
acas, nici la slujb.3) Starea bolnavului a fost mai rea astzi dect ieri.4) Dintre cei doi martori la accident, primul era un
tnr, al doilea era un btrn n jur de 75 de ani.5) Elefantul este mult mai mare dect leul, dar mult mai
puin slbatic.6) Cele mai plcute momente vin pe neateptate.7) Se socotea cel mai fericit om din lume cnd s-a
cstorit cu ea.8) Strzile capitalei sunt mai largi dect cele din oraul
nostru.
9) Care capital european are cei mai muli locuitori?
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10) N-am vzut niciodat un om mai grbit.
III. Put the adjectives in brackets into the correctform:
a) A personal loan is often a _________ (good) idea because the repayments are structured over a pre-arranged period.
b) Your homework is ________ (bad) than hers.c) Your _______ (old) sister is my ______ (old) friend.d) Yesterdays weather was ________ (bad) than
todays.e) These books are not _________ (expensive) as the
other ones.f) _______ (many) people who have a problem with
cash flow phone the bank and ask for on overdraft.g) This car is _____ (good) than mine.h) Certain regions produce _______ (much) petroleum
than they consume _______ (much) than they produce.
i) The farmer said that it was the _______ (fat) turkeyhe had. j) This is one of the _______ (successful), _______
(cheap) and ________ (practical) products of the century.k) The more, the ______ (merry) _____ says an
English proverb.l) This hotel manager was ________ (polite) we had
ever met.
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UNIT 12
LITIGATIONS AND ADJUSTMENT
Complaints 1 (UK) or claims (US) to purchases2 mayarise from a delay in delivery, lost goods, damaged goods or the delivery of wrong goods. Complaints in connection with purchases may also arise from the non-fulfilment of the clausesin the contract of sale (default3 in carrying out the clauses in thecontract of sale) by the supplier or of those in the carriagecontract by the carrier.
1. Whatever the cause of your claim you should firstrefer clearly to the type of the items concerned by referring toyour own order number or to that of your suppliers invoice4and then state the nature of your complaint in detail.
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for damages or apply to the court for specific performance of contract.
DamagesDamages are the estimated reparation in money for
injury sustained. The court awards nominal damages as anacknowledgement of a breach, even if no loss has beenincurred, while for actual loss suffered it awards substantialdamages. The party breaching a contract shall be under anobligation to take all required steps to mitigate8 the loss thathas taken place, providing that he can do so without undue9inconvenience or cost.
Penalties 10
Penalties are round sums which are stated in thecontract (penalty clause) and must be paid by any party breaching the contract, but they should not be an attempt toassess the possible damage.
Customarily, they may be stated in the contract by theway of compensation where it is difficult to estimate damagesin advance.
BriberyBribery and kickbacks11 have become common practicein former communist countries. The spread of democracy mayitself create new incentives for corruption, given the need tofund political parties and election campaigns.
If Third World countries are often blamed for thespread of corruption, developed nations must take their share of the responsibility and blame, as the corruptors are alsocorporations fighting for contracts in military supplies, aircraft,civil works and communications.
Today, international bodies are beginning to take stepsto curb corruption, and the World Bank has instituted rules thatempower it to investigate corruption complaints and to blacklist12 companies and governments guilty of large scalecorruption.
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VOCABULARY
1) complaint = plngere, reclamaie
2) purchase = achiziie, cumprare3) default = nendeplinire a unei obligaii, a unuiangajament; neplat4) invoice = factur5) alteration = modificare6) Accounts Department = departamentul de nregistrricontabile7) to aggrieve = a vtma; a rni8) to mitigate = a atenua, a micora9) undue = nepotrivit, exagerat10) penalty = penalizare, daun penalizatoare11) kickback = mit, sprijin bnesc12) to blacklist = a trece pe lista neagr
COMPREHENSION CHECK
I. Answer the following questions:a) What do you mean by complaints or claims to
purchases? b) What should one do when making a complaint?c) What is a reply to a complaint?d) What circumstances should legal action be taken in?
e) What is a breach of contract? What should theaggrieved party do?f) What is the party breaching a contract to do?g) What is a penalty? Where may a penalty be stated?h) How do international bodies take steps to curb
corruption?
II. Match the following terms with their definitionsbelow:
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1) malpractice2) plea-bargaining3) to subpoena4) estoppel5) defalcation6) escrow7) due course of law8) case-lawa) course of proceedings that must comply with the law
of the land and allow the defendant to benefit from all the legal procedures and protection aimed at providing a fair trial.
b) the entrusting of money, goods or a document to athird party pending fulfilment of some condition.
c) a legal system such as the British or US ones based on rules and principles acted on by judges in givingdecisions in previous cases.
d) neglect of professional duty, unethical or illegal professional conduct.
e) changing ones plea by agreeing to confess to a lesser crime against the promise that the sentence will be lighter thanthe one for the main crime one is initially prosecuted for, butwithout clear evidence.
f) a legal principle whereby one is prevented fromalleging something he or she has previously denied or viceversa.
g) to order someone to appear in a law court, for instance to summon a witness to court. It is also used in thesense of demanding that documents should be presented or surrendered.
h) the improper appropriation of funds in ones keeping but does not involve the notion of fraud.
III. Find the meaning of the following words and
phrases; then make up sentences with each of them:
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to adjourn to bequeth breach of trust to bring an actionagainst smb. claimant concealment
extenuatingcircumstances
felony to go to law jail delivery maliciously probate
IV. Use the following translations of a intenta unproces in sentences of your own:
to take legal action to file a lawsuit to sue to bring an action (against) to go to law to go to court to undertake/to institute (legal) proceedings to institute an action at law
to prefer a complaint/a charge/charges againstsomeone
V. Translate into English:
1) El va intenta proces dac nu-i va ncasa banii ntr-osptmn.2) Vei fi surprini cnd i vei vedea pe martorii citai
de aprare.3) Va putea el s obin despgubire n cazul nclcrii
contractului?4) Sperm c vei evita neplcerile i cheltuielile unei
aciuni n justiie.
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5) Conform actului de acuzare, ei au conspirat pentru prelungirea acreditivului fr garanie.
6) Nu exist nici o clauz (prevedere) pentru pagubele produse prin foc.
7) El a fost achitat din lips de probe.8) El nu este recidivist i ar fi trebuit eliberat pecauiune.
9) Prile vor ncerca s ajung la o soluionareamiabil a tuturor dificultilor care pot aprea din sau nlegtur cu prezentul contract.
10) Dup acest termen, vom nainta problema juritilor notri.
VI. Translate into Romanian:
Class-action suits combine many people with the samecomplaint into a single legal action. A contingency- fee systemawards the winning partys lawyer a share of the damagescollected, usually one-third. The Sherman Act provides for
awards of three times actual damages.If my mother buys a local loaf of bread for 20 cents,and then finds out that all bakers in the country, including hers,have raised their prices to 22 cents, its tough to find anattorney to bring an action against the corner bakery for 2 cents... But an attorney can put together a class-action suit on behalf of all buyers of bread, and then collect a contingency-fee basedon treble damages.
VII. Imagine you have to write a paper in order toinform a client that he has to pay you a sum of money.Write this paper for:
a) a person who can barely read b) a corporation with a sophisticated board of directors
c) a lawyer
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VIII. Comment on the proverbs: Everybodys business is nobodys business. Few words to the wise suffice.
FOCUS ON GRAMMAR
EXPRESSING FUTURE
There are different ways of talking about futureevents in English and they have different meanings:
Predicting future events:It will probablybe difficult to evaluate the losses.By next year our costswill have risen by 40%.
Making a promise:Ill give you the book as soon as I finish reading it.
Describing a plan or anarrangement :Sheis leaving at noon tomorrow.
Mr. Smithwill be driving into London next week.Referring totimetables or schedules :We start for Sinaia tomorrow. The trainleaves at8.30.
Saying what youintend to do:Im going to finish my work next week.
Referring to something that is going to happenvery soon :He is justabout to phone at the office.
I. Underline the correct words:
a) We will have moved/will be moving to our new premises in July.
b) Tomorrow Ill interview/ Ill be interviewing candidates all morning.
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c) What timedoes your train/will your trainleave ?d) We cant send the goods until weve received/ we
will receive a firm order.e) We shall be repaying/shall have repaid the bank
loan by November.f) I was going to write/was writing to them, but Iforgot.
g) When the contractis/will be ready , Ill let you know.h) Will we/Shall we break for coffee now ?i) Sorry, I cant speak now, Ill just have/ Im just about
to have a meeting. j) Dont forget to turn off the lights before youare
leaving/ youleave.
II. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbsin the brackets to express future:
1) Mr. Roberts is not at the office right now. I (let) him know you called when he comes back.
2) They .. (start) the meeting. If youdo not come in 10 minutes youll probably miss it.3) Please, dont call after 12.30, Mrs. Johnson
.. (have) an interview then.4) My plane for London (leave) at 7.30.5) Prices .. (rise) if the exchange rate changes.6) They . (take on) temporary new staff
for this project.7) What you (do) this time next Monday?8) I .. probably (finish) my paper tomorrow.
III. Choose the appropriate way to express futurewith the verbs given in brackets:
a) By this time tomorrow I _____ (travel) for ten hours.
b) Where you ______ (go) for your winter holidays?
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c) Mary _______ (cook) dinner by the time her husbandcomes back home.
d) By seven oclock he _____ (get) home for a half anhour.
e) She said she ______ (not, sing) at the next concert.f) In a fortnights time we _____ (take) our exam.g) Peter said he ______ (ski) in the mountains at that
time on Sunday.h) You ______ (listen) to this song this time tomorrow?i) I _______ (finish) may work when you come back
from New York j) Boys _____ (be) boys!
IV. Translate the following into English, payingattention to the verb forms used to express future time:
1) Dac va ntreba cineva de tine i voi spune stelefoneze mai trziu,
2) Cnd vei sosi, ne vei gsi lucrnd la raport.
3) Vom atepta aici pn se ntoarce Paul.4) Cerul e ntunecat. Ploaia va fi n toi cnd vom fi gatade plecare.
5) Te vom atepta n faa teatrului cnd se va termina piesa.
6) Anul viitor pe vremea aceasta ei vor locui ntr-unapartament nou.
7) Profesorul v va explica din nou lecia dac i veicere acest lucru.
8) Ei au de gnd s-i cumpere o main nou anulviitor.
9) Cnd Robert va absolvi facultatea, va fi studiat aicicinci ani.
10) Peste o lun se vor mplini zece ani de cnd lucrezn aceast fabric.
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IRREGULAR VERBSInfinitive Past Tense Past Participle
1. to abide abode abode = a locui, a sta2. to arise arose arisen = a se ridica, sui, aparea, a se ivi3. to awake awoke/awaked awoke = a (se) trezi4. to be was were been = a fi, a exista5. to bear (to be born) bore/borne born = a purta, aduce,produce a danatere6. to beat beat beaten = a bate a lovi a nvinge7. to become became become = a deveni a ajunge8. to begin began begun = a ncepe9. to bend bent bent =a (se) ndoi10. to bereave bereft/bereaved bereft /bereaved = a lipsi de, a priva de11. to beseech besought besought = a cere cu insisten a implora12. to bid bid/bade bid/bidden = a ordona, porunci,oferi13. to bind (to be bound) bound bound = a uni, lega, a fi constrns14. to bite bit bit /bitten = a muca, nepa15. to bleed bled bled =a sngera, a lsa s curg, astoarce16. to blow blew blown = a sufla a arde
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17. to break broke broken = a sparge, a rupe,a sfarma18. to breed bred bred = a crete, a educa, a nate, a regenera19. to bring brought brought = a aduce, a produce20. to build built built = a cldi, a construi, a furi21. to burn burnt /burned burnt /burned =a arde, a praji, a calcina, a
ataca22. to burst burst burst = a rupe a izbucni, a exploda.23. to buy bought bought = a cumpra24. to cast cast cast = a arunca, a turna, a (se) mula25. to catch caught caught = a prinde, a capta, a (se) bloca.26. to chide chid (chidden) chid = a mustra, a certa a se plnge27. to choose chose chosen = a alege, a selecta28. to cleave cleft /clove cleft /cloven = a (se)despica, a scinda, asepara.29. to cling clung clung = a se ine strns de30. to come came come = a veni, a ajunge31. to cost cost cost = a costa32. to creep crept crept = a (se) tr, a aluneca.33. to cut cut cut = a tia, a seciona.34. to dare dared /durst dared /durst = a ndrzni35. to deal (with) dealt dealt = a se ocupa (cu) trata, a repartiza36. to dig dug dug = a spa, a excava.37. to do did done = a face38. to draw drew drawn = a desena, a schia, a atrage.39. to dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed =a visa, a-i nchipui.40. to drink drank drunk = a bea.41. to drive drove driven = a pune n micare, a conduce.42. to dwell dwelt dwelt = a locui, a rmne, a insista.43. to eat ate eaten = a mnca, a coroda.44. to fall fell fallen = a cdea, a da la rebut45. to feed fed fed = a alimenta, a hrni, a aprovizion46. to feel felt felt = a (se) simi, a testa47. to fight fought fought = a combate, a (se) lupta48. to find found found = a gsi, a descoperi, a explora / constata49. to flee fled fled = a fugi, a disprea, a se scurge, a evita50. to fling flung flung = a lansa, a arunca, a izbucni, a se npusti51. to fly flew flown = a zbura, a lansa, a se nla, a se intinde52. to forbid forbade forbidden = a interzice, a opri53. to forget forgot forgotten = a uita54. to forgive forgave forgiven = a ierta55. to forsake forsook forsaken = a prsi56. to freeze froze frozen =a nghea, a congela a refrigera, asolidifica57. to get got got = a obine, a primi, a deveni, aajunge58. to give gave given = a da, a acorda, a transmite, a aviza, a preda.
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59. to go went gone = a merge, a funciona, a circula, a rula60; to grow grew grown = a se mri / dezvolta. a crete, a deveni61. to hang hung hung = a suspenda, a atrna, a aeza receptorul.62. to have (to have to) had had = a avea, a poseda, a obine, a trebui s.63. to hear heard heard = a auzi, a asculta, a audia
64. to hew hewed hewed/hewn = a ciopli, a tia,65. to hide hid hidden = a ascunde66. to hit hit hit = a lovi, a ciocni, a izbi, a da o lovitur67. to hold held held = a ine,a reine, a bloca, a opri, a fixa.68. to hurt hurt hurt = a rni, lovi, a avaria, a strica69. to keep kept kept = a ine, a reine, a menine a ntreine70. to kneel knelt knelt = a ngenunchia71. to knit knit knit = a nnoda, a mpleti, a tricota, a mbina72. to know knew known = a cunoate, a ti73. to lay laid laid = a pune, a aeza, a ntinde74. to lead led led = a conduce, a avansa a comanda,75. to lean leant/leaned leant/leaned = a nclina, a apleca, a se sprijini76. to leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped = a sri, a slta77. to leave left left = a prsi, a pleca, a ceda, a lsa n urm78. to lend lent lent = a mprumuta, a acorda. a mprti79. to let let let = a lsa, a permite80. to lie lay lain = a consta din, a zace, a se afla, a fi81. to lose lost lost = a pierde82. to make made made = a face, a fabrica, a produce, a conecta83. to mean meant meant = a vrea s spun, a se referi la, a inteniona.84. to meet met met = a ntlni, a intersecta, a satisface (cerine)85. to mow mowed mown = a cosi86. to pay paid paid = a plti, a achita, a cinsti a onora87. to put put put = a pune, a aeza88. to read read read = a citi, a face lectur89. to rend rent rent = a sparge, a rupe90. to rid rid rid = a elibera, a debarasa91. to ride rode ridden = a clri, a cltori92. to ring rang rung = a suna, a telefona, a ncercui93. to rise rose risen = a (se) ridica/urca, a izvor, a rsri94. to run ran run = a alerga, a curge, a rula, a conduce.95. to saw sawed sawn = a tia cu ferstrul96. to say said said = a spune, a afirma97. to see saw seen = a vedea, a nelege, a consulta.98. to seek sought sought = a cuta, a cerceta99. to sell sold sold = a vinde100. to send sent sent = a trimite, a emite101. to set set set = a pune, a stabili, a monta, a regia, a ajusta.102. to sew sewed sewn = a coase103. to shake shook shaken = a bate, a scutura, a vibra104. to shear sheared shorn = a tia, a mrgini, a tivi, a forfeca, a tunde105. to shed shed shed = a arunca, a difuza, vrsa,
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106. to shine shone shone = a sclipi, a strluci107. to shoe shod shod = a potcovi, a ncala108. to shoot shot shot = a mpuca, a filma109. to show showed shown = a arata, a manifesta110. to shrink shrank shrunk = a se contracta, a se strnge, a intra la ap.
111. to shut shut shut = a include112. to sing sang sung = a cnta, a fluiera, a uiera113. to sink sank sunk = a (se) scufunda114. to sleep slept slept = a dormi115. to slide slid slid = a aluneca, a glisa116. to sling slung slung = a arunca, a lansa117. to smell smelt smelt = a mirosi118. to smite smote smitten = a izbi119. to sow sowed sown = a planta, a semna120. to speak spoke spoken = a vorbi, a enuna121. to speed sped sped = a accelera, a grbi122. to spell spelt spelt = a scrie liter cu liter, a silabisi123. to spend spent spent = a cheltui, a consuma, a petrece, antrebuina124. to spill spilt spilt = a vrsa, a mprtia, a risipi, a turna,125. to spin spun spun = a centrifuga, a toarce, a roti, a presa126. to spit spat spat = a rosti, a scuipa127. to split split split = a scinda, a despica, a frnge, a despri.128. to spread spread spread = a ntinde, desfura, rspndi, acoperi.129. to spring sprang sprung = a sri, a izvor, a se arcui, a se trage130. to stand stood stood = a rezista, a sta (vertical), a suporta, a se ridica131. to steal stole stolen = a fura, a se strecura132. to stick stuck stuck = a (se) lipi, a se fixa133. to sting stung stung = a nepa, a rni134. to stink stank stunk = a mirosi urt135. to strew strewed strewn = a aterne, a presra, a mprtia136. to stride strode stridden = a pi cu pai mari137. to strike struck struck-stricken = a lovi, a izbi, a atinge.138. to string strung strung = a nira, a lega, a ntinde, a ncorda139. to strive strove striven = a se strdui, a se lupta140. to swear swore sworn = a jura141. to sweep swept swept = a baleia, a explora, a strbate, a mtura142. to swell swelled swollen = a (se) umfla, a crete a (se) ridica143. to swim swam swum = a nota, a pluti144. to swing swung swung = a oscila/balansa, a pendula/legna145. to take took taken = a lua, a capta, a necesita146. to teach taught taught = a preda, a nvaa pe cineva147. to tear tore torn = a rupe, a smulge148. to tell told told = a comunica, a relata, a spune149. to think thought thought = a reflecta, a gndi, a crede, a socoti.150. to thrive throve thriven = a prospera, a-i merge bine, a reui151. to throw threw thrown = a arunca, a deplasa a devia,
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152. to thrust thrust thrust = a mpinge, a nfige a apsa153. to tread trod trodden = a clca, a rula, a bate (un drum)154. to understand understood understood = a nelege, a deduce155. to wake waked/woke waked/woken = a (se) trezi, a strni156. to wear wore worn = a uza (prin frecare), a toci, a purta
157. to weave wove woven = a ese, a urzi158. to weep wept wept = a curge/picura, a plnge.159. to win won won = a tia, a extrage, a recupera, a ctiga160. to wind wound wound = a nvrti, a rsuci, a bobina161. to wring wrung wrung = a stoarce, a rsuci, a smulge162. to write wrote written = a scrie, a nregistra163. to broadcast broadcast broadcast = a transmite, a difuza164. to grind ground ground = a mcina165. to learn learnt learnt = a nva (ceva)166. to light lit lit =a aprinde,a lumina167. to shed shed shed = a vrsa168. to shave shaved shaven = a se barbieri, a tunde169. to sit sat sat = a sta jos, a se aseza170. to spoil spoilt spoilt = a strica, a alinta
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Allsop, Jake,Test your Phrasal Verbs , Penguin Group,1990;
2. Banta, Andrei, Nstsescu Violeta, Dicionar economic, Editura Niculescu, Bucureti, 2000;
3. Beizdadea, Coziana Marin a, English for Law , Editura
Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2001.4. Brookes, Michael, Holden, David, Hutchinson, Wesley, Engleza pentru juriti , Editura Teora, 2001.
5. Chioran, D, Panovf, I, Poenaru, I, Exerciii de gramatic englez , Editura Teora, 1995;
6. Cobb, Timothy, Gardiner, Richard,Todays EnglishGrammar, Editura Prietenii Crii, Bucureti, 1994;
7. Emmerson, Paul, Business Grammar Builder ,Macmillan Publishers, Oxford, 2002.
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23. Thomson, J.A., Martinet, A.V., A Practical EnglishGrammar, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980;
24. Watchyn-Jones, Peter,Test your English Idioms ,Penguin Group, 1990;
25. * * * Dictionary of Contemporary English, Longman,1995;26. * * *The New International Websters Comprehensive
Dictionary of The English Language , Trident PressInternational, 1996.