linee guida sull’uso dell’alumina · - nephrotic syndrome - wound healing remohì et al, ann...
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LINEE GUIDA SULL’USO DELL’ALBUMINA:
FOCUS SULLA GESTIONE DEL PAZIENTE CIRROTICO
Corso di aggiornamento Sezione regionale SIFO - Campania
La filiera dei farmaci plasmaderivati
Napoli, 13 Settembre, 2019
Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche
Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata (CRBA)
Paolo Caraceni
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LIMITAZIONI NELL’USO DI ALBUMINA
• Disponibilità finita (emoderivato)
• Costo elevato
• Alternative più economiche (cristalloidi, colloidi sintetici)
• Limiti alla prescrivibilità (farmacie, centri trasfusionali)
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CONSUMO DI ALBUMINA NEL MONDO
ISTISAN Report 2016
Rapporti ISTISAN 16/7
103
CONFRONTI INTERNAZIONALI
In Figura 30 si pone a confronto la domanda di albumina per mille abitanti osservata in Italia
con quella espressa in altri Paesi europei ed extra-europei: l’Italia si colloca al primo posto con
un utilizzo fino a tre volte maggiore rispetto a Paesi di pari livello socio-economico (38) (dato
Italia: elaborazioni CNS su fonte Tracciabilità del farmaco). Questo dato assume maggior
rilievo se si considera che, nell’ambito della variabilità osservata a livello regionale, alcune
Regioni (Sardegna, Puglia e Campania) mostrano picchi di utilizzo fino a 5 volte i valori di altre
Regioni o Paesi europei ed extra-europei.
* 2011, ° 2012, ^ 2013, “ 2014
Figura 30. Domanda totale standardizzata, espressa in grammi per mille residenti, di albumina registrata in alcuni Paesi europei ed extra-europei
La domanda nazionale per mille abitanti di IG polivalenti espressa in alcuni Paesi europei ed
extra-europei (38) (dato Italia: elaborazioni CNS su fonte Tracciabilità del farmaco) evidenzia
un utilizzo più contenuto di tale MPD in Italia (Figura 31).
Per quanto riguarda i concentrati del FVIII della coagulazione (38) (dato Italia: elaborazioni
CNS su fonte Tracciabilità del farmaco), il confronto con Paesi europei ed extra-europei con
analoghi standard di trattamento dei pazienti emofilici dimostra che i consumi nazionali pro capite risultano tra i più elevati (Figura 32).
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CONSUMO DI ALBUMINA IN ITALIA
Rapporti ISTISAN 16/7
15
Tabella 7. Domanda totale standardizzata (a carico SSN e privata), espressa in grammi per mille residenti, di albumina e relative variazioni % nel 2011-2014 (Elaborazioni CNS su fonte Tracciabilità del farmaco)
Regione 2011 2012 2013 2014 Var %
Abruzzo 598,0 592,8 617,1 668,8 11,8 Basilicata 603,8 555,8 588,3 634,5 5,1 Calabria 729,1 674,1 634,0 614,6 -15,7 Campania 741,9 930,1 947,9 1.036,8 39,8 Emilia-Romagna 508,6 496,4 569,4 556,3 9,4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia 275,4 312,2 264,3 288,1 4,6 Lazio 704,7 682,5 525,6 519,6 -26,3 Liguria 499,0 481,3 421,6 432,9 -13,2 Lombardia 556,3 533,8 584,6 624,7 12,3 Marche 364,8 366,3 349,4 375,8 3,0 Molise 599,1 733,5 680,3 652,4 8,9 Piemonte 372,3 377,7 344,2 345,7 -7,2 PA Bolzano 229,6 264,6 267,8 282,0 22,8 PA Trento 233,2 224,0 246,9 254,7 9,2 Puglia 919,8 922,3 919,3 804,1 -12,6 Sardegna 1.221,7 975,7 1.042,7 1.015,7 -16,9 Sicilia 580,0 582,4 581,0 504,7 -13,0 Toscana 664,9 614,5 588,2 600,9 -9,6 Umbria 512,6 516,8 513,3 550,6 7,4 Valle d’Aosta 580,8 479,9 470,9 482,3 -17,0 Veneto 411,0 437,1 360,2 404,9 -1,5
Italia 601,1 605,3 592,8 597,5 -0,6
La Figura 5 mostra la domanda regionale standardizzata di albumina rilevata nell’anno 2011
confrontata con quella del 2014.
Figura 5. Domanda nazionale e regionale (a carico SSN e privata) espressa in grammi per mille residenti di albumina. Confronto 2011 rispetto a 2014 (Elaborazioni CNS su fonte
Tracciabilità del farmaco)
ISTISAN Report 2016
Media nazionale
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INAPPROPRIATE USE OF ALBUMIN
• Use of albumin Padua Hospital: inappropriate in 68% of cases
Favaretti et al, Qual Assur Health Care 1993
• Use of albumin in two Spanish hospitals: inappropriate in 90% of cases
Vargas et al, Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997
• Use of albumin in Tenon hospital, Paris: inappropriate in 38.5% of cases
Debrix et al, Pharm Word Sci 1999
• Use of albumin in 53 VHA, USA: inappropriate in 58% of cases
Tanzi et al, Am J Health Syst Pharm 2003
• Use of albumin in a urban academic center, USA: inappropriate in 45% of cases
Castillo et al, Pharm Pract 2018
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INAPPROPRIATE USE OF ALBUMIN
22 public hospitals in Spain (3 non consecutive days - 5 month period)
Use of albumin deemed inappropriate in 76% of cases
Main reasons for inappropriate use:
- nutritional intervention
- hypoalbuminemia per se
- palliation
- nephrotic syndrome
- wound healing
Remohì et al, Ann Pharmacother 2000
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USO INAPPROPRIATO DI ALBUMINA
Non edemi all’esame obiettivo all’ingressoAlbuminemia 3.2 g/dl
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Solide evidenze scientifiche di efficacia
Studi di farmacoeconomia
Raccomandazioni/linee guida condivise
Appropriatezza
terapeutica
Medico/Decisore
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0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Enforcementofguidelines
ALB
UM
IN V
IALS
POLICLINICO S. ORSOLA-MALPIGHI
IMPACT OF GUIDELINES ON ALBUMIN CONSUMPTION
YEARMirici-Cappa et al., World J Gastroent 2011
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% O
F T
OT
AL
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
YEAR
Mirici-Cappa et al., World J Gastroent 2011
POLICLINICO S. ORSOLA-MALPIGHI
DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION AMONG UNITS
Enforcement of guidelines
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- Paziente critico in terapia intensiva
- Interventi di cardiochirurgia
- Cirrosi epatica scompensata
- Specifiche condizioni patologiche
AREE DI UTILIZZO APPROPRIATO DELL’ALBUMINA
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CLINICAL CONDITIONDOSES AND SCHEDULES OF
ADMINISTRATIONINDICATION FOR THE
USE OF HA
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE STRENGTH OF
RECOMMENDATION
Prevention ofpost-paracentesiscirculatory dysfunction
Paracentesis ≥ 5 L
6-8 g per L of removed ascites
Mandatory in all patients A1
Paracentesis < 5 LPreferred if concerns regarding use of synthetic colloids or crystalloids
B1
Prevention of renal failure after SBP
High-risk patients1.5 g/kg at diagnosis +1 g/kg on the 3rd day
Mandatory in all patients A1
Low-risk patients* Consider in individual patients B1
Diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome1 g/kg/die
for 2 consecutive daysTo be used regularly D1
Treatment of type I hepatorenal syndrome(in association with vasoconstrictors)
1 g/kg at diagnosis +20-40 g/die until
vasoconstrictors are stoppedMandatory in all patients A1
Long-term treatment of ascites To be definedConsider
in difficult-to-treat ascitesC1
Treatment of severe hyponatraemia To be definedConsider if no response
to standard measuresD1
Prevention of renal failure after non-SBP bacterial infections
------ Not indicated at present B1
Treatment of septic shock To be defined Consider in all patients C1
Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy ------ Not indicated at present B1
AISF-SIMTI RECOMMENDATIONS
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SHORT-TERM USE OF ALBUMIN IN DECOMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS
Evidence-based clinical indications
1. Prevention of post-paracentesis circulatory dysfunction
2. Prevention of renal failure induced by spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3. Treatment of hepatorenal syndrome with vasopressors
EASL CPGs for the management of decompensated cirrhosis, J Hepatol 2018
8 g/L of tapped ascites for >4-5 L paracentesis
1.5 g/Kg b.w. at diagnosis1 g/Kg b.w. on day 3
1 g/Kg b.w. at diagnosis20-40 g/day thereafter until vasoc0nstrictors are stopped
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PREVENTION OF POST-PARACENTESIS CIRCULATORY DYSFUNCTION
Albumin vs other plasma-expanders and/or vasoconstrictors
Bernardi et al., Hepatology, 2011
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Bernardi et al., Hepatology, 2011
PREVENTION OF MORTALITY AFTER PARACENTESIS
Albumin vs other plasma-expanders and/or vasoconstrictors
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Salerno et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013
PREVENTION OF RENAL FAILURE AFTER SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS
Effect of albumin administration
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Salerno et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013
PREVENTION OF MORTALITY AFTER SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS
Effect of albumin administration
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Gluud et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012
Analysis 1.2. Comparison 1 Terlipressin alone or with albumin versus no intervention or albumin, Outcome
2 Reversal of hepatorenal syndrome.
Review: Terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome
Comparison: 1 Terlipressin alone or with albumin versusno intervention or albumin
Outcome: 2 Reversal of hepatorenal syndrome
Study or subgroup Treatment Control Risk Ratio Weight Risk Ratio
n/N n/N
M-H,Random,95%
CI
M-H,Random,95%
CI
Mart n-Llah 2008 9/23 1/23 7.2 % 9.00 [ 1.24, 65.41 ]
Neri 2008 21/26 5/26 43.1 % 4.20 [ 1.87, 9.44 ]
Sanyal 2008 19/56 7/56 46.1 % 2.71 [ 1.24, 5.94 ]
Solanki 2003 5/12 0/12 3.6 % 11.00 [ 0.67, 179.29 ]
Total (95% CI) 117 117 100.0 % 3.76 [ 2.21, 6.39 ]
Total events: 54 (Treatment), 13 (Control)
Heterogeneity: Tau2 = 0.0; Chi2 = 2.12, df = 3 (P= 0.55); I2 =0.0%
Test for overall effect: Z = 4.88 (P < 0.00001)
Test for subgroup differences: Not applicable
0.005 0.1 1 10 200
Favours control Favours treatment
24Terlipressin for hepatorenal syndrome (Review)
Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John W iley & Sons, Ltd.
REVERSAL OF HEPATORENAL SYNDROME
Terlipressin + Albumin
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Gluud et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012
PREVENTION OF MORTALITY AFTER HEPATORENAL SYNDROME
Terlipressin + Albumin
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CLINICAL CONDITIONDOSES AND SCHEDULES OF
ADMINISTRATIONINDICATION FOR THE
USE OF HA
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE STRENGTH OF
RECOMMENDATION
Prevention ofpost-paracentesiscirculatory dysfunction
Paracentesis ≥ 5 L
6-8 g per L of removed ascites
Mandatory in all patients A1
Paracentesis < 5 LPreferred if concerns regarding use of synthetic colloids or crystalloids
B1
Prevention of renal failure after SBP
High-risk patients1.5 g/kg at diagnosis +1 g/kg on the 3rd day
Mandatory in all patients A1
Low-risk patients* Consider in individual patients B1
Diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome1 g/kg/die
for 2 consecutive daysTo be used regularly D1
Treatment of type I hepatorenal syndrome(in association with vasoconstrictors)
1 g/kg at diagnosis +20-40 g/die until
vasoconstrictors are stoppedMandatory in all patients A1
Long-term treatment of ascites To be definedConsider
in difficult-to-treat ascitesC1
Treatment of severe hyponatraemia To be definedConsider if no response
to standard measuresD1
Prevention of renal failure after non-SBP bacterial infections
------ Not indicated at present B1
Treatment of septic shock To be defined Consider in all patients C1
Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy ------ Not indicated at present B1
AISF-SIMTI RECOMMENDATIONS
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CLINICAL CONDITIONDOSES AND SCHEDULES OF
ADMINISTRATIONINDICATION FOR THE
USE OF HA
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE STRENGTH OF
RECOMMENDATION
Prevention ofpost-paracentesiscirculatory dysfunction
Paracentesis ≥ 5 L
6-8 g per L of removed ascites
Mandatory in all patients A1
Paracentesis < 5 LPreferred if concerns regarding use of synthetic colloids or crystalloids
B1
Prevention of renal failure after SBP
High-risk patients1.5 g/kg at diagnosis +1 g/kg on the 3rd day
Mandatory in all patients A1
Low-risk patients* Consider in individual patients B1
Diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome1 g/kg/die
for 2 consecutive daysTo be used regularly D1
Treatment of type I hepatorenal syndrome(in association with vasoconstrictors)
1 g/kg at diagnosis +20-40 g/die until
vasoconstrictors are stoppedMandatory in all patients A1
Long-term treatment of ascites To be definedConsider
in difficult-to-treat ascitesC1
Treatment of severe hyponatraemia To be definedConsider if no response
to standard measuresD1
Prevention of renal failure after non-SBP bacterial infections
------ Not indicated at present B1
Treatment of septic shock To be defined Consider in all patients C1
Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy ------ Not indicated at present B1
AISF-SIMTI RECOMMENDATIONS
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NOTA 15 AIFA
(2005)
La prescrizione a carico del SSN, su diagnosi e piano terapeutico di strutture
specialistiche delle Aziende Sanitarie, è limitata alle seguenti condizioni:
• dopo paracentesi evacuativa di grande volume nella cirrosi epatica
• grave ritenzione idrosalina nella cirrosi ascitica, nella sindrome nefrosica o nelle
sindromi da malassorbimento (ad es. intestino corto post-chirurgico o da
proteino-dispersione), non responsiva a un trattamento diuretico appropriato,
specie se associata ad ipoalbuminemia ed in particolare a segni clinici di
ipovolemia
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LONG-TERM ALBUMIN FOR ASCITES TREATMENT
A DELPHI STUDY AMONG ITALIAN HEPATOLOGISTS
Gentilini et al., Dig Liver Dis 2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
length of hospitalization efficacy of long-term tx reduction of admissions
Pe
rce
nt
of
answ
ers
YES
NO
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The use of human AlbumiN for the treatment of aScites
in patients With hEpatic ciRrhosis:
a multicenter, open-label randomized clinical trial.
NO-PROFIT STUDY SPONSORED BYTHE ITALIAN DRUG AGENCY (A.I.F.A.)
The ANSWER studyNCT01288794
Endorsed by
Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF) – Italian Association of Gastroenterology(SIGE)
Italian Association of Gastroenterologist Hospitalists (AIGO)
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Emilia Romagna (8)
Lombardia (5)
Piemonte (1)
Veneto (2)
Friuli (1)
Toscana (1) Marche (1)
Lazio (5)
Campania (3)
Puglia (2)
Sicilia (3)
Calabria (1)
BolognaCOORDINATINGCENTER
1. C. ALESSANDRIA2 D. CONTE3 A. AIROLDI4 F. SALERNO5 G. SPINZI6 S. FAGIUOLI7 P. ANGELI8 G. MARIN9 P. TONIUTTO10 M. BERNARDI11 M. VENTRUCCI12 E. VILLA13 G. ELIA14 G. FOSCHI15 G. BALLARDINI16 S. BOCCIA17 P. PAZZI18 G. LAFFI19 A. BENEDETTI20 O. RIGGIO21 G. DELLE FAVE22 A. GASBARRINI23 M. ANGELICO24 C. PUOTI25 N. CAPORASO26 V. SANGIOVANNI27 C. LOGUERCIO28 R. COZZOLONGO29 A. DI LEO30 P. LEO31 V. DI MARCO32 G. RAIMONDO33 S. NERI
The ANSWER study group
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440 PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS and NON COMPLICATED ASCITES
ongoing treatment with anti-aldosteronic drug (≥ 200 mg/day) and furosemide (≥ 25 mg/day)
Randomization 1:1
Stratified by:LVP in the last month (y/n)
Serum sodium <135 mmol/l (y/n)
Causes of study termination:
• Transjugular Intra-hepatic Porto-systemic Shunt (TIPS)
• Liver transplantation
• 3 large paracentesis per month
End follow-up: 18 months
Standard Medical Treatment +
Albumin 40 grams x 2/week for the initial 2 weeks,then 40 grams/week
Standard Medical
Treatment
DESIGN OF THE STUDY
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ALBUMIN INFUSION
SETTING
• Hospital outpatient clinics (majority)
• Out-of-hospital outpatient clinics
• Home-care assistance (few cases)
• During hospitalization for other causes
PROCEDURE
• Intravenous infusion of 4 vials (50 cc each) 20% human albumin via a peripheral vein in
about 30-60 minutes
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EFFECT ON SERUM ALBUMIN CONCENTRATION
0.7 - 0.8 g/dl
Caraceni et al, Lancet, 2018
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PRIMARY END-POINT
• 18-month overall survival
SECONDARY END-POINTS
• Number of paracentesis
• Incidence of refractory ascites (ICA criteria)
• Number of patients reaching the indication to TIPS (3 paracentesis/month)
• Incidence of clinical complications of cirrhosis (SBP and other bacterial infections, renal
failure, GI bleeding, grade III and IV HE)
• Incidence of diuretic-related side-effects
• Quality of life (EQ-5D and SF-36 questionnaires)
• Cost-effectiveness analysis
END POINTS
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PRIMARY END-POINT
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OVERALL SURVIVAL
38% reduction in the mortality HR (0.62 [95% CI: 0.40-0.95])
Log-rank test: p = 0.031 Caraceni et al, Lancet, 2018
77%
66%
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MORTALITY
Competing Risk Analysis
Caraceni et al, Lancet, 2018
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NUMBER NEEDED TO TREAT (NNT)
Multivariate estimates
-StatisticalAnalysisPackage
DocumentoRiservato
31
NumberNeededtoTreat(Benefit)-Multivariateestimate
Follow-Uptimepoints
Intent-to-TreatPopulation
NNT(B)
*[95%CI]
3months 28.7[20;75]
6months 13.3[9;35]
9months 10.1[7;27]
12months 8.5[6;23]
15months 7.1[5;19]
18months 7.0[5;19]
*StimadallaregressionediCoxconlasolavariabile“trattamento”comeregressore.
Inf
Ab
so
lute
dif
fere
nc
e i
n s
urv
iva
l
0.0
0.1
0.2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Months
NN
H (
Harm
) N
NT
(B
enefit
)
NNT(B)
95% C.I.
Inf
[Inf -Inf ]
28.7
[20-75]
13.3
[9-35]
10.1
[7-27]
8.5
[6-23]
7.1
[5-19]
7
[5-19]
NNT
Number Needed to Treat (NNT)with Standard Medical Treatment + Human Albumin to avoid a death
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SECONDARY END-POINTS
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MANAGEMENT OF ASCITES
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MANAGEMENT OF ASCITES
34% free of paracentesis
62% free of paracentesis
Caraceni et al, Lancet, 2018
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COMPLICATIONS OF CIRRHOSIS
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INCIDENCE OF COMPLICATIONS
Caraceni et al, Lancet 2018 (modified)
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HOSPITALIZATIONS
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HOSPITALIZATIONS
29
Table2.Hospitalizations.
Incidencerate Incidencerateratio Pvalue
SMT+HAgroup SMTgroup SMT+HA/SMT
Hospitalizations
-Allcause 1.19(1.05-1.35) 1.83(1.62-2.05) 0.65(0.55-0.77) <0.001
-Liver-related 0.98(0.85-1.12) 1.65(1.46-1.86) 0.59(0.49-0.71) <0.001
-Nonliver-related 0.22(0.16-0.29) 0.18(0.12-0.26) 1.22(0.75-2.03) 0.481
Daysinhospital 10.70(10.27-11.15) 19.39(18.71-20.09) 0.55(0.52-0.58) <0.001
Incidencerate(95%CI)andincidenceratio(95%)ofhospitalizationduetoallcauses,liver-related
causesornonliver-relatedcauses)anddaysspentinthehospitalintheStandardMedical
Treatment(SMT)armandStandardMedicalTreatmentplusHumanAlbumin(SMT+HA)arm
duringthestudyperiod.Incidenceratedenotesthenumberofeventsperpatientperyear.
number/patient/year
Caraceni et al, Lancet, 2018
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QUALITY OF LIFE
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EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire (EQ-5D)
1. Mobility2. Self-care3. Usual activities4. Pain/discomfort5. Anxiety/depression
No problems
Some problems
Extreme problems
Utility index*
*Scalone L et al. Italian population-based values of EQ-5D health states. Value Health 2013
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
The best health you can imagine
The worst health you can imagine
QUALITY OF LIFE
METHODS
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Caraceni et al, Lancet 2018 (supplementary materials)
QUALITY OF LIFE
RESULTS
EQ-5D utility index & VAS score changes during follow-up
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HEALTHCARE COSTS
Graduate School of Health Economics and Management
Catholic University, Rome
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DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS
METHODS
Caraceni et al, Lancet 2018 (supplementary materials)
Items included in the analysis and cost estimation according to the payer perspective
(Italian National Health System [NHS])
Paracentesis Albumin administration
According to the ex-factory pricein the Italian Official Journal
€ 2.63 per gram
According to NHS tariffs for medical and outpatient services
€ 10.66 per infusion
Liver-related hospitalization
€ 4,013 per hospitalization plus
€ 185 per day when the length of hospitalization
exceeds 27 days
According to the NHS diagnosis-related group
(DRG) “cirrhosis”
€ 34.86 per paracentesis
According to NHS tariffs for medical and outpatient services
Albumin cost
Infusion cost (SMT+HA arm)
Indirect costs were not estimated
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Caraceni et al, Lancet, 2018 (supplementary materials)
Cost driver SMT SMT + HA
Liver-related hospitalizations (€/patient/year) 6,765 3,981
Paracentesis (€/patient/year) 122 54
Albumin infused for evidence-based indications* (€/patient/year) 388 151
Albumin infused per protocol (€/patient/year) - 5,065
Accesses for albumin infusion per protocol (€/patient/year) - 512
Total cost/patient/year (€) 7,275 9,763
*Evidence-based indications include:
• prevention of paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction• prevention of SBP-induced renal dysfunction
• diagnosis and treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome
DIRECT HEALTHCARE COSTS
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COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
Graduate School of Health Economics and Management
Catholic University, Rome
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INCREMENTAL COST-EFFECTIVENESS RATIO (ICER)
COST
EFFECTIVENESS
Direct healthcare costs
QUALY: a measure of the state of health of a person or group in which the benefits, in
terms of length of life, are adjusted to reflect the quality of life.
1 QALY is equal to 1 year of life in perfect health*
* From the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) glossary
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
Methods
Quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) based on EQ-5D utility index
ICER = cost (new treatment - current treatment)
effectiveness (new treatment - current treatment)
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Caraceni et al, Lancet 2018 (supplementary materials)
SMT SMT + HA
Total cost/patient/year (€) 7,275 9,763
Incremental cost/patient/year (€) 2,488
QALY gain/year* 0.392 0.509
Incremental QALY/year 0,117
ICER (€/QALY) 21,265
Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER)
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
NICE threshold to consider a treatment cost-effective: 35,000 €
*Based on the EQ-5D utility index
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56% of 10.000 simulations are cost-saving92% of 10.000 simulations are cost-effective
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
Sensitivity analysis
35.000 Euros
Caraceni et al, Lancet, 2018 (supplementary materials)
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THE ANSWER STUDY
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS
Long-term albumin administration to patients with cirrhosis and ascites:
• Improves 18-month overall survival
• Facilitates the management of ascites
• Reduces the incidence of severe complications of cirrhosis
• Reduces the number of hospitalizations
• Improves quality of life
• Is cost-effective
• Is safe
Albumin is a disease-modifying agent in decompensated cirrhosis
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ONCOTIC
Regulation of fluid distribution
Negative net chargeHigh molecular weight High plasma concentration
THE ALBUMIN MOLECULE
PROPERTIES
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ONCOTIC
THE ALBUMIN MOLECULE
PROPERTIES
NON-ONCOTIC
Antioxidant
Free radical and metal ion scavenging
Modulation of immune/inflammatory responses
LPS binding, modulation of intracellular redox state,TNFα inhibition, PGE binding
Binding and transport
Many endogenous and exogenous compounds including drugs
Endothelial stabilization
Immunomodulation and antioxidant properties
Hemostatic effect
NO binding at Cys-34
Regulation of extracellular pH
Binding of H+
Regulation of fluid distribution
Negative net chargeHigh molecular weight High plasma concentration
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Bernardi et al, J Hepatol 2015
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DECOMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS
The systemic inflammation hypothesis
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
PRO-INFLAMMATORY MOLECULE PRODUCTION(cytokines, ROS/RNS, other metabolites)
Local/Systemic Inflammation
BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATIONPathogen-associated molecular pattern release
LIVER INJURYDamage-associated
molecular pattern release
RENALFAILURE HPS
ADRENALDYSFUNCTION
HEPATICENCEPHALOPATHY
SPLANCHNIC VASODILATION
CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION
CIRCULATORY DYSFUNCTION
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Bernardi et al, J Hepatol 2015
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DECOMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS
Potential targets for albumin actions
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
PRO-INFLAMMATORY MOLECULE PRODUCTION(cytokines, ROS/RNS, other metabolites)
Local/Systemic Inflammation
BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATIONPathogen-associated molecular pattern release
LIVER INJURYDamage-associated
molecular pattern release
RENALFAILURE HPS
ADRENALDYSFUNCTION
HEPATICENCEPHALOPATHY
SPLANCHNIC VASODILATION
CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION
CIRCULATORY DYSFUNCTION
↑ volemia
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ONCOTIC PROPERTIES
Plasma volume expansion
ASCITES
HUMAN ALBUMIN
A “DISEASE-MODIFYING AGENT IN CIRRHOSIS” (DMAC)
RENAL FAILURE
ENCEPHALOPATHY
BACTERIAL INFECTION
ORGAN FAILURE
ACLF
MORTALITY
NON-ONCOTICPROPERTIES
Binding capacity
Scavenging activity
Immunomodulation
Anti-inflammatory activity
Anti-thrombotic effect
Endothelial stabilization
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ONGOING POST-HOC ANALYSIS OF THE ANSWER STUDY
From the clinical trial to the real-word clinical practice
• Serum albumin concentration as a guide of treatment
• Tailoring treatment in terms of dosage, duration, frequency and criteria for
discontinuation
• Identification of patient sub-groups to apply personalized treatment
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0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
De
nsit
y
Serum Albumin (g/dL)
SMT plus HA
6.00.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
De
nsit
y
Serum Albumin (g/dL)
SMT
6.0
RESULTS
1-month serum albumin levels in the SMT and SMT+HA arms
1-month 1-monthBasal Basal
SMT: Standard Medical Treatment (n = 161)
SMT+HA: SMT + Human Albumin (n = 181)
Caraceni P. et al. EASL ILC, 2019
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1-MONTH SERUM ALBUMIN TARGET LEVEL
18-month probability of survival according to the target level
THIRD-ORDER POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,7
3,8
3,9
4,0
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
4,6
4,7
4,8
4,9
5,0
18
-mo
nth
s su
rviv
al(K
M-e
stim
ate
)
Serum albumin (g/dL)
SMT + HA: Standard Medical Treatment + Human Albumin (n=181)
Caraceni P. et al. EASL ILC, 2019
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1-MONTH SERUM ALBUMIN TARGET LEVEL
18-months survival of patients stratified according to serum albumin levels reached after at 1-month of treatment
61,164,4
66,3 67,369,5
67,669,6 70,3 71,6 72,3
8283,9 84,6
86,3 86,7
92,1 92,6 93,997,1
100
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
18
-mo
su
rviv
alp
rob
abili
ty(%
)
Serum albumin (g/dl) cut-offs after 1-month of treatment
p=0.027 p=0.002p=0.018 p=0.007p=0.007 p=0.015 p=0.001 p=0.002 p=0.002 p=0.001
KAPLAN MEIER SURVIVAL ESTIMATES
n39
n142
n57
n124
n112
n69
n122
n59
n128
n53
n139
n42
n82
n99
n146
n35
n99
n82
n70
n111
Caraceni P. et al. EASL ILC, 2019
Best cut-off to discriminate probability of survival: 4.0 g/dL
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