-- | | | | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | | 4 4 4 4 HB HB HB HB 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 4H , | 3 | | 9 9 | . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , H 9 | ~ | . | | | |. .. . 7| 7| 9 9 F | | H , 7| 4 7| . 1 | . 4 4 0 . .. . B B B B . 4 4 4 4. .. . 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 9 9 9 9 ~| | 1 . .. . 7| 4 1F Z | . 4 , , , , , , , , 7 7 7 7 5 ( | c | ~ ) | 1 1 |, | , | | 1 ~ , | | | . . 4|? 8| -- . , 4 . 4 7 Z , - - F . 4 9 1 , . | 1 7| 8| . 8 1 | | | F . 9 7 4 , s | 7 4 | . | |- | | | . , 8 . |, | H . 6 - + 4 1 4 9| | 9 . 9 F 9 1H| 9 . | | 4 , 7 | 4 1 +7 ~ 1 , 7 , H 4| 7 4 4 9 + 4 , 9 | | 9 , | | F H | 4 , 7| 4 | 1 4 7| , 7| d . ? 4 9 7 1 , | + 1 4 7 , , 9 c | 7 + | | 4 | | | 4 , 7 9 1 7 -1 F . 4 7 9| 9H| | 7 | | , + | | 4 | |, 9 | 1 - - | 4 ( 4 ) 47 (CLUE) c 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7: :: : = 8 4 . , " " . ( ) = + . 0 = . 7 7 7 7 : :: : 7 | | | , | | . 9B 1 + 1 , 8 3 4 9 . 4 2s 9 + | 4 ! 1 , s . @ @ @ @ 14 14 14 14 : : : : | | F 91 | | F 91 | | F 91 | | F 91 , , , , | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 / // /9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | . .. . 9 1 11 1 4 4 4 4 1.1 4 4 ? 1.2 4/4 1.3 4 7 1.4 4 4 ? 1.5 4 4 ? 1.6 4 * 1.7 P 1.8 4 1.9 4 | 2 22 2 4 4 4 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 2.1 4 4 ? 2.2 4 9 2.3 2.4 7 2.5 s 2.6 2.7 2.8 4 () 4 2.9 s 2.10 ( 1) 4 2.11 7 1 10 2.12 4 14 4 2.13 4 2.14 4 1 ? 3 - -- - 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 | | | | 1 1 1 1 3.1 7 3.2 1 | | 3.3 9 3.4 7 1 ~ 3.5 + 1 3.6 | s 1 3.7 | s 1 3.8 4 3.9 7 4 1H| 1 9 4 - -- - 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 4.1 7 4.2 7 4.3 7 4.4 7 4.5 7 4.6 7 4.7 1 7 4.8 1 7 4.9 9 7 11 4.10 + 7 7 5 - -- - 4 4 4 4 5.1 , 4 5.2 4 5.3 4 5.44 | 4| 6 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 6.1 7 4 | 1 4| 6.2 1 4 6.3 4 6.4 4 1 4| 7 6.5 4 | c 4 6.5.1 4 6.5.2 6.5.3 9 6.5.4 | 6.5.5 | 6.6 9H 9 6.7 +Z 6.8 6.9 4| H 6.10 | 4| 6.11 c 6.12 4 6.13 4 | 6.14 4 9 12 6.15 4 7 - -- - 4 4 4 4 1 | 7 1 | 7 1 | 7 1 | 7 7.1 1 F | 7.2 1 8 7.3 1 7 9 7.4 4 1H| 9 8 - -- - 4 4 4 4 1 9 9 1 9 9 1 9 9 1 9 9 8.1 8.2 9 P | 8.3 7 9 8.4 | 8.5 9 8.6 ( ) 8.7 9 - -- - 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 9.1 9.2 9 9.3 9 9.4 1 9.5 7| 9.6 3 13 9.7 4 9.8 4 | 0| 10 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 10.1 . 10.2 . 19 10.3 . 9 7 11 4 90 4 90 4 90 4 90 11.1 4 + 11.2 4 9 11.3 4 11.4 4 90 12 90 1 90 1 90 1 90 1 12.1 7 90 1 12.2 90 1 12.3 4 13 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 13.1 7| 7 13.2 1 7| 13.3 1 7| 13.4 13.5 / | 13.6 4 1 13.7 4 1 7 7 13.8 7 14 4 1 14 13.9 7 4 F 13.10 4 s 13.11 4 4 13.12 7 13.13 7 13.14 7 1 90 9 13.15 7 13.16 7 4 13.17 RAR | 13.18 4 9 13.19 7 4 90 13.20 4 9 13.21 4 90 13.22 / / 13.23 4 7 9 | 9 13.24 4 7| 13.25 4 | 7 1 13.26 s 7 | 14 8 8 8 8 14.1 4 | 14.2 ~ Hc 14.3 HB 4 15 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ? ( , c c c c) 1 11 1. .. .1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4? +| , | + , 1 | . 4 1 . 4 1 ~ , 4 1 F | . 1 11 1. .. .2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 16 4 | 9 4 | ~ 1 | | 1 9 4 F| | 9 | | 9 9| | | | | - c | . 9| . | | | |- || . 1969 | 9 | 9 | | 7| 9 : + | | '' 90 | | 94 '4' | - , 4| 9 | . | 4 | 17 , 7: . 4 - . 9 | -9 90 '' - 4 . 1 7 9 7 9 H , 4| 7 H| | 1 | 1 : - H | | , 7 | | H - 4 . | | s 9 H c| 4 4 1 4 9Z 4 . 4 9 - | | ( "H"- ) 4 + | | 80 | 4 1 , | 18 1 11 1. .. .3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 4 7 | . 1991 | + | ~ 4 1 4 9 , , 1 . 7| 9Z 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 1 1 1 1. . . . 386 386 386 386/( /( /( /(486 486 486 486) )) ) | | | | ( (( ( ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 ( (( ( , | | | | ) ) ) ) . . . . 9 9 9 9 , . . . . 1 1 1 1 | | | | 1 F 1 F 1 F 1 F 4 4 4 4 4| 4| 4| 4| 1 1 1 1 ( (( ( | | | | ( (( (9 | | 9 | | 9 | | 9 | | ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 19 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | . . . . , . . . . | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 , | | | | | | | | | | | | . .. . - -- - ~ ~ ~ ~ : : : : , ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~|0 1 ~|0 1 ~|0 1 ~|0 1 . . . . | | | | : : : : | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | . . . . | | | |. . . . 7| . | + 9 | 1 F | c 1 , () . U | 4 1 1 . | 1 4 1 . 4 9 7 . . 9 9 . 9 7 | . , 1 ~ 9 1 9 7 9 7 . 4 9 7 , 4 9 | + , . 1 11 1. .. .4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ? |. 4 7 , | , ~ 4 1| 7 +| 20 | / 1 , | | . 1 11 1. .. .5 55 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ? 4 4 | ? 4 . 90 9 . 9 . 90 | , - +, , 4 + ~ , 9 1 , - 4 | , 4 4 | | 9Z 9 | 4 | | . 4 , 1 F 7 | | 4 | | "users" - 4| | "RTFM" ( ) , 7 , , 48 9 9 ~ c 1 | | . 2 , |, 9 4 7 9 ~ | , ~ . 21 1 11 1. .. .6 66 6 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 4 * c 77 . , -9 | d | H 4 . 4 1 , 4 1 . 77 * P . 1 11 1. .. .7 7 7 7 P P P P P : 90 , , 4 | , | , , + +| 90 | ~| 90, + | 90| 7 | 4| |H , | 1 | . |H P | , 4| P | , H| U | P | 4 | | , 1 4 9 9 : , 9 , 90 |H , 9 , + , + 4 ~ 22 1 11 1. .. .8 88 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 | , 4 1 | , 7 . 1 11 1. .. .8 88 8. .. .1 11 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 9 9 9 : :: : 4 9 - | | , | | 4 7 ~ ~ F ~ |, 9 9 ~ |, ~ , P ~ F| 4 17 , | 17 | . 9 () , 4 , , , 4 - - | 17 H 7 , , 0| | 9 9 | | 23 1 11 1. .. .8 88 8. .. .2 22 2. .. . | | | | + 1 . 1 F F | . 4 32 386 |, c 64 |, . | 7 + | ~ . | H 41 9 , 4 + | | , 4| 4 9 | | , + 9 9 , 486 , 4 H 9 + , 7 9 ( | ), 4 1 , 4| | +7 1 F 1 11 1. .. .8 88 8. .. .3 33 3 c c c c H H H H 4 9 H 4 | H , 9E 4 7 H| | | , 7 1| H 1| | Z 4 c H 24 1| | 0 . 4 | H 1F . 7 4 H , | 1 | 4 H , 7 9 1 1 | | . 1 11 1. .. .8 88 8. .. .4 44 4 4 | | , 4 7 F | F 9 , 1 | | 1 , 1 | , +| 9 9 4 | 7 | 4 | H | . 1 11 1. .. .8 88 8. .. .5 55 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 |H | , | | | +, | | ~| 4 | | 7 25 1 11 1. .. .9 99 9 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 11 1. .. .9 99 9. .. .1 1 1 1 - -- - " , " | 4 . 4 9Z . s, , , c 4 9 . , 4 - . 4 | . | 4 | | E 11 , 7 | F | 4 9 | | , ? 7 7 : | | 9 8 | 8 9 , , |4 | , 9 | | | |H , . | , 4 , 7 | 1 8 1 4 7 | . 26 7 9| ~ 7 4 ~ . 1 11 1. .. .9 99 9. .. .2 2 2 2 7 7 7 7 4 90| | . 7 | | c 4 , | . 1| | 9 2 , 4 | 9 , 9 | , , 1| 9 1 11 1. .. .9 99 9. .. .3 3 3 3 P c | + 97 P c | + 97 P c | + 97 P c | + 97 | + ? 4 9 ~ , 4 9 | , | |H| 4 9 * 4 + | | | , ~ | | 4 + | c , | | 9 4 | . 4 | c | , 27 2 22 2 4 4 4 4 | | | | 1 1 1 1 , 4 | 1 , . , | , 4| 4 | F| | 4 , 7 T | , 4 (GNU 4 - 4 | ) | , 9 9 | P , 1 | | | + , , 1 90 7 | 90 , 7 , 4 7 7 , 4| | +7 , | P | 7 28 1 9 | 90 1 | 9F | 90| | 9c 4 | : : : + + + + : ( (( ( ) )) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ : | | | | | | | | 7~ 7~ 7~ 7~ : d| d| d| d| ( (( ( ) ) ) ) 9F 9F 9F 9F + + + +: 97 H 97 H 97 H 97 H : 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4: + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 11H 11H 11H 11H 1 1 1 1 : | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 9 9 9 9 : | | | | 90 90 90 90 4 4 4 4 : 4| 4| 4| 4| | | | | H H H H 4 4 4 4 : : 8 8 8 8 97 97 97 97 ... 4 + | | 9 ( ) , | 8| . 29 90| | 1 4 F 90 1 1 ~. 4 90 1 90| | 2.1 / // /4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ? . 4 1 | 7 | 7 8 4 | , | E 90 , | /4 F 9 4 | . 2.2 4 4 4 4 - -- -9 9 9 9 4 | , | F , 1 9 | . 9 4 | 9 . 30 2 22 2. .. .3 3 3 3 4 9 | . | ~ 1993 | . . | | + 4 1| | + 1 - . , 7 . | | | | 7| | . 9 1 c , 1 9 | c 9 . 31 2 22 2. .. .4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 7 . | . H 9|| | 20 2004 1 | . F | , 7 9|| | 9 . 4 4 9 , | | . 1 +| 9 4 7 | . 32 2 22 2. .. .5 5 5 5 s s s s s 7s 4 . 4 | F s 22 | 9 | 1995 |. s 1 4 7s 9 | 1998 . 9 | | 9 . F c . 9 , F . 33 2 22 2. .. .6 6 6 6 7 | | 4 | 1 1993 |. . 4 . s 4 1 9 1 9 | . 4 1 90 1 | 7 1 | 1 1 | c | 1 H . | ~ | 9 , ~ 7 9 1 7 , c 4 1 . 34 2 22 2. .. .7 7 7 7 - -- - 4 1992 | . 4 | 4 90| + | . 90 1 . | | + 4 . 35 2 22 2. .. .8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 E 4 4 4 4 4 | 7| | 4 | . + 1 1 | | | . , | H , 1 9| | . (4 ) 36 4 4 +| | | 9 4 | 1 7 / , | | H . 4 1 1 1| | , | . | d T8 7| 4 4 1 T8| 9 . 2 22 2. .. .9 9 9 9 s s s s 4 1 4 1 | F 1 | - 9 . 9 90| 9 c H9 . s 1, 9 + 9 | . 37 2 22 2. .. .10 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 + | ( 1 ~) 4 | | H | + 1 | . 4 7|, |, , , , |, , , c 7 90| | 9 | . , ~ 1 + . 4 9 , 7 1 9 0 7 | , 7| . 4 | 1 ~ 9B . | | - http://bosslinux.in/get-boss-cd/ 7 http://bosslinux.in/ 9B . 38 2.11 7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 | . | , | . 9 | 0 7 4 7 7 1 | . , , | . 9 , , | c - | |. 39 (1H| - 7.) 7 1 http://www.whatwouldjesusdownload.com/christianubuntu/2006/07/download.html | . | 7 1 http://parker1.co.uk/satanic/kubuntu . 40 4| 4 ! 2 22 2. .. .12 12 12 12 4 | 14 4 4 | 14 4 4 | 14 4 4 | 14 4 | | 9Z 4 4 14 91 H + | 7 | . H +| | 1 | ~ 1 , | 4| 1 | | | | 9 . 41 2 22 2. .. .13 13 13 13 4 4 4 4- -- - 1 1 1 8 . 7 4 2-4 . 4 | F| . , c 4 4 ( 4, 1 4 c) 50 + , , c. , 4 | 1 . ~ | 9. 9 4 | . 4 , , . 2 22 2. .. .14 14 14 14 1 1 1 1 ? 4 | |, (9 9 | ,) , | 4 . , 7 , , , , s, c, c. | . |. 42 1 , F| + | H 4 | , (4| 1| | ), + | , 4 7 , x86 | 4 | | , 9 9 | , 9 1 1 , ~1 , | 4 1 | 4 9 | , 64 , 486, 586 686 9 | | | + | , 4| |H | , 1 9 (| 8| | ) , | | 4 | 9 7 1 97 43 1 9H 1| , 1 , +7 1 , 1, 9+ 1 9H 1 | | 90| 1 4 9 1 9 , , 4 9 9 7 4 9 | | . 1 + 1 | . , 4 | 1 , 9 ( | , | ), | 4 4 . 4 1 1 | | | 1 . 44 3 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 | | | | 1 1 1 1 7 4 | 1 + 1 | , 1 | 1 . | 1 | 1 . , + 3 33 3. .. .1 1 1 1 7 4 1 7 7 4 1 7 7 4 1 7 7 4 1 7 - -- - F 7 , + | H | 3 , 2 c H 9 1 s 20 1 45 3 33 3. .. .2 2 2 2 7 4 1 | 7 4 1 | 7 4 1 | 7 4 1 | + 7 4 1 7 4 | . / , s c . ~ / . 7 | http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/download . 90 | . http://www.ubuntu.com/ 7 | . 8-10 | . 7 | 3 33 3.3 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 - -- - | 1 (4 1 ) | | , s | 4 1 , B (4-10 7 | | ) . | 1 (4 1 ) + / |, 4| 4 1 + / . , 9 . , Del (|) ~| (7 | ) F 46 9 F . + . 3 33 3. .. .4 4 4 4 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ , 7 + ( | 4| wubi.exe 4 ) 7 1 ~ 7 9 : ~ . 1 4 1 | 1 ~ . + | |, | 0 4 1 47 ~ 1 . ~ 9 | 9B . | 4 1 : ~ . , | 1 7 1 1 , | , + | | . F 1| , | | 9H 4 - | . 3 33 3. .. .5 5 5 5 7 4 | 1 1 7 4 | 1 1 7 4 | 1 1 7 4 | 1 1 + + + + : :: : 7 4 | / 1 4 4|, c ~ + - 48 1 s | | s C s 7 | . 1 5 . 1 20 | 1 9-10 . 1 ( c) . , 1 | | . ~ . | | . H 7 6 H| 1-2 H 7| 2 8 $%@#& c | . ~| 1 4 . 9 49 4 | 1 / | | , 7 . . 1 | | | + 4 + | : 50 | 4 4 . + | 4 ~ : Choose an operating system to start, or press TAB to select a tool: (Use the arrow keys to highlight your choice, then press enter.) Windows Ubuntu ~ 1 7 F , | . 7 7 1 | . 7 | 1 | , : ~ 7 | . 51 7 , 1 | | 9H | . 7 1 | ~ 1 . + 9 c 4| | . 4| 1 + 9 , c | H . . 1 + 1 F | . ~ 7 7 . | 1 7 4| 9 : 52 ! 7 4 | 1 + | . . . 3 33 3. .. .6 6 6 6 7 4 | 1 | 7 4 | 1 | 7 4 | 1 | 7 4 | 1 | s s s s - -- - 7 4 F , H | 1 8 1| ext c | | , H . + | s | + | 1 . | 1 , | , , 4 | . 4 1 | | 1 . 7 4 1 | 1 7 4 / . + / ~ , 7 | 1 9 . 7 | + | 1 1 , 4 1 . 4 1 | 4 1 ~ . 53 7 4 / 1 7 4 . / 4 | 1 | | | . 4 1| c + . + 2-4 1 . 7 s | 1 + / s 7 1 / | . 1H| ~ ( ). | 1 ~ 1 . , |, , , , 7| c 54 ~ . 7| , : 7| . 7 | 1 7| | | | 1 7| ~ 0 . . 7 9.04 7| ~ 7| 1 . 7| ~ 9B 7 + 1 7 1 4 1 | 9 1 1 55 1 7 ~ , . 7| 1 - T8 , 1 7 7 . | . . 7| 0 7 [F] . 1H| ~ 56 4 H H . [F] 4 . ~ 57 7| , : ~ F . 7| 1H . 7 ~ | . 7 . | . : | | 0 1 ~ 4 | USA . [F] 4 . 1 , c 1 | . | 1 7 1 1 9 ~ . 1 , | , || 7 | | 7 | 1 4| + . | . 4 . | 1 7 1 . | +| 1 | E || 1 . , 1 7 1 . 1 ~ 4 . 58 1 4 c. 7 + c [F] 4 . 59 | 9 7| | 9 | 7 . 7 | 1 . | (B) . 7 4 1 1 4 . + 7 4 | 1 | | 1 . + | H 9 1, c . 1 9H 90 | . 60 1 + . |1 4 : + 7 4 1 , 7 4 | . / 61 s / . | 7 1H| : | 7 , 9 7 62 7 . , - ! 7 4 . : 4 , 4 | . ! 3 33 3. .. .7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 - -- - , , , , | | | | ( (( (s s s s ) ) ) ) 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 - -- - | 7 1 | | . | , 7 | . ~ 7 1 + | 1 - + | . | | H . 7 /71 / s + 63 . 2 | 1 | | | H ~ . | . 3 | 4 . ~| 7 1 ( 1 7 ) 4 . 4 - + 1H| 7 1 . ~ . ~ 1 | . 7 1 | ~ 9 ( ) . 4 . 5 H . H 4 . H 1 | (+5.30 |) H . 4 . 6- ~ . ~ 0 | . . 4 . 7 c 1 | ~ . . | | , 7 | | . | 1 2 4 , 7 + . | | 9 1 1 | (Manual) 4 8 + 1 1| | | . 1 | 7 4 1 ( | | , | 64 7 1 ) | 4 . - ~ - | -- ext2 1 . 1 , 4 | 1 9 . | 4 4 | 7 / , 4 10 ~ 1 | . ~ | 4 . 11 9 . 1 ~ . 12- 1 1 4 . | . 1 4 4 8 , 4| 4 13 1 1 4 . 7 1 9 . + | H H . | | 1 | . 7 1 | | 1| ? 1 9H | + . 7 1 s 65 . + | 7 0 ~ . + 1 ( 7 ,) 1 ~ , 7 1 1 F . 7 . | | 7 4 1 H | . --- 3 33 3. .. .8 88 8 4 4 4 4 4 ~ 7 1 . 7 1 7 1 0 7 ~ . 7 | 1 , 5 | 1 7 7 9 . 4 7 1H| . 1H| 7 F . 3 33 3. .. .9 99 9 7 4 1H| 7 4 1H| 7 4 1H| 7 4 1H| 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 7 1H| 66 7| 7 | 1 , : 1 ~ 4 ~ 1- 2- 9 3- 4 1 4- : 5- 7 6- 1 7- ~ | , ~ 1 7 4 | . 7| 4 0 . ~ 2 9 67 ~ . 7 ~ : 7 ~ 1 . | | . | | 9 . 7 4.2 c 1 ~ F . ~ 4 . 9 7 ~| | + /7 1 . ~ 9 . | H| 7 | : 68 7 ~ F 9 7 + 1H| | . 4 - 7 9 F + 69 4 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 4 44 4. .. .1 1 1 1 + | | c 9 . 4 44 4. .. .2 2 2 2 , 4 9 . 70 4 44 4. .. .3 3 3 3 9 , 4 c 9 . 4 44 4. .. .4 4 4 4 7 . | | . 71 4 44 4. .. .5 5 5 5 ~| 9 3 . 72 4 44 4. .. .6 6 6 6 1 7 9 . , , 4 , 1H| 90 c. 4 44 4. .. .7 7 7 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 7 4 + ~| 4| 1, , , , +| c | , , 7 1 , 7 . 73 4 44 4. .. .8 88 8 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 9 7 | 9. | (9 ) 7 + | 9| , , , 1H| 1 c 7 . 74 4 44 4. .. .9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ( (( (1 1 1 1 ) )) ) 7 7 7 7 - 7 + 9 9 s| 9, , 1 9, 9 9, 9 c. 8| c | 9 1 . 75 4 44 4. .. .10 10 10 10 - -- - + 7 7 + 7 7 + 7 7 + 7 7 | -| 1, (~ ), 9 + -/ 7 . 4 7 ~ , , |1 , c. 7 + . 1H| 4 1H| c F + - . 76 4 1 , 7 , c | |. , 4 1 | | 4 . 4 1 4 4 . 4| 4 4 . 77 5 , , , , 4 4 4 4 9 9 9 9 5 55 5. .. .1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 | | | | . . . . , , , , - | | 9+ . + 1 4 4 | , H|, |, 7| 4| + . 4 | | c 7 4 | . , , , , ( (( ( ) ) ) ) - 4 | | 4 + 90 , c. | | | . 78 . | + . : # totem /home/a/video/amitabh.avi | 90 , /home/a/video/ 4| amitabh.avi | | . 4 4 1 7 . 9 /home/a/video/ 4| amitabh.avi 4 4 1 7 7 4 amitabh.avi /home/a/video/ 4| . ! ? 7 * , | | | F | . ~ 1| | . , 4 9 | 7 | . 5 55 5. .. .2 2 2 2 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 - -- - 4 + 9 | . 4 , F . 79 0 * ls ( 4|) | , dir cd directory 4| | 4| passwd 9 () file filename 9 filename cat textfile ( 41) textfile | 0 1H| . pwd 4| exit logout man gedit gedit 7 ( , ) 8 9 info gedit gedit gedit gedit gedit 7 (|) 8 9 apropos string whatis strings 4 halt halt halt halt + 7 reboot reboot reboot reboot + 9, 4 ( ) 80 5 55 5. .. .3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 - -- - 4 4 4 4 /? man cd cd chdir pwd cls clear copy cp date date del rm dir ls echo echo edit pico (or other editor) exit exit fc diff find grep format mke2fs or mformat mem free mkdir mkdir more more or even less move mv ren mv time date | | , 7 . 5 55 5. .. .4 4 4 4 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4| 4| 4| 4| 7 4 9 (| ) 7 4 , 7 4 . 81 , 90 9 . 9+ | 90 , | 7 1 . F 1 | 4| , - 7 ls $ ls 82 $ 7 9+ ~ F | . ls 4| 7 . ls | . 4 | | . ls, Ls, lS LS | 9B , 4 7 | , . H . , | | 4| | 98 | , 4| ( ~) H| , . + 83 $ cd / F 4| . ls . $ ls 4 | F 4| - 84 6 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 6 66 6. .. .1 1 1 1 7 4 | 1 4| 7 4 | 1 4| 7 4 | 1 4| 7 4 | 1 4| 4 | | 1 | 4| , | | . F 4| / 1 | + 4 bin dev media proc selinux tmp boot etc lib mnt root srv usr cdrom 85 home lost+found opt sbin sys var ~ 4 initrd.img vmlinuz cdrom c. 4| | | 4 1 . 4 1 | | | . 1 4 1 (44 ) | 4 7 | . , + 7 halt reboot . 7 +| | 4 +| , 86 1 1 1 1 , , , , 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | . .. . ~ ~ | | 7 . 6 66 6. .. .2 2 2 2 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 4 4| | | 9 . F 4| ( , ls ls al ) ls al $ ls -al ls | | | . ~| 9 ~ , ~ | 1 . + : 87 9 F 4| | | 1 . drwxr-xr-x lrwxrwxrwx c. H d 4| 9 , l . rwx 4| (|), () (44) | . rwx , 7 . | r , w x | , 8 9 4| | | . 9 r-x , 9 , , | . + 18 - 4| 14 1+ E . E 4| 1 - 4| | E . 1+ 4| F . 1+ . F 4| 1 | 4| , F 1 9 | ~ F . 1+| 4| | . 88 4| 14 | . ~ - 6 66 6. .. .3 3 3 3 4 14 4 14 4 14 4 14 4 1 F / F . 4 s | | c, d, e c H| | | . | F 4| , , s c , 4 F 4| 1 , | /usr, /etc, /bin, /sbin, /opt, /mnt, /dev c 4| . /windows ~ 7 90| 9 4 /bin ~ 4 90| . /sbin 4| . /etc 4| 1 9| 7 . /usr 4| 1 9| | 4 . | 90 ~ | . 4| c 4 . 4 9 4| . ~ 9 c 1 /opt 4| 1 . /dev 4| 4 |, | c | 0 . /dev/cdrom + s . 4 ( 7 1 F ) | | s | . 7 4 89 7 . /mnt 4| | | s c 7 . 4| 7 , | 0 . /home 4| 9c (F , 4| /root | 4| , F | 4| ) 4| 1, , c . /boot 4| 4 () 4 7 . /proc 4| 4 9 | | | 0 . | 4 4| | HB | | 4| 4| 4| 4| /bin 90 , , 9 9 1 /boot 1 | , vmlinuz | 0 grub 0 0 0 , + | /dev 7 , | | /etc c | 4| , 7 0 /home 9 | 4 90 4| 4| 4| 4| /initrd ( 8 | ) +7 | | ! /lib | , 9 H| | /lost+found | 1 lost+found + 9H H /misc 9 | 4| /mnt , s, | H 9| 7 7 /net 1 9| 7 7 /opt 7 P| 9B 90 9 1 /proc , | | proc | | | man proc /root 9 | /, F 4|, /root, root 9 | /sbin 9 9 90 /tmp 9 1 1, , H 4| 1 ! 91 4| 4| 4| 4| /usr 9 +7 H| | , 9 90 /var 9 7 | , , 1 H, 7 | | 1 , 9, | 4 | 9 | 4| . /mnt 7 7 1 7 . | | , 8 | H | 1 14 | 4 | s 7 . 4 c 1 1 . | 1 | F 1 4 1 1 F . 1 9 4 | 9 | | | 1 . + 1 4 1 2 | | . 6 66 6. .. .4 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 | | | | - -- - 4| 7 4| 7 4| 7 4| 7- -- - 92 4 | 4| H| 7 . 4| d l . 7 7 7 7 7 - | d l c s p 6 66 6. .. .5 5 5 5 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | c c c c 4 4 4 4 : :: : 6 66 6. .. .5 55 5. .. .1 11 1 9| 7 | 97 9H ( 9H) | F 7 | , , | 9 1 | | 9| | c 6 66 6. .. .5 55 5. .. .2 22 2 4 4 4 4 ? 93 shell | , " | 1| | 1| | 1| | 1| | | | | " "" ", | 1 | , " sh- ," , " 9 7 | 9 7 | 9 7 | 9 7 | 9 9 9 9 " "" " 1 | 7 + | , | 9 | | , 7 | 1 | 9 | , ~| | , , 9| | , 4| | 9 | | | 6 66 6. .. .5 55 5. .. .3 33 3 9 9 9 9 | , 9 + | 9 : sh : 4 9| 4 +7 | 9 , 90, 4- F bash | bash (|) : , | , | U 4 9 bash | sh , bash , ~ | 94 csh : | 90 | tcsh | : , , ksh : 4 4 | | 7, | | | /etc/shells 4 9| 7 | | : ravi:~$cat /etc/shells /bin/bash /bin/sh /bin/tcsh /bin/csh 6 66 6. .. .5 55 5. .. .4 4 4 4 | | | | /bin/sh bash | | , F PATH | 9| | 4| , (90) , 9+ 9 , 4| | | : ravi:$tcsh [ravi@post21 ~]$ 9 9 9 9 ? 95 | 1 , | , , /etc/passwd : echo $SHELL 6 66 6. .. .5 55 5. .. .5 5 5 5 | | | | - Command Meaning > >> < cd ~/images ravi:~$/images>pwd /home/rom/images , 4| 9 | 6 66 6. .. .11 11 11 11 +7 c +7 c +7 c +7 c , 7 | /etc 4| 0 cat 4| | | , + 9 9 : cat file1 file2 ... fileN +7 | | | 7 /etc 4| +7 7 | 4 | , | H 4 | 8 104 , 90 , man aliases. - -- - +7 +7 +7 +7 | | | |/ // / aliases +7 1 9| | + 4 | | | , 9 4 | 1 9 | | 9 | 7 1 | +7 1 bashrc | 9| | 9 9+ 7 | 7 | | 7 +7 , cshrc. crontab cron.* 4 + | - , 9| | , 9| | , 7| - default useradd | ~

file systems 7 9: ext3, vfat, iso9660 etc. fstab | 7 | ftp* | : +7 1 , 9| 1 9 , 105 | | | |/ // / group 9 | | groupadd, groupmod groupdel | 1 + 4 grub.conf +7 | hosts 7 9 | +7 1 , | 9| 7 +7 | , /etc/sysconfig httpd | inittab +7 |: |, | | E issue +7 |(Z E) ld.so.conf | | | 1 lilo.conf, silo.conf, aboot.conf etc. 4 +7 | 9| 9 , 0 1 | logrotate.* H, 9| mail 4|, +7 106 | | | |/ // / | modules.conf (s) s| | motd 7 : 9| ( | ) 9| 9 9| +7 /+ | 9 mtab | 9 + | | nsswitch.conf 9H 1 , | ~| + H pam.d 8 +7 s| passwd 1 9 | | useradd, usermod and userdel | + + | 4 printcap 4 9 9 | + | 4 profile 9| : , | | , | | 107 | | | |/ // / rc* 1 H | 4 resolv.conf | + H( | ) sendmail.cf | E services 1 +7 ( ) sndconfig sound +| ssh H 0 +7 4| sysconfig 9| +7 | | 4|: , , , 1, 9| | , 97 ( ) X11 , 4 49| XFree 1 , | E , XFree86Config 9| 1 9 97| +7 , gdm, fvwm, twm, xinetd.* 7 +7 9| (1) 7 ( 17 | ) | HB , 7 | , | | , 4| 4 9 + 108 7 . , , - 6 66 6. .. .12 12 12 12 , | 1, 4 1 4| 7 98 | 4 | 9 1 | | 7 | F | 4 4 9 4 | | | | | | cdrom s console 9 98 cua* dsp* + fd* 9 s| | 98 , 98 /dev/fd0H1440, . 9| | 9 s hd[a-t][1-16] s| 98, | ir* 79 109 isdn* +7| 97 js* 1 lp* 9 mem 1 midi* mixer* music 4 ( + , ) modem mouse (msmouse, logimouse, psmouse 9 null |, par* +7 98 pty* radio* ram* sd* 1 , | sequencer ( 7) | 7 1 | | tty* ~ , | | usb* 1 video* 110 6 66 6. .. .13 13 13 13 /var 4| 4 0 ( ls H 9| | , ~ | ) 4 , 7 , 4 , , 1 ,/var| - 4| H | T8 | E 9| | , | 4 7 , /var/tmp, | 9 , + | 9| 7 9 | /var 4| | - 4 9, , 1 1, H | F| 0 , | 4 | E H 9| , 4 | , 7 | , 9 | H , 9H , 9| +| 7 () syslogdaemon | | 7 , 7| | 1 /var/log, 9, , 9| 7 7| | /var 0 , c H | | 111 4 9| /var/www, 9 | 7 , 1H | | H ( 0 1 0 | ) /var 4| 0 F 4 9 , , 7 c 0| | 4| 6 66 6. .. .14 14 14 14 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 + 9 8 . 4 | 9 8 9| | 1 9 F . 4 9 | . | top 9. $ top | 9 | | . 4 | 9 - * 1| 9 | | . 112 7 9 | | 7 pstree 9 . 9 -| - $ pstree 1F 9 | | . : 113 9 4 9 9 . 4 8 | 9 . 6 66 6. .. .15 15 15 15 4 4 4 4 | 4 . , c | , 4 - . 114 9 9 9 9 passwd . passwd a a . chpasswd useradd . useradd arun arun . Linux Quick Reference SOME USEFUL COMMANDS . . . . / // / 4| 4| 4| 4| ls |/ 4| | . 4 4| 14 | . cp | | . cp /home/hi.txt /home/arun/ /home 4| | hi.txt | /home/arun 4| . mv | 1 1 . rm /home/hi.txt /home/arun/ /home 4| | hi.txt /home/arun 4| . rm ln | | cd 4| . ~ cd.. 4| 1 cd / | 1 | 4| (F) cd 9 4| cd | 9 | 4| pwd 4| 115 mkdir 4| . mkdir /home/a /home 4| a | 4| . rmdir 4| 9 9 9 9 cat (| 0) less 9 head F | tail | nl od | xxd | gv 1 1H/ | xdvi TeX DVI | emacs vim umask ~ H soffice , 4 , 9 7 c 1 abiword 9 . gnumeric 4 90 stat wc , , du 1 file | 1 touch 1 + 116 chown chgrp chmod H | chattr 7 | lsattr 7 | | 1 1 1 1 find | . find golu.jpg golu.jpg . slocate | which 4 . which grep - /bin/grep whereis | 90, 8| ( (( ( ) ) ) ) grep | | | cut 1+ paste 1+ tr H sort uniq tee stdin | stdout gzip (GNU ) compress (4) bzip2 (BZip2) 117 zip ( ) diff | -- comm | | cmp | | by md5sum 1 1 1 1 df 1 mount 1 (, c ) 7 | 0 fsck 1 | sync 1 9 mt s dump 1 restore + |1 tar | / cdrecord rsync | | lpr lpq lprm | 118 look aspell 4 spell 9 9 9 9 ps 9 w 9 9 uptime top 9 xload free (9|) | kill 9 7 nice 9 9 renice 9 9 s s s s sleep watch 90 at s crontab s 1 1 1 1 uname | hostname 1 ifconfig | / host whois ping 4 1 traceroute 1 119 ssh 1 H telnet 1 scp | 1 H sftp 1 | H ftp 1 | evolution 90 ~ mutt 90 mail 90 mozilla lynx 4 wget 1 8| slrn gaim 1 90 talk 4/4 90 write mesg | grip 3 xmms 3 90 cdparanoia audacity 90 xcdroast free | | clear 1H| 1 echo 1H| 120 | | | | 90 9 90 9 90 9 90 9 9 9 9 9: : : : + ++ +z zz z 9 9 9 9 . . . . 1 1 1 1 + ++ +q qq q 9 9 9 9 . .. . 1 | | | | , 1 + 4 4| . , 9 , ~ 4| 4 1 | | , | c * . --------------- 121 5 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 | | | | 7 7 7 7 | , 4| 90| . 4 1 9| 4| . 1 , | . 4 1 | 7 7 ~ |, 4 1 | + 1 9| 1 1 9 | . 122 + | 0 , 7 ( 7 4 ) s| 1 | , 1 , 9 8 9| , . 7 4 1 ~ F 9 , 7 9 1 ~ . 7 4 ~ 1 - F-7 / . F| 4 F| 4 F| 4 F| 4 - -- - || || || || . . . . 9 9 9 9 : : : : 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 ~ F ~ F ~ F ~ F 9 9 9 9 . . . . 4 4 4 4 s s s s , , , , 7 c 7 c 7 c 7 c . . . . 9 9 7 9 9 7 9 9 7 9 9 7 , , , , 90| 90| 90| 90| . .. . 7 77 7. .. .1 1 1 1 1 F | 1 F | 1 F | 1 F | 7 4 ( 1 4 | ) 1 7 | > F 4 . + 9 | 9 - 123 9 F 4 1 F . , 18 9 . H 9 . (1) 9 | . | 9 9 7 1 . 9 1 . 9 4 | 4 . 1 F . 7 77 7. .. .2 2 2 2 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 9 | | 8 4 4 1 8 F ~ . . | , 124 4 , | 4 , . 7 77 7. .. .3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 - -- -9 9 9 9 9 | 4 1 7| | ~ . 7 9 7 , 1 7, 1 7, 7, | 7 c , ~ | . 125 9, 1 T 9 ( 4) . 4 1 0 , 7 | . 7 77 7. .. .4 4 4 4 4 1H| 9 4 1H| 9 4 1H| 9 4 1H| 9 126 4 | 1H| 1 > | 7 1H| 7 4 . 1H| | 1 1H| 9 . | 1H| ~ 9 | 1H| , | ( *H ) . 1H| . + *H , 1H| . 1H| ~ 1H| + 1H| 1 9 | . 127 8 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 1 7 + 9 ~ , | , s, 9 , , 9, c c | 9 . 8 9| + | . 128 5.2.1 8 88 8. .. .1 1 1 1 1 > 9 > 7 + | ~ . 7 c | . 1 / 4 | . 1 | 7 7. 7 4 + | 80 . 129 8 88 8. .. .2 2 2 2 9 P | 9 P | 9 P | 9 P | 7 4 9| . 1>9 7 9 P ~| . 9 P| | | . 9| 1 . 7 9 | 9 P . 8 88 8. .. .3 3 3 3 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 1>9 7 9 7 4 c -9 . | H c 130 . | 1 9 s| | 7 1 ~ . F c H | , 9 |, | 7 | | . 11 4 F . 131 8 88 8. .. .4 4 4 4 | | | | 1 > 9 7 | ~ . 4 9 . |, , , c . , | . | |, 90| 9 . 8 88 8. .. .5 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 7 > 9 > 9 + 9 | , 9 s 1 , ~ 9 | 1 ~ 9 ~| . 9 | 9B 4 9 1 . 132 4 9 1 . 9 / 4 + . 7 4 1 s 1 | 9 s 1 . 9 1 F 7 | 9 | s 1 . 9 1 . 133 9 s 1 7 9 | ~ 91 9 4 . ~ 9 | | 9 ~ . 4 . , | . 9 + 1 9 F 134 + 9 1 . 9 1 90 9 > 9 1| . 8 88 8. .. .6 6 6 6 ( (( ( ) ) ) ) 4 | . . 1>9> 7 7 . | , . , | | H . 135 8 88 8. .. .7 7 7 7 - -- - 1 > 9 > 7 + 1 | | , , 7 , 7 7 . | | 7 9B | ( c) . 136 9 , 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 7 4 7 4 9 7 1 7 . 4 7 ~ - 7 |, 1 () | | ( | ) c 137 . | + 1 F 9 | . F 9 4 | | , 7 . 1 . | , , 1, s s c . | . | | 9 . / 4 , . . 7 - 1 | 9 . 138 9 99 9. .. .2 2 2 2 7 4 9 7 4 9 7 4 9 7 4 9 F/ 9 | | . 1 | s 4 4 1 9 . | 139 | . 7 4 9 ~ ~ F 1 . 9 7 7 , 7 4 1 7 1 - - 9 7 4 ~ 7 | 9 . 4 7 9 | 1 . 140 4 7 1 . 7 http://chitthacharcha.blogspot.com/ . 4 7| 7 9 9 99 9. .. .3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 c - 9 7 4 4 . 7 4 | . ~ 4 | . 7 1 7 4 141 9 7 - 9 7 4 . ~ 7 9 7 ~ 4 . ~ | | | . ~ 90 1 | , . 142 ~ 4 | F . 3 4 4 c c | | . 4 9 143 4 (7 4 ~ F 1 ) 1 1 - F c *, 7 1 4 9 F c . 9 99 9. .. .4 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 - -- - 4 | 90 . . 9> > 7 . 144 90 , , | 9 . | 7 1 90 . . 9 . 9 , , c | . | | 1 90 | . 145 9 99 9. .. .5 5 5 5 7 7| 7 7| 7 7| 7 7| 7 | 1 7| ~ 7| , 7| 1 | , 4| ~ 7| (1H |) . 1 0 | | | , ~ F 0 . 7| . 146 . 1>|> 7 - | 7 4 4 . 4 | ~ . 7| . 147 7| | 7| 4 ~ . 1H | ( ) . | 4 | 7| | 0 kamal 7| F . 0 7| | 1 , F 7| 0 9 . F| . ~ | 4 . ~ | ~+9 7 . 148 7| , ~+9 , 7| . 0 ~+9 . | 7 7 . 7 7 4 ~ . 1H 4 4 . 7 7 7| 4 . 7 7 149 Ind 4 USA . 7 1 | 7 4 1. 7| ~| c 1 . 1 17 1 8 , 7| . 1 | . 7| 90 150 9>> 7 . 4 4 1 gedit . 9 99 9. .. .6 6 6 6 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 3 3 3 3 4 + 7 4 . 7 4 ~ F 3 | | | . 151 . 4 , 3 | 7 + , | , 7 1 F 1 . 14 9 1 | 1 | . , 1 1 | 3 | . 152 4 + 3 , ~ 1 , , . | 3 H | | | 1 4 . 153 + H | 90 9 9 > > 7 . 9 99 9. .. .7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 7 4 | 1 90 . 4 ~| 90 7 1 | | | H . 7 4 9 > > 7 - , 4 ~ s 1 F + , 4 ~ - 154 ~ . 4 . 7 14 41 1 . | 7 ~ F 1 | , 7 9 1 1 . 1 9 > $ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras F F - 155 , ~ ! 4 ~ ? 156 , | 4 4 | 7 4 . | 1 | 4 7 1 | - . 9 99 9. .. .8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0| - -- - 4 | 9 7 1 9| | | . + | 9 | ~ , 9 . + 9 > 7 + 4 + 1 1H| 157 | + 7 | | + . + 90 7 4 | 7 . , + | 90 | | 158 + 7 9 , 7 | | 9 159 | . 9 | | 9 . 7 4 7 | 90 + 1 . | 4 1 90 1 | 1| 1 . **** 160 10 4 4 4 4 9 9 9 9 9 4 | | 7 | 1 . | 94| 90 9 ( 90), 19 (4 ), 97 ( ) 90 . 9 7 9 > > . 9 4 . 161 | 1H| 9 1 1 . . 1 3.0 , . , | , 7 ( 7 4) | 1 . 7 1 . + 9 4 . 4 | 90 1 4

7 7 90 4 . 90| 1 90| | | . | | . | 4 |

, 1 9 4 | . . 162 H9 1 , ~ 7 . 1| H9 . 10 10 10 10. .. .1 1 1 1 . .. . . , - , c. 1 7| , F . | | , 1 95 | . 163 | 7 . | 7| . 4 7| 1 ~ 1 7| 1 . | ( ) 7| . , | . 1 ~ 7 . ~ 4 . 164 4 4 . print. , . 4 | 9B . . | | . 165 10 10 10 10. .. .2 2 2 2 . .. . 19 19 19 19 19 90 9 > 7 . 19 . 19 90 | 4 | | 19 90 . 166 . 19 90 7 1 7| . 7| +| | . H| . , | 7 | | . H 7 . 10 10 10 10. .. .3 3 3 3 . .. . 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 4 + 7 97 | . 7 4 . +9 9 7 90 + 9 7 . 7 9 7 90| 7 . 167 9 7 90 9 > 7 . 9 7 4 . | + 1H| 9 7 90 9 . | 1 9 7 | 9 7 . 9 7 | | | . 168 9 7 | 9 7 ~ 9 + 4 . + . ~| . 9 . | + . 1 1H| ( ) | , 9 c . 9 | . . 7 ~| . 4 . 169 9 7 c . | 4 . 9 7 . 4 170 . 8 4 . 9 7 1 E 90 . . 9 7 90 +9 4 |, 1 9 . . 7 90 19 9 . 171 E 90 1 ~| 9 9 7 , . 1 ~ . , , , c . 172 11 4 4 4 4 90 90 90 90 11 11 11 11. .. .1 1 1 1 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ? + . 4 |, . , , , + F 4 | 1 | c . 4 8 | 0 | 7 256 .. , 5.1 7 7 7 c | . 7 9 4 1 , 8 | | | 1 ~ F 1 , 7 + 8 | . 173 + | . + | . , ~ 1 + ? c 7 | ~ 1 10 + . 7 4 | ~ 1 1 17 + 1 . 7 4 7 9 > 7 , 7 4 . 174 7 , | 9 , |, 9 7 . ~| ~ | + 9 . 9 | . 4 4 4 4 43 33 3, , , , | | | | | 1 . | | , H 9| 4 + 4 1 . 4 | H 1 1 1H| . 11 11 11 11. .. .2 2 2 2 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 | | 9 | | , 90 9 175 -7 + . 9 9 7 ~ F | , 1 . 4 9| | 1 , : . 9 1 . (9 > > 7 ) + $ sudo apt-get install gnucash + 1 1 1 . 9 - - , | 9 , 1 9 c. 0 | | 9 . 176 11 11 11 11. .. .3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 ( (( ( ) )) )- -- - 4 9 / 90 , 9, . 7 4 | 9 ~ 1 . 9 9 > 1 4 . 1 90 4 177 1 / , , 1 | / . F 94 4 . 4 . 178 | / | 1 4 . , | | 1 . 179 11 11 11 11. .. .4 4 4 4 4 H9 90 4 H9 90 4 H9 90 4 H9 90 4 | 9 . , 4 , / , | . | | , 4 H9 90 . H9 1 | | | . 4 H9 90 1 7 . 4 90 | . 7 ~ 1 | . 90 7 4 F 1 . 90 1 | 90 4 1 . 90 | 90| 1 c7 . 90 | * 90 F 4 + . 4 H9 2003 90 4 . | 8 90| 4 H 9~ F | . H 90| 4 | . 90| 4 , | . 90| c 1 . 180 7 4 90 1 7 4 90 1 7 4 90 1 7 4 90 1 7 4 90 1 | + 4 . 9 > > 7 + $ sudo apt-get install wine F F . . . 1 4| | 1 |. 4 | . 1 90| 4 4 4 90 . 90 7 9 > > 90 1 90 90| + 90 4 + 7 F 1 1H| . 4 . 181 + 1 1 1H| 4 0 1H| 9 . 182 0 4 . 1 4| . , ~ | . 4 . ~| 9 183 9 4 . 1H| + c 4 . ~ . , 1 4 . | + 4 1 . 184 1 + . 4 . | + + 1 c 4 | 7 90| 4 1 . , 1 90 185 4 1 90 9 > > 90 186 12 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 90| 90| 90| 90| ( 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 ) 7 4 90| 1 7 90| 1 | | . 7 | c 90| | 7 1 F . - 90 1 | 4 . 187 7 1 4 . | | 7 4 . 12 12 12 12. .. .1 1 1 1 7 90 1 7 90 1 7 90 1 7 90 1 | 7 | 90 1 . | 90 7 1 , 4 90| 1 188 . 90 program 1 7 4 $ sudo apt-get install program 9 90 7 90 $ sudo apt-get remove program . + 4 | | . 4 . 12 12 12 12. .. .2 2 2 2 90 1 90 1 90 1 90 1 90| 7 1 > 9 > 97 1 . 189 9 ( F ) 9 1 1 | | ( 90|) | . | 90 1 9 | | 9 . 9 Z 90| 4 HB | 90 4 4 . 190 90| 1 , 4 4 | . 1 90| 4 . 90 ( 1) . 12 12 12 12. .. .3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 90 . 7 ~ F 1 90 . > / 7 90 , / s s 191 E 1 4 . s s . 1H| | . F 1 F | , / 192 13 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 | 4 | . 4 7 F 1| 9B 4 4 | | . 4 4 c, 1 | 1 7 c F * . 91 4 13 13 13 13. .. .1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 : : : : 4 7| 7 4 7| 7 4 7| 7 4 7| 7 ( (( ( c c c c) ) ) ) 4 | F , F 9 4 + | c | 4 1 | | 193 4 1| ( , , s, 7 4 1 c) 9 , |, , , , 7|, |, , c | 1 ( ) | 6 9 0 1 | + 9 - H | + | 4 , 1 c | , 7 7| ( 7 ) 4 1 1 1 1 : :: : 7 | 1 | , , 7 | | | 1 1 -- 1 , 7 1 1 ~ 1 | 7 ~ | ~ . , ~ 0 | | | . 194 | H 1 | | | | - : :: : 7 7|, , |, c , | 9 | . , 9| | 9H 9: 9 9 1 | | 7 -|, 1 -| 4, -, c , 4 c P | , | 4 7 , s |, 7 | 1 |, | 7 4 1| 4 9 1 Z 9| , 4 . | 9 7| 9 7|, 7| 195 | | 9| 4 7 | 9 7 | , : 0 | 1 9 1 , 0 | ~ ~ ~ ~ : :: : 4 ~ F | , ~, 0 ~ 7| 7| 4 7 4 4 1 > 9 > . 7|. 196 4 |. 1/ 4 . ~ , 41 , 41 7 c . 197 | 1 - F . 1 4 . | | + 1 198 4 0 | ~ ~ 1 / ~ | | . | 0 | 1 0 9H 1 ~ 7| / 4 | 4 9| 1 1 7 1 : :: : 4 ~, 0 7| | 1 1 7| 7| ? 7| | , 4 7| 1H 7| H 0 | 0 (| 1) | 199 13 13 13 13. .. .2 2 2 2 : :: :- 7 4 ~ - 9| 4 1 4 , Add 4 USA ( 7 ~ , 7| Ind ) 9 4 | 7 200 / , 7| 7| / 4 7 - 7| 0 0 7|, 9 4 1 | 9: ~+9 ~+ 7 9 4 | 4 7 ~ Group Shift Lock Behavior 1 ~ , , : ~+9 Add 4 | |: | | 1 / | | 7| 9 ~ 7| | 1 , 7| 0 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 201 7| | (7 | 1 ) 13 13 13 13. .. .3 3 3 3 : :: :- 1 7 4 Control Center 4 Index 9 7 Regional & Accessibility + 7 4 | 98 Keyboard Layout 4 Enable Keyboard Layouts , 7 , 7|, c Add >> 4 1 | Xkb Options 4 4 Enable Xkb Option Group Shift / Lock behavior ~ , ~+9 Apply 4 7 13 13 13 13. .. .4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 90 ~ 9 . 90 4 ~ F 1 , 1 | 1 . 90| | 1 | 7 . 202 # wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf ~ 90 . , . 90 ~ | . [Dialer Defaults] Modem = /dev/ttyS1 Baud = 115200 Init1 = ATZ Phone = 172226 Username = Your-USERNAME Password = Your-PASSWORD 4 + - - # wvdial 13 13 13 13. .. .5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 | | | | ISO 4 | | | 9| 7 . CD/DVD | ISO 9 . 4 | F |. 7 4 ISO . "Computer" "Places> Computer" . CD/DVD Drive 9 7 4 "Copy Disc" 203 "Copy Disc" 4 . "Copy Disc To..." "File Image" "Write" 4 H . 204 . 13 13 13 13. .. .6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 . .. . 205 7 4 1 | 4 4| | 1H . 4 . 4| '' . 7| 9 9 9 . 4 1 : http://oriyasarovar.org/download/baraha-maps.zip . 7| | (hi-baraha.mim) 4 4 /usr/share/m17n . + SCIM scim-m17n 1 . | hi-baraha.mim . /usr/share/m17n . F F m17n ~ | . 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | , 4 | , || . || | | . . | . 206 | 4 . 4 , . , 1 http://www.baraha.com/baraha.htm 4| + - # wine baraha.exe , baraha.exe , , . 1 baraha70.exe. F . | 7 9 . 4 , 4 9 7| . ? | 4 | + 1 . 7 | , , 4 1 . 1 http://code.indlinux.net/projects/baraha-maps/ | 1 ( 207 - baraha-maps-0.2.tar.gz) |. 2 + # tar xzf baraha-maps-0.2.tar.gz 3 4| + # cd baraha-maps-0.2 4 # make 5 c7 | - - # sudo make install | ! 1 1 . 1 7| 7| . 13 13 13 13. .. .7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 : : : : 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 : : : : 7 7 7 7 7 4 ~ 1 7 . 7 7 . : http://www.linuxmint.com/repository/daryna/mintmenu_2.8_i386.deb 7 1 208 4 | 4 1 | | | | : 1 1 90+ | | 90+ 7 90+ 1 1 1 1 1 | 4 1 4 | 0 , 4 , 209 | 4 | 9 41 | ~ | "9 " 13 13 13 13. .. .8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 14 41 14 41 14 41 14 41 1 1 1 1 210 7 4 7 14 41 | 9 ~| 1 , 7 | | 7 | + | 7 | 4 7 1 | 9 7 14 41 7 " " ~ 4 Restricted | 4 4 "All Available Application" 7 "7 14 41" | 7 14 41 4 7 | 1 7 14 41 + 1 # flashplugin-nonfree # gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly # gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse # msttcorefonts # sun-java5-jre # sun-java5-plugin 13 13 13 13. .. .9 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 F F F F . .. . 4 ~ F F 4 | 7 4 | F 4 H F 4 | F F 4 | F F 4 | F F 4 | F ? 7 1 F H | F | 211 | www ~ ~ | F 9 F 9 | : :: : : : sudo -s F | etc/gdm/ gdm.conf : AllowRoot=false false true 1 F F F 13 13 13 13. .. .10 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 : : : : 4 4 4 4 s s s s 4 | 1 s . 7 | . ," ". 212 s 1 ~ / 1 . 7 9| 1 . 1 , 9 . 4? 7 . : http://www.acetoneiso.netsons.org/ 13 13 13 13. .. .11 11 11 11 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1H 4 F ( ) 4 . 1 ~ | . , | , 213 4 7 | . 1H : http://ubuntu.online02.com/node/14 214 13 13 13 13. .. .12 12 12 12 4 4 4 4 : : : : 1 1 1 1 4 7: menu.lst . | 1 . 1 , H 0 | . 215 sudo apt-get install startupmanager 1 . 1 System>Administration >Startup Manager F . 13 13 13 13. .. .13 13 13 13 4 4 4 4 : : : : : : : : 7 7 7 7 | | | | . .. . 7 , | | 7 | | 1 7 ~ 7 , , | E F 4 7 4 | | 9 | 1 : https://localhost:10000/ 7 | : 1. 9 ~ 2. 1 , 4 1 216 3. | ~ . | 1 4. : http://www.stress-free.co.nz/webmin-theme/ 5. http://www.webmin.com/ apt-get install webmin 7 4 1 . 1H| ( 8 ~ ) 7 | 7 9 | 7 9 | 7 9 | 7 9 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 90+ 9 0+ 9 0+ 9 0+ 9 , s s s s , | | | | , , 1 1 1 1 7 ~ 90 | 90 217 | + 1 1 , 1, 1 4 F 9 13 13 13 13. .. .14 14 14 14 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 1 90+ 1 90+ 1 90+ 1 90+ 7 1 90+ msconfig 7 system > administrative tools> services 4 : - 4 9 218 | 1 90+ | system > preference > sessions 90 1 90 90 7 exe 7 | 4 | 4 properties 13 13 13 13. .. .15 15 15 15 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 7 4 1 + | | Apache HTTP Server MySQL Database Server PHP 219 ~ 9: phpMyAdmin Webmin Webmin Skins 3 9 1 1H| 1 | E apache2, mysql-server,php5,php5-gd,php5-mysql 7 4 | 1 mysql server 1 http://localhost/ 220 + | F 4| /var/www/ it works html | F 4 | F ~ | 7 | 7 | 1 | | www.webmin.com 9B 221 1 4 | 1 1 : https://localhost:10000/ H | 7 1 222 | : http://www.stress-free.co.nz/webmin-theme?page= webmin >webmin configuration > Webmin Themes 1 4 1 4 . 223 1 9| . 4 existing virtual webhost 4 . 1H 224 4 F /var/www/ ~ 4 4 mysql | 9 7 | F | 9 1 1 225 13 13 13 13. .. .16 16 16 16 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 7 + 9 | | 7 1 1 ( 1 | ) 7 1 1 1 4 H9 90 | 1 . 9 4 | C:\ Drive 7 | 1| 9 7 90| 4 1 9 | + F | > | > 226 4 | 7 F 7 1 7 | 227 1 | > > 90+ > 7 228 13 13 13 13. .. .17 17 17 17 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 RAR | | | | ? 7 4 +9 1 | Archive Manager | || | | | 1 . Sinaptic Package Manager . | 4 . . 4 unrar . 9| . | Apply 4 . 1 Archive Manager | . 229 13 13 13 13. .. .18 18 18 18 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 -1 4 4 4 4 7 | | | 9 4 4 1 | | F | | 9 230 1H 1H 1H 1H 1 1 1 1 1H 7, 4 | , , 4 49 9 ~ PDF 91 4 4 4 4 4 + | 90 | 17 7 7 71 231 41 41 41 41 41 4 0 90 | s 90 7, 4 | 9| 7 90 | F | s s JPG, BMP, TIFF, PNG 9| 7 71 9 | 90| 7 1 . 232 13 13 13 13. .. .19 19 19 19 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 | | | | ? 9 | 4 9| 4 71 ? 9 https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub 1 > 1 > 9 233 9 | Authentication | 4 | 9 4 4 4 234 4 1 : deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free 4 4 4 4 9 4 | 4 235 9 90 1 . 13 13 13 13. .. .20 20 20 20 4 4 4 4 : : : : 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 9 4 4 1 | E (| | ) | 4 | 4 | 1 1 | 236 http://desktop.google.com/en/linux/download.html + | 1 7 9 | | 7 1 7 http://picasa.google.com/linux/download.html 237 7 9 9 4 | | | http://earth.google.com/download-earth.html 9 9 9 | . | 1 7 | . | | | | 1 1 1 1 | | | | Accessories > Terminal 4| 4| 1 cd /home/yourname/Desktop 238 sh GoogleEarthLinux.bin (tts "/home/sample.txt" nil) /home/sample.txt 7| , . 90 7| 1 1 7 | , | . | 90 7 , | | . | | | , . , ~ , 7 , * 7| 1 F | | . 13 13 13 13. .. .22 22 22 22 4 4 4 4 : : : : / / / / / / / / | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 4 4 4 4 ? + 1 241 + # dmesg | grep ttyACM | , 4 | (s) | . 4 . 2 F F + . # ln s /dev/ttyACM0 /dev/mobile ACM0 0 7 , H O | . 3 F F | : # chmod a+rw /dev/mobile 4 F F 1 mobiles.rules F /etc/udev/rules.d ~ . 242 Content: BUS=="usb" SYSFS{product}=="Qualcomm CDMA Technologies MSM*" KERNEL=="ttyACM*" SYMLINK=="mobile" MODE=="666" (1 | 1 ) . Configure 4 4 . #777 . 8 . Modem 4 4 s 7 /dev/ttyACM0 F OK 4 . 4 | ( ) 4 . - | internet . 13 13 13 13. .. .23 23 23 23 4 4 4 4 : : : : 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 9 9 9 9 | F 4 | 1 1 . 1 | . 4 | | 9 c 4 . 243 13 13 13 13. .. .24 24 24 24 4 4 4 4 : :: :4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7| 7| 7| 7| . http://raviratlami.googlepages.com/Remington-Krutidev-Online-Hindi-Easy-Editor.htm 9 + dev.remington.bin | + 1 - http://oriya.sarovar.org/download/dev.remington.bin /usr/share/scim/tables . 1 1 . 1 | 7| ~ ~ . 7| . 13 13 13 13. .. .25 25 25 25 4 4 4 4 : : : : 4 7| 4 7| 4 7| 4 7| 7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 4 7 1 . F F 7 /usr/share/fonts/TTF chkfontpath . 7 9 F 4| .font ~ 7| . - chkfontpath -a [.fonts-directory]. .. . 1 7 | . 13.26 4 : 4 s 9 244 7 4 s , 9 1 F 7 9 7 7 1 4 | 0 9 . 1 7 4 1| F 7 . 4 s| 1 + 9 - $mkdir /mnt/usb $mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usb s 9 + 9 7 4 7 + 7 7 1 . $umount /mnt/usb 14 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 11 1: : : : 4 4 4 4 4 | c 245 http://linux.org http://linux.com 4 | http://kernel.org 4 1 4 4 94 4 9 | | http://tldp.org 4 | 9| 94| 1 9 : http://freshmeat.net http://sf.net 246 4 9 90| | | http://rpmfind.net/ 4 9| 9 | http://linuxquestions.org 4 | http://slashdot.org http://linuxcentral.org http://internet.com 4 4 | http://www.lfymag.com/index.asp?id=13 247 8 4 http://linuxjournal.com 4 , c | http://linuxworld.com 4 4 | 7 4 http://linmodems.org 4 4 | http://www.linux-tips.net/ 4 7 248 http://www.howtoforge.com/ 7 4 http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/download 4 0 (4 - 7 | | ) http://blug.in ~| - http://linux-delhi.org + http://ilug-bom.org http://plug-org.in d - http://triglug.sarovar.org 8 8 8 82 2 2 2 : : : : ~ ~ ~ ~ Hc Hc Hc Hc : :: : ~s ~s ~s ~s : : : : H9 4 H9 4 H9 4 H9 4 + + + + ~s: 4 ! [ | 9 4 9 | 9 4 9 | 9 4 9 | 9 4 9 ( 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 249 ~s Hc 9 ~s Hc 9 ~s Hc 9 ~s Hc 9 . . . . Hc Hc Hc Hc , , , Hc Hc Hc Hc . . . . | | | | 9 9 9 9 | | | | . .. . 9B Hc 9B Hc 9B Hc 9B Hc 7| 7| 7| 7| 91 91 91 91 . . . . 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7. .. . Hc 0 Hc 0 Hc 0 Hc 0 http://www.efytimes.com/archive/144 144 144 144/ // /news.htm . . . . Hc Hc Hc Hc 91 91 91 91 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 .] .] .] .] ----------- 9: + | | 9 , 4 H | . H | | 4 ? | H 9c 4 ? + | 9 , 4 9 , 1 | c ( ) ? : : : : 9 9 9 9 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | . . . . | | | | 7914 7914 7914 7914 ( (( ( | | | | , H H H H, | | | | 250 - -- - ,), | 9 1 | 9 1 | 9 1 | 9 1 | | | | - -- - . .. . | | | | | | | | 0 0 0 0 Z Z Z Z 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 . . . . , | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | F F F F . .. . | | | | | | | |, + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 H H H H + + + + , | | | | E | E | E | E | 1 7 | 1 7 | 1 7 | 1 7 | | | | | 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 . . . . c| c| c| c| , 1 1 1 1 | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 . .. . , F F F F 1 1 1 1 . . . . | | | | , | | | | 4| 4| 4| 4| T8 T8 T8 T8 F | F | F | F | . . . . , , | | | | . .. . 251 9: + 7 | F - 1 | 1| | ? : :: : | | | | | | | | 7 Z 7 Z 7 Z 7 Z | | | | . . . . H H H H H | | H | | H | | H | | 1 | 1 9 | 1 | 1 9 | 1 | 1 9 | 1 | 1 9 | | | | | F F F F . .. . 1 F | 1 F | 1 F | 1 F | , 1| 1| 1| 1| | | | |. . . . 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 ( (( ( , T | 4 T | 4 T | 4 T | 4 ). ). ). ). 1 1 1 1 7 c +| 7 c +| 7 c +| 7 c +| || || || || ( ) ) ) ) | | | | | | | | . .. . s | s | s | s | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | ( (( ( | | | | | | | | ;^) - -- - 1| | 1| | 1| | 1| | H H H H - -- - 7 7 7 7 | | | | . . . . ( (( ( 7 7 7 7 H H H H) ) ) ) F c F c F c F c . .. . 9: 4 4

9 ? 252 : :: : 1 1 1 1 | | | | . . . . 18 18 18 18 | | | | | | | | | | | | . .. . | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | | | | ( (( ( | | | | ) )) ), 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + : : : : | | | | F F F F , | | | | | | | | - -- - 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | , - -- - . .. . , - -- - | | + | | + | | + | | + , | | | | | | | | | | | | , 7 7 7 7 4| 4| 4| 4| . . . . | | | | . .. . | | | |, | | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | c | c | c | c | . .. . 1 c 1 c 1 c 1 c . . . . 10-15 253 | | | | | | | | | | | | , , ! !! ! 9: , ? : :: : | | | | , 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | . . . . | | | | 7| 7| 7| 7| . . . . , , | | | | ! !! ! 9: | 0| 9 1 | F F , , | 8 F | . 4 | P | | 9 ? : : : : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( (( ( 1 1 1 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 + + + + ) ) ) ) . . . . H H H H H | | H P H | | H P H | | H P H | | H P 7 7 7 7 . .. . , , P | P | P | P | - -- -| | | | | | | | | | | | : : : : | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | + | + | + | + | . . . . P P P P 1 9 c9 1 9 c9 1 9 c9 1 9 c9 . . . . 254 1 1 1 1 F P | F P | F P | F P | 7 7 7 7 - -- - . .. . | | | | 1 | 9 1 | 9 1 | 9 1 | 9 P P P P c | c | c | c |. .. . | | | | | | | | , | 9 1 | 9 1 | 9 1 | 9 1 . .. . 9: P c | 9 | | , | P ? : : : : P P P P | | | | 1 1 1 1 . .. . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . 9B 9B 9B 9B 1 1 1 1 F +| 9 1 F +| 9 1 F +| 9 1 F +| 9 1 | * | * | * | * . .. . , | 8 P | 8 P | 8 P | 8 P Z | Z | Z | Z |. . . . | | | | | | | | | | | | , , 9c 9c 9c 9c . .. . | | | | , | | | | | | | | 255 | | | | . . . . : : : : - -- -4 4 4 4 F F F F 4 4 4 4 ( (( ( 9c 9c 9c 9c ) ) ) ) P P P P 1 1 1 1 | | | | | 7| | 7| | 7| | 7| . . . . P | P | P | P | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 7 7 7 7914 1 7914 1 7914 1 7914 1 . .. . 9: | ( , -- ) - 4 1 | | . 4 4 | 1 F ? : : : : 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : : : : ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | 1 1 1 1 , 9 9 9 9 , 8 8 8 8 | | | | + | + | + | + | . .. . , 1 1 1 1 - -- - | | | | . . . . ( ) ) ) ) | | | | s s s s 4 4 4 4 . . . . 256 | | | | 4 4 4 4 , | | | | F F F F | | | | . .. . c c c c | | | | , F F F F 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | . .. . | | | | | | | | . .. . | | | | | | | | . . . . | | | | , | | | | F F F F . . . . , - -- - . .. . , 4 4 4 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |. . . . 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | | ( (( ( | | | | 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 ). ). ). ). 1 1 1 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | | . .. . 9: ? 4 4 d| F ? : :: : 1| | 1| | 1| | 1| | | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 . . . . 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 257 , + + + + 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 . . . . | | | | . . . . 1| | 1| | 1| | 1| | ~ ~ ~ ~ P | P | P | P | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | | |, P P P P . .. . 9: 4 * // 4 : :: : *T8 | *T8 | *T8 | *T8 | * * * * | | | | | | | | | | |