lista alg avanc aneis1
TRANSCRIPT
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8/16/2019 Lista Alg Avanc Aneis1
1/2
4a
A
A
A x2 = x x ∈ A A D A D 1D = 1A
A x ∈ A
x1 = x, x2 = x · x, · · · , xn = xn−1 · x
n ≥ 2.
∀m, n ∈N xm+n = xm · xn
x · y = y · x (x · y)m = xm · ym (xm)n = xm·n
x
·y = y
·x (x + y)n = xn +
n−1i=1
ni x
iyn−i + yn
(A, +, ·)
B
A
A
∀ x, y ∈ B, x + y ∈ B
∀ x, y ∈ B, x · y ∈ B
A
B
A
B ≤ A
B A
0A ∈ B
∀ x, y ∈ B, x · y ∈ B
∀ x, y
∈ B, x
−y
∈ B
A = {f : R → R; f
}
B = {f ∈ A; f (0) = 0} A A B A a ∈ A n an = 0
A
A
A
a ∈ A
k
(1 + a)k = 1
I
J
A
I + J = {x + y; x ∈ I , y ∈ J }
A
IJ = {ni=1
xiyi; n ∈ N, xi ∈ I , yi ∈ J } A
I ∩J A IJ ⊂ I ∩ J A I A 1 ∈ I I = A
I = {(3x, y); x, y ∈ Z
Z× Z
a
a = 2 + 3
a = 34
A
{0
}
A
Z[i]/3 + i
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8/16/2019 Lista Alg Avanc Aneis1
2/2
Z[i]/1 − i
Z[i]/1 − i
A
a2 = a
∀ a ∈ A
I
A
A/I
m, n Zn × Zm A m A m
x y p
(x + y) p = x p + y p
(x + y)4 = x4 + y4
A
A[x]
A
x A D a ∈ D a = 0 ϕ : D → D, ϕ(x) = ax
ϕ
Z3[i] = {a + bi : a, b ∈ Z3} Z3[X ]/x2 + 1
Q[√
2]
Q[√
3]
A
B
φ : A → B
J
B
φ−1(J ) = {a ∈ A; φ(a) ∈ J }
A
P
B
φ−1(P )
A
M B φ φ−1(M ) A
R S φ : R → S
R
S
R
φ : A → B
φ : A[x] → B [x]
φ(anxn + an−1x
n−1 + · · · + a1x + a0) = φ(an)xn + φ(an−1)xn−1 + · · · + φ(a1)x + φ(a0).
φ
K
a ∈ K
a = 0
ψ : K [x] → K [x]
ψ(f (x)) = f (ax)
K [x]
K
D
ψ