lkeku; kku · th\ ,\ vh\ vh\ tuj¥ ,xzheÍv vkwu vsfj√ ,≥m v_sm g. d. p. gross domestic product...

$: lkekU; Kku · th\ ,\ Vh\ Vh\ tuj¥ ,xzheÍV vkWu VSfj√ ,≥M V_sM G. D. P. Gross Domestic Product th\ Mh\ ih\ xzksl MksesfLVd` ^ksMDV H H. M. T. Hindustan Machine Tools,p\ ,e\ Vh\$

lkekU; Kku

æCn la”siABBREVIATIONS

[^'u vkSj m®j]

^'u—fuEuf¥f[r æCn la”sikÍ d`k foLrkj d`hft,%

1. B.I.T.

ch\ vkbZ\ Vh\

2. M.C.O.C.A.

,e\ lh\ vks\ lh\ ,\

3. S.R.S.F.

,l\ vkj\ ,l\ ,œ`\

4. N.C.L.T.

,u\lh\,¥\Vh\

5. S.G.R.Y.

,l\ th\ vkj\ okbZ\

6. W.C.A.R.

MCY;w\ lh\ ,\ vkj\

7. J. V. P.

ts\ oh\ ih\

8. C-DOT

lh-MkWV

9. C. A. D.

lh\ ,\ Mh\

10. H. C. I.

,p\ lh\ vkbZ\

11. I. I. M. C.

vkbZ\ vkbZ\ ,e\ lh\

12. N. E. P. A.

,u\ bZ\ ih\ ,\

13. N. P. C. C.

,u\ ih\ lh\ lh\

14. N. Y. K. S.

,u\ okbZ\ ds \ ,l\

15. D. M. R. C.

Mh\ ,e\ vkj\ lh\

m®j—

11. Birsa Institute of Technology ·fcjlk baLVhVΩ;wV vkWœ` VsDuks¥kWth‚

12. Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act ·egkjkÆV_ da`V_ks¥ vkWœ`vkWxsZukbTM ∂`kbe ,DV‚

13. Special Railway Safety Fund ·Lisæ¥ js¥os lsŒVh œ`≥M‚

14. National Company Law Tribunal ·usæu¥ d`Eiuh ¥kW fV_C;qu¥‚

15. Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojna ·lEiw.Z xzkeh. jkstxkj ;kstuk‚

16. World Conference Against Racism ·oYMZ d`kWU≠Í`l vxÍLV jsflTe‚

17. Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna ·turk foeqfDr isjkequk‚

18. Centre for Development of Telematics ·lsUVj √kWj Mso¥ieÍV vkW√Vs¥hesfVDl‚

19. Computer Aided Design ·d`EI;wVj ,sMsM fMtkbu‚

10. Helicopter Corporation of India ·gS¥hd`kWIVj d`kWiksZjsæu vkW√ bf≥M;k‚

4 | lk\ Kk\

11. Indian Institute of Mass Communication ·bf≥M;u baLVhVΩ;wV vkW√ ekldÈ;wfuds æu‚

12. National Environment Protection Authority ·usæu¥ ,uok;jueÍV ^ksVsDæuvƒkWfjVh‚

13. National Projects Construction Corporation ·usæu¥ ^kstsDVΩl da`LV_Dæud`kWiksZjsæu‚

14. Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangthan ·usgÔ ;qok ds Uê laxBu‚15. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation ·fnY¥h esV_ks js¥ d`kWiksZjsæu‚

æCn la”siA

A. C. F. Asian Cricket Foundation,\ lh\ ,√\ ,fæ;u fdz ds V œ`kmUMsæuA. D. B. Asian Development Bank,\ Mh\ ch\ ,fæ;u Mso¥ieÍV cßdÀ.I.T.U.C. All India Trade Union Congress,\vkbZ\Vh\;w\lh\ vkW¥ bf≥M;k V_sM ;wfu;u d`kaxzslA. M. I. E. Associate Member of the Institute of Engineers,\ ,e\ vkbZ\ bZ\ ,lksfl,V esEcj vkW√ fn baLVhVΩ;wV vkW√ bathfu;lZANANDI Area Networking Development InitiativevkuUnh ,fj;k usVofdÛ x MsoW¥ieÍV buhfæ;sfVoA.S.C.I.I. American Standard Code of Information Interchange,\ ,l\ lh\ vkbZ\ vkbZ\ vejhdù LVßMMZ d`ksM vkWœ` bUœ`kesZ'ku bUVjpÍtA. S. E. A. N. Association of South East Asian Nations,fæ;u ,lksfl,æu vkW√ lkmƒ bZLV ,fæ;u usæalA. T. S. Applications Technology Satellite,\ Vh\ ,l\ ,I¥hds æal VsDuks¥kWth lSVs¥kbVA. T. M. Automatic Teller Machine,\ Vh\ ,e\ vkWVksesfVd` Vs¥j e'khuA. U. African Union,\ ;w\ v≠`hdù ;wfu;u

BB. A. R. C. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

ch\ ,\ vkj\ lh\ HkHk ,VkWfed` fjlpZ lsUVjB. B. C. British Broadcasting Corporation

ch\ ch\ lh\ fczfVæ czkWMd`kfLVax d`kWiksZjsæu

lk\ Kk\ | 5

B. O. A. C. British Overseas Airways Corporation

ch\ vks\ ,\ lh\ fczfVæ vksojlht ,;jost d`kWiksZjsæuB. S. S. Bharat Sevak Samaj

ch\ ,l\ ,l\ Hkjr lsod` lekt

CC.A.S. Conditional Access Systemlh\,\,l\ dÙMhæu¥ ,Dlsl flLVeC.A.D.W.M. Command Area Development & Water Managementlh\ ,\ Mh\ MCY;w\ ,e\ dèkUM ,fj;k Mso¥iesUV ,≥M okVj eSusteÍVC. B. F. C. Central Board of Film Certificationlh\ ch\ ,√\ lh\ lsUV_¥ cksMZ vkW√ f√Ye lfVZf√ds æuC. C. I. Cricket Club of Indialh\ lh\ vkbZ\ f∂`ds V D¥c vkW√ bf≥M;kC. E. R. C. Central Electricity Regulatory Commissionlh\ bZ\ vkj\ lh\ lsUV_¥ b¥sDV_hflVh jsX;w¥sVjh dèhæuC. F. S. I. Children Film Society of Indialh\ ,√\ ,l\ vkbZ\ fpYM_su f√Ye lkslkbVh vkW√ bf≥M;kC. I. A. Central Intelligence Agencylh\ vkbZ\ ,\ lsUV_¥ baVs¥htsUl ,tsUlhC. I. D. Criminal Investigation Departmentlh\ vkbZ\ Mh\ f∂`feu¥ buosLVhxsæu fMikVZesUVC. P. I. Communist Party of Indialh\ ih\ vkbZ\ dÈ;qfuLV ikVhZ vkW√ bf≥M;kC. S. I. R. Council of Scientific and Industrial Researchlh\ ,l\ vkbZ\ vkj\ d`kamfl¥ vkW√ lkbaVhf√d` ,≥M b≥MfLV_;¥ fjlpZC. W . R . D . M . Centre for Water Resources Development and

Managementlh\ MCY;w\ vkj\ Mh\ ,e\ lsUVj √kWj okVj fjlkslsZt Mso¥ieÍV ,≥M eSusteÍV

DD. A. E. Department of Atomic Energy

Mh\ ,\ bZ\ fMikVZeÍV vkW√ ,VkWfed` ,uthZD.E.A.L. Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory

Mh\bZ\,\,¥\ fMœs Ul b¥sDV_ksfuDl ,I¥hds æUl ¥scksjsVjhD. T. T. B. Digital Terrestrial Television BroadcastingMh\ Vh\ Vh\ ch\ fMftV¥ VsjsfLV_;¥ Vs¥hfotu czkMd`kfLVax

6 | lk\ Kk\

Ee. g. exempli gratia (For Example)

bZ\ th\ ,XtsEi¥h xzsfæ;k ·mnkgj. ds f¥,‚E. C. H. R. European Commission on Human Rights

bZ\ lh\ ,p\ vkj\ ;wjksfi;u dèhæu vkWu ÌweSu jkbVΩlE. E. C. European Economic Community

bZ\ bZ\ lh\ ;wjksfi;u bd`ksuksfed` dÈ;qfuVhE. S. M. A. Essential Services Maintenance Act

bZ\ ,l\ ,e\ ,\ blÍfæ;¥ lfoZlst eSUVsuÍl ,DVE.V.M. Electronic Voting Machine

bZ\ oh\ ,e\ b¥sDV_ksfud` oksfVax eæhu

FF. A. O. Food and Agriculture Organisation

,√\ ,\ vks\ œw M ,≥M ,xzhd`Ypj vkWxsZukbtsæuF. E. D. A. I. Foreign Exchange Dealers’ Association of India

,œ`\ bZ\ Mh\ ,\ vkbZ\ œ`kWjsu ,DlpsUt Mh¥lZ ,lksfl;sæu vkWœ` bf≥M;kF. E. M. A. Foreign Exchange Management Act

œs ek œ`kWjsu ,DlpÍt esusteÍV ,DV

GG. A. T. T. General Agreement on Tariff and Trade

th\ ,\ Vh\ Vh\ tuj¥ ,xzheÍV vkWu VSfj√ ,≥M V_sMG. D. P. Gross Domestic Product

th\ Mh\ ih\ xzksl MksesfLVd` ^ksMDV

H

H. M. T. Hindustan Machine Tools

,p\ ,e\ Vh\ fgUnqLrku eæhu VwYl

II. B. R. D. International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-

ment

vkbZ\ ch\ vkj\ Mh\ baVjusæu¥ cßd` √kWj fjdÙlV_Dæu ,≥M Mso¥ieÍV

I. C. A. R. Indian Council for Agricultural Research

vkbZ\ lh\ ,\ vkj\ bf≥M;u d`kmafl¥ √kWj ,xzhd`Ypj¥ fjlpZ

lk\ Kk\ | 7

I. C. M. R. Indian Council of Medical Research

vkbZ\ lh\ ,e\ vkj\ bf≥M;u d`kmafl¥ vkW√ esfMd`¥ fjlpZI. G. N. C. A. Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts

vkbZ\ th\ ,u\ lh\ ,\ bafnjk xka|h usæu¥ lsUVj œ`kWj vkVZΩlI.G.N.O.U. Indira Gandhi National Open University

vkbZ\th\,u\vks\;w\ ·bXuw‚ bafnjk xka|h usæu¥ vksiu ;wuhoflZVhI. L. O. International Labour Organisation

vkbZ\ ,¥\ vks\ baVjusæu¥ ¥scj vkWxsZukbtsæuI. M. F. International Monetary Fund

vkbZ\ ,e\ ,√\ baVjusæu¥ eksusVjh √≥MI. S. R. O. Indian Space Research Organisation

vkbZ\ ,l\ vkj\ vks\ bf≥M;u Lisl fjlpZ vkWxsZukbtsæuI. S. S. P. Indian Scientific Satellite Project

vkbZ\ ,l\ ,l\ ih\ bf≥M;u lkbafVf√d` lSVs¥kbV ^kstsDVI. T. D. C. Indian Tourism Development Corporation

vkbZ\ Vh\ Mh\ lh\ bf≥M;u VwfjTe Mso¥ieÍV d`kWiksZjsæuI. T. E. S. Information Technology Enabled Services

vkbZ\ Vh\ bZ\ ,l\ bUœ`kWesZæu VsDuks¥kWth busCYM lfoZlst

JJ. K. L. F. Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Frontts\ ds \ ,¥\ ,√\ tEew vkSj d`'ehj f¥cjsæu ≠`UVJ. V. P. Janatha Vimukthi Peramunats\ oh\ ih\ turk foeqfDr isjkequk

LL. A. C. Line of Actual Control,¥\ ,\ lh\ ¥kbu vkW√ ,Dpqv¥ d`UV_ks¥L. I. C. Life Insurance Corporation (of India),¥\ vkbZ\ lh\ ¥kb√ ba';ksjsUl d`kWiksZjsæu ·vkW√ bf≥M;k‚LL.B. Bachelor of Laws,¥-,¥\ ch\ cSp¥j vkW√ ¥kWtLL.M Master of Laws,¥-,¥\ ,e\ ekLVj vkW√ ¥kWtL. P. G. Liquefied Petroleum Gas

,¥\ ih\ th\ f¥D;w√kbM isV_ksf¥;e xSl

8 | lk\ Kk\

MM. A. Master of Arts,e\ ,\ ekLVj vkW√ vkVZΩlM. B. B. S. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery,e\ ch\ ch\ ,l\ cSp¥j vkW√ esfMflu ,≥M cSp¥j vkW√ ltZjhM. o. U. Memorandum of Understanding,e\ vks\ ;w\ esekÍjsUMe vkWœ` vUMjLVSfUMaxM. T. C. R. Missile Technology Control Regime,e\ Vh\ lh\ vkj\ felkb¥ VsDuks¥kWth dÙV_ks¥ fjtheN. C. P. C. R. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights,u\ lh\ ih\ lh\ vkj\ us'ku¥ dèh'ku œ`kWj ^ksVsD'ku vkWœ` pkbYM jkbVΩl

NN. C . E . R . T . National Council of Educational Research and

Training,u\ lh\ bZ\ vkj\ Vh\ usæu¥ d`kmafl¥ vkW√ ,twds æu¥ fjlpZ ,≥M V_s uxN. F. D. C. National Film Development Corporation,u\ ,√\ Mh\ lh\ usæu¥ f√Ye Mso¥ieÍV d`kWiksZjsæuN.M.D.S. National Missile Defence System (U.S.),u\,e\Mh\,l\ usæu¥ felkb¥ fMœÍ l flLVe ·vejhd`k‚

OO. I. G. S. On India Government Servicevks\ vkbZ\ th\ ,l\ vkWu bf≥M;k xouZeÍV lfoZlO. N. G. C. Oil and Natural Gas Commissionvks\ ,u\ th\ lh\ vkW;¥ ,≥M uspqj¥ xSl dèhæuO. P. E. C. Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countriesvksisd` vkWxsZukbtsæu vkW√ isV_ksf¥;e ,DliksfVÛx dÙV_htO. S. C. E. Organization for Security & Co-operation in Europevks\ ,l\ lh\ bZ\ vkWxsZukbtsæu œ`kWj flD;ksfjVh ,≥M d`ksvksijsæu bu ;wjksi

PPIN Code Postal Index Number Codefiu-d`ksM iksLV¥ baMsDl uEcj d`ksMP. O. T. A. Prevention of Terrorism Actih\ vks\ Vh\ ,\ ^hosUæu vkWœ` VsjfjTe vf|fu;eP. T. I. Press Trust of India

ih\ Vh\ vkbZ\ sl V_LV vkW√ bf≥M;k

lk\ Kk\ | 9

RR. B. I. Reserve Bank of India

vkj\ ch\ vkbZ\ fjtoZ cßd` vkW√ bf≥M;kR. E. C. Rural Electrification Corporation

vkj\ bZ\ lh\ Ôj¥ b¥sDV_hfœ`ds æu d`kWiksZjsæu

SS. C. A. R. Scientific Committee for Antarctica Research

,l\ lh\ ,\ vkj\ lkbafVfœ`d` d`eSVh œ`kWj vaVkdZ fVd`k fjlpZSITE Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

lkbV lSVs¥kbV bUlV_Dæu¥ Vs¥hfotu ,DlisjheÍVS.P.I.N. Software Process Improvement

,l\ih\vkbZ\,u\ lkWŒVos;j ^kslsl bE woeÍV usVoDlZS.T.P.I. Software Technology Parks of India

,l\Vh\ih\vkbZ\ lkWŒVos;j VsDuks¥kWth ikDlZ vkWœ` bf≥M;k

TTELCO Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company

VsYd`ks ·Vh\bZ\,¥\lh\vks\‚ VkVk bathfu;¯jx ,≥M ¥ksd`kseksfVo d`EiuhT.T.Z. Taj Trapezium Zone

Vh\Vh\tsM rkt V_isftÈ;e tÈksuT. W. A. Trans World Airlines

Vh\ MCY;w\ ,\ V_kUl oYMZ ,;j¥kbUl

UU.L.S.D. Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel

;w\,¥\,l\Mh\ vYV_k ¥ks lYœ`j MhtÈ¥U.L.S.P. Ultra Low Sulphur Petrol

;w\,¥\,l\ih\ vYV_k ¥ks lYœ`j isV_ks¥U. N. D. P. United Nations Development Programme

;w\ ,u\ Mh\ ih\ ;wukbVsM usæal Mso¥ieÍV ^ksxzkeU. N. E. P. United Nations Environment Programme

;w\ ,u\ bZ\ ih\ ;wukbVsM usæal ,uok;jueÍV ^ksxzkeU. N. I. C. E. F. United Nations International Children’s Emergency

Fund

;wuhls√ ;wukbVsM usæal baVjusæu¥ fpYM_sUl bejtsUlh √≥M

10 | lk\ Kk\

VV. A. A. Virgin Atlantic Airlinesoh\ ,\ ,\ oftZu vV¥kafVd` ,;j¥kbUlV. S. S. C. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centreoh\ ,l\ ,l\ lh\ fo∂`e lkjkHkbZ Lisl lsUVj

W

W. H. C. World Heritage CommitteeMCY;w\ ,p\ lh\ oYMZ gSjhVst d`feVhW. W. F. World Wild Life FundMCY;w\ MCY;w\ ,√\ oYMZ okbYM ¥kb√ √≥M

YY. M. C. A. Young Men’s Christian AssociationokbZ\ ,e\ lh\ ,\ ;ax esUl f∂`f'p;u ,lksfl,æuY. W. C. A. Young Women’s Christian AssociationokbZ\ MCY;w\ lh\ ,\ ;ax ohesUl f∂`f'p;u ,lksfl,æu

uohu ,oa egRoiw.Z æCn la{ksiA. A. P. Aam Adami Party,\,\ih\ vke vkneh ikVhZA.C.D. Asian Co-operation Dialogue,\lh\Mh\ ,fæ;u d`ks-vkWijsæu Mk;¥kWxA.I.R. Annual Information Report,\vkbZ\vkj\ ,uqo¥ bUœ`ksesZæu fjiksVZB.C.T.T. Bank Cash Transaction Taxch\lh\Vh\Vh\ cßd` dS æ V_katsDæu VSDlB.P.O. Business Process Outsourcingch\ih\vks\ fctful ^kWfll vkmVlksflÛxB.S.N.L. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.ch\,l\,u\,¥\ Hkjr lapkj fuxe f¥\C.D.M.A. Code Division Multiple Accesslh\Mh\,e\,\ d`ksM fMohtu eYVhi¥ ,DlslC.I.C. Chief Information Commissionerlh\vkbZ\lh\ phœ` bUœ`ksesZæu d`fe'ujC.I.D.S. Chief of Integrated Defence Stafflh\vkbZ\Mh\,l\ phœ` vkWœ` bfUVxzsVsM fMœs Ul LVkœ`

lk\ Kk\ | 11

C.M.P. Common Minimum Programmelh\,e\ih\ d`kWeu fefuee ^ksxzkeD.I.A. Defence Intelligence AgencyMh\vkbZ\,\ fMœs Ul bUVs¥htsUl ,tsUlhE.A.S. East Asia SummitbZ\,\,l\ bZLV ,fæ;k lfEeVE.V.M. Electronic Voting MachinebZ\oh\,e\ b¥sDV_kWfud` oks Vx eæhuG.A.G.A.N. GPS Aided Geo-Augmented Navigationth\,\th\,\,u\ ·xxu‚ thih,l ,MsM ft;ks-vkWxesUVsM usohxsæuGe.S.C.I. Global e-School and Communities InitiativethbZ\,l\lh\vkbZ\ X¥ksc¥ bZ-Ldw ¥ ,≥M dÈ;wfuVht buhfæ;sfVoI.B.S.A. India, Brazil, South AfricavkbZ\ch\,l\,\ ·bClk‚ bafM;k] czkth¥] lkmƒ v≠`hd`kI.C.A.R. Indian Council of Agriculture ResearchvkbZ\lh\,\vkj\ bafM;u d`kmafl¥ vkWœ` ,xzhd`Ypj fjlpZI. S. B. Indian School of BusinessvkbZ\ ,l\ ch\ bf≥M;u Ldw ¥ vkWœ` fctuslI.T.G.I. IFFCO Tokyo General InsurancevkbZ\Vh\th\vkbZ\ bŒd`ks Vksfd`;ks tuj¥ bU';ksjsUlM.E.T.S.A.T. Meteorological SatelliteesVlSV ehfVvksjkW¥kWthd`¥ lSVs¥kbVM.N.N.A. Major Non-NATO Ally,e\,u\,u\,\ estj ukWu-ukVks v¥kbZN.A.A.S.P. New Asian African Strategic Partnership,u\,\,\,l\ih\ U;w ,fæ;u-v≠`hdù LV_sVsftd` ikVZujfæiN.C.S.C. National Commission for Scheduled Castes,u\lh\,l\lh\ usæu¥ dèhæu œ`kWj fæMwYM d`kLVΩlN.I.S.M. National Institute of Securities Market,u\vkbZ\,l\,e\ usæu¥ baLVhVΩ;wV vkWœ` flD;ksfjVht ekdsZ VN.R.E.G.A. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act,u\vkj\bZ\th\,\ us'ku¥ Ôj¥ ,Ei¥kW;es≥V xkjUVh ,DVN. S. G. Nuclear Suppliers Group, National Security Guards,u\ ,l\ th\ U;wfD¥;j lI¥k;lZ xzqi« usæu¥ flD;ksfjVh xkMZN. O. T. A. None of the Above,u\vks\Vh\,\ uu vkWœ` n vcc

12 | lk\ Kk\

P. A. N. Permanent Account Number

ih\ ,\ ,u\ ijekusUV vd`km≥V uEcj

P. U. R.A. Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas

ih\ ;w\ vkj\ ,\ ^ksokb¯Mx vjcu ,fefuVht bu Ôj¥ ,fj;ktS.A.R.S. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

,l\,\vkj\,l\ ·lkWlZ‚ lhfovj ,D;wV jslfijsVjh fl≥M_kseS.C.O. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

,l\lh\vks\ æa?kbZ d`ks-vkWijsæu vkxsZukbtsæuS.I.M. Subscriber Identification Module

,l\vkbZ\,e\ lCl∂`kbcj vkbMsUVhfœ`ds æu ekWMΩ;w¥UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

;w\,u\vkbZ\,œ`\vkbZ\,¥\·;wuhfœ`¥‚ ;wukbVsM usæal baVfje œ`kslZ bu ¥scuku

W.A.D.A. World Anti-Doping Agency Code

MCY;w\ ,\ Mh\ ,\ oYMZ ,UVh-Mksfiax ,tÍlh d`ksM

W.C.C.B. Wildlife Crime Control Board

MCY;w\lh\lh\ch\ okbYM¥kbœ` dz kbe d`UV_ks¥ cksMZ

W.F.D.B. World Federation of Diamond Bourses

MCY;w\,œ`\Mh\ch\ oYMZ œs Mjsæu vkWœ` Mk;eaM ckWlsZl

W.I.P.O. World Intellectual Property Organisation

MCY;w\vkbZ\ih\vks\ oYMZ b≥Vs¥sDPo¥ ^kWiVhZ vkWxsZukbtsæu

W.S.I.S. World Summit on Information Society

MCY;w\ ,l\ vkbZ\ ,l\ oYMZ lfEeV vkWu bU√ksesZæu lkslkbVh

v¥ad`kj rƒk iqjLd`kj

HkjrjRu ^kIrd`rkZuke o"Z

1. MkW\ loZiY¥h jk|kd~ Æ.uΩ 1954

2. pdz orhZ jktxksik¥kpkjh 1954

3. MkW\ lh\ oh\ jeu 1954

4. MkW\ Hxoku nkl 1955

5. MkW\ ,e\ fo'os'ojS;k 1955

6. tokgj¥k¥ usgÔ 1955

7. xksfoUn cY¥H iUr 1957

8. MkW\ Mh\ ds \ d`kosZ 1958

9. MkW\ ch\ lh\ jk; 1961

10. iq:"ks®e nkl V≥Mu 1961

11. MkW\ jktsUnz izlkn 1962

12. MkW\ tkfd`j gqlSu 1963

13. MkW\ ih\ oh\ d`kus 1963

14. ¥k¥ cgknqj ækL(h* 1966

15. Jherh bfUnjk xka|h 1971

16. oh\ oh\ fxfj 1975

17. ds \ d`kejkt* 1976

18. enj Vsjslk 1980

19. vkpk;Z fouksck Hkos* 1983

20. [ku vCnq¥ xŒœ`kj [ku 1987

21. ,e\ th\ jkepUnzu* 1988

uke o"Z22. MkW\ ch\ vkj\ vEcsMd`j* 1990

23. usYlu e≥Ms¥k 1990

24. eksjkjth nslkbZ 1991

25. jktho xka|h* 1991

26. ljnkj cY¥H HkbZ iVs¥* 1991

27. ekS¥kuk vcq¥ d`¥ke vktkn* 1992

28. ts\ vkj\ Mh\ VkVk 199229. lR;thr jk; 199230. xq¥tkjh ¥k¥ uUnk 199731. Jherh v:.k vklœ` v¥h* 199732. MkW\ ,\ ih\ ts\ vCnq¥ d`¥ke 199733. ,e\ ,l\ lqCcq¥{eh 199834. lh\ ,l\ lqcze≥;e 199835. t;izd`kæ ukjk;.* 199836. izks\ veR;Z lsu 199937. ia\ jfoæad`j 199938. xksihukFk cksjnks¥ksbZ* 199939. ¥rk eaxsæd`j 200140. fcfLeY¥k [k∑ 200141. ia\ Hhelsu tks'kh 200942. lfpu rÍnq¥d`j 201443. ^ks\ lh\,u\vkj\ jko 201444. vV¥ fcgkjh oktis;h 201545. enu eksgu ek¥oh;* 2015

* ej.ksijkUr

ohjrk iqjLd`kj

(1) ijeohj pdz`—;g ohjrk d`k loksZPp iqjLd`kj gS\ ;g æ(q ds` lkeus vlhe ækS;ZvkSj vnE; lkgl Fk¥] t¥ ;k uH eÍ fn[kus ds f¥, iznku fd`;k tkrk gS\ vfUre ckj

14 | lk\ Kk\

1999 eÍ d`kjfx¥ d`h ¥MÈkbZ eÍ fofæÆV ohjrk ds` f¥, dSÌVsu fodzè c(k] ¥sfŒV\ eukstdqèkj ik≥Ms; ·ej.ksijkUr‚] xzsusfM;j ;ksxsUnz flag ;kno rFkk jkbœ`¥eSu lat; dqèkj d`ksijeohj pdz ls lEekfur fd`;k x;k\

(2) egkohj pdz`—;g lEeku nwljs LFkku d`k gS vkSj Fk¥] t¥ ;k uH eÍ æ(q ds`lkeus vnΩHqr ijkdzè iznfæZr d`jus ds` f¥, fn;k tkrk gS\ vxLr 2000 eÍ ;g iqjLd`kjdSÌVu xqjftUnj flag lwjh d`ks iznku fd`;k x;k\ vDVwcj 2000 eÍ bl iqjLd`kj lsjkÆV_ifr us flikgh be¥h vdw e d`ks lEekfur fd`;k\

(3) ohj pdz`—bl iqjLd`kj d`k rhljk LFkku gS vkSj Fk¥] t¥ ;k uH eÍ æ(q ds`lkeus cgknqjh fn[kus ds f¥, fn;k tkrk gS\

(4) væksd` pdz o 'kkS;Z pdz`—jkÆV_ifr .c eq[thZ us 68oÍ LorU(rk fnol (2014)ds` volj ij l'kL( lsukvkÍ vkSj v*ZlSfud` c¥kÍ ds` 55 vf|d`kfj;kÍ vkSj tokukÍ d`ksohjrk iqjLd`kj ^nku fd`, gß\ bueÍ ,d` v'kksd` pdz`] 12 'kkS;Z pdz`] 39 lsuk ind`] ,dùkSlsuk ind` vkSj nks ok;qlsuk ind` 'kkfe¥ gß\ 'kkafrd`k¥ d`k loksZPp ohjrk ind` v'kksd`pdz jkÆV_h; jkbœ`Yl ds tkackt estj eqdqa n onZjktu d`ks ej.ksijkUr ^nku fd`;k x;k gS\

'kkS;Z pdz ^kIr d`jus ok¥kÍ eÍ estj vfH"sd` dq ekj ·jkÆV_h; jkbœ`Yl‚] estj euksgjflag HkVh ·jkÆV_h; jkbœ`Yl‚] estj lruke flag ·vle jkbœ`Yl‚] estj fo'kk¥ flagjk?o ·jkÆV_h; jkbœ`Yl‚] lwcsnkj ^d`k'k pan ·dqèk˜∑ jsfteÍV ej.ksijkUr‚] uk;d`vulsxjk cklqerkjh ·vle jsfteÍV‚] uk;d` Hjr dqèkj Ns(h ·xksj[k jkbœ`Yl‚] flikghfodzè ·vle jkbœ`Yl ej.ksijkUr‚] jkbœ`¥eSu ^se cgknqj ·xksj[k jkbœ`Yl‚] ¥sfŒVuÍVdèkaMj euksjatu dqèkj ·ukSlsuk ej.ksijkUr‚] ¥sfŒVuÍV dèk≥Mj dìh'k flag eqok¥·ukSlsuk ej.ksijkUr‚ vkSj foax dèk≥Mj ,p\ mik÷;k; ·ok;qlsuk‚ 'kkfe¥ gß\

(5) fofæÆV lsok ind`—;g ind` ·ije fofæÆV lsok ind`] vfr fofæÆV lsokind` rFkk fofæÆV lsok ind`‚ lsuk ds` rhukÍ vaxkÍ ds` dèZpkfj;kÍ d`ks dzèæ# ‘ijefofæÆV’] ‘fofæÆV’] mPpd`ksfV d`h foæs" lsokvkÍ ds f¥, iznku fd`;k tkrk gS\

(6) thou j{kk ind`—;g ind` vkx rFkk [kukÍ d`h nq?ZVukvkÍ ,oa buls cpkus eÍljkguh; d`k;ksÛ ds f¥, iznku fd`;k tkrk gS\

vU; iqjLd`kj(1) jktho xka|h [s¥jRu iqjLd`kj (2014)—^frfÆBr jktho xka|h [s¥ jRu iqjLd`kj

2014 ds` f¥, fd`lh f[¥kMÈh ds` uke d`h vuq'kalk ugÓ d`h xbZ gS\ o"Z 2013 d`k ;giqjLd`kj jkÍtu lks<Èh ·fu'kkusckth‚] bl iqjLd`kj ds` rgrΩ 7·5 ¥k[ d`h |ujkfæ oizæfLr-i( iznku fd`;k tkrk gS\

(2) |UoUrfj iqjLd`kj—fpfd`Rlk ds` {ks( eÍ fn;k tkus ok¥k ;g iqjLd`kj o"Z 1997ds` f¥, MkW\ jkepUnz n®k(s; ¥s¥s d`ks] 1998 ds` f¥, ia\ Jhjke æekZ d`ks] 1999 ds` f¥,MkW\ ,l\ ,l\ cnzhukƒ d`ks] o"Z 2000 ds` f¥, eqEcbZ d`h fo'o ^fl* L(h jksx foæs"K

lk\ Kk\ | 15

MkW\ bfUnjk fgUnqtk d`ks] o"Z 2001 ds` f¥, MkW\ lqjsæ vkMok.h d`ks] o"Z 2003 ds` f¥,MkW\ uksfæj okfM;k d`ks] o"Z 2004 d`k MkW\ vks\ ih\ dìwj d`ks] o"Z 2007 d`k MkW\ ih\ ch\ns'kkbZ ·36oÓ‚ d`ks rFkk o"Z 2008 d`k MkW\ ih\ ,l\ d~ Æ.ewfrZ ·37oÓ‚ d`ks ^nku fd`;k x;k]40ok∑ MkW\ ,e\ ds`\ efu d`ks 2011 eÍ fe¥k] 41ok∑ ^ks\ ch\ th\ xksihukFk d`ks 2012 eÍ fe¥k]2013 gsrq ,l\ ds \ ljhu d`ks fe¥k\

(3) ¥rk eaxsæd`j iqjLd`kj—egkjkÆV_ ljd`kj }kjk Lƒkfir o"Z 2001 d`k ¥rkeaxsæd`j iqjLd`kj laxhrd`kj lq|hj œ`MÈds` d`ks] o"Z 2002 d`k iqjLd`kj lq^fl* laxhrd`kjtksMÈh ¥{ehd`kUr I;kjs¥k¥ ds`] I;kjs¥k¥ æekZ d`ks] o"Z 2003 d`k xhrd`kj] xk;d` ,oalaxhrd`kj johUnz tSu d`ks] o"Z 2007 d`k ^fl* laxhrd`kj […;ke d`ks rFkk o"Z 2008 d`k;g lEeku ik'oZ xk;d` egsUnz dìwj d`ks ^nku fd`;k x;k] 2012-13 d`k ;g iqjLd`kj^fl* laxhrd`kj vkuUn th 'kkg d`ks 28 flrEcj] 2012 d`ks fn;k x;k\ 2013-14 d`k;g iqjLd`kj ejkBh laxhrd`kj væksd` iVd`h d`ks ^nku fd`;k x;k\

(4) ikVk iqjLd`kj (2013)%ekdsZ`¯Vx ehfM;k oxZ ds` ”s( eÍ VqfjTe vƒkWfjVh vkWœ`ƒkb¥S≥M d`ks ;g iqjLd`kj iznku fd`;k x;k\

(5) æad`j iqjLd`kj (2008)%ds`\ ds`\ fcMÈ¥k œ`km≥Msæu d`k o"Z 2008 d`k æad`j iqjLd`kjnsosUnz jkt vadw j d`ks mud`h d~ fr%jaxeap d`k lkSUn;Z'kkL( ds f¥, ^nku fd`;k x;k gS\

(6) okpLifr iqjLd`kj (2008)—MkW\ gfjukjk;. nhf{kr ·d~ fr%jk|kpfj(eΩ‚\

(7) vtqZu iqjLd`kj (2014)—bl o"Z ftu f[¥kfMÈ;kÍ d`ks vtqZu iqjLd`kj ^nku fd`,x, gß] mud`h lwph fuEuf¥f[r gS%

vkj\ vf'ou ·fdz`ds`V‚] vfH"sd` oekZ ·rhjankth‚] fVaVw ¥qd`k ·,Fk¥sfVDl‚] oh nhtw·cSMfeaVu‚] ,p\ ,u\ xhfj'kk ·iSjk¥fEid` ,Fk¥sfVDl‚] xhrw tksl ·ckLds`Vck¥‚] t;Hxoku ·eqDds`ckth‚] vfuckZu ¥kfgMÈh ·xksYœ`‚] eerk iqtkjh ·d`cMΩMh‚] lkth FkkWel·ukSd`k;u‚] ghuk fl*w ·fu'kkusckth‚] vukd`k v¥kud`keuh ·LdòkW'k‚] VkWe tkslœ`·okW¥hck¥‚] jsuwck¥k pkuw ·Hkjks®ks¥u‚ vkSj lquh¥ jk.k ·dq`'rh‚] eukst dqèkj·eqDds ckth‚\

mi;qZDr lHh d`ks 5-5 ¥k[ d`h jkfæ iqjLd`kj LoÔi nh tkrh gS\

êks.kpk;Z iqjLd`kj (2014)—egkohj ^lkn ·dq`'rh‚] ,u\ f¥axIik ·,Fk¥sfVDl-¥kbœ`Vkbe‚] th\ euksgj. ·ckWfDlax-¥kbœ`Vkbe‚] xqjpj. flag xksxh ·twMks-¥kbœ`-Vkbe‚] tksl tSd`c ·rhjankth-¥kbœ`Vkbe‚\ iqjLd`kj jkf'k% 5 ¥k[\

÷;kupan iqjLd`kj (2014)%xqjeS¥ flag ·gkWd`h‚] ds`\ ih\ BDd`j ·rSjkd`h] Mkbfoax‚]th'kku ·Vsful‚\ iqjLd`kj jkf'k 5 ¥k[ ^'kfLr i( ,oa ^frek ds` lkFk ^nku d`h tkrhgS\

¥kfj;l [s¥ iqjLd`kj (2014)—fo'o ds` loZJsÆB iq:" f[¥kMÈh—lscsfLV;u osVΩV¥·œ`kWewZ¥k-1‚] efg¥k f[¥kMÈh%felh œzÍ d`f¥u ·fLofeax‚\

16 | lk\ Kk\

vUrjkZÆV_h; ,Fk¥sfVd` egkla? (IAAF) ds` o"Z 2014 ds` loZJsÆB ,Fk¥hV%iq:"oxZ%jsukWM ¥sfo¥suh ·œz kal‚] efg¥k oxZ%o¥sjh ,MEl ·U;wth¥S≥M‚\

(8) lkfgR; vd`kneh iqjLd`kj (2014) ·fnlEcj 2014 d`ks ?ksf"r‚—fofHUulkfgfR;d` fo|kvkÍ eÍ fn, tkus ok¥s iqjLd`kj bl ^d`kj gß%

vÔik iraxh;k d`f¥rk ·vlfe;k‚] mRi¥ dqèkj clq ·ckaX¥k‚] m[kZo xksjk cz©·cksMks‚] 'kS¥sUnz flag ·Mksxjh‚] vkfn¥ tLlkok¥k ·vaxzsth‚] ·Lo\‚ vf'ou egsrk·xqtjkrh‚] jes'kpUnz 'kkg ·fgUnh‚] th\ ,p\ uk;d` ·dÙuMÈ‚] 'kkn jetÈku ·d`'ehjh‚]ek|oh ljnslk; ·d`kÍd`.h‚] vk'kk feJ ·eSfFk¥h‚] lqHk" pUnzu ·e¥;k¥e‚] t;ar foÆ.qukj¥hd`j ·ejkBh‚] uUn gkîf[e ·usik¥h‚] xksik¥d~`Æ. jFk ·vksfMÈ;k‚] tlfoUnj·iatkch‚] jkeik¥ flag jktiqjksfgr ·jktLFkkuh‚] teknkj fd`Ldw` ·lark¥h‚] xksis dè¥·flU|h‚] iwef. ·rfe¥‚] jkpik¥se pUnz'ks[j jsMΩMh ·rs¥qxw‚] equOoj jkuk ·mnwZ‚\

(9) laxhr ukVd` vd`kneh iqjLd`kj (2013)—laxhr] u~R;] jaxeap o ¥f¥r d`¥kvkÍds` ”s( ds` o"Z 2013 ds` laxhr ukVd` vd`kneh iqjLd`kjkÍ d`h ?ks".k vd`kneh }kjk21 uoEcj] 2013 d`ks d`h xbZ\ fofHUu fo|kvkÍ ds` fuEuf¥f[r 38 d`¥kd`kjkÍ d`ks bliqjLd`kj ds f¥, pquk x;k gS%

laxhr%fjfRod` lkU;k¥ ·fgUnqLrkuh laxhr%xk;u‚] Jherh oh.k lgL(cq*s·fgUnqLrkuh laxhr%xk;u‚] gæer v¥h ·fgUnqLrkuh ok» laxhr%rc¥k‚] |zqck ?ks"·fgUnqLrkuh ok» laxhr%lkjaxh‚] Jherh v:.k lkbZjke ·dùkZVd` laxhr%xk;u‚] Mh\æs"kpkjh o Mh\ jk?okpkjh ·gSnjkckn cznlZ‚ ·dùkZVd` laxhr%xk;u‚] f(ph lad`ju·dùkZVd` ok» laxhr%e~naxe‚] fr:fotk t;æad`j ·dùkZVd` ok» laxhr‚ ·uknLoje‚]cafdè lsBh ·laxhr d`h vU; fo|k,a‚ ·vksfMlh laxhr‚\

u~R;%Jherh jktJh fædsZ` ·d`ƒd`‚] ch\ gÍjHukƒu ·HjrukVΩ;e‚] Jherhtequkd~`Æ.u ·HjrukVΩ;e‚] fpark lhrk jeutkus;q¥q ·dq`fpiqMÈh‚] d`¥keaM¥e ,eih,luEcwnjh ·d`ƒd`¥h‚] Jherh laxhrk nkl ·vksfMlh‚] tksxsu n® c;ku ·lf(;k‚] |us'osjLosu ·u~R; gsrq laxhr‚ Jhfuokl jaxkpkfj;kj%u~R; ,oa u~R; fƒ,Vj d`h êq[ fo|k,a·vjk;sj lsokb‚

jaxeap%jkes'oj ^se ·ukVΩ; ¥s[u‚] iqaMf¥d` ukjk;u ukbd` ·ukVΩ; ¥s[u‚]dè¥s'oj eqj¥h|j lkÍrkds` ·funsZæu‚] dsò¥ |k¥hok¥ ·funsZæu‚] Jherh ^lUukjkekLokeh ·funsZæu‚] olar tksl¥d`j ·vfHu;‚] Jherh dq`lqe gSnj ·vfHu;‚] d~`Æ.cksjd`j ·jaxeap d`h vU; fo|k,a] esd`vi‚\

ijEijkxr / ¥ksd` / tutkrh; laxhr / u~R; / jaxeap ,oa iqrq¥d`¥k%Jherh jkt csxe·ijEijkxr / ¥ksd` laxhr/u~R; ,oa fƒ,Vj] tEew-d`'ehj‚] Vh,vkj uknhjko o ,u thok

lk\ Kk\ | 17

jko [la;qDr Ôi ls ¥ksd` laxhr ·rfe¥ukMq‚]] xqjfn;k¥ flag bULV_weÍV fuekZ. ·iatkc‚]eksgu flag [kuxqjk jchUnz laxhr ·i\ caxk¥‚] mekd`kar xksxksbZ ·cSjkxh‚ Vksd`jh xhr ,oansg fopkj xhr ·vle‚] Jherh ¥h¥korh ,e\ d`fo ·ctkt‚ iqrq¥d`¥k] Jherh ehuk”hbULV_weÍV esfd ax ?Ve ·rfe¥ukMq‚] æs[ fj;ktq hu ¥ksd` u~R; ·egkjkÆV_‚\

l~tukRed` d`¥kvkÍ eÍ lexz ;ksxnku/Ld`kW¥jf'ki%eSlwj oh\ lqcze≥;k] ,u\ jkeukƒu\

(10) nknk lkgc √`kYds` iqjLd`kj—;g iqjLd`kj Hkjrh; fœ`Ye m»ksx ds` laLFkkid`nknk lkgc œ`kYds` d`h Le~fr eÍ 1969 eÍ vkjEH fd`;k x;k Fkk\ 1995 d`k dÙuMÈ fœ`YevfHusrk MkW\ jktdqèkj d`ks] 1996 d`k rfe¥ fœ`Ye vfHusrk fæokth x.sæu d`ks] 1997d`k fgUnh ds` d`fo iznhi ·jkepUnz ukjk;. f}osnh‚ d`ks] 1998 d`k ^“;kr fœ`Ye funsZæd`ch\ vkj\ pksiMÈk d`ks] 1999 d`k ≤f"ds`æ eq[thZ d`ks] 2000 d`k vkæk HkÍl¥s d`ks] o"Z2001 d`k ;æ pksiMÈk d`ks] o"Z 2002 d`k vfHusrk nsokuUn d`ks] o"Z 2003 d`k e~.k¥ lsud`ks] o"Z 2004 d`k e¥;k¥e fœ`Ye fuekZrk vMwj xksik¥ Î`Æ.u d`ks] o"Z 2005 d`k fœ`YefunsZæd` ';ke csusx¥ d`ks] o"Z 2006 d`k fœ`Ye funsZ'kd` riu flUgk d`ks] o"Z 2007 d`k^fl* ik'oZxk;d` eUuk Ms d`ks] o"Z 2008 d`k ^fl* flusesVksxzkœ`j oh\ ds`\ ewfrZ d`ks] o"Z2009 d`k ^fl* fœ`Ye fuekZrk Mh\ jkekuk;Mw d`ks] o"Z 2010 d`k fuekZrk funsZ'kd`ds`\ ck¥kpUnj d`ks rFkk o"Z 2011 d`k ;g iqjLd`kj vfHusrk lkSfe( pVthZ d`ks ^nku fd`;kx;k gS\ 2012 d`k ;g iqjLd`kj pfj( vfHusrk ^k. d~`Æ. fldÙn d`ks fn;k x;k\ 2013d`k ;g iqjLd`kj d`fo] iVd`ƒk ¥s[d` ,oa fœ`Ye funsZæd` xq¥tkj d`ks ^nku fd`;k x;k\

(11) teuk¥k¥ ctkt iqjLd`kj (2014)—o"Z 2014 ds` teuk¥k¥ ctkt iqjLd`kjkÍd`h ?ks".k 28 uoEcj] 2014 d`ks d`h x;h\ ;g iqjLd`kj fuEuf¥f[r d`ks ^nku fd`,x,%

1. Hkjr ds` ckgj xka|hoknh fopkjkÍ o thou ewY;kÍ ds` ^lkj ds` f¥,%lq¥d` f'kojd`k'kk·b≥Vjus'ku¥ usVodZ vkWœ` bUxsTM cqf*LV] Fkkb¥S≥M ds laLFkkid`‚\

2. xzkeh. fod`kl gsrq foKku vkSj rdùhd` ds` f¥,%jkedqèkj flag ·lq:fp f'k{k.clkgr V_LV] xqtjkr‚\

3. jpukRed` d`k;ksÛ ds` f¥,%lqjsUnz d`kW¥ksxh ·tuin lsok V_LV] dùkZVd` ds laLFkkid`‚\

4. efg¥kvkÍ o cPpkÍ ds` mUu;u ds` f¥,%Jherh psUuqi®h fo»k ·olo;k efg¥keaM¥h] vk\ ^\ ds laLFkkid` slhMÍV‚\

(12) ljLorh lEeku—1992 eÍ ds \ ds \ fcMÈ¥k œ`km≥Msæu }kjk LFkkfir lkfgR;-{ks(d`k ;g ig¥k iqjLd`kj MkW\ gfjoaæjk; cPpu d`ks mud`h vkRed`Fkk ds` pkSFks o vfUre[≥M ‘næ}kj ls lksiku rd`’ ds` f¥,] 2001 d`k iatkch lkfgR;d`kj MkW\ n¥hi d`kSjfrokuk d`ks mud`h Î`fr ‘d`ƒk d`gks moZæh’ ds` f¥,] 2002 d`k ejkBh lkfgR;d`kj egsæ,¥\ dqa`pokj d`ks mud`h ukVΩ;Î`fr ‘;qxkUr’ ds` f¥,] o"Z 2003 d`k ^ks\ xksfoUn pUê

18 | lk\ Kk\

ik≥Ms d`ks muds` laLÎ`r d`kO; laxzg ‘Hxhjƒh’ ds` f¥, rƒk o"Z 2004 d`k lquh¥ xaxksik÷;k;d`ks muds cax¥k miU;kl ‘^ƒe vk¥ks’ ds f¥, ^nku fd`;k x;k\ o"Z 2005 d`k e¥;k¥hd`fo izks\ ds`\ v…;i if.Dd`j d`ks muds` d`fork lad`¥u ‘v…;i if.d`:Ms d~`frd`¥’ ds`f¥, iznku fd`;k x;k gS] o"Z 2006 d`k vksfM;k lkfgR;d`kj txUukƒ ^lkn nkl d`ksmud`h Î`fr ‘ifj∂èk’ ds` f¥,] o"Z 2007 d`k mnwZ ds` lkfgR;d`kj MkW\ uS;j elwn d`ksmud`h d~`fr ‘rk˜l peu d`h eSuk’ ds` f¥,] o"Z 2008 d`k MkW\ ¥{ehuanu cksjk d`ks muds`miU;kl ‘d`k;kd`Yi’ ds` f¥,] o"Z 2009 d`k iatkch d`fo lqjthr irkj d`ks muds` d`forklaxzg ‘¥Œtka nh njxkg’ ds` f¥,] o"Z 2010 d`k dÙuMÈ ds` ^fl* ¥s[d` ^ks\ ,l\ ,¥\HSjIik d`ks muds` miU;kl ‘eanz’ ds` f¥, rFkk o"Z 2011 d`k ;g lEeku rfe¥ lkfgR;d`kjMkW\ ,\ ,\ euok¥u d`ks mud`h d~`fr ‘bje d`FkkbZ;qe bZje;kd`¥q;e’ ds` f¥, fn;k x;k gS\2012 d`k ljLorh lEeku e¥;k¥e dòf;(h lqxkƒk dqèkjh d`ks eu¥s{ksrq gsrq fn;k x;k]2013 d`k ljLorh lEeku fgUnh ¥s[d` xksfoUn feJ d`ks ‘|w¥ ikS|kÍ ij’ gsrq fn;k x;k\ (13) O;kl lEeku—fgUnh lkfgR; eÍ ;ksxnku gsrq ds`\ ds`\ fcMÈ¥k œ`km≥Msæu }kjkLFkkfir Ms<È ¥k[ :i, d`k ig¥k iqjLd`kj MkW\ jke fo¥kl æekZ d`ks fn;k x;k\ o"Z1999 d`k ;g lEeku Jh¥k¥ æqD¥ d`ks muds` miU;kl ‘foJkeiqj ds` lar’ ds` f¥,] o"Z2004 d`k e~nq¥k xxZ d`ks muds` miU;kl ‘d`Bxq¥kc’ ds` f¥,] 2005 d`k vk|qfud` fgUnhd`ƒk lkfgR; d`h ^fl* ¥sf[d`k pUnzd`kark d`ks muds miU;kl ‘d`ƒk lrhlj’ ds f¥,] o"Z2006 d`k fgUnh ds` ^fl* lek¥kspd` ^ks\ ijekuUn JhokLro d`ks mud`h iqLrd ‘d`forkd`k vƒZ’ ds` f¥,] o"Z 2007 d`k ^fl* ¥sf[d`k d~`Æ.k lkscrh d`ks ·¥sus ls bud`kj‚ muds`miU;kl ‘le;-ljxe’ ds` f¥,] o"Z 2008 d`k ¥sf[d`k eUuw HaMkjh d`ks mud`h d~`fr ‘,d`d`gkuh ;g Hh’ ds` f¥,] o"Z 2009 d`k vejd`kar d`ks mud`h d~`fr ‘bUgÓ gfFk;kjkÍ ls’ ds`f¥,] o"Z 2010 d`k MkW\ fo'oukFk ^lkn frokjh d`ks mud`h d~`fr ‘fœ`j Hh dq`N jgtk,xk’ ds` f¥,] o"Z 2011 d`k ^ks\ jkenj'k feJ d`ks mud`h d~`fr ‘vke ds` i®s’ ds` f¥,]2012 d`k MkW\ ujsUnz d`ksg¥h d`ks muds` miU;kl ‘u Hwrks u HfoÆ;fr’ ds` f¥,] 2013 d`kfo'oukFk f(ikBh d`ks ‘O;kseds`'k njos'k’ ds` f¥, rFkk o"Z 2014 d`k ;g lEeku dè¥fd`'kksj xks;ud`k d`ks mud`h d~`fr ‘^sepan d`h d`gkfu;kÍ d`k d`k¥dzèkuqlkj v÷;;u’ ds`f¥, ^n® fd`;k x;k gS\

ækafrLoÔi HVukxj iqjLd`kj] 2014tho foKku%MkW\ Ôi ef¥d` ·eqEcbZ‚\jlk;u foKku%MkW\ ds \ jked~ Æ. ^lkn ·cÍx¥qÔ‚] MkW\ lkSfod` eSrh ·ubZ fnY¥h‚\HkSfrd` foKku%MkW\ ^rki jk; pkS|jh ·eqEcbZ‚] MkW\ lkfnd` v¥h vCckl jaxok¥k

·cÍx¥qÔ‚\fpfd`Rlk foKku%MkW\ vuqjkx vxzok¥ ·ubZ fnY¥h‚\bathfu;fjax foKku%MkW\ ,l\ cÍd`Veksgu ·gSnjkckn‚] MkW\ lkSesu pdz orhZ ·eqEcbZ‚\xf.rh; foKku%MkW\ d`kS'k¥ dq ekj oekZ ·cÍx¥qÔ‚\i~Foh] okrkoj.] leqnz ,oa [xks¥ foKku%MkW\ lfPpnkuan f(ikBh ·d`kuiqj‚

lk\ Kk\ | 19

61oÍ jkÆV_h; fœ`Ye iqjLd`kjo"Z 2013 eÍ ^nfæZr fœ`YekÍ ds` f¥, (61oÍ‚ jkÆV_h; fœ`Ye iqjLd`kjkÍ d`h ?ks".k

lwpuk ,oa ^lkj. ea(k¥; }kjk 16 v^S¥] 2014 d`ks d`h xbZ\ ·flusek eÍ lexz ;ksxnkuds` f¥, xq¥tkj d`ks loksZPp nknk lkgsc iqjLd`kj d`h ?ks".k ig¥s gh ea(k¥; }kjk d`htk pqd`h ƒh\‚ bu iqjLd`kjkÍ d`k forj. ckn eÍ 3 ebZ] 2014 d`ks nknk lkgsc œ`kYds d`ht;Urh ds` volj ij jkÆV_ifr ^.c eq[thZ us ubZ fnY¥h eÍ ,d` lekjksg eÍ fd`;k\ buiqjLd`kjkÍ eÍ loZJsÆB fœ`Ye d`k iqjLd`kj vkuUn xka|h }kjk funsZfær fgUnh] vaxzsth fœ`Ye ‘fæivkWœ` ƒSfl;l’ (Ship of Theseus) ds f¥, fn;k x;k gS\ bl iqjLd`kj ds rgrΩ fuekZrk ofunsZæd` d`ks Lo.Z dè¥ ds` lkƒ 2·50-2·50 ¥k[ d`h jkfæ ^nku d`h xbZ\ loZJsÆBvfHusrk d`k iqjLd`kj ckW¥hoqM ds` jktdqèkj jko d`ks fgUnh fœ`Ye ækfgn eÍ Hwfed`k ds` f¥,rƒk e¥;k¥e vfHusrk lwjt oÍtkjkeksnw d`ks e¥;k¥;e fœ`Ye isjkjh;ƒkoj eÍ Hwfed`k dsf¥, fn;k x;k\ loZJsÆB vfHus(h d`k iqjLd`kj xhrkatf¥ ƒkik d`ks fgUnh fœ`Ye ¥k;lZMkbl (Liar’s Dice) eÍ Hwfed`k ds` f¥, fe¥k\ loZJsÆB fgUnh fœ`Ye d`k iqjLd`kj lqHk"dìwj }kjk funsZfær fœ`Ye tkW¥h ,¥,¥ch d`ks rƒk lEiw.Z euksjatu ^nku d`jus ok¥h loZJsÆBfœ`Ye d`k iqjLd`kj jkds æ vkse ^d`kæ esgjk }kjk funsZfær fgUnh fœ`Ye ‘Hkx feY[k Hkx’ d`ksfn;k x;k\ caxk¥h] e¥;k¥e ejkBh fœ`YekÍ us Hh d`bZ iqjLd`kj bu iqjLd`kjkÍ ds` rgrΩ ^kIrfd`, êq[ iqjLd`kjkÍ d`h foLr~r lwph fuEuf¥f[r gS%

loZJsÆB fœ`Ye ·Lo.Z dè¥ ds` lkƒ fuekZrk o funsZæd` d`ks 2·50-2·50¥k[‚%fæi vkWœ` ƒSfl;l ·vaxzsth] fgUnh‚ ·funsZæd`%vkuan xka|h‚

loZJsÆB funsZæd` ·Lo.Z dè¥ + 2,50,000‚%gal¥ esgrk ·fgUnh f√Ye ækfgn‚

loZJsÆB vfHusrk ·jtr dè¥ + 50,000‚%jktdqèkj jko ·ækfgn‚ o lwjtoÍtkjkeksnw ·e¥;k¥e‚

loZJsÆB vfHus(h ·jtr dè¥ + 50,000‚%xhrkatf¥ ƒkik ·¥k;lZ Mkbl] fgUnh‚loZJsÆB lgvfHusrk ·jtr dè¥ + 50,000‚%lkSjH æqD¥k ·tkW¥h ,¥,¥ch]

fgUnh‚loZJsÆB lgvfHus(h ·jtr dè¥ + 50,000‚%ve~rk lqHk" ·vLrw] ejkBh‚ o

vk,nk v¥-d`kæsœ` ·fæi vkWœ` ƒSfl;l] vaxzsth-fgUnh‚loZJsÆB xhrd`kj ·jtr dè¥ + 50,000‚%uk\ eqƒqdqèkj ·ƒkaxk-eÓx¥] rfe¥]

vkuank ;k>bZ …‚loZJsÆB ik'oZxk;d` ·jtr dè¥ + 50,000‚%Ôikad`j ·tkfr'oj] caxk¥h] bZ rqeÓ

ds eks rqeÓ …‚loZJsÆB ik'oZxkf;d`k ·jtr dè¥ + 50,000‚%cs¥k æÍns ·rqfg;k |eZ d`kÍpk]

ejkBh] [qjk-[qjk …‚loZJsÆB laxhr funsZæu ·jtr dè¥ + 50,000‚%(i) xhr%d`chj lqeu ·tkfr'oj]

caxk¥h‚] (ii) cSd`xzkm≥M Ld`ksj%ækare eksb(k ·uk caxkÔ rY¥h] rs¥qxq‚

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Publisher : Upkar Prakashan ISBN : 9788174823366 Author : Khanna and Verma

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lkeku; kku · th\ ,\ vh\ vh\ tuj¥ ,xzheÍv vkwu vsfj√ ,≥m v_sm g. d. p. gross domestic product...

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