lkjka’k 5 6 13 21 27 31 37 45 · gky gh esa fodflr yksg xszml ;fkk 439 vksj 441 dh o;kid j`a[kyk...
TRANSCRIPT
vUrjkZcVªh; LVsuysl LVhy eaPk ¼ vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ½ LFkkfir 1996 esa] vUrjkZcVªh; LVsuysl LVhy eaPk ¼ vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ½ ,d xSj&ykHkkjh ’kks/k laxBu gS tks fo’o eaPk ij vUrjkZcVªh; LVsuysl LVhy m|ksx ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks lsok,¡ iznku dj jgk gS] tcfd bldk Lo;a dk funs’kd eUMy] ctV vkSj egklfpo gS] vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q vUrjkZcVªh; yksgk vkSj LVhy laLFkku ¼ vkbZ vkbZ ,l vkbZ ½ dk gh ,d Hkkx gSA vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ds orZeku esa vc 67 dEifu;ksa lfgr 24 ns’kksa esa lEc} lnL; gSA la;qDr #i ls fo’ko ds 85 izfr’kr LVhy mRiknu ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA lnL;ksa dh iw.kZ lwph vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q dh osclkbV : www.worldstainless.org ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
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lkjka’k “yksg lek/kku” }kjk Tkk¡u bZl fty 5
vxszfckr “LVhy ftldk le; vk pqdk gS” }kjk vkbZ lh Mh , 6
os yksg inZkFkZ ds ckjs esa D;k dg jgs gSa 9 “’kkunkj yksgk” 13
{kj.k izfrjks/kh rÙo 21
;kfU=dh vkSj HkkSfrd rRo 27
LFkkiu yksg xzsMt 31
yksg xzsMksa dks tksMuk 37
mRikn vkSj mi;ksx 45
ifjf’kcV:
jlk;fud ljapuk yksg LVsuysl LVhy dk 59
lrg cukuk ¼iw.kZrk½ 63
lUnHkZ 64
vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q lnL;rk 66
ikorh 67
fock; lwph
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lajpuk LkVhy dk;Z mPpekxZ ¼ gkbos ½ iqy gsrq Mjcu] nf{k.kh vizhdk esa isUVs aM yksg LVhy dkA
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lkjka’k“yksg lek/kku”
}kjk Tkk¡u bZl ftys] v/;{k] vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ekdZs ZV MoyiesUV desVhA
vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q us igyk foospu ,d ifj;kstuk dks yksg xzsM esa izkSUur djus gsrq Qjojh 2004 esa fd;k D;ksafd vusd lnL;ksa us dgk & fd bl fn’kk esa dksbZ la;qDr m?kksx iz;kl ugha fd;s x;sA
ekdsZV MoyiesUV desVh ds ekxZn’kZu esa fo’ksckKksa dk ,d vUrjkZcVªh; leqg fQfyi fjpMZ ds usr`Ro esa cktkj lkaf[;dh ,d= yksg xszM vkSj mi;ksx ij ’kw# dh xbZA mUgsa fo’o Òj esa lg;ksx dj izkIr gqvk & fo’kssckr;k tkiku l]s tgk¡ yksgk LVhy cktkj T;knk fodflr gSA
vkbZ lh Mh , ’kh?kz gh ’kq#okr esa ’kkfey gqvk vkSj ifj;kstuk dks lg/ku fd;kA ;g cM+h izlUurk ls ge Lohdkj djrs gS ,d lqn`< mnkgj.k ds #i esa vUrjkZcVªh; O;kikj laxBu ds e/;A
ifj;kstuk ds ’kq#vkrh nkSj esa fudy dherksa us vkleku Nw fy;k vkSj ewY; vk/kkfjr xzsMksa esa v“wriwoZ o`f} utj vkbZA vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q us ifj;kstuk ds lcls vf/kd rOokstg nhA vc eqÖks ifj.kke is’k djrs gq, xoZ eglwl gks jgk gS] tks fd cktkj dks rsth iznku djus dk ,d lgh le; gSA
eSa ;g n`<+ fo’okl j[krk gw¡ fd yksgk LVsuysl LVhy dk cM+s iSekus ij mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fd;k tkuk pkfg;saA bl izdk’ku dk mn~ns’; bu xzsMl dk O;kid Lrj ij mi;ksx djuk gSA
LVsuysl LVhy ^nkx&/kCckjfgr^ gS D;ksfd mudh Øksfe;e lkexzh mudks {kj.k izfrjks/kh dh tkjsnkj {kerk nsrh gSA yksg xszMl esa dsoy Øksfe;e ’kfey gS vU; la“for rR+o Mo, Ti, Nb, bR;kfn dk lgh fodYi ugha gSA izfl) LVsUMMZ yksg xszMl 409, 410 vkSj 430 lgtrk ls iwjh nqfu;k esa miyC/k gSA egRoiw.kZ vuqiz;ksxksa esa lQyrkiwoZd dke esa fy;k tkrk gS ;Fkk&okf’kax e’khu Mªeksa esa vkSj ,XtkLV flLVe esa] okLro esa mudk O;kid mi;ksx cgqr] dqN {ks=ksa esa gksrk gSA
gky gh esa fodflr yksg xszMl ;Fkk 439 vkSj 441 dh O;kid J`a[kyk c<+h gS vko’;drk dhA os T;knk dfBu vkdkj esa cuk;s tk ldrs gS vkSj tksM+ rjhds esa dke esa fy;s tk jgs gSA osfYMax lfgr eksYcsfMfu;e dk /kU;okn gS fd yksg xszM 444 gh {k; {kerk de gS xszM 316 dh rqyuk esaA
yksg xszMl esa fudy ugha gksus ls] mudh ykxr de gS vkSj vf/kd fLFkj gS fo’kq):
dEIyhesUV izdkj 304 LVsuysl LVhy Qseyh esa ¼ 304 foifjr gS vkSj vke mi;ksx okyk xszM ½;
200 lhjht dk ,d fodYi ¼ izLrko lkekur; vPNk mo;ksxh feJ.k ½;
vusd {ks=ksa esa vU; lkexzh dk fodYi ¼ ;Fkk&dkcZu LVhy] Cu] Zn] Al] IykfLVd] bR;kfn ½ buds rduhdh feJ.k dk /kU;kokn&pkyd iquLFkkiu gsrq] lkekU;r;k] rduhdh vkSj thou pØ ewY; yk“A
yksg LVsuysl LVhy eSXusfVTe ,d ukdjkRed DokfyVh ugha gSa tks fd lkekU; dkWcuZ LVhy ls tqM+h gksaA izfrdqy esa eSXusfVTe ,d fo’ksck LVsuysl LVhy dk ,d ’kkunkj rRo gSA ftlls vU; LVsuysl LVhy xszMl fuek.kZ fd;k tkrk gSA
yksgk ls ’kkunkj ofj.kke izkIr djus gsrq ;g vo’;d gS fd: u;s mi;ksxdrkZ cuus rFkk tksM+us dh rduhdksa esa izf’kf{kr gks; mi;ksxdrkZ LVsuysl LVhy mRiknd lgh xszM ds p;u ckcr lykg djsa;
mi;ksxdrkZ viuh lkexzh fo’oluh; L=ksr ls izkIr djrk gSA vkiqfrZ lkexzh dh xszM xq.koRrk vkSj ekSfydrk dh xkjaVh dk izLrko gsrq ;ksX;A
Vhe ds iz;klksa dh mPp DokfyVh vkSj vkbZ lh Mh , dk etcwr leFkZu gesa ;g vuqefr nsrk gS fd vkt ,d lUn“Z nLrkost gekjh LVsuysl LVhy O;olk; dk izLrqr fd;k tkosA ;g Qk;nk mPp :fp iznku xzkgdksa lsa] u;s fodkl dh thoUr :fp dks izdV djrk gSA vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q l“h lg;ksxksa ds fy, vk“kjh gSA
Tkk¡u bZl ftys
vè;{k
cktkj fodkl lfefr
vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q
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vxszfckr“LVhy ftldk le; vk pqdk gS” }kjk ÝsMfjd VsjksfM vUrjkZcVªh; Øksfe;e MoyiesUV ,lksfl,’ku
eq>s lcls igys vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q dks /kU;okn nsuk pkfg,A vkbZ lh Mh , dks vkeU=.k nsus gsrq&yksg lek/kku dh izLrkouk fy[kus gsrq ,d izdk’ku tks Øksfe;e foc; dk leku egRo j[krk gSA
vkbZ lh Mh , dh LFkkiuk 1990 esa isfjl esa gqbZ vkSj ftlesa orZeku esa 96 lnL; 26 ns’kksa ds 5 egk}hiksa ls gSA gekjk vfHk;ku nqfu;k dks Øksfe;e dh ldkjkRed dgkuh crykuk gSA
Øksfe;e dk mi;ksx yksgk rFkk LVhy ls LVsUkysl LVhy vkSj vU; /kkrq dk mRiknu djuk gSA LVsUkysl LVhy esa Øksfe;e ,d fo’ksck feJ.k gSA ;s ,d /kkrq rRo gS tks LVsUkysl LVhy dks /kCcs jfgr cukrs gSA tks bl tkunkj {k; vkSj vkDlhMs’ku izfrjks/kh cukrk gSA Øksfe;e lgtrk ls miyC/k gksrk vkSj ljyrk ls iqu%dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA LVsUkysl LVhy vkdkj esa] i;kZoj.k dks fcuk fdlh uqdlku dsA
;g laLFkk Øksfe;e mRiknuks dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS] ge bl gsUMcqd dk izlkj&izdk’ku dj jgs gaS D;ksafd ge ;g fo’okl j[krs gS fd blesa Øksfe;e m|ksx fodflr gksxkA Øksfe;e dk mi;ksx ,dy :i esa dHkh ugha gksrkA vkbZ lh Mh , dh cktkj fodkl lfefr leku :fp dh ifj;kstukvksa dks ykxq djrh jgh viuh lg;ksxh lEc) laxBu ;Fkk vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q lfgr dqN ockksZ rd lHkh LVsuysl LVhy dk ewy rRo Øksfe;e gSA ,d vkSlr lkexzh Lrj 18 izfr’kr dk okfckZd mi;ksx LVsuysl LVhy dk c<+ jgk gSA 5 izfr’kr dh of) nj vkSj bldk dkQh la[;k esa mi;ksx c<+ jgk gS [kk|] is; ¼ ’kjkc ½] [kuu vkSj vkWVksesfVd m|ksx rFkk okLrq dyk esaA
vki lrdZ jgs fd fudy] fo’kq) LVsuysl LVhy esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA eqY; mrkj p<+ko esa ’kkfey gSA ’ks;j cktkj ds dkj.k okLro esa cl dqN ockksZ esa fudy dh dhersa rsth ls c<+h gS tks fo’kq) xszMl dks izkHkkfor djrh gSA
yksg] LVsuysl LVhy dk nwljk uke gS ftlesa fudy ugha gksrkA blesa Øksfe;e gSA gekjs fodkl ds lUnHkZ ls LVsuysl LVhy ds cktkj esa of) bl le; ge eglwl djrs gS fd gesa etcwrh ls yksg xszMl dk O;kid mi;ksx c<+kuk pkfg;sA
gesa [kq’kh gqbZ tc vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q fd gesa mudh ifj;kstuk dks lg;ksx djus ds fy, vkSj u;s yksgk cktkj iz;ksxks dks fodflr djus ds fy, dgk x;kA bldk rkjhQs mn~ns’k; bl ifj;kstuk dks vPNh o`f) gkfly djuk gSA LVsUkysl LVhy cktkj esa vkSj bu xszM~t mTtoy Hkfoc; dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA
yksgk xszM~t dh miyC/krk lwpuk dks nsf[k, LVsUkysl LVhy dh ek=k vPNh ikrs gS ysfdu FkksM+h&lh fo’ksck :i ls yksgs dh ;g xszM~l yxHkx 100 ockZ rd jgrs gSA ;g deh vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ds orZeku dh orZeku gSUMcwd dh cukus dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA ;g rduhdh tkudkjh esa vko’;d lwpuk,¡ yksgk xszM~l o ykHk rFkk Qk;nsean iz;ksx rFkk lajpukRe laLrqfr nsrh gSA bldk iz;ksx yksg LVsuysl LVhy dh fo’ksckrk,a vkSj mi;ksfxrk ds ckjs esa lkekU; lUnsgksa dks Bhd djuk gSA
fucdckZ esa vkbZ lh Mh , lrdZ gS fd fudy dk gYdkiu LVsuysl LVhy ds miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, cM+h leL;k gS ge xaHkhjrkiwoZd bl m|ksx rFkk blds mi;ksxdÙkkZvksa ds leFkZu djrs gSA ’kks/k esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, fodYi gsrq lek/kku ;g fcYdqy lkQ gS fd blds izekf.kr rduhdh xq.koRrk vkSj ykxr] ykHkksa] yksg LVsuysl LVhy ,d LVhy gh ftldk vkt le; gSA
fuEufyf[kr i`cV LVsuysl LVhy ds orZeku rFkk izHkkoh mi;ksxdrkZvksa dk ekxZ n’kZu djsaxs yksg xszMl foLrkj esa blds u;s vkSj vPNs iz;ksx {ks=ksa dkA
ÝsMfjd VsjksjM v/;{k cktkj vkbZ lh Mh ,
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yksg LVsuysl LVhy vkn’kZ gS ckgjh lrgh O;kolkf;d
jlkbZ midj.kks a es a A
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yksgs dk pedhyk izn’kZu] LoPNrk rFkk LokLF;
dk lwpd gS [kk| lEidZ iz;ksx esaA
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LVhQu jkWc
funs’kd dkWjiksjsV Ø; mRikn lkexzh] ch ,l ,p ckWl ;w ,u Mh lheUl gkWlxjsV th ,e ch ,p] E;qfu[k] teZuh
“gekjs LVsuysl LVhy dk rhljs mRikn ds :i esa mi;ksx dk dkj.k vkaf’kd fØ;k,¡] D;ksfd bldh {k; izfrjks/k {kerk vkSj ykxr ,LFksfVd gSA yksg LVsuysl dk Hkkx yxHkx 50 izfr’kr gSA gekjk mn~ns’; bldh o`f) djuk gS D;ksfd yksgs miHkksDrk ds LVsuysl LVhy dk ykHk c<+rk gSA fØ;kdyki xq.koRrk vkSj fMtkbu ds fofHkUu iz;ksxksa esa ysfdu lhfer ykxr {ks= esaA ge yksg xszM~l dk mi;ksx {kj.k izfrjks/k {kerk vkfn izk:i ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj djsaxsaA”
jkWcVZ cukZLdkWuh
izcU/kd] oSf’od izkS|fxdh&lkexzh] fOgyZiwy dkWjiksjs’ku] dslhfuVk Mh fcbkuMªksuks bVyh
“?kjsyq midkj.kksa ds fuekZrk gksus ds dkj.k ge yksg dk mi;ksx gekjs jsÝhtjsVj vkSj okf’kax e’khuksa vkSj yksg dk ewY;kdu izofRrZr rRo dqfdax midj.kksa vkSj fM’kok’klZ ¼ crZu /kqykbZ ½ gsrq djrs gS blesa ykxr ykHk gesa vkSj gekjs miHkksDrkvksa dks vPNk vk/kkj nsrh gS fd ge bu yksg xzsM~l dk vkf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx djkosaA
“ge vius mRiknksa dk fMtkbu vko’;d fuekZ.k rRo fnekx esa j[krs gq, vkSj voljkuqdwy dksVsM xszM dk p;u djds djrs gSA ;gk¡ rd fd fQaxj fizUV&izksVsDV dksVsM xszM dk mi;ksx djds
os yksg inZkFkZ ds ckjs esa D;k dg jgs gaSyksg xszMl dh rduhdh ;ksX;rk vkSj vkfFkZd ykHk dh fuf’pr cktkj lSDVj dkQh oáksZa ls rkjhQ dj jgk gSA fuEufyf[kr izek.k orZeku vkSj c<+rs cktkj nksuksa dk izfrfuf/kRo dj jgk gSA ;g nf’kZr djrh gSa fd ;s O;kid :i ls Kkr gSA
;fn t:jr gqbZ rks nh?kZdkyhu lsok dk v’oLr djrs gq, A blesa [kkl ckr ;g gS fd yksg mi;ksx vkfFkZd ykHk izkIr gSA
“ge vius mi;ksxksa esa mls ’kkunkj ikrs gSa] fudy dh mPp ykxr ns[krs gq, bl ekeys esa LVhy dk “foc; fuf’pr :i ls ’kkunkj gSA”
tku yqbZl ysyck
cktkj [kjhndÙkkZ xzqi lsc gsrq ¼ fVQky] jksosUVk Øwil] eksfyUdl] ,juks] vky DykM] isusDl vkfn ½ :ehyh] Ýkal
“ge 15]000 esfVªd Vu LVsuysl LVhy dk ,d lky esa mi;ksx djrs gS tks yksgs dk 40 izfr’kr gSA gekjk lewg ewy yksgs dk mi;ksx dqdos;j fyM~l gsrq djrk gS tks blds fy, ,d vkn’kZ gS LVsEiM ;k cszt vk/kkfjr dwdos;j vkSj ?kjsyw vksou gsrqA blesa Ýkbax iku “h gS ftlesa mi“ksDrk dks larkscktud ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gSaA
“T;knkrj bu vuqiz;ksxksa esa {kj.k izfrjks/k ’kfDr] xgjk vkdkj vkSj ikWfy’k fo’ksckrk,¡ yksgs dh Lohdk;Z gS gesa vkSj gekjs miHkksDrkvksa ds dwN ekeys gS tgkW ek¡x fuekZ.k dh Hkh lsok vko’;drk,¡ lhek ikj gks tkrh gSA yksgs xszMl dk] ,d ;k vf/kd xq.koÙkk ds ekeys esa ;k bldh lkekU; izkdsQ esa izfr’ku dwN ns’ks esa yksg ds fo:) vyEcn~ iwoZ xzg gh] ge bu xszMl dh lgh p;u vusd mngkj.kksa esa djrs gSA okLro esa yksgs dh dhersa fLFkj vkSj fo’oluh; gSA
“gekjs yksgs dk vPNk vuqHko nsrs gq,] gekjk vfHkizk; blds iz;ksx dks c<+kuk gS vius mi;ksx esaA”
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phuh m|ksx esa yksg LVsuysl LVhy ,d izHkfor mPp inkFkZ gS dkWcZu LVhy Lsak izR;sd Lrj ijA
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xsVkuks jksUph
ofjcB izcU/kd] lkexzh vf/kxzg.k] bdsvk“ge LVsuysl LVhy dk mi;ksx CkRkZUk rFkk ikWUl] dVyjh&pkdw lfgr vkSj Luku/kj rFkk jlksb midj.kksa lfgr djrs gSA gekjk orZeku okfckZd mi;ksx 60]000 Vu lkykuk gS ftlesa lkykuk 15 izfr’kr dh o`f) gks jgh gSA ;g yksgs dk ,d mifgLlk gSA
“2003 ds e/; esa] bdsvk us yksg xszMl xzg.k fd;k LVsuysl LVhYl esa lkekU; mís’; gsrq] vf/kdrj lkexzh dh vuqekfur eqY; ij fLFkjrksa esaA ijh{k.k crkrs gS fd oLrq,¡ osYMsM lhEl ,d xzsM mPp gksuh pkfg;s mPp Økse dh rqyuk 430 LVsUMMZ {kj.k izfrjks/kd {kerk gsrq vkSj osYMsM midj.k vxyh izfØ;k gsrq vko’;drk iwjh djsxsA ;g fu.kZ; LVsuysl LVhy ds fodkl dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA gekjh fcØh c<+h vkSj LVsuysl LVhy u;s mRikn fMtkbu xaHkhjrkiwoZd QSys gS fo’kq) xszM~l lfgrA
“bdsvk LVsuysl LVhy oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ,f’k;k dh ,d vks vkbS ,e }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj gekjs yksgs O;ogkj dh lQyrk Ø; lewg dh f’k{k.k vkSj izf’k{k.k dk dk;Z ykHk ,f’k;k esa vkSj blds vks vkbZ ,e miBsdsnkjks dks gksA gekjk y{; fo’kq) xszMl dks iwjh rjg ckgj djuk gS] mldk mPp xszM ds yksgs ds LFkku ij LFkkfir djuk gS ge orZeku esa u;s yksgs xszMl dk ijh{k.k dj jgs gSA O;kid Mªkbax ;k {kj.k izfrjks/k {kerk rÙoksa lfgr gSA”
ekbZdy fy;wax
lgk;d izcU/kd] okbZ;w fgax bUVjys’kuy dEiuh fyfeVsM] esdkvksa
“ew[; mRikn gekjh lgk;d ,DlugqbZ fjfDlax LVsuysl LVhy izkWMDVl xqvkuaxMksax izkUr phu esa fLFkr gS] LVsuysl LVhy dqdos;j vkSj jlksbZ crZuks a dk mRiknu djrh gSA ;g fy[krs le; dEiuh 300 esfVªd Vu LVsuysl LVhy izfrekg mi;ksx djrh gSA tks yksg dk 66&70 izfr’kr gSA 1999 esa tc geus viuh QSDVªh LFkkfir dh ge 400 lhVht xzsM~l dk mi;ksx crZu cukus esa 2002 esa ’kq: fd;kA
“de dher gh dsoy yksgs ds mi;ksx dk ,d dkj.k ugha gSA
yksg xszMl eSXusfVd rFkk mPp rki lqpkyd gksrk gSA ;g ljyrk ls iqu pfØr gS tks IysusV ds L=ksrksa dh lgk;rk djrk gSA 304 ls ifjofrZr yksg esa vfHkizk; mRiknu vf/kd izfrLi/khZ gks vkSj miHkksDrk ,d lqjf{kr mRikn izkIr djs de ewY; ijA gesa ;g iwoZxzg Bhd djuk pkfg;s yksg eSXusfVd de xw.koRrk vkSj de {kj.k izfrjks/k j[krk gSA
“dkj[kkuksa esa tgk¡ 304 iwoZ izeq[kr;k mi;ksx gksrk gSA yksg xszMl esa ifjofrZr dk vfHkizk; lek;kstu djuk mRiknu izfd;k dk vkSj lk¡ps dkA ;g egaxk gSA gekjk vuqHko ;g nf’kZr djrk gS fd dqy mRiknu ykxr yksgs ls de dh tk ldrh gSA
“dqy feykdj ge yksgs ls larqcV gSA yksg xszMl dh ,d vPNh J`a[kyk fodflr dh pqdh gha blds O;kid mi;ksx dh vko’;drkuqlkjA ge vk’kk djrs gh yksg LVsuysl LVhy O;kid :i esa LVhy lsok dsUnªksa esa miyC/k gS vkSj O;kid Js.kh esa {ks=ksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tk;sA”
vkrq’kh vksdkeksVks
izcU/kd] la- 1 mRiknu [k.M] vksLkkdk odZl] rdkjk LVs.MMZ dkWjiks] tkiku
“rdkjk LVsUMMZ jlksbZ rFkk ckFk:e mRiknuksa dk ,d izeq[k tkikuh mRiknd gSA ge LVsuysl LVhy dk mi;ksx flUd~l rFkk VkWi isuYl jlksbZ ?kj ds vkSj ckFkV~Cl rFkk LFkkfir midj.k ckFk:e esa djrs gSA dEiuh yksgs xszMl dk mi;ksx 40 ockksZ ls dj jgh gSA bldk lh/kk dkj.k ;g gS fd mudh lEink bu mi;ksx ds fy, l{ke gSA
“ge yksg ds lkFk lQy gS D;ksa fd gekjs mRikn fMtkbu ysrs gS fo’ksck rduhdh budh xzsM~t esa vkSj ge mfpr ncko&izk:i vkSj lkWpk izkS|ksfxdh j[krs gSA yksg xszMl ds lkFk ges dksbZ cM+h leL;k ugha vkrh gSA tc dfBu vkdkj dh vko’;drk gksrh gS ge ijh{k.k djrs gS mÙke izfØ;k ekinUMks dh LFkkiuk gsrqA
“fucdckZ esa] ge yksg LVsuysl LVhYl ls cgqr larqcV gSA eSa og ekxZn’kZu ns[kuk pkgqaxk tks dEifu;ksa ls lgh yksg xzsMt dk p;u muds iz;ksxksa gsrq tkjh fd;s gSA”
vU; izek.k&izR;sd pSIVj ds igys ck;sa gkFk i`cV ij nsf[k,
1�
Dyksfol VªkeksufVuk
v/;{k] VªkeksufVuk] lsvks ikmyks] czkthyA“,d izeq[k czkftfy;u dEiuh tks ?kjsyw oLrqvksa vkSj vkStkjksa dh fuekZrk gS] O;kid fu;kZr xfrfof/k lfgr] VªkeksukfVd oeZeku esa 850 Vul LVsuysl LVhy dk izfrekg mi;ksx djrs gq, yksg dk 30 izfr’kr gSA mRikn ftlesa yksg dk mi;ksx eq[;:i ls fd;k tkrk gSA bduksfedy Vªst vkSj dVyjh] flUdl~ rFkk ikUl ds iSans gSA
“ge 1974 ls yksg ds mi;ksx djrs vk;s gSa tc geus ikYl vkSj lfoZl lsVsks dk mRiknu vius la;U= QSjksfiYgk esa fd;kA yksg ds mi;ksx dk eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd dPps eky dh de ls de dher] ;g lgh rF; gS dh bl inkFkZ dh fo’ksckkrk,sa o rRo&xq.k gekjs iz;ksxks ds fy, ykHknk;d gSA
“xgjs vkbVe mRiknuksa ds ekeys esa ;Fkk ys&vkWu flUdl] yksg dk dk;Z ljy ugha gSA ftlesa fo’kq) rFkk rqjar jksfyax izfØ;k ’kkfey gSA eSa vHkh Hkh LVsuysl LVhy ls vPNh ilUn ikrk gw ewY;@ykHk ds vuqikr esa ljyrk o lkQ vkSj j[kj[kko esa ;g inkFkZ LoPN gSA blesa lHkh fo’ksckkrk,¡ gS LVsuysl LVhYl dk gS vkSj ;g fofHkUu lrg :iksa esa miyC/k gSA
“la{ki esa] ge yksg ds lkFk izlUu gSa vkSj bldk mi;ksx yEcs le; ls djrs gSA okLro esa ge lnSo u;s iz;ksxksa ds ykHk esa gS ftlesa mldk mi;ksx fd;k tk;s vkSj ftlls ykxr esa ykHk gSA”
yksg LVsuysl LVhy osYMsM V~;wCl cktkj esa ,d ’kkunkj “foc; j[krk gSA bu xzsMks ds
rduhdh vkSj vkfFkZd ;ksX;rk ds dkj.kA
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“’kkunkj yksgk”dPpk eky ewY;ksa esa foLQksV dks ns[krs gq,] yksg LVsuysl LVhy ,d mi;ksxh inkFkZ fofHkUu mi;ksxksa esa gh tgk¡ ykxr&deh lkexzh fodYi ,d izHkko’kkyh rF; gSA
gkfyd ockksZ esa dPpk eky dh dhersa ;Fkk ,Y;qehfu;e] rkWck] ftad rFkk fudy dh c<+h gSA LVsuysl LVhy mRiknd rFkk miHkksDrk] cqjh rjg mPp rFkk vfLFj fudy dherksa ls izHkkfor gq, gSa ftlesa lEiUu mrkj p<+ko gksrk gSA fudy ,d O;kid :i ls fo’kq) ¼ 300 lhjht ½ LVsuysl LVhy xszM~t esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
LVsuysl LVhy mRiknu bu ifjn`’; ij dksbZ fu;U=.k ugha j[krs tks vupkgk izHkko gSA vkxs c<+uk vkSj fudy vk/kfjr xszMksa dh ykxr vfLFkj gksuk nksuksa gsSA ;g fLFkfr tksM+rh gS bu xszMksa dqN orZeku ds lkexzh dks ns[ks ykxr de o foLir vkLVsfLVa~dl o us=fdr ftlesa cukuk rFkk lsok,¡ fo’ksckrk,¡ Bhd gSA vius mRikn ;k mi;ksx fo’kq) dh rqyuk esaA
;g fLFkfr LVsuysl ds izeq[k mi;ksxdÙkkZvksa ds fy, ladV lekfIr gks ldrh gS] tks ;g fo’okl djrs gS fd LVsuysl LVhYl DokfyVh j[krs gS ftudh mUgsa t:jr gS foÙkh; igq¡p ds ckgjA
de ykxr] fLFkj ewY;;g vPNk lekpkj gS fd yksgk ¼ 400 lhjht ½ LVsuysl LVhy xszMl de vkSj dher esa fLFkj gS vHkh rd rduhdh fo’ksckrkvksa esa izHkkoh rsth yk jgk gS] mM+ku gsrq izrk{kk dj jgk gSA rS;kj gS ,d ’kkunkj fodYi lkexzh vusd vuqekfur ^fo’kq) ek=^ mi;ksxks gsrqA
fudy ugha gksrs gq,] yksg xszMl esa ewyr% yksg rFkk Øksfe;e dh dher&feJ.k tks LVsuysl LVhy curk gS fo’ksckr;k {kj.kizfrjks/kh&,frgkfld lEcfU/kr fLFkj gSA fuf’pr yksg xszM esa vkarfjd /kkrq rÙo gS ;Fkk eksfycfMuwe fo’ksckhd`r rÙo gsrqA
yksgk LVsuysl LVhYl ;kfU=dh rFkk {kj.k izfrjks/kh lEiUu dk vf/kd [kphZyk rÙo] fo’kq) esa lq/kkj Hkh fudy ds fy, D;ksa Hkqxrku fd;k tk; ;fn vki mls ugha j[kuk pkgrs\
rk ¡ck] ,Y;qehfu;e ;k fo’k q) LVsuysl LVhy ds mi;ksxdÙkkZ vU; lek/kku ¼ inkFkZ ½ dh ryk’k esa gS tks eu esa vk;sA yksg lkekU;r; okftc nke] dyk vkSj rduhdh :i ls JscB gS LVsuysl LVhy dh xq.koÙkk }kjk iw.kZ ykHknk;d gSA
“fudy ds fy, D;ksa “qxrku djsa ;fn vki j[kuk ugha pkgrs\”
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5 yksg “ifjokj”yksg Js.kh ikWp lewgksa esa gS&rhu lewg LVsUMMZ Js.kh esa gS vkSj nks fo’ksck Js.kh esa gSA yksg ds cM+s orZeku mi;ksx nksuksa Vuksa rFkk vf/kd la[;k esa vuqiz;ksxksa] LVs.MMZ {ks.kh ij dsfUnªr gSA LVsUMMZ yksg LVsuysl LVhYl lknk gS iwjh rjg larkscktud vkSj iwjh rjg mfpr g]S vusd ek¡x&mi;ksx gsrqA
lewg 1 ¼ izdkj 409@410 ,y½ fuEure Øksfe;e lfgr lHkh LVsuysl LVhy esa vkSj de ls de [kphZyk gSA ;g lewg vkn’kZ gks ldrk gSA xSj ;k gYdk {kj.k i;kZoj.k ;k vuq iz;ksxksa gsrq tgk¡ FkskM+h lh LFkkuh; Lohdk;Z VsLV gSA izdkj 409 ewy :i ls Lopkfyr ,XtkLV flLVe lkbysalj ¼ ckgjh Hkkx xSj&ld {kj.k i;kZoj.k ½ gsrq fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA izdkj 410 vf/kdka’kr% dUVsuj] clsa rFkk dksp vkSj orZeku esa ,ylhMh ekWfuVj Ýseksa gsrqA
lewg 2 ¼izdkj 430½ T;knkrj yksgs /kkrqvksa gsrq dke fy;k tkrk gSA mPp Øksfe;e rRo] lewg 2 Js.kh cM+h izfrjks/kh {kerk {kju gsrq j[krh gS rFkk fo’kq) xzsM 304 dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA dqN iz;ksxksa esa ;g Js.kh;k¡ mfpr gS izdkj 304 ds LFkku ij rFkk vkUrfjd iz;ksxksa gsrq dke fy;k tkrk gSA fo’ksck iz;ksx /kqykbZ e’khu Mªe] vkUrfjd isuYl bR;kfn esa izdkj 430 lkekU;rk izdkj 304 fodYi gS gtkjksa crZuksa esa fM’kok’klZ] crZu vkSj ikWUl esaA bldh osfYMax fo’ksckrk tkudkjh gsrq i`- 37 nsf[k,A
lewg 3 izdkj 403 Vh vkbZ] 439 441 vkfn ’kkfey gS lewg 2 ds lkFk rqyuk bu Js.kh dh djus ij vPNh ;ksX;rk,¡ crkrh gSA mudk O;ogkj vf/kdka’k ekeyksa esa 304 fo’kq) xzsMks dh rqyuk esa vPNk gksrk gSA fo’ksck rjg ds mi;ksx esa flUdl] ,DlpsUtj V~;wCl ¼ phuh m|ksx] mtkZ bR;kfn ½ ,XtkLV flLVEl ¼ yEck thou Vkbi 409 dh rqyuk esa ½ rFkk osYMsM ikVZ~l /kqykbZ e’khuksa dsA lewg 3 xzsM~l Vkbi 304 Vkbi ds LFkku ij bu vuqiz;ksx esa yxk;s tk ldrs gS ;g xszM ,d vf/kd fo’ksckhd`r gSaA
lewg 4 ’kkfey izdkj 434] 436] 444 bR;kfn bu Js.kh esa
“vLVs.MMZ yksg LVsuysl ldy larksscki`n gS vkSj iwjh rjg mfpr gS vusd ek¡x
vuqiz;ksxksa gsrqA”
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eksfYcfMue ’kkfey gS] vfrfjDr {kj.k izfrjks/khA fo’ksck izdkj ds vuqiz;ksxksa esa xeZ ikuh ds VSad] lksyj okVj ghVlZ] ,XtkLV flLVe ds ckg; fn[kus okys iqtsZ] fo|qr dsryh rFkk ekbZØksoso vksou ,yhesUVl~ Lopkfyr fVªe rFkk vkmVMksj isuy bR;kfn izdkj 444 dk {kj.k izfrjks/kh Lrj leku gks ldsxk izdkj 316 dsA
lewg 5 ¼ izdkj 446] 445@447 bR;kfn ½ vfrfjDr Øksfe;e rFkk ekWyhcfMue rÙo] vfrfjDr {kj.k vkSj Ldsfyax ¼ vkWDlhMs’ku ½ izfrjks/kh gsrq ;g Js.kh 316 izdkj ls mPp gSA bu rRoksa ds laca/k esa fo’ksck mi;ksx rVh; vkSj vU; mPp {kj.k okrkoj.k iz;ksxksa gsrqA {kj.k izfrjks/kh th vkbZ ,l 447 fVVkfu;e /kkrq ds leku gSA
egRoiw.kZ lUnHkZyksg LVsuysl LVhy dh lQyrk dgkfu;ksa esa nks fo’ksck vkSj loksZPp ek¡x vuqiz;ksxksa dh gSA ockksZ ds fy, yksg Js.kh O;kid :i ls mi;ksx esa vkrh gS nks loksZPp ek¡x vuqiz;ksxksa Lopkfyr ,DtkLV flLVe rd /kqykbZ e’khu ds MªeA
,DtkLV flLVe mPp rkiØe vkSj {kj.k okrkoj.k fLFkfr;k¡
de djrk gSA LVsuysl LVhy ¼yksg½ esa mi;ksx buds iqtksZ dh okjUVh vof/k dks c<+krk gSA
/kqykbZ e’khu MªEl fMVjtsUV rd fujUrj vknªZ okrkoj.k j[krs gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa] LFkkuh; {kj.k Lor% izHkkoh gksxkA
dkj ekfyd vkSj edku ekfyd lnSo viuh larqfcV gsrq /kqykbZ e’khu Mªe rFkk ,XtkLV flLVe ds yEcs thou dh tkWp djus dks rS;kj gksxsaA bu mRiknksa ds fuekZrk] nksLrkuk fuekZ.k rFkk eq[; vkfFkZd Qk;ns yksg LVsuysl LVhy fuekZ.k ds vfrfjDr rRoksa dk igys /;ku j[krs gSA
yksgk Js.kh Ja`[kyk esa vU; orZeku izdkj fdpuos;j rFkk Hkkstu
midj.kksa vkUrfjd QuhZpj rFkk lqlfTtr vkbZVeksa] vkWVksesfVd fVªe] lqijghVj rFkk jhghVj V~;wCl] cuZj] ,;jd.Mh’kfuax MDVl~] fxzYl vkfnA vusd u;s vuqiz;ksx gksus okys gSA
vkt dk ’kunkj yksg&LVhy
mPp&xq.koÙk yksgk LVsuysl LVhYl dqN ockksZ ls gh vfLrRo esa gS vkSj vf/kd foLr`r ’kks/k rFkk fodkl gqvk gS bls ifjHkfckr djus esa fo’ksck Js.kh esa tks orZeku esa miyC/k gSA
;g cktkj ds fy, u;k ugha gS u gh mPp vuqHkoh mRikndksa gsrqA LVhYl~ ds izfr tks utfj;k jgk gSA og Hkzkfed /kj.kk rFkk ykgijokgh] ,sfrgkfld dkj.kksa ls gh Js.kh 430 dsoy ,d Js.kh miyC/k Fkh] ’kq:vkr esa izeq[k mi;ksx drkZvksa dks T;knk rduhdh lg;ksx ugha izkIr gqvk fo’ksck :i ls xszM ¼ Js.kh ½ ds mi;ksx esa fQj osYMsM ljpuk ;k vf/kd {kj.k fLFkfr;k¡ ds ekeys esa fdlh Hkh ?kVuk esa >wBk fopkj gks] dqN Hkkx esa fd yksg ?kfV;k gS vkSj og dsoy fo’kq) gh djsxkA
yk sgk dkQh vjls igys ls izpfyr gS vkt bldks lEiw.kZ rduhdh lg;ksx miyC/k gS vkSj xzsM Js.kh esa O;kid o`f) gqbZ gS rFkk fofo/khdj.k Hkh] mi;ksxdrkZvks a dh vko’;drkvks a dk iw.kZ djus gsrq lEink esa bu lEinkvk s a dk O;kid rqyukRed fo’kq) esa ;g ns[kuk xyr gksxk fd yksg xzsM~l fuEu ;k mPp gSA ;s fcYdqy vyx gSA
“…cgqr ls ekeyksa esa] yksgk ,d mÙke p;u gksrk gSA vU; [kphZys /kkrq dh
rqyuk esaA”
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okLro esa] vusd ekeyksa esa yksgk ,d mÙke ilan gS vU; egaxs /kkrqvksa dh rqyuk esaA ;s dkQh xgjkbZ ls lHkh mi;ksxksa ls lSV gks tkrk gSA DokfyVh dh miyC/krk lfgr dksbZ ?kkVk ugha vkSj leku egRo vf/kd ughA
cukus esa mÙkeizR;sd fcV dkWcZu LVhy ;Fkk vkÄkroèkZuh;] yksg xzsMl LFkkiuk lapkyu ds fy, lokZf/kd mi;qDr gSA ;s de yphyk gS fo’kq) LVsuysl LVhy dh rqqyuk esa tks vuwBh lEink gSA ysfdu vf/kdka’k ekeys esa fo’kq) vf/kd fo’kssckhd`r gSA
dkcZu LVhy vkSj yksgk LVsuysl LVhy izn’kZu O;ogkj led{k LFkkfir gSA ,d dsoy lksp dh vko’;drk gSA dfBu vkdkj esa tgk¡ dkWcZu LVhy orZeku esa LFkkfir gSA ¼ mnk- dkj ckWMh ½ iz’kkluh; O;kid lEHkkouk,¡ yksg LVsuysl LVhYl gsrq nsuk lgh :i vkStkj vkSj xzsM ilan] vufxur vkdkj] yksg xzsMl ls mi;ksx lsA
pqEcdh; dk xoZ;g Hkzked /kkj.kk gks xbZ gS fd yksg pqEcdh; gS ;s gdhdr esa LVsuysl LVhy ugha gS vkSj dkWcZu LVhy dh rjg gSA ;g ew[kZrk gSA lgh :i ls ijeek.kq <kapk ds dkj.kkas gsrq dqN LVsuysl LVhy eSXuksfVd gS rFkk ugh gSA {kj.k izfrjks/kh ijek.kq lajpuk dk ekeyk ugha gS ysfdu jlk;fud lajpuk dk gSA fo’ksckr;k Øksfe;e inkFkZ esa eSXusfVte blesa dqN ugha djrkA
okLro esa] yksg xszM dk pqEdh; inkFkZ dk ,d eq[; rRo gSA ftldk fo|eku rFkk egRoiw.kZ mi;ksx rFkk ykHk gS LVhfdax feekst fÝt esa pkdw vkSj vU; /kkrq midj.kksa j[kusA okLro esa ;g vko’;d gSA ikWu dk mi;ksx bUMD’ku esa dqfdax pqEcd gS tc ls ÅtkZ lapkyu izfØ;k dqdos;j esa Lo;a pqEcdh; ÅtkZ LFkkukUrj.k }kjkA
fo’ksck rduhdh ykHkLVsuysl LVhy ,d fo’ksck vf/kd pyus okyk] de j[kj[kko okyk inkFkZ gS fuf’pr thou pØ lfgr dkcZu LVhy ls vf/kdA ;g 100 izfr’kr iqu pfØr mi;ksx Hkh gSA 60 izfr’kr u;k LVsuysl LVhy fiNys LØsi ls cuk;k tkrk gSA
LVsuysl LVhy ds eq[; rRo fuEu gks l[krs gS: {kj.k izfrjks/kh fo’kq) vihy xehZ izfrjks/kh thou pØ ykxr de iw.kZ iqu% pfØr thok.kq u gksuk ¼bZ ;w vkj vks ,p ,l vku’;drk iw.kZ djuk½ lajpuk ljy lqfo/kk
yksg LVsuysl LVhy lHkh rsth ls lHkh ykHkksa dks c<+krk gSA LVsuysl LVhy dkcZu LVhYl dh rqyuk esa de thou pØ vkSj nh?kZrkyhu gSA blds vykok muds ykHk ?kfucB vkLVsfufVd fxzMl] rqjar gh ykxr de ugh djrk yksg okLro esa ckgjh ped fo’kq)rk dqN fo’ksckrkvksa esaA
•••••••
“,d cM+h Hkzked /kj.kk gS fd yksg eSXusfVd ¼ pqEcd ½ gS tks lPpk LVsuysl LVhy ugha gS vkSj dkcZu LVhy dh rjg
tax yxus okyk gS ;g ew[kZrk gSA”
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yksg fo’ksck rq:i iRrsA yksg eSXusfVd ¼ pqEcd ½ gSA
yksg fuEu rki foLrkj j[krk gS ¼ os de foLrkj djrs gS vkLVsfufVDl dh rqyuk esaA ½
yksg ’kkunkj mPp rkiØe vkWDlhMs’u izfrjks/kh gSA ¼ os de gS fo’kq) dh rqyuk esa ½
yksg mPp rki lqpkyd gS ¼ os vf/kd rki lqpkyd gS fo’kq) dh rqyuk esa nh?kZdkyhu ncko dsjsLiksUl esa ½
yksg fLFkj jgrk gS fu;ksfc;e ds lky ’kkunkj Øhi izfrjks/kh ¼ os de fMQkWe gS fo’kq) dh rqyuk essa nh?kZdkyhu LVsªls[k dsa ½
yksg dkVus esa rFkk dk;Z esa ljy gSA vkfLVfufVDl dh rqyuk esa ¼ ftlesa fo’ksck vkStkj rFkk vf/kd ’kfDr’kkyh e’khuks vkSj cM+s Vwfyax fo;j gks ½ j[krs gSA
vkfLVfufVDl dh rqyuk esa yksg egRoiw.kZ de izksu j[krs gS fLizax cSad esa BaMk djus ds nkSjkuA
yksg mPp ;hYM ’kfDr j[krs gS ¼ yksdfiz; dkWcZu LVhy ds leku 304 vkfLVfufVDl dh rqyuk esa ½
yksg] fo’kq) ds vleku] izksu ugh gS >qfj;kW {kj.k fc[kjus esaA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1�
Lisd feyu esa mÙke gSorZeku cktkj ’krksZ esa] fo|keku vkSj izHkko’kkyh mi;ksxdrkZ] lcls mij] vf/kd fo’ksckhd`r ls cpuk pkfg;s tc os LVhy dk p;u ,d iz;ksx gsrq dj jgs gSA
,frgkfld] fo’kq) xszM 304 lokZf/kd fodflr gS vkSj LVsuysl LVhy xszM esa lnSo miyC/k gSa] O;kid fofHkUu iz;ksxksa esa ftlds fy, ;g mi;qDr gSA vkt yksg LVsuysl LVhy xszM~t iwjh rjg fo’ksckhd`r gS] 304 gsrq fodYi fn;k tk ldrk gS] ’kkunkj izHkko gsrqA
?kfucB vkSj okLrfod ijh{k.k lajpuk vkSj lsokesa xq.koRrk vko’;drk gsrq ;g yksg xszM mRre rFkk mi;qDr gS fo’ksckrkvksa lfgr mRiknd rFkk miHkksxdrkZ gsrqA
dHkh dHkh ,d mfpr lsok vuqcU/k ¼ mnk- lykg mi;ksxdrkZ gsrq fd os vius mRikn dh lrg dh fu;fer lQkbZ djsa ½ ;g gS fd yksg xszM dk {kj.k eqDr j[kus gsrq vius mrikn dk fo’ksckr /;ku j[ksaA
“,d LVhy ftldk vkt ;qx gS”vkt yksg xszMt dks xq.koRrk nsus ds fy, mlds ewY; ykHk rFkk vuwBs rRo dks cuk;s j[kus esa mlesa vfrfjDr /kkrq rRo iz;qDr fd;s tk ldrs gSA yksg LVsuysl LVhy gsrq vlhfer volj gSA
;g izi= yksg dh xq.koRrk ljyrk ls c<+kus dk iz;kl le>us ;ksX; gS] bls ljy ’kCnksa esa O;Dr djrk gSA bldk y{; LVsuysl LVhy ds O;kid mi;ksx dks izksRlgu gksuk gSA fuEu ykxr xszMt dh fo’ksckrk dh lrZdrh esa o`f) djrs gq,A
fuEufyf[kr i`cB vkt yksg lEink dks ijh{k.k djrs gSa] fofHkUu /kkrq rRoksa dk Hkwfedk vkSj vusd fo|eku rFkk egRoiw.kZ iz;ksxksa dk bu LVhyksa esaA
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izHkko gsrqA”
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fuf’pr okrkoj.k esa yksg LVsuysl LVhy miyC/k djuk gSA ,d ,LFksfVd] nh?kZdkyhu mi;ksxh rFkk vkfFkZd lek/kku ’kgjh QuhZpj vko’;drk gsrqA
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MksfeuhD;w ekjsVfoi.ku funs’kd] QkÅjhfl;k ,DtkLV flLVel] Ýkal
“,d fo’oLrjh; vkWVkseksckby midj.k lIyk;yj ds :i esa] QkÅjhfl;e dk eq[; mi;ksx LVsuysl LVhy dk ,XtkLV flLVe esa gSA 200]000 ehfVªd Vu ;k vf/kd LVsuysl dk ge mi;ksx okfckZd y{; dk yksg dk 90 izfr’kr gSA okLro esa ge yksg dk mi;ksx 1970 ds e/; ls dj jgs gS] tc ls ge ds dsVk;fVd dUoVZlZ dk mRiknu dj jgs gS] ;w-,l- bfe’ku LVsUMMZ dks yksg fuEu rki foLFkj fo’ksckrk j[krk fo’kq) dh rqyuk esa] tks fd ,d fueZe rF; gS bu dsVkyk;fVd dUoVZlZ dh M~;wjkfcfyVh ¼yEcs thou dky½ esaA
“yksg vkt gekjs fy, ,d lQy dgkuh gS D;ksfd gekjh xgjh le> fofHkUu ,XtkLV okrkoj.k] vFkkZr ge ,d lgh xzsM dk p;u djs lgh mi;ksx gsrqA okLro esa izk:i ;ksX;rk lhek,¡ vkSj f=dks.kkRed {kj.k ls cpus dh vko’;d ds /;ku esa j[krs g, mRikn fMtkbu vkSj mRiknu izfØ;k dgrs gSA ge yksgs esa fujUrj of) dh vko’;drk mPp rkiØe dk;Z dq’kyx 900 fMªxh lsfYl;l ls Åij rFkk {kj.k izfrjks/kh ds lkFkA ge fo’okl j[krs gS fd yksgk xszMks esa ;g lq/kkj fo’kq)rk dk;Zdq’kyrk esa ?kfucBk yk;sxk ysfdu vfr fuEu rFkk vf/kd fLFkj ykxr ijA ;g dgk fd ge yksg ds lkFk igys ls gh iw.kZr;k larqcV gSA”
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{kj.k izfrjks/kh rÙoLVsuysl LVhy **/kCckjfgr** gS D;ksafd mldk Øksfe;e rÙo mldks {kj.k dh vuwBh izfrjks/kh {kerk nsrk gSA
ikaWp yksg lewgksa dh {kj.k izfrjks/kh rRoksa dh rqyuk esa fo’kq) izdkj 304 LicV :Ik ls eq[; Hkwfedk Øksfe;e dh gS vkSj izdV djrk gS fd {kj.k izfrjks/kh fudy rÙo ¼vkWfLVfufVd½ xszMl feyk;k tk ldrk yksg ifjokjks a dh izeq[krk esaA
mi;qZDrk pkVZ crykrk gS fd dsoy eksyhfCM;e rÙo yksg xszMt mÙke LFkkuh; ¼fizfVax½ {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk j[krk gS 304 dh rqyuk esaaA rFkkfi] fLFkj yksg Lrjh; xszMl] 304 ls FkksM+k uhpk LFkku j[krs gS] vHkh Hkh cgqr vPNh izfrjks/kh {kerk Nsn {kj.k dh j[krk gSA
lHkh LVhy {kj.k v/kkseq[k gS] fofHkUu dks.kksa ls LVsuysl LVhYl egRoiw.kZ :Ik esas {kj.k izfrjks/kh gS dkcZu LVhYl dh rqyuk esa] Øksfe;e rRo ds dkj.kA Øksfe;e ¼fudy ugha] tSlk dqN le; eku gS½ {kj.k izfrjks/kh esa ,d eq[; feJ.k gS LVsuysl LVhy esaA
LFkkuh; {kj.k izfrjks/kh LVsuysl LVhy mi;ksx vf/kdjr j[kj[kko eqDr gS ysfdu dqN ekeyksa esa gYdk j[kj[kko ¼tek dks gVkuk] mnkgj.k ds fy,½ vko’;d gS {kj.k eqDr lsok thou ds fy;sA
LVsuysl LVhYl dh {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk T;knkrj jlk;u lajpuk }kjk fuf’pr gS fo’kq) ;k yksg ijek.kq lajpuk dh rqyuk esaA okLro esa {kj.k izfrjks/kh ds ekeys esa] yksg rFkk fo’kq) nks vUrj ifjorZuh; LVsuysl LVhYk ifjokjksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
“yksg vkSj vkWfLVfufVd ¼fudy½ nks vUrZifjorZu’khy LVsuysl LVhy ifjokjksa
esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSA”
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Lkewg 1 yksg xSj&xaHkhj fLFkfr;ksa gsrq mÙke gksrk gSa] ;Fkk ?kj ds vUnj ¼ tgk¡ fd lkexzh ty ds lEidZ esa u gks ;k fu;fer xhyh lw[kh jgrh gks½ ;k ckgjh txgksa esa tgk lrgh {kj.k Lohdk;Z gS ,sls esa ;g lewg yksgk dk vf/kd thou j[krk gS dkWcZu LVhy dh rqyuk esaA
Lkewg 2 xszM~l izHkko’kyh gS ty esa lg lEidZ] xSj&xaHkhj fLFkfr;ksa esaA
Lkewg 3 xszM~l leku ifjizs{; esa lgh gS tks lewg 2 xszM gsrq mfpe gS] ysfdu osYM esa ljy gSA
Lkewg 4 yksg vf/kd izfrjks/kh gS izdkj 304 dh rqyuk esa vkSj fofHkUu mi;ksxksa esa O;kid Lrj ij mÙke gSA
Lkewg 5 ’kkfey] mnkgj.k ds fy,] xszM~l mPp Øksfe;e rRo lfgr yxHkx 29 izfr’kr] Iyl 4 izfr’kr] ,evksa] tks mudk {kj.k izfrjks/kh curk gS lewnªh ty esa ;Fkk VkbZVsfu;e /kkrqA
iwoZ rF;iwoZ ;k Nsn izfrjks/kh ledl la[;k Nsn {kj.k izfrjks/kh dk lEcn ekin.M gS LVsuysl LVhy xszM dk DyksjksbM rÙo okrkoj.k esa mPp xszM dh iwoZ ewY;] vf/kd {kj.k izfrjks/kh tks xszM dh gksxhA
iwoZ lajpuk rkfydk crykrh gS ,d ifjn`’; esa fd izR;sd fo’kq) xszM ,d yksg xszM gS rqyukRed {kj.k izfrjks/kh lfgrA
lkekU;rk laf{kIr mi;ksx iwoZ QkewZyk fiz %izfr’kr Øksfe;e $ 3-3 izfr’kr ekWfyfCMue izdV gS ;Fkk 3-3 ckj vf/kd izHkkoh gS Øksfe;e dh rqyuk esa Nsn {kj.k ds fo:)A rFkkfi] Øksfe;e lnSo vo’;d gh ewy {kj.k izfrjks/kh miyC/k djokus gsrqA ekWfyfCMue bl ewy ls fjIysl ugh dj ldrk Øksfe;e dh ek=k dks LVsuysl LVhy esa ysfdu {kj.k izfrjks/kh ds c<+kus esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fudy rRo QkewZyk esa Lohdkj ugha gS vf/kd iz;ksxksa esa bldh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gS Nsn {kj.k izfrjks/kh esaA
{kj.k ls cpkoLVsuysl LVhy dh iSflo ys;j ¼nsf[k, i`-59½ vkWDlhtu dh vko’;drk gS okLro esa cus jgus esaA xaHkhj fcUnqvksa ij tks {kj.k dk izpkj vuqeku bldk ,d fgLlk gSA
“fudy dh Nsn {kj.k dh izfrjks/kh {kerk esa dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gSA”
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Früher haben Sie Gäste erst mal in die Garage geführt. Heute in die Küche.
Die Spezial-Kühlschränke von Siemens. Die Zukunft zieht ein.
{kj.k tksf[ke rÙo Åijh teko
lrgh nksck
lajpukRe vfujUrjrk
lajkpukRe vfujUrjrk
yo.k ¼{kjh; {ks=] leqnª ty] bR;kfn½
rkiØe esa o`f)
mPp rstkch fLFkfr;k¡ ¼’kfDr’kyh rstkc½
,d lqn`<+ ^^?kVuk^^ okrkoj.k
{kj.k&jksdus okys rRo ,d lkQ lrg
,d fpduh lrg
,d iwoZ&LFkkfir lrg
lrg dk ifjiDou
/kksus dk izHkko ¼mnk- ockkZ½
mPp Øksfe;e rRo
vkWDlhMkbftax fLFkfr;k¡ ¼vks2&T;knk ’kfDr’kyh ugh½
eksfyfCMue feykdj
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{kj.k lSV tc ih,p ,d uktqd de ek=k esa igqpark ¼de ih ,p mPp ,lhfMVh½ ^^ih ,p^^ Lrj eki dh ,d bdkbZ dks crykrk gS fd fMxzh ,lhfMVh dk ;k ,Ydkfyuh dk ,l ?ksyA ;g ,d iSekuk ekik tkrk gS 0 ls 14 rd aA
Okrkoj.kh; {kj.kbl izdkj dk {kj.k LVhy dh lrg ij gksrk gS] iryh esa] xhyh fQYe esa vknZªrk dk feJ.k gd vkSj vknZªrk esa gksrk gSA ;g lkekU;rk;k DyksjkbM~l ;k lYQj rRoksa dh mifLFkfr ls gksrk gS& ,d vkS|ksfxd okrkoj.k esaA xaHkhj fLFkfr;k¡ gks ldrh& mnkgj.k ds fy,] DyksjkbZM tek vknZªrk leqnªh; okrkoj.k esa gksxhA
fofHkUu I;kZoj.k vko’;d fofo/k yksgk ¼400 lhjht½ vkLVsfufVd ¼300 lhjht½ xszMl] okrkoj.kh; {kj.k jksdus gsrqA vkW|ksfxd] rVh; vkSj leqnªh; Ik;kZoj.k esa dqN LFkkuh; ¼Nsn½ {kj.k Lohdk;Z gksxs] fuf’pr vuqiz;ksxksa esaA
xszM dk p;uYkksg xszMl dk mi;ksx okrkoj.kh; Ik;kZoj.kh; es O;kid fofo/k {kj.k esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA lHkh ekin.M ,d lsok&fLFkfr;ksa ls lEokfUdr mfpr xszM ds p;u esa ?kfucB :Ik ls ekU; gksxhA
;fn gYdh LFkkfir lrg jLV ¼fNnªrk {kj.k½ mnkgj.k ds fy, bldk dkbZ egRo ugha gS ,d fuf’pr mi;ksx esa ;k Ik;kZoj.kksa esa ,d fuEu ykxr xszM ,d lgh inkFkZ p;u gksxkA
FkEc ds fu;e
• ,d vkdZfed Ik;kZoj.k ekeys esa] ,d xszM dk p;u mPp Øksfe;e ds vkSj@;k eksfyfCMue rRo ds lkFk dhft,A
• jQ lrg fQfuaf’kax ls cfp;s] ,d vPNh ikWfy’k dh gqbZ lrg cuk;s de dPpk eky ykxr ijA
• lgh fMtkbu **/kqykbZ ;ksX;** gsrq ¼mnk- deldse 15° <yku mPpdMZ Qsflax lrgksa dk½
• **fØokbl tSlh** js[kkxf.kr ls cfp;sA
• Lrg dks lkQ j[kf,] fu;fer /kqykbZ }kjk] /kCcsa vkSj jsr ls cpko gsrqA
“Ykksgk xszMl dk mi;ksx okrko.khZ; I;kZoj.kh; fofo/k {kj.k esa Hkh fd;k tk
ldrk gSA”
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vkWDlhfM’ku izfrjks/khmijksDr nks izdkj ds {kj.k mPp rkiØe pØh; vkWDlhfM’ku lw[kk {kj.k gS mPp rkiØe ¼500° lh½ vkSj vkWDlhMkbftax okrkoj.k rkiØe pØ jfgr ;k lfgrA
Tkc LVsuysl LVhy xeZ gksrk gSA mudh Øksfe;e rRo ,d izfrj{kkRed Øksfe;e vkWEQbM lrg iSekuk cukrh gSA tks vkxs vkWDlhMs’ku esa nsjh djrh gSA iSekuk vkSj /kkrq mi fofo/k rki foLrj O;ogkj] tksfd iSeku fLFkjrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA fo’ksck rFkk lsok fLFkfr;ks esa fujUrj rki pØ.k esaA foLrkj lgdq’kyrk iSekus dh cgqr de gS vkSj /kkrq mPp gS] vf/kd iSekuk mikftZr gksxk tks Øsd tc /krq BaMk vkSj lEc) gksA
fuEurki foLFkj lgdq’kyrk ds fy, mudks /kU;okn] yksg xszMl de izksu j[krs gS fo’kq) /kkrqvksa dh rqyuk esa mPp rkiØe pØ vkWDlhMs’ku ekiks ;g iz;ksxksa esa ,d fo’kssck Qk;nk gS rFkk rki flLVe] cuZj ;k ,DtLV flLVel esuh QksYMA
O;kid vuqiz;ksx laHkkouk,¡bu bPNqd {kj.k izfrjks/kh rRoksa nwj gS] yksg LVsu lfgr] dsoy vdZck.k gSA ;s dkQh gSA rFkk yksgk gsrq orZeku tyok;q esa mPp lkexzh ykxr ds fe=ksa ds thruk gksA
Yksg rRo ds Vs.Ml dh utnhdh tk¡p ykHk nsrh gSA dqN orZeku vkLVsfufVd mi;ksxdrkZ ik;saxs] viuh fo’ksckrk dh tk¡p esa fd ,d yksg xszM okLro esa mPp ;ksX; gh muds mi;ksx gsrqA
Ikzeq[k LVsuysl LVhy mi;ksxdrkZ yksg dh vuwBh xq.koRrk gq, vk’p;Zpfdr gS vkSj LVsuysl LVhy dk lHkh esa O;kid fodYi [kkstrs gSA
Thou pØ ykxr %,d vewY; ekxZn’kZuTkhou pØ ykxr fdlh egRoiw.kZ iz;ksx esa mPp :Ik esa tksj ugha fn;k tk ldrk gsA v/;;u dh n`fcV ls LVsuysl LVhy lkekU;r~ ,d cgqewY; feJ.k gS tks okLro esa de ykxr fodYi yacs le; ls fopkfjr gSA
Vsuysl LVhy {kj.k izfrjks/kh vFkkZr nk?kZdkyhu thou] de j[kj[kko] mPp iquZ fcØh ewY;] mRre izn’kZu bR;kfnA ;g jax ;k /kkrqvuko’;dA vkSj ;Fkk ;fn ;g de fuos’k ykxr yksg xszaM~l dh ,d lgh rdZ ugha gksxk LVsuysl LVhy lkexzh ds p;u esaA
Ikgys ls O;kid vkSj izfrfcBr :i esa mi;ksxh] yksg xszM~l dh [kkst tkjh gSA dqN izekf.kr fo|eku vuqiz;ksx fQj Hkh bu mRre LVhYl dh ubZ laHkkoukvksa ij izdk’k Mkyrh gSA
Ykksgk xszMl esa de izksu gh fo’kq) /kkrqvksa dh rqyuk esa mPp rkiØe pØh;
vkWDlhMs’ku :Ik esaA
fuEu fuos’k ykxr yksg xszMl dh ,d gYdk rdZ gh LVsuysl LVhy ds i{k esaA
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fl;wax rkbZ csbdVhe yhMj] /kqykbZ e’khu vf/kxzg.k] ,y th] bysDVªksfudl] dksfj;k
“ge yksg LVsuysl LVhYl dk T;knkrj mi;ksx /kqykbZ e’khu Mªeksa esa djrs gS vkSj ;g ,slk dkQh igys ls dj jgs gS viuh Lokpkfyr /kqykbZ e’khuksa esaA okLro esa 2006 esa geusa 15]500 Vu yksg dk mi;ksx fd;k 2500 Vu vkLVafufVd ds foijhr] vr% yksg geij LVsuysl LVhy ds mi;ksx dk 86 izfr’kr jgkA
“gekjs ykHk dh lknxh ;g gSa] fd yksg xszMl cgqr larkscktud ;kfU=dh xq.koRrk gS ysfdu de ykxr okyk gS vkWLVfufVd dh rqyuk esaA rduhdh :Ik esa eksfYMax ¼eksM+uk½ VsDuksyksth esa ;g dkQh vkxs gS vkSj yksg xszM~l dh mPp DokfyVh dk fodkl gksrk gS vFkkZr yksgs dk mi;ksx bu fnuksa lQyrk iwoZd dj jgs gSA ncko esa Øsd gksuk vkSj Øhftax jguk dHkh dHkkj dk nksck gS vkSj ges xgjh Mkbªax izfØ;k esa lq/kkj dh t:jr gSA rFkkfi yksgs ds lkFk ge larqcV gS vkSj dher rFkk DokfyVh nksuks esa vPNk ifj.kke izkIr dj jgs gSaA ”
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“budh LFkkiuk vkSj vkdkj rRo leku gS dkcZu LVhy dsA”
Ykksgk vPNk ;kf=d rRo gS] ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gS tc ge bldh rqyuk LVsulsl LVhy ifjokj ds lkFk djrs gSA ;s vf/kd lwn`<+ :Ik ls mi;ksxh gS vkLVsfufVd dh rqyuk esa tcfd bldh fuekZ.k rRo leku gS dkcZu LVhy ds buds HkkSfrd rRo nks fo’ksckrk,¡ ’kfey fd;s gq, ftlesa vkLVsfufVd dh oLrq dq’kyrk rki lqpkydrk gSA
;kf=dh rRoleku :i esa dgs rks ,d /kkrq inkFkZ dkbZ ;kf=d rRo ds gh tks /kkrq dh ;ksX;rk] ncko] LVsªp eksM+] LØsp ¼njkj½ MsUV ;k rksM+uk bR;kfn gSA vf/kdrj ;kfU=dh fo’ksckrkvksa dk fu/kkZfjr ewY;kadu gSA• ’kfDr% lkexzh dh izfrjks/kh fMxzh & fMQksjes’ku gsrq dks ckes lkekU;e;k ekU; gksxh:
• ;hYM ’kfDr & ;k lkexzh dk ncko ’kfDr] LFkk;h cukus ls igys IykfLVd cs<+axkiuA
• dBksjrk ;k dyg ds igy ncko Mkyu dh {kerk• dBksjrk% izfrjks/kh dh fMxzh ,d iz;ksx vkj }kjk
dBksjrk% {kerk fMQkjes’ku ÅtkZ VwVus ls iwoZ
Ykphykiu ¼;k IykLVhflVh½% ;ksX;rk vkd`fr cnyu fcu rksM+rs gq,A
buesa ls dqN rRoksa dk eki Qsyko QWp gkt gksrk gSA ifj.kke cy&QSYyko] eksM] blds fuf’pr lqn<+ [kkbZ ,slh cukrh gS] rqjar eksM+ ’kfDr ¼;wVh ,l½ vkSj dqy yackbZ vlQyrk ij ¼bZ½ ;g tkWp ifj.kke pkfVZax dh dk;Zdq’kyrk /kkrq dh jsL;ksUl fofHkUurk,¡ esaA
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;wVh,l eki n.M gS ,eih, (1Mpa = 1N/mm3 = 145PSI = 0.1kg/mm3) vf/kdre izfrjksf/kRo o izfrjks/kh djrk gS vlQyrk esa] okbZ ,l lUnHkZ djrk gh gS IykfLVdh pj.k foLrkjkdj.k yEck ugh fn[kkbZ nsxkA ’kq:vkr dh tgkW tcfd QSyko gVk fn;k gSA
ncko QSyko eksM+ n’kkZrk gS tc fd yksgk xszM 430 dh viuh lhek gSA ;g LicV :Ik ls vuwBh fØ;kdyki viuh lhek esa jgdj djrk gSA
;kfU=dh vkSj HkkSfrd rRoYkksg LVsuysl LVhy xszMt lajpuk fHkUu vkSj O;kid Lrj ij gsrq mRre gSA
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Ykksg LVsuySl LVhy cy&QSyko eksM+uk vPNh rjg j[krk gS ;k dkcZu LVhy ds led{k gSA mnkj mPp mRiUu ’kfdr ¼lkekU;rk fo’kq} ls Hkh mPp½] mnkj mPp rqjar ’kfDr vkSj vPNh dqy QSyko dq’kyrk] tksa vPNh tksM+ nsrk gSA
mijksDr rkfydk rRokssa ds lacaèk esa vejhdk ] tkiku vkSj ;wjksih; Lrjksa ds ÁdV djrk gS ] yksg xzsMksa dh rqyuk esa LVsUMMZ
vkWLVsfufVd 304 lfgr A vkj ,e rqjar rhoz ’kfDr vkj ih 02 ¾ mRiUu ’kfDr vkSj , 5 @ , 80 ¾ QSykuk rksM+us A
HkkSfrd rRo,d /kkrq ds HkkSfrd rRo inkFkZ dh ;ksX;rk&mtkZ lqpkyd] fo|qr lqpkyd] foLrkj ;k fldqMuk bR;kfn gSA
Ykk sg pqEcdh; gSA muds vU; ykHknk;d mi;ksx gS vkWLVsfufVd xszM ls T;knkA budh rki lqpkydrk] mnkgj.k ds fy, vR;f/kd mPp gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd osa rki vPNh rjg vf/kd QSykrs gS tks muds mPp vPNk mi;ksxh cukrs gS ;Fkk yksg bL=h ;k rki ,Dlpsatj ¼V~;wc IysVl½A
Rkki foLrkj lagdq’kyrk yksg LVsuySl LVhy leku gS dkWcZu LVhy ds vkSj vf/kd fuEu gS vkLVsfufVd LVsuysl dh rqyuk esaA ,d ifj.kke esa yksg dks tc xeZ fd;k tk; rks og de v’kq) gksrk gSA
ekM~;wyl yksg xzsMl dh ¼20° ½ mPp gS 304 vkWLVsfufVd dh rqyuk esa A vkbZ ,l ;wfuV~t -
g/cm3 = kg/dm3 – J/kg • °C = J/kg • °K – W/m • c = W/m • K –10-6/°c =10-6/°K – N/mm3 = MPa
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>kax lsufuns’kd LVsuysl LVhy Ø;] fDoxMkvks gs;j bUVjus’kuy
VªsfMax dEiuh fyfeVsM] tudokMh phu x.kjkT;A“fo’o dk ,d izeq[k ’osr oLrq,Wa ?kjsyw midj.k cukus okyh gs;j lewg O;kid Js.kh esa yksgs dk mi;ksx djrh gS] okf’kax e’khu] fM’kok’kj] xsldwdj] fdpu ,DlVªsDVj gqMl~ vkSj ekbØksoso vksouA bu xzsM+ks dk mi;ksx ockZ 2000 ls igys ’kq: fd;k] orZeku esa ge 14]500 eh- Vu yksg dk lkykuk mi;ksx djrs gS tks gekjs dqy LVsuysl LVhy ds mi;ksx ds 85 izfr’kr izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA yksg xzsMl de ykxr ds gS vkLVsfufVd xzsMl dh rqyuk esa vkSj bu vkuqiz;ksx ds fy, mRre gSA
“fo’kq) xzsM vi dh rqyuk esa] LVsUMMZ yksg deh dh xgjh Mªkbax vko’;drk izR;sd Hkkx esa] ugh vPNh {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk DyksjkbZM i;kZoj.k dh] nf’kZr djrk gS] vkSj u os ogh osfYMax fo’ksckrk, j[krs gSA rFkfi os ?kjsyw midj.k esa gsrq ’kkunkj lkexzh j[krs gS vkSj mRiknu ds laca/k esa xzsMt ge iz;ksx esa ysrs gh vPNh iafpax rFkk Mªkbax rRo j[krs gSA vr% ge yksgs ds lkFk izlUu gSA
“fudy dh dhersa ikxyiu dh gn rd gh] gekjh [kjhn ykxras LVsuySl LVhy dh rsth ls c<+h gSA fo’kq) ds LFkku ij yksgk u dsoy gekjs dPpk eky ykxrksa dks de djsxk cfYd lalk/ku dks cpkrs gq, i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk djsxkA
eSa ;g dgus pkgwaxk fd tc vkfLVfufVd vkt ds LVsuysl LVhYl cktkj dks v/khu dj jgk gS Hkfoc; esa LVsuySl LVhy dk mi;ksx yksgs esa fufgr gSA”
os yksg i
nZkFkZ d
s ckjs e
sa D;k d
g jg
s gS
lkSUn;Z rFkk ’kq) rRo yksgs ds ,d vkn’kZ inkFkZ xSl gkWYl ¼ vaxhBh ½ ds fy,
cukrh gSA
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LFkkiu yksg xzsMt /kU;okn mudh vPNh Mªkbax fo’ksckrkvksa ds] yksg LVsuysl LVhYl isphnk pqukSfr;kas dk eqdkcyk dj ldrk gS] f=dks.kh; fMtkbuksa dh n`fcV ls
mudk mi;ksx isphnk fMtkbu esa djus ij Hkh mudh {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk rki izfrjks/kh rFkk lqUnj xq.koRrk esa deh ugh vkrh yksg xzsM~l T;knkrj vkW|ksfxd vkSj miHkksDrk mRiknks esa lgh p;u gSA
dksYM QksfeZx lapkyu iRrh ;k pn~nj mRiknksa ds vkdkj esa ifjorZu djrs gS fo’ksckr;k IykfLVd QSyko dh rqyuk esaA LFkkiuk lapkyu isphnk feJ.k QSykus esa vkSj Hkkj ncko feJ.k mi;ksx djrs gq, vkSj xgjh MªkabZax cs<+xkiuA
fQj Hkh ldy Mªkbax {kerk vPNs xzsMksa dh yksg dh rqyuk esa vPNh gksrh gSA dqN yksg xszzMl fVbZVsfu;e&fLFkjrk 17 izfr’kr Øksfe;e xszMt ’kkunkj Mªkbax dk;Zdq’kyrk n’kkZrs gSaA
Mªkbax yksg xszMl~Mªkbax ,d izfØ;k gS lkekU;r;k , d [kkyh ;k QysV ’khV ds [kks[kys y{; dks LFkkfir djus gsrqA vPNk Mªkbax yksg LVsuysl LVhy dk ,oa mudh ekU; ewY; ykHk] yksg rRo dks ,d vPNh ialn cksyrk gSA
Mªkbax dk;Z dSlsMªkbax izfØ;k esa ftl Hkkx dks vkdkj nsrk gSA ,d ncko nsdj IysV [kkyh ’khV dks Mkb :i esa tksj&cy ds ek/;e }kjk] /kkrq Hkhrj Mkyuk vkSj [kkyh gksYMj ds e/; fQlyrs gq, fdukj cukrs gq, ;k LdVZ Hkkx dkA
Hkhrj izHkko fofHkUurk Mªkabx lh/kk <yku ^lh/kk <kyuk* i}fr ls ftlesa [kksyh cka/krs gks Cysad gksYMj }kjkA
“-----dqN yksg xzzsMl ’kkunkj Mªkbax iz;ksx nf’kZr djrs gSA”
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lQy Mªkbax lk/kuk
• rksM+us dk vHkko
• ’kkunkj lrg dk gksuk
• U;wure lkexzh mi;ksx
• mPp fuekZ.k mRikndrk
• fuEu vkStkj yxkuk
,y Mh vkj QSDVjlhfer Mªkbax vuqikr ¼,y Mh vkj½ ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kfucB & Mªk;ksX;rk isjkehVj gSA
lhfer Mªkbax vuqikr ¼,y Mh vkj½ lUnHkZ Hkjuk vf/kdre [kkyh Mk;kehVj ¼Mh½ dh ?kfucV Mªku ,d flfy.Mj esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d :i esa vkSj ml feflUMj dk O;kl ,y Mh vkj = Mh@Mh
yksg xszMl esa mPp ,y Mh vkj rRo gksrs gSA fo’kq) dh rqyuk esa] tks fd mudks Mªkbax ds fy, mi;ksxh cukrs gSA
lh/kk LFkkiuk yksgk xzsMlyksg xszM~l fuEu gSA fo’kq) esa ’kq) LFkkiuk esaA
lh/ks <kyuk esa] [khapk {ks= iryk ¼fFkuj½ gks tkrk gSA
fuEu rkfydk rqyukRed lh/kk dk;Z dq’kyrk fofHkUu xzsMksa esa xqEcn ÅpkbZ lUnHkZ vf/kdre fMxzh cs<ax ds igys fefdax ¼vlQy ls igys dk pj.k½ [kkyh LFkku ¼Nsn½ dks lh/kk cukrk ¼dUB½ gSA
“yksg xszMl esa mPp ,y Mh vkj rRo gksrs gSA fo’kq) dh rqyuk esa] tks fd mudks Mªkbax ds fy, mi;ksxh cukrs gSA ”
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<kyuk ¼LFkkiuk½ eksM+uk lhekO;ogkj esa] vkS/kkfxd LFkkiu lapkyu] ’kq)Mªkbax vkSj ’k) lh/kk <kyuk c<+sxk nksuks dk mi;ksx ¼feJ.k½ gS] ^iklst* dh J`a[kyk esaA
<kyuk lhek eksM dh ,d mi;ksxh ekxZn’kZu gS vf/kdre c<sxs dh csdkj gksus ls igys] xgjh Mªkbax vkSj lh/kk izfØ;kvksa nksuksa dh os LFkkiuk lapkyu esa fo>ysck.k esa iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;s eksM+ LFkkuh; c<+sxk Lohiu ds nkSjku vkSj ckn esa nks izeq[k lPps LVªsUkl~ yksUxhV~;wMuy ¼eq[; LVªsu½ vkSj VªkUlolZ ¼xks.k LVªsu½- eksM fofHkUu la;ksx budks rRoksa dk izHkko curk gSA rksM+us fcUnq rdA bu eksM+ dk mPp fLFkfr ,d xzsMt dh LFkkiuk ;ksX;rk vPNh curh gSA
yksg dSls O;ogkj djrk gSAlkekU;r;k dk;Z dBksjrk vkSj QSyko fo’ksckrk, yksg LVsuysl LVhYl dh rqyukRed mPp ’kfDr dkcZu LVhYl dh ;s ogha ugh gSS ;Fkk fo’kq) xszM~lA
fMtkbZu] fuek.kZ rFkk isjkehVlZ cukuk vkSj lkexzhrRo yksg xszM ds lEcfU/kr ekU;rk lkFk gksuh pkfg,] Mªkbax izfØ;k dks mRre djus esaA
<kyqok] <kyukfuf’;r LFkkiuk lapkyuksa ds ckn] yksg xszMl dHkhdHkkj lrg dh mUeq[k djrk gS tks <yko vkSj jksfiax ds :i esa ty tkrk gSA
;g nksck <yko ;k ykbuksa ds :i esa curk gSA ’khV jksfyax ds lkekUrj fn’kk esa <yko* dqy izksQkby lrg c<s+xh dks crykrk gS ftlesa lw{e js[kk lq/kkj rFkk jksafiax ’kkfey gS cs<+axs nksck ds dkj.k blds vfrfjDr rRo fLFkjrk] ;Fkk fVVkfu;e ;gkWa lq/kkj djsaxkA
fVVsfu;e vk/kkfjr xzsM 430 Vh vkbZ cgqr vPNs ifj.kke nsrk gSA bl lEcU/k esa vkSj cgq/kk p;u fo’kq) ds iquZ% LFkkiu iz;ksxks a es a xgjh Mªkbax ’kkfey gSA
“fVVkfu;e&vk/kkfjr xszM 430 Vh vkbZ T;knkrj p;u iquZ% LFkkiuk vuqiz;ksxksa esa
xgjh Mªkbax ’kkfey gSA”
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
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ϕ2
ϕ 1
439 460 409 436 441 434 304
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fpdukgV ¼rsy½ vPNh fpukgV [kkyh vkSj vkStkjksa dh lQy vkdkj ds fy, vfuok;Z gS] lrg fn[kko ls cpus ds fy, rFkk fpidkuk dk;Z jksduk vkstkj ds thou gsrqA
;fn yksgk LVsuysl pedhys] fpduh lrg lfgr fn;k] ,d mPp fpduk vkdkj mi;ksx fd;k tk;s fpdukgV LVsuysl LVhy ds lkFk mi;ksx dh tk; fo’kck rsy ncko izfrjks/kh lfgr vkSj FkksM+k ;k ugha Dyksjhu lfgrA iwjh rjg [kkyh LFkku ij yxk;s] ;s LVsuySl LVhy midj.k ls Mªkbax ¼vkdkj½ ds ckn ljyrk ls gVk;s tk ldrs gSA
vkStkjlgh vkStkj dk mi;ksx egRoiw.kZ gSA blls izHkko fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa vkSj /kkrq ds izokg ds nkSjku cuus dh cukus dh izfØ;k esa iM+rk gSA ftlesa ekeyksa esa] vkStkj ¼eksM+uk vkSj vkdkj½ rkWack] yksgk] ,Y;qfefu;e rk¡ck ls ckuk;s tk ldrs gSA
lrg mipkj ;Fkk Vh vkbZ lh ,u ys;j iz;qDr fd;k tkosa tkj dh ftUnxh c<+kus gsrqA CyaSd gksYMj vkSj MkbZ vkStkjksa dh /;ku iwoZd ikfy’k dh tkosA iap ¼idM½ jQ jg ldsxkA
eq[; LVhy lewg ds LFkkiUu rRo fuEu rkfydk yksgk LVsuysl LVhy ds LFkkiu rRoksa dh rqyuk djrh gS ¼tks fd fo’ksck /kkrq lajpuk vkSj fo’ksck O;kogkj½ bu dkWcZu LVhy vkSj fo’kq) LVsuysl LVhy xzsMt dhA ;g Lrjh; ekin.M dk mi;ksx gS cs<axs dh ifjHkkckkA fo’ksckrk,Wa ^chlhlh* ¼ckWMh dsfUnzr D;wfcd½ vkSj ^,Qlhlh^ ¼Qsl lsUVMZ D;wfcd½ lUnzHkZ fo’ksck ijek.kq lajpuk izR;sd LVhy ds izdkj esaA
fpdukgV ¼rsy½ dk LVsuysl LVhy esa mi;ksx Mªkbax ¼vkdkj½ nsus ds ckn midj.k esa ls ljyrk ls gVk;s tk ldrs gSaA”
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yksg gsrq & <kWapktc rkfydk vkSj eksM+uk crykrh gS fd fo’kq) yksgk lokZsÙke gS] dqy feykdj cukus dh ;ksX;rk ds ekeys esa] yksgk ykxr ykHknk;d gS yksg xzsM ds mi;ksx ns[krs gq, LicV :i esa ykHkak’k dk Hkqxrku djrs gSA vkdkj ¼Mªkbax½ i)fÙk ds i{k esa fo’ksckr;k yksg xszMl ds vPNs mi;ksx fd volj gksrs gSA okLro esa dqN fo’ksck ekeyksa esa ;Fkk xgjh Mªkbax ¼vkdkj½ ;k mNky okilh izHkkoksa esa yksgk vPNk lkfcr gksrk gSA fo’kq) yksgs dh rqyuk esaA
mi;ksxdÙkkZ dk xaHkhjrkiwoZd rduhdh loky ds ckjs esa yksg xszMkas ds mi;ksx fd ckcr izfrfcBr lkexzh vkiwfrZdÙkkZvksa ls cgl djuh pkfg;sA LVsuySl m|ksx fo’ksckK lnSo rS;kj
jgrs gSA mi;ksxdÙkkZvksa dh lgk;rk gsrq ekxZn’kZu dj yksg xzsMksa ds dk;Z rFkk vk’oLr gsrq fd lokZf/kd mi;qDr xzsM dk p;u fd;k fdlh Hkh fn;s x;s vuqiz;ksx esaA
“vkdkj ¼Mªkbax½ ds i{k yksgk xzsM~l ds O;kid vuwBs mi;ksxksa dk vuqefr nsrk gSA”
��
cuZgkMZ Cystjfuns’kd] esdkMEl csfdax flLVEl ¼ihVhokbZ½ fy- nf{k.k vÝhdk
“esjh dEiuh csfdax vksoul vkSj izwolZ cukrh gS gky gh esa fo’kq) dh dherksa esa vkbZ o`f) us vusd m|ksx ifr;ksa ls gVus ds fy, ;k LVsuysl LVhy lfgr ?kVus dh izfØ;k esa gSA ;g fo’ksckr;k xSj&mTkkZ iz;ksxksa esa gS] tSls vksou ds ckgjh isuy vkSj vU; csdjh midj.k tks lh/ks :i esa [kk| ls lEcfU/kr ugh gSA tSlk yksg dhersa xaHkhjrk ls izHkkfor ugha djrh] ,d yksg dk mi fodYi ds :i esa A rc lkj esa fuekZrkvksa ds fo’kq) dk fodYi yksg lfgr j[kuk pkfg;sA LVsuysl LVhy dk iwjh rjg gVkus ds fopkj dks R;kxrs gq,A”
os yksg i
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vko’;drkvksa lfgr yksgk eq[; /kkrq curk gSA ,DtkLV
¼ok;qfudkyu gsrq½ flLVe ds fy,A
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“yksg xzsMt dqN mi;ksxh ykHk j[krs gS fo’kq) yksgs ls vf/kd tc ;g osfYMax
fd;s tkrs gS--- ”
yksg xzsMksa dks tksMuk)
yksg xszMl ds tksM+us ds rjhdksa gsrq LVsuysl LVhYl lcls vPNk gSA
tksMuk: iw.kZ tksMusa dh fLFkfr izkIr djuk nks ;k vf/kd inkFkksaZ ds }kjk fi?kykdj rFkk&iqu% lqn`<+hdj.k uhoa dh vkSj Mkyus okys /kkrqvksa dhA Vk¡dk yxkuk: tksM+us lkexzh dk mRiknu mudks xeZ djds Vk¡dk rkiØe rd ¼/kkrq dh lqn`<d uho ds uhps½ Mkyus okys /kkrqvksa dh mifLFkfr es rjyd 450 ls lfgrA ihry dk iDdk tksM+ yxkuk: ogh tksM+ ¼VkWd yxkuk½ ysfdu gksxhA ;kfU=dh tksM+: ftlesa nckdj] >qdkdj vkSj dhy dk tksM+ vkSj ;kfU=dh tksM+ ’kkfey gSA fpidkuk cU/ku: izkIr fd;k x;k LicB ncko] lrg fØ;k <khy lfgr ckn esa cU/ku rRo ls yxkrs g, ;g cU/ku ;k vkWDlhtu] ty ;k jlk;u izfrfØ;kA
•
•
••
•
tksM+ukdbZ tksM+us dk izfØ;k, dkcZu LVhYl gsrq fodflr dh xbZ gSA mu dk mi;ksx LVsuysl LVhy ds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gS dsou dqN okLro esa bu inkFkksZ ds fy, mi;qDr gS vkSj vPNk LVsUMMZ ¼Lrj½ j[krs gS% NM+] izfrjks/kh] bysDVªksfud ystjCkhe vkSj fÝD’ku csfYMaxA tksM+uk ¼osfYMax½ ,d lokZf/kd izHkko’kkyh vkSj de [kphZyk rjhdk gS /kkrqvksa dks tksM+us dk ;g izfØ;k laHkkfor lajpuk ¼<kapk½ dk gYdk otu iznku djrh gSA ¼lgh mi;ksx /kkrq ds½] lHkh okf.kfT;d /kkrqvksa ds tksM+us vkSj fMtkbu yphykiu dh mifLFkfrA osfYMax fo’ksckrk,Wa LVsuysl LVhYl dh jlk;fud lajpuk] /kkrq lajpuk vkSj Hkksfrd rRoksa }kjk izHkkfor gksrh gSA yksg xzsMt dqN mi;ksxh ykHk j[krs gS fo’kq) yksgs ls vf/kd tc ;g osfYMax fd;s tkrs gSA os fuEu rki foLRkkj fuEu fo/kqr izfrjks/k vkSj mPp rki lqpkydrk fo’ksckrkA
fLFkj vkSj vfLFkj yksg xszMlvkSlr esa] yksg LVsuysl LVhYl esa fdlh fn’kk esa >qdko de gksrk gSa de fo’kq) yksg dh rqyuk esa f=dks.kkRed {kj.k] ;g ifj.kke osfYMax ls gksrk gSA
•
••
��
“--------fLFkj yksg xszMl okLro esa f=dks.kkRed {kj.k esa gksrs gaSA ”
;g fo’ksckr;k lgh fLFkj yksg xzsMl esa] tks fd lqn`< dkckZbM LFkkiu] ;Fkk fVVsfu;e] vkSj ukbfc;e j[krk gSA ;g xBcU/ku gSA dkcZu dk LVhy esa tksM+us osfYMax dh izfØ;k esa feyku Øksfe;e ls Øksfe;e dkckZbM ds cuus ls jksdrk gSA
iw.kZ fLFkfr dsUnz fuf’pr gsrq] VhvkbZ rRo ikWp xq.kk c<k gksuk pkfg;s dkcZu rRo dh rqyuk esa ;k ,uch Iyl Vh vkbZ rhu xquk T;knk gksuk pkfg, dkcZu rRo dh rqyuk esaA dHkh dHkh bl QkewZys esa ukbVªkstu ds mi;ksx dh lyg nh tkrh gS /kkrq fi?kyus {ks= esa ifj’kks/ku gsrqA
fLFkj yksg xzsMl esa Vh vkbZ ,ech ugh gksrs vkSj ogkWa xehZ izHkkfor {ks= esa f=dks.kkRed {kj.k gsrq gks ldrs gS Øksfe;e dkckZbM LFkkiuk ds dkj.kA
{kj.k izfrjks/k ’kfDr LVhy dh cuh jgsxh tek }kjk rkiØe jsUt 600&800 ls- ijA
vf/kd feyku tksM+ /kkrq,W;g fuf’pr djuk fd ,d tksM+ {kj.k izfrjks/kh gksxk] fdlh yksg tksM+ /kkrq esa gYdk vf/kd eSp fd;k tk; lapju ds csl /kkrq lh vkj ,e vksas] Vh vkbZ vkSj@;k ,uch /kkrq rRoksa esaA ;g D;ksafd rki ds dkj.k >qdkuk tksM {ks= esa Øksfe;e dh deh gksxhA fodYi :i esa fo’kq) tksM+ /kkrq fd;k tkos ,d vkSojeSp lhvkj rFkk ,evks /kkrq rRoksa dkA
j{kkRed xSlasØksfe;e esa mPp] LVsuySl LVhYl mPp vkWDlhMkbtscy fi?kyh] gqbZ fLFkfr esa gksrk gSA ;fn gok ls budh j{kk ugha dh tk;s osfYMax ds nkSjku] Øksfe;e de gks tk;sxk vkSj vkWDlhtu cuk tk;sxk] ftldk ifj.kke etcwrh de gksuk vkSj tksM+ dh {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk esa deh gksxhA ¼osYM½ lrg vkS lEcf/kr {ks= dh ,d fuf’pr djus ds fy, ,d lhfer xSl ;qDr ’khYM dk izko/kku gSA ;g ’khfYMax xSl ,d Hkhrj xSl ’kq) vkxZu ;k ghfy;e ;k ,d feJ.k vkxZu vkSj ghfy;e dk gks ldrk gSA
yksgs ds tksM+us gsrq ;s ’khfYMax xSls ’kq) rRoksa ¼vkxZu ;k vkjxu ghfy;e feJ.k gksuk pkfg;s½ vkjxu&gkbMªkstu feJ.k] cgq/kk fo’kq) yksgs xzsM~l esa dke fy;k tkrk gSA ,d tksf[ke ykrk gSA gkbMªkstu rÙo osYM tksbUV esa yksg xzsM~l easA vkjxu ,d lokZf/kd layXu cSfdax xSl gS ¼dk;Z /kMs dh fiNyh Hkkx dh j{kk½A
yksg osfYMax leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k Åij crk;s x;s tkSf[keksa ds lkFk tksf[ke rÙo }kjk pj.k LFkkiuk de gksuk mPp rkiØe esaA buds fuEukfyf[kr lek/kku rkfydk esa gSA
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flLV
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aXk] XskzM 4
39] n- d
ksfj;k
OksYMsM V
sSassd] XskzM 4
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o`Ùk [k.M osfYMax ¼tksM+uk½oÙk[k.M osfYMax ¼tksM+uk½ ,d osfYMax dk izdkj gS tks vf/kdkrj yksg xszMksa esa dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA
xSl VaXLVu o`Ùk[k.M oSfYMax ¼th Vh , MCY;w ;k Vh vkbZ th@MCY;w vkbZ th½bl fØ;k esa ¼VaXLVu ;k oksYQke buVZ xSl izfØ;k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA½ /kkrqvkas dks fi?kykus ds fy, ÅtkZ dh t:jr gksrh gS og ,d fo|qr oÙk[k.M }kjk lIykbZ dh tkrh gSA VaXLVu fo|qr jksM vkSj dk;Z{ks= ds chpA
LVsuySl LVhYl lnSo lh/kk [kEHkk Mh lh eksM esa osYM djrh gSA ¼bysDVªksM lh/ks esa ugha djrk½ ,d buVZ okrkoj.k esaA ;fn ,d fQYVj /kkrq iz;ksx fd;k tkos] ;g vudksVsM jkWMl ¼ekuodr osfYMax½ ;k dksbYMok;j ¼Lopkfyr osfYMax½A
XkSLk èkkrq o`Ùk [k.M osfYMax ¼tksM+uk½th Vh , MCY;w izfØ;k esa th ,e , MCY;wesa ¼/kkrq buVZ xSl izfØ;k ds :i esa yksdfiz;½ bysDVªksM dk mi;ksx gSA o`Ùk[k.M fi?kyk fQyj vkSj dk;Z VqdM+k ds chp esa gksrk gSA ’khfYMax xSl VkpZ ds }kjk izksfckr gksrk gSA ok;j ds ?ksjs esa lkekU;r;k vkjxksu vfrfjDr 2 izfr’kr ls 3 izfr’kr vkWDlhtu] vf/kd isphnk feJ.k fuf’pr osfYMax izdkj esa dke esa fy;k tk;sA
fQyj /kkrq gsrq osYM ,d vfuok;Z lajpuk gS] ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd fQyj /kkrq dh lajpuk fuos’k of) djs¬vkSj mi;qDr csl /kkrq dh gksuh pkfg;sA
;g mPp mRikndrk izfØ;k vf/kd dfBu gS dk;Z dh rqyuk th Vh , MCY;w osfYMax ds ysfdu ifj.kke ’kkunkj gks ldrs gS tc izfØ;k iwjh rjg fu;fU=r gSA
izfrjks/kh osfYMaxizfrjks/kh osfYMax esa] ,d fo|qr izokg iqtksaZ }kjk izdkf’kr dh tkrh gSA tksM+us vkSj osfYMax dh izfrjks/kh rki lsA
osYMsM V
Sad x
zsM 4
41 n
- vÝhd
k
yksg V
~;wc fey
] czkthy
osYMsM l
ajpuk Ý
se xszM 1
esa 1
-400
3
�0
dqN izfrjks/kh osfYMax fo|eku rduhd] lokZf/kd lkekU; LikWV osfYMax >qdko osfYMax ekeyksa esa] izeq[k ykHk izfrjks/kh osfYMax ds gS%&
lhfer lq/kkj lw{e lajpuk rki izHkkfor {ks=ksa esa ¼,p,stsM½ eq[; lrgh vkWDlhMs’ku] ;fn pn~nj ¼’khV~l½ lgh BaMh gSA osfYMax ds ckn cgqr fuEu Lrj Hkn~nk Lrj ’khVl~ dk osfYMax ds nkSjku dwVus ls cs<xkiu tks fd fo’ksck :i esa mi;ksxh gS yksg LVhy dks tksM+us esa
ekbYM LVhy dh t:jrksa dh rqyuk esa eq[; vUrj izfØ;k isjhehVj esa LVsuySl LVhy fuEu vkSj vf/kd laf{kIr lek;kstu osfYMax ’kfDr;kWa fuEu fo/kqr rFkk rki lqpkyd ds dkj.k vkSj mPp bysDVjkWM ’kfDr;kWaaA
vU; izfØ;k,¡vU; osfYMax izfØ;k,¡a yksg LVsuysl LVhYl esa ykxw gksrh gSA bYdVªksu vkSj ystj che osfYMax rFkk fÝD’ku osfYMaxA
tksM+uk vkSj lksYMfjax yxkuktksM+uk vkSj lksYMfjax yxkuk izfØ;k,¡aWa gS midj.kksa dks tksM+us gsrq lqn`<+ fLFkfr esa }kjk ek/;e ,d fQthcy fQyj esVy tks fi?kyus dk ,d fcUnq vPNk fuEu tks /kkrqvksa ds vk/kkj gSA tksM+uk esa dksey fQyj /kkrq dke esa vkrk gS fi?kyu fcUnq fuEu 450 ls tgk¡ VkWdk yxkus okys /kkrq dBksj vkSj mPp rki fi?kyrs gSA
••••
ykHk bu tksM+us dh rduhdksa esa fuEufyf[kr lqfo/kktud fo’ksckrk, ’kkfey gSa:
buds dsoy fuEu rki xeZ lalk/ku dh t:jr gksrh gS tksM+ LFkk;h ;k vLFkk;h gks ldrs gS vleku inkFkZ Hkh tksM+s tk ldrk gS rki (xeZ) dh vkSj BaM+s dh nj /kheh gS fHkUu eksVkbZ ds HkkXk tksMs tk ldrs gSa tksM+uk ljy gS osfYMax dh rqyuk esa bugsa de rki dh vko’;drk gksrh gS
tksM+us ;k VkWdk yxkus dh mi;qfDrrk ds fu.kZ; esa ,d fo’ksck lajpuk tksM+] /;ku iwjk j[kuk pkfg;s ’kfDr ewY;kadu ;k tksM+ dh dq’kyrk dkA
lHkh ekeyksa esa tc tksM+ jgs gS ;g vfuok;Z gS nks etcwr Hkkxksa ls lgh tksM+uk fi?kys gq, fQyj inkFkZ }kjkA
laokgdrk vf/kd rsth ls gksxk vfLFkj xszMksa esaA
fidfyax] fufcdzzzz;rk vkSj folanwck.kosfYMax ds ifj.kke Lo:i gYdk jax cnyuk ;kaf=d fMLdsfyax vFkok fidfyax uked jklk;fud mipkj ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSAfidfyax ,d ¶yqvksukbfVªd /kksy(10%HNO3 + 2%HF) ;k fidfyax feJ.k ¼tks fd fo’ksckdj osYM ds fy;s vfHkdfYir gS½ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSAblds mijkar ,d fufcdz; vkSj folanwck.k mIkpkj & fUkfcdz; ijr ds ’kh/kz ’kksèku ,oa vo;o èkkrq vo’skck.k ¼yksgk laiUu d.k½ ds gVko ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bl fofèk esa BaMk 20%-
25% ukbfVªd vEyh; ?kksy dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSALFkkuh; fLFkjrk osYM {ks=ksa dks fudkyk tk ldrk gS fo’skck fuf’dz; isLV }kjkA
•••••••
,d x
wVj d
k lksYMfjax] fVu
dksVsM x
zsM 4
30 V
h vkbZ
ihgy
osYM
sM V
~;wCl] xszM 4
41
------------------ig
ys v
kSj c
kn e
sa
�1
;kfU=dh tksM+uk;kfU=dh tksM+us dh rduhdsa dkWcZu LVhy gsrq mi;ksx ykbZ tkrh gSA leku :i ls lQyrkiwoZd LVsuysl LVhYl esaA ;kfU=dh tksM+uk ds fuf’pr ykHk gS:
vleku inkFkZ vklkuh ls tksM+s tk ldrs gSA buds dbZ rki izHkkfir {k; ¼,p , tsM½ ugh gksxkA fofHkUu irys Hkkx Hkh tksM+s tk ldrs gSA buesa dbZ rki foLRkkj ugha gksrk gSA
/;ku gksuk pkfg;s] rFkkfi] lR; crk;k tk;s fd ;kfU=dh rRo
;kfU=dh tksM+ ds fuf’pr detksjh j[krs gksxs dgha Hkh iw.kZ dluk TkksM+ fgLls dk ughaA tksM+us dh izkfd`;k i)fr Hkh nks rjQ vf/kd dh vko’;drk gSA
;g egRo gS fd dksbZ Hkh lrg {kj.k ds fy, lEidZ esa ugh gS xkYosfud dfIyax djukA bl tksf[ke ls cpus ds fy, tksM+us okys fgLlsa mlh LVsuySl LVhy ;k led{k xszM ds cus gksus pkfg,A fuf’pr :i;s isp] cksYV] tksM+] rRo ;k LVsuysl LVhy ds gksuk pkfg,A
isfpax vkSj cksYV djukLVsuySl LVhy isp vkSj cksYV lHkh izfØ;k xzsMksa esa miyC/k gSA tcfd 17 izfr’kr Øksfe;e xszM~l mRre gksrs gS dsoy vkØked okrkoj.k esa] mudh {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk DyksjkbZM &lfgr ekfM;k ij vfrfjDr 1 izfr’kr ls 1-5 izfr’kr eksfyfCMueA
••••
nks /kkrqvksa dks tksM+us dh dhyh;g rduhd lnSo ,d egRoiw.kZ rkiØe ij dke esa yh tkrh gS] dh yksd vf/kdre Mk;kehVj ¼O;kl½ yxHkx 5 ,e ,eA ;g lqn`<+ :i ls dgk tkrk gSA fd tksM+ bl rjg fMtkbu fd;s tkos fd dhysa lh/ks gh yksM dh tk;s fcuk fdlh ruko dsA
dldj ckWa/kuk;g vHkh gky gh esa tksM+us dh rduhd LVsuySl LVhYl esa ykxw dh xbZ gS blds mPp tksM+ dks /kU;oknA BaMh LFkkiuk gksus dh izfØ;k] ;g fdlh rjg ls ljapukRed la’kks/kd ;k lrg vkWDLkhMs’u ugh djrkA
pn~njksa dks vf/kd T;knk tksM+k tk;] dldj tksM+uk lekU;r;k ,d iDds tksM+ curs gq,A {kj.k tksf[ke ls cprs gq,A ;g B.Mk dEiu dj ldrk gSA
tksM+ukbl ;kfU=dh pn~nj tksM+ rduhd esa] ,d gh /kkj ;k nksuksa pn~njks lEcfU/kr eksM+ }kjk ,d dksu 180 ,d VkbV tksM+ cukukA tksM+ ds lkFk] fofHkUu inkFkZ tqM+ ldrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d fo’kq) vkSj yksg xszMA
lgh yhd&izwQ tksM bl rduhd }kjk cuk;s tk ldrs gS] tks fd O;kid Lrj ij ?kjsyw midj.kksa ds mRiknu esa iz;qDr dh tk jgh gSA
rst i
zn’kZu /kqy
kbZe’
khu Hkhr
jh Hkkx
Lo
tksM
+ dhy
s 430
ij] 1
-5 ,
e,e
��
fpidkdj tksM+ukfpidkdj tksM+uk ;kfU=d tksM+ks esa lqn`<+rk gsrq fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkSj blds [kqn lgh tksM+ irys LVsuySal pn~nj gsrq fpidk;s tksM+ ds ykHk gSA
fpidk;s tksM+ ds ykHk gSA:• lrg izn’kZu ij dksbZ ifjorZu ugh] js[kk xf.krh; ;k lq{e
ljapuk tksM++ x;s {ks= dkA• vleku inkFkZ ljyrk vkSj lqanjrk ls tksM+s tk ldrs gSaA• lgh fMtkbu fd;s] tksM+ ’kkunkj dBkjs ’kfDr j[k
ldrs gSA• i}fr dk izko/kku rkih;] fo/kqr ;k ,dkfLVd bU’;qys’ku esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• iqtsZ fofHkUu fFkdusl ds tksM+s tk ldrs gSA ¼eksVkbZ½
fcUnq tks blesa ’kkfey djuk gS rFkkfi ;g rF; ’kkfey gS fd ;g tksM+ Vs.M dh rkiØe lhek 200 ls j[krk gS vkSj ,d fuf’pr laosnuk vknZrk dh j[krs gS tksM+ brus etcwr ugha gksxs ftrus osfYMax ;k VkWdk yxkdj fd;k tkrs gSA bl dkj.k gsrq os vf/kdrj ysi tkWbUVl ls mRiUu djus esa QSy tkrk gS LFkkuh; ncko dks lhfer djusA
;g Hkh laHkkfor gS d fpduh lrg LVsuySl LVhy ¼fo’ksckr;k pedhyh½ vPNh fpidk ugh j[krsA
jQ djus ds ckn lrg lkQ lw[kh vkSj iwjh rjg rS;kj larkck tud ’khykiu fpdk;k rRo }kjk gksA
,d mnkgj.k fpidk;s tksM+ dk cl vkSj dksp fuekZrk vc cgq/kk fuekZ.k ,d ckWMh Ýse LVsuysl LVhy vkdkj lSDlu T;knkrj yksg xzsM dk 1-4003@410° Ropk ¼pn~n vkSj@;k dkWap½ fpidk ;k tksM+ bl ckWMh Ýse dk gSA ;g rjhdk okgu dk thou c<+krk gS vkSj bldk otu gYdk djrk gSA
xVfjax
dk tksM
+] fVu&
dksVsM 4
30 V
kbVsfu;
e
f[kM+fd
;k t
ksM+ 1
-400
3 Vsc
wyj ÝseA
��
��
fud eSd MkWukYMekdsZfVax eSustj] fyudsV fyfeVsM] fyudkWu] ;w- ds-
“1971 esa LFkkfir fyudsV igyh iafDr dh jlksbZ midj.k cukus okyh O;kolkf;d dEiUuh 36 ockksZ ls dk;Z’khy gSA xzsM 430 yksg LVsuySl LVhy ftldk mi;ksx ge ’kq: ls dj jgs gSA gekjh mRikn J[kyk dh vk/kkj f’kyk gSA “;g xzsM bu vuqiz;ksxksa dh fo’kckrkvksa dk vkn’kZ esy gS vkSj LVsuysl LVhy ds ykHkksa dks vkfFkZd rjhds ls ,Utks; ¼vkuUn½ djus dk gS tks fd vkSj egRoiw.kZ gS Hkkstu rS;kj djus vkSj izLrqr djus easA blds vkykok 430 dk lEcf/kr fuEu rki foLrkj fo’kckrk ,d cM+h rduhdh ykHk gS mPp rkiØe mi;ksxks esaA
430 yksg xzsM esa ge lHkh [kkl oLrq,¡ cukrs gS] flok; dqN midj.kksa dsa ;Fkk Hkhrjh VSadl~ vPNh xhyh fLFkfr tgk¡ ge vHkh 304 dk mi;ksx djrs gSA fuekZ.k djus dh vksj gekjk mRikn] fMtkbu djus esa cgqr ljy gS vkSj 430 ,d ljy inkFkZ gS bl dk;Z gsrqA “vius xzkgdksa ds lkFk ?kfucBrk ls tqM+s jgus dh vko’;drk esa geus vPNh izfrcBrk cuk j[kh gSA vius mRiknks dks fo’oluh;rk] fVdkÅiu fuekZ.k csgrjhu cukdj xzsM 430 yksg ,d vko’;d Hkkx gS lekurk dk ge rFkk gekjs xzkgd blds lkFk cgqr larqcV gSA”
os yksg i
nZkFkZ d
s ckjs e
sa D;k d
g jg
s gS
��
mRikn vkSj mi;ksxyksg xzsM vf/kdrj lqanj] etcwrh] flaDl ¼crZu /kksuk] Mwckuk½ vkSj dkj ,XtkLV ls lEcfU/krA mudk okLrfod vkSj egRoiw.kZ mi;ksfxrk foLrkj gS blds fuEu mi;ksxksa ls nwjA
yksg LVsuySl LVhy lh/kk Øksfe;e LVhYl] fudy jfgr gksrk gSA ;s {kj.k vkSj vkWDlhMs’ku izfrjks/kh mPp izfrjks/kh {kj.k rksM+uk] mi;ksxh eSXusfVd gS vkSj vU; rduhdh vkSj O;kogkfjd ykHk izLrkfor djrk gSA ;s vf/kdrj yEcs dky rd mRre ewY; nsrs gS dkcZu LVhy dh rqyuk esa vkSj dher esa [kkl de gS fudy lfgr inkFkZ dh rqyuk esaA
orZeku esa mi;ksx J`a[kyk izxfr dh vkj vxzlj gS vkSj i`cB bu inkFkksZ dkA v/;k; fofHkUu {ks=ksa mi;ksx cktkj vkSj nqfu;k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSAbl izdk>ku dk mn~ns>; yksg LVsuySl LVhy ds fo|eku] lQy iz;ksx dks LicV djds orZZeku vkSj laHkkfor mi;ksxdrkZ dks Ásfjr djuk gS A bldk vfrfjDr mÌs>; fo[;kr vkSj lwfpr lkexzh p;u dks ÁksRlkgu nsuk gS & D;ksafd lkexhz vkSj Á;ksx dk bcVre esy vR;fèkd vko>;d gks x;k gS A
Lopkfyr,XtLV flLVe
midj.k
xzsM 1-4509@441] Mhty ikfVZdy fQYVj] fixV 607]
Qkmfjf’k;k
,XtLV flLVe midj.k
xzsM 1 4509@441] eSuhQksYM] Qkmfjf’k;k
,XtLV flLVe midj.k
xzsM 1 4512@409] flfyUlj] Qkmfjf’k;k- n- dksfj;k
,XtLV flLVe midj.k
xzsM 304 vkSj 441] Mhty ikfVZly fQYV] bZ Dykl ekflZMht Qkmfjf’k;k
,XtLV flLVe midj.k
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 430 tS 1 ,y dsVkyk;fVd dUoVZV ’kSy]
guh dksEc bu 20 izfr’kr lh vkj 5 izfr’kr ,Y;wfefu;e
,XtLV flLVe midj.k
xzsM 1-4509@441 dsVkyk;fVd dUoVZj] Qkmfjf’k;k
lTtk dh lqanjrk
xszM ,l;w,l 430] n- dksfj;k
lTtk dh lqanjrk
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 430 ts 1 ,y] tkiku
��
lTtk dh lqanjrk
xszM ,l;w,l 430] n- dksfj;k
lTtk dh lqanjrk
xzsM 1-4016@430] Cysd dksVsM fVªe] ;w-,l-,-
lTtk dh lqanjrk
xzsM 1-4113@434] ;w-,l-,-
,l-;w-ch- lkeus rRo
xszM 1-4513] IykfLVd vksefu;e] Ýkal
dkj cwV fly ¼nsgjh½
xzsM 1-4510@430 VkbVsfu;e] fitkV 307 ÝkUl
gsMykbV ¼eq[; ykbV½
xzsM 1-4513] gsMykbV etcwrh] bVyh
Vªd
xzsM 1-4113] Vªd lqanjrk etcwrh] ;w- ,l- ,
ikgw ¼idM+] gRFkk½
xzsM~l 1-4509@441 vkSj 1-4016@430
fQYVlZ
xzsM 1-4512@4091] rkboku] phu
czsd fMLDl
xzsM 1-4028@420
FkeksZLVsV
xzsM 1-4512@409] ÝkUl
isMy Oghy
xszM 1-4512@409 1-5 ,e,e eksVk] ÝkUl
Lopkfy
r
��
Hkou vkSj fuekZ.klgk;d lkexzh
vkbVuewaxjh&f[kM+dh dLtk ¼pwy½ ,oa cka/ku
xzsM 1]4016@430] ;wjksi
xVfjax ¼ukyh & ikbi½
xzsM 1-4510@439 VkbZVsfu;e] fVu&dksVsM] ;wjksi
xVfjax ¼ukyh & ikbi½
xzsM 1-4510@439 ;wjksi
fpeuh iz.kkyh
xzsM 1-4521@444 ;wjksi
fuekZ.k
o`Ùkkdkj V~;wc ckgjh folaokfgr esEclZ
xzsM ,l;w,p 409 ,y ¼1-4512@409½ ts ,l ,l ,
tkiku
vkikr vkokl ¼?kj½
xzsM 1-4016@430] isUVsM] ojusLV vkj lsUVªks buksDl bVyh
lapkj & iz.kkyh j{kk
xzsM ,l;w,l 436 ,y ¼1-4526@436½ ts ,l ,l ,a]
tkiku
dkj[kkuk Hkou
xzsM 1-4003] dksyEclU;w fQfuf’kax fey n-vÝhdk
Nr lajpuk
Nr≶ksx% ,d egRoiw.kZ mi;ksx yksg ds fy,A
Hkou
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 445 ts 2] udkuk ldkÅ fcfYMax] 1996] tkiku
Hkou
,sflu dksVsM ,l ;w ,l 445 ts 2] QksfuDl fjlksVZ] 1994] tkiku
Hkou
ckgjh Hkkx ,l ;w ,l 445 ts 1] buj ,l ;w ,l 304] fugksuck’kh] ferlwbZ fcfYMax] 2005 tkiku
��
fuekZ.k
’kksj xzg.k djus okyh IysV vksoj ikl gsrq
xzsM ,l;w,l 436 ¼1-4526@436½ ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
iqy dh bLikr dk;Z lajpuk ¼<kapk½
xzsM 1-4003@410 isUVsM lkLlkMk] nf{k.k vÝhdk ¼iqy dh lsok 8 okckksZ ls vf/kd½
lqjax dh Hkhrjh nhokj
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 430 ts 1 ,y ¼1-4016@430½ ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
lqjax dh Hkhrjh nhokj
xzsM 1-4016@430 isUVsM] eksUVh esfj;ks lqjax] lsUVªks buksDl] bVyh
gok dks rksM+us okyh vkM+ ¼esM+½
xzsM , ;w ,l 445 ts 2] ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
IysVQkWeZ LØhu njoktk
xszM 1-4510@439] gs;j ykbu fQfu’k] n- dksfj;k
fo|qrhdj.k yEcs [kaHks
xzsM 1-4003 ¼izFke eq[; mi;ksx 1982 esa] leqnzh fdukjs ij 10 ehVj--------ls] dksbZ {kj.k ugha½ n- vÝhdk
fo|qr mRiknu
xzsM 1-4003@410] ,Dl] xzsM dwfyax Vkoj iSfdax] n-vÝhdk
DysfMax
Hkou QslsM DysfMax
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 445 ,e 2
Hkou QslsM DysfMax
xzsM 1-4521@444 cz>M ua 4 ¼gksfjtksUVy isuYl½ ohoks Hkou] fj;k fM tkfujks] U;wfdyks buksDl
czkthy
Hkou QslsM DysfMax
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 445 ts2] Hkfoc; foKku laxzgky;] ts ,l ,l ,]
tkiku
Hkou QslsM DysfMax
xzsM 1-4526@436 mfpt ,.M vYt LVhy lfoZl lasVj] vkjflyksj feRry LVsuySl] dkVksckbt] iksySaM
Hkou
vkSj fue
kZ.k
��
fy¶Vl~
Lokpkfyr lhf<+;kW
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 30 ,y ,Dl ¼1-4016@430½ tkiku
fy¶V isuYl
xzsM 1-4510@439
Nr
ehfM;kMkse Nr
xzsM ,l;w ,l 445 ts 2] fdVd;w’kw ehfM;kMkse ¼Qwdwdk
fizQ½ 1998 tkiku
Ldwy Nr
xzsM 430 Vh vkb ¼[kM+h gqbZ >qUMh rduhd½ mfxu
,UM vYt] vkWfLVª;k
ftEuksft;e Nr
xzsM 445] dkslk] n- dksfj;k
p¡nok cka/kuk ¼Nk;k djuk½
xzsM 446 dkslk] flvksy] n- dksfj;k
pkfyV Nr
xzsM 1- 4510@430 Vh vkbZ ¼[kM+h gqbZ >qdh rduhd½] mfxu ,oa
,Yt] teZuh
gokbZ vM~Mk] Nr
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 447 ts 1] dUlkbZ gokbZ vM~Mk VkfeZuy fcfYMax ¼okLrqdkj jsUtksfi;kuks½
tLlk] vkslkdk] tkiku
’kgjh QuhZpj
ysEi iksLV
xzsM 1-4510@439] fo/kqr ikWfy’M osYM dh ikbi] dkslk] fl;ksy] n- dksfj;k
iksLV ckWDl~
xzsM 1-4003@410] isUVsM] lkLlkMk] nf{k.k vÝhdk mi;ksxh yksgk cgq/kk jaxfd;k gksrk gS] tcfd fo’kq) rRo
egRo j[krs gSA
fVdV e>khu jsyos IysVQkeZ ij
xzsM 1-4003@410] isUVsM ¼15 ockksZ ls lsok esa½ ,l , ,l ,l Mh , ;w-ds-
fo|qrhdj.k ckWDlst
xzsM 1-4003@410] isUVsM ¼15 ockksZ ls lsok esa½ ,l , ,l ,l Mh ,]
n-vÝhdk
Hkou vkSj fuekZ.k
�0
csdjh vksou
xzsM 430 esdkmsel csfdax flLVel~ ¼ihVh okbZ½ fy- n- vÝhdk
xSl dqfdax midj.k
xszM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-
dkWQh loZj
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 430 ts 1] ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
ghVsM edsZUMkbtj
xzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-
okf.kfT;d [kk| midj.k
dUos;j VksLVkj
xzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-
ekbØksoso vksou
xszM 430 ¼vkUrfjd vkSj ckgjh½ ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
cuZj J`a[kyk
xzsM 430 ¼xSl gkWc vaxhBh½] iksldks] n-dksfj;k
jsfÝtjsVj
jsflu dksVsM ,l;w,l 430 ts 1 ,y isuy] ts ,l ,l , tkiku
dkWQh ¼dgok½ e’khu
xzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-
jsLrjka Vªkyh
xzsM 430
fMLiys edsZUMkbtj
xzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-
okWy dicksMZ ¼vkyekjh½
xzsM 430] fyUdsV] ;w-ds-
�1
?kj vkSj dk;kZy;fuEefyf[kr vuqiz;ksxks esa] yksg ¼400 lhjht½ xzsMl vc ,d LFkkfir vkn’kZ gS] mudh fo’kq)rk DokfyVh ds dkj.k] mudh {kerk lQkbZ vkSj ,tsUVl~] budh fuEu rki foLrkj lgdq’kyrk vkSj mudh eSXusfVTe ¼bUMD’ku dqfdax½ ;s vPNs vkfFkZd YkkHk lh lkexzh ij gsrq½ izLrkfor djrs gSA
?kjsyw dqfdax midj.k
xSl dqdj
dsvks,l,] n- dksfj;k
fofo/k
Vhds,u] teZuh
ekbZØksoso vksou
xszM ,l;w,l430ts1]ts,l,l,] tkiku
xSl dqfdax Vksi
Vh ,l ,l Mh ,] FkkbZyS.M
ckjchD;w
xzsM 1-4016@430] fo.M LØhu vkSj czstj] vkseikfxzy ,.M lsUVªks buksDl] bVyh
ckjchD;w
xzsM 1-4016@430 ckjchD;w] vejhdk
dqdos;j vkSj crZu ¼jlksbZ½
oksd
b.MD’ku dqdos;j
xzqi ,lbZch ¼fVQky½
izs’kj dqdj
xzsM 430] xzqi ,lbZch
ikWul~
xzsM 430] ikslkdks] n-dksfj;ka
fM’kok’kj ¼crZu /kksuk½
fM’kok’kj ¼crZu /kksuk½
xzsM 430 bUVhfj;j isuy
fM’kok’kj ¼crZu /kksuk½
jsflu dksVsM ,l ;w ,l 430 ts1 ,y ckgjh isuy] ts ,l ,l , tkiku
��
?kj vkSj d
k;kZy
; fM’kok’kj ¼crZu /kksuk½
xzsM 430 ¼ckgjh vkSj Hkhrjh isuy½ gsvj] ih vkj lh
fctyh midj.k
feDlj
xzsM 1-4513] Vhds,u] bVyh
feDlj
xzsM 430
fo|qr pkoy dqdj
jsfly dksfVM ,l;w,l 430] ts ,l ,l , tkiku
fctyh dh dsryh
jsflu dksVsM ,l ;w ,l 430] ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
midj.k
’ksYot ¼vyekjh½
xzsM 1-4016@430 {kSfRkTk ’ksYot] xzsvfiy ,.M lsUVªks buksDl] bVyh
dpjk laxzg.k
xszM 1-4016@430] xzsvfiy ,.M lsUVªks buksDl] bVyh
foHkktu
xzsM 430] ikslkdks] n- dksfj;k
gS.Mjsy
xzsM 430 osYmsM V~;wc
,y lh Mh Ýse
xszM 410] ikslkdks] n- dksfj;k
gqMl~ ¼gqd½
jlksbZ gqM
xzsM 430] Cykudks] Vh ds ,u teZuh
jlksbZ gqM
xzsM 430] Qkyesd] U;wDyhvks buksDl] czkthy
��
jlksbZ midj.k
rjy fMLisUlj
xszM 430
fctyh dsryh
xzsM 430] xzqi ,lbZch
ikLrk [kkuk cukus ds crZu
flaxy ,l ;w ,l 430 ts 1 ,y ¼xeZdhyj ½ ts ,l ,l , tkiku
jsÝhtjsVj
fÝt rFkk jsÝhtjsVj
xzsM 430 isuy
fÝt rFkk jsÝhtjsVj
xzsM 430 njoktk isuy] Vhds,u] teZuh
flUdl ¼crZu /kksus ds midj.k½
?kjsyw jlksbZ flUd
xzsM 430] VªkeksufVuk] czkthy
/kqykbZ e’khu
Mªe ¼<ksy½
xzsM 430 ¼Mªe vkSj ckgjh isuy½] Vh ds ,u] teZuh
Mªe ¼<ksy½
xzsM 430 Mªe] ,yth bysDVªksfuDl] n- dksfj;k
lq[kkus okyk ;U= ¼MªkbZj½
Mªe ¼<ksy½
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 430] ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
Mªe ¼<ksy½
xzsM 409] Oghyiqy] ;qjksi
Vscyos;j
,f’k;u pEep
xzsM 430
di IysV
400] lhjht xzsMl~] vkbfd;k
?kj vkSj d
k;kZy;
��
m|ksx yksgs dk O;kid mi;ksx ogkW fd;k tkrk gS tgkWWa dkWcZu LVhy dk j[kj[kko oLrqr% vlaHko gSA
ck¡/k ckgjh ikbZi
isUVsM xzzsM 1-4003@430] dksyEcl] n-vÝhdk
ck<+ fu;U=.k njoktsa
isUVsM xzsM 1-4003@410] dksyEcl] n-vÝhdk
VSadl~
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 430 ts 1 ,y] dyjM&jslhu dksVsM ¼ckgjh tSdsV½ ts ,l ,l , tkiku
Ýsd’kfuax dkWye
xszM 410 ,l] ;wjksi
dUos;j csYV
xzsM 410 ,l ;wjksi
cuZlZ
cuZjl
xzsM 1-4507@441 ¼mPp vkWDlhMs’ku izfrjks/kh½
cuZj
xzsM ,l;w,l 430] ckW;yj xsl cuZj] ,s ,l ,l ,] tiku
ckW;ylZ
ckW;yj ¼buj½ V~;wc
xzsM 1] 4521@444] dkslk] n- dksfj;ka
^^gkbMªks ckW;y** rqjar ck;fyax okVj ghVj
xzsM 1-4521@444 fti b.MLVªht ,.M , ,l ,l Mh ,] vkLVªsfy;k
ckW;yj
xzsM 444] ;wjksi
xeZ ikuh dk VSad
xzsM 1-4521@444] ;wjksi
xeZ ikuh dk VSad
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 444] ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
��
[kkuk izfØ;k,¡ ¼QwM izkslsflt½
nhokj vkSj Nrs
xzsM 445 ,e 2] esYcksuZ] vkLVªsfu;k
ghV ,Dl psUtl
eks;’pj lsijsVj jh ghVj osYMsM V~;wCl
xzsM 1-4510@439] oky fVfeV] ;wjksi
QhMokVj ghVj osYMsM V~;wCl
xzsM 1-4510@439 okyfVfej] ;wjksi
d.MsU’kj osYMsM V~;wCl
xzsM 1-4510@439] okyfVfeV] ;wjksi
lksyj okVj ghVlZ
lksyj okVj ghVj
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 444] luD;w dEiuh fy- vkSj ;wLdks] rkbZoku] phu
lksyj okVj ghVj
xzsM 1-4509@441 ¼flfy.Mj½ lw;Z VSd vkSj ,l , ,l,l Mh ,l]
Mh- vÝhdk
lksyj okVj ghVj
lksyj ¼lw;Z½ isuYl% Ýse vkSj dysDVj iksVsafV;y mi;ksx yksg rRo dk 441@444
phuh m|ksx
dUos;j flLVe
xzsM 1-4003@410 dksyEcl] n- vÝhdk] ;gk yksg fiNys 18 ockksZ ls gSA
m|ksx
LysV dsfj;j
xzsM 1-40003@410] dksyEcl] n- vÝhdk] ;g e’khu 22 ockksZ ls lsok
ns jgh gSA
LdkyfMax twl ghVj dWoj
xzsM 1-4003@410] dksyEcl] n- vÝhdk] dkcZu LVhy rqyuk yksg
¼iSank½ 6 ockksZ ds ckn lsok esa
ghV ,Dlpsatj V~;wCl
xzsM 1-4521@444] U;wfDy;ks buksDl] czkthy
fØLVykbtj ,UM fMQ;wlj
xzsM 1-4003@410 dksyEcl] n-vÝhdk
fodYi D;wjks&fudy ¼{kj.k ds dkj.k okiksj }kjk vkSj rk¡ck ds xeu }kjk ½ dkWcZu LVhy ¼{kj.k leL;k,¡a½ vkSj 304 ¼mPp rki foLrkj dkWcZu LVhy Ýse dh rqyuk esa½A
��
VSaDl
okVj VaSDl vkSj ikbIl
xzsM 444] czkthy .
okVj VSad
xzsM 444] dsvks,l,l ¼dkslk½ n- dksfj;k
okVj VSad
Hkkxr xzsM ,l ;w ,l 444 esa] fQfu’k ua 4] ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
okVj VSad
Hkkxr xzsM ,l ;w ,l 444 esa] fQfu’k ua 4] ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
QjesUV’ku ,.M LVksjst VSad
xzsM 444] uDyhvksa buksDl] czkthy] lSUMj buksDl lQyrk] iwoZd mRiknu fd;k ,ls VSadk dk
7 ockksZ gsrqA
QjesUV’ku ,.M LVksjst VSad
xzsM 444] U;wDyhvksa buksDl] czkthy
eksVj lkbdy ,XtkLV
xzsM 1-4512@409 ;wLdks] rkbZoku] phu
eksVj lkbdy ,XtkLV
xzsM 1-4509@441] lSUVªks buksDl] bVyh U;wosLFkk bZVh-2 ess ,d yksg ds Vkyk;fVd lkbysUlj yxk;k
x;k gSA
m|ksx
eksVj lkbdy ,XtkLV
xzsM 409,y
eksVj lkbdy ,XtkLV
xzsM 409 ,y] ,lhflVk] czkthy
fMLd czsd jksVj
xzsM ,l ;w ,l 410 , ,l vkbZ] ts ,l ,l ,] tkiku
fofo/k
xzsM 420 czsd fMLdl] 1-4113 lqlfTtr etcwrh] bVyhA
eksVj lkbdy
��
dUVsuj
xzsM 1-4003@410 isUVsM ¼Ýse vkSj njokts isuYl½
dks;yk fMCcs
xzsM 1-4003@410 ¼isuYl½ dksyEcl] n- vÝhdk] 20 ockksZ ls vf/kd lsokjrA
dks;yk fMCcs
xszM 1-4003@410 ¼isuYl½ dks yEcl] n- vÝhdk 15 ockksZ ls vf/kd lsokjrA
dks;yk fMCcs
xzsM 1-4003 ¼iwoZ dk Hkhrjh½] ,l , ,l ,l Mh] vÝhdk
ifjogu
cl vkSj dksp ckWMh Ýse
xzsM 1-4003@410] dksyEcl] n- vÝhdk
cl vkSj dksp ckWMh Ýse
xzsM 1]4003@410 ¼fuEu Hkkx isUV fd;k½ dksyEcl] n- vÝhdk
cl vkSj dksp ckWMh Ýse
xzsM 1-4003 osYMsM V~;wCl vkSj isuy] Lyksfjl cl vkSj dksp d-ikSys.M
dUVsuj
xzsM 1-4003@410 ¼Ýse vkSj isuYl½ ikslkdks] n- dksfj;k
dks;yk fMCcs
xszM 1-4003@410] isUVsM ;wjksi
dks;yk fMCcs
xzsM 409@410 isUVsM] fVLdks] ih vkj lh]
dks;yk fMCcs
xzsM 1-4003] ,y , ,l,l Mh ,] n- vÝhdk
Vªse os
xzsM 1-4003@410 ¼okWaMh Ýse vkSj isUVsM isuYl ;wjksi½
��
��
ifjf’kcB
jlk;fud lajpuk yksg LVsuysl LVhy dkyksg LVsuysl LVhYl leku rRo j[krs gS tks ekbYM LVhy esa gS ysfdu vPNh {kj.k izfrjks/kh {kerk j[krs gSA budk fodkl ,d ’krkCnh iwoZ ’kq: gqvkA
,d uU;wre 10-5 izfr’kr Øksfe;e rRo ¼otu }kjk½ dh vko’;drk j{kkRed Lo&ejEer lrg ys;j Øksfe;e vkWDlkbZM fo’oluh; cukrk gSA Øksfe;e rRo ls c<+kuk lrg dks cukrk gSA
;fn LVsuySl LVhy] lrg ;kfU=dh ; nq?kVZuk ls ucV gks] fLFkj ys;j rqjar iquZ gok vk ikuh dh mifLFkfr;ksa es curk gSA
jlk;fud cukoV vkSj vUrjkZcVªh; LrjfuEufyf[kr Vscy ikWp lewgksa yksg LVsuysl LVhy dk jlk;fud fo’ysck.k n’kkZrk gSA
’kq:vkrh yksgkLVsuysl LVhy dh [kkst yxHkx 1900&1915 esa gqbZ A cgqr lh [kkstksas ds lkFk okLro esa ;g dqN oSKkfud iz;kl FksA ’kks/k ljapUkkvksa ij fd vkt ;g 410]420] 442 vkSj 440 xzsMksa ds :i esa tUe tkus yxkA
LVsuysl LVhYl esa dkWcZu dk Lrj cgqr gh de gksrk gSA cgqr ockksZ rd ;g dfBu jgk fuEu dkWcZu Lrj izkIr djuk tks fd nsjh igqp vPNh yksg xzsMksa dk LicV djrh gSA
rRo vkSj jlk;u ’kkL= Øksfe;e ¼lh vkj½ lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ rRo gS LVhy ds LVsuysl LVhy ds mRiknu esaA ;g lrg dks fLFkj cukrk gSA tks fd LVsuySl LVhy dk {kj.k izfrjks/kh cukrk gSA vkSj izfrjks/kh {kerk esa o`f) djrk gSA
fLFkjrk izfØ;k
�0
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10%-1�%Cr
AISI, ASTM jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½ Lrj lUnC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni
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1�%-1�%Cr
AISI, ASTM jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½ Lrj lUnC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni
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Lrj: - ASTM A 280 - 06C, Nov. 2006
- EN 10088-2, Sept. 2005
- JIS G 4305, 1991
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AISI, ASTM jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½ Lrj lUnC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni
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1�%-1�%Cr
fLFkjrk
AISI, ASTM jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½ Lrj lUnC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni
��0J1L 0.0�� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.0� 1�.0-�0.0 �x(C+N)-0.� 0.�-0.� 0.0�� JIS SUS��0J1L
��0LX 0.0� 0.�� 1.0 0.0� 0.0� 1�.0-1�.0 0.1-1.0 0.� JIS SUS��0LX
��� 0.0� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.0� 1�.0-1�.0 [0.�+�x(C+N)]-1.10 0.1� 0.0� 0.� UNS S��0��0,0� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.01� 1�.0-1�.0 [0.1�+�x(C+N)]-0.� EN 1.��10
0.0� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.0� 1�.0-1�.0 [0.�+�x(C+N)]-0.�� 0.1� 0.0� 0.� UNS S�����0.0� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.01� 1�.�-1�.� 0.1-0.� [0.�+(�xC)] UNS S����00.0� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.01� 1�.0-1�.� 0.��-0.�� EN 1.���0
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��0Ti 0.0� 1.0 1.0 0.� 0.01� 1�.0-1�.0 0.� EN 1.��11
��1 0.0� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.0� 1�.�-1�.� 0.1-0.� �xC+0.�-1 1.0 UNS S��1000.0� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.01� 1�.�-1�.� 0.1-0.� �xC+0.�-1 EN 1.��0�
;ksfxr ,evks
AISI, ASTM jlk;fud dEiksusaV ¼vf/kdre otu izfr’kr½ Lrj lUnC Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ti Nb Cu Al N Ni Other
�1� 0.0� 0.� 0.�-1.0 0.0� 0.0� 11.�-1�.0 0.�-1.0 �.�-�.� UNS S�1�00
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1.��1�(M) 0.��-0.�� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.01� 1�.0-1�.� 0.�-1.0 EN 1.��1�
1.�110(M) 0.��-0.�0 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.01� 1�.0-1�.0 0.�-0.� V≤0.1� EN 1.�110
1.�11�(M) 0.��-0.�� 1.0 1.0 0.0� 0.01� 1�.0-1�.0 0.�-0.� 0.1≤V≤0.� EN 1.�11�
1.�1��(M) 0.��-0.�� 1.0 1.� 0.0� 0.01� 1�.�-1�.� 0.�-1.� ≤1.0 EN 1.�1��
1.��1�(M) ≤0.0� 0.� 1.� 0.0� 0.01� 1�.0-1�.0 0.�-0.� ≥0.0� �.�-�.� EN 1.��1�
1.��1�(M) ≤0.0� 0.� 1.� 0.0� 0.01� 1�.0-1�.0 0.�-1.� ≥0.0� �.0-�.0 EN 1.��1�
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yksg osYMsM V~;wcksa dk ikWoj LVs’ku dUMs.Lkj esa izHkko’kkyh mi;ksxA ifjf’kcV lrg cukuk
¼iw.kZrk½A
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lrg cukuk ¼iw.kZrk½lrg iw.kZrk dk;Z LVsuySl LVhYl esa fofHkUu izdkj fd;s tk ldsxsaA eq[; iwuZrk fuEu fyf[kr gSA yksg lrg iw.kZrk ogh gSA tks fo’kq) vkSj vU; xzsMksa esa gksrh gSA
fooj.k ,,lVh,e bZ,u10088&2 uksV~l
xje jksYM 1 1E/1D ,d rqyukRed jQ] gYdh lrg xeZ jksfyax }kjk mRikfnr fo'ksck :i dh eksVlZ] vkx ls iDdh dh gqbZ vkSj MsLdsfyaxA
dksYM jksYM 2D 2D,d gYdk] dksYM jksYM fQfu'k mRiknu dksYM jksfyax }kjk fo'ksck :i eksVkbZ] vkx ls iDdk djds vkSj myVksYl ij QkbZy ykbV ikl djds Hkh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
dksYM jksYM 2B 2B
,d pedhyk] dksYM jksYM fQfu'k vkerkSj ij mlh rjg mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA tSls 2Mh esa fQfy'k mRikn flok; fd vkx esa iDdk djds vkSj MsLdsYMsM 'khV ¼pn~nj½ vafre dksYM jksy ikl izkIr djs iksfy'M jksy ij ;g vf/kd gS rS;kj iksfy'M dh rqyuk esa ua- 1 ;k 2Mh
ch , fQfu'k BA 2Rch , fQfu'k ¼iw.kZ½ mRikfnr {kj.k vPNh pedhyh vkx esa iDdh djds ,d vpj okrkoj.k dksYM jksfyax ds cknA fpduk vkSj pedhyk u 2ch rqyuk esaA
czq'M ¼;k My½ ikWfy'M
No. 4 1J/2J ,d lkeku mns~n'; ped ikSfy'M iw.kZrk fQfuf'kax }kjk ,d 120&150 es'k ,czsflo izkjfEHkd fxzufMax dksjlj ,czsf'ko }kjkA
lkfBu fQfu'k ¼iw.kZ½
No. 6 1K/2K ,d eqyk;e lkfBu fQfu'k ¼iw.kZ½ fuEu izfrfcEckRed czq'M ¼;k My ikWfy'M½ fQfu'kA ;g Vsefidks czq'k }kjk mRikfnr dh tkrh gSA
izfrfcEc fQfu'k ¼iw.kZrk½
No. 8 1P/2P
lokZf/kd izfrfcEc fQfu'k ¼iw.kZrk½ lkekU;r;k mRikfnr dh tkrh gSA ;g ikWfy'k djds izkIr dh tkrh gSA ikWfy'k lQyrkiwoZd fQuj ,czksf'ko tc cfQax ,d cgqr vPNh cfQax ¼peduk½ lEiw.kZ pØ esaA lrg vko';d :i ls fxzV ykbUl eqDr gks] izkjfEHkd xzkbfMax lapkyu ds le; gSA
bysDVªkikWfy'M lrg
- -;g lrg bysDVªksyk;fVd ncko }kjk cuk;h tkrh gSA ;g bysDVªksdsfedy izfØ;k lrg fQfu'k ¼iw.kZrk½ dks vPNk cukrh gS lrg dh Åij dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djrs gq,A
(uksV% ;g rkfydk vkf/kdkfjd ugh gSS vkSj bldk mi;ksx dsoy ekxZn’kZu ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA)
2D 2B BA no. 4 no.6
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lUnHkZMiyazaki, A., Takao, et al.“Effect of Nb on the Proof Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels at Elevated Temperatures.” ISIJ International Vol. 42, No. 8 (2002): 916-920.
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Park, S. H., K. Y. Kim, et al. “Effect of initial orientation and austenitic phase on the formation of deformation band and recrystallization behavior in hot rolled ferritic stainless steels.” THERMEC �000, Las Vegas, USA (2000): 163.
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vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q lnL;rkUgine & ALZ Ugitech S.A. Viraj GroupWalsin Lihwa Corporation Yieh United Steel Corporation (YUSCO) Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel Co. Ltd. (ZPSS)
lEc) lnL;Australian Stainless Steel Development Association (ASSDA)British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA)CedinoxCENDICentro InoxEdelstahl-Vereinigung e.V.Euro InoxEUROFERInstitut de Développement de l’Inox (ID Inox)Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei (ISER)Indian Stainless Steel Development Association (ISSDA)Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA)JernkontoretKorea Iron and Steel Association (KOSA)New Zealand Stainless Steels Development Association (NZSSDA)Nucleo InoxSouthern Africa Stainless Steel Development Association (SASSDA)Special Steel and Alloys Consumers and Suppliers Association (USSA)Specialty Steel Industry of North America (SSINA)Stainless Steel Council of China Specialist Steel Enterprises Association (CSSC)Swiss InoxTaiwan Steel and Iron Industries Association (TSIIA)Thai Stainless Steel Development Association (TSSDA)Union de Empresas Siderúrgicas (UNESID)
dEiuh lnL;Acciaierie ValbrunaAcerinox S.A. Acesita S.A. Aichi Steel CorporationArcelor MittalBaoshan Iron and Steel Co. (Stainless Steel Branch)Cogne Acciai Speciali S.p.A.Columbus Stainless (Pty) LtdDaido Steel Co. Ltd.Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbH Hyundai Steel CompanyIndusteelJFE Steel CorporationJindal Stainless Ltd. JSC DneprospetsstalNingbo Baoxin Stainless Steel Co., Ltd.Nippon Kinzoku Co., Ltd.Nippon Metal Industry Co. Ltd.Nippon Steel and Sumikin Stainless Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd. Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. North American Stainless Outokumpu Oyj Panchmahal Steel Limited (PSL) POSCO POSCO Specialty Steel Co., Ltd. Shanghai Krupp Stainless (SKS) SIJ - Slovenska industrija jekla d.d./Slovenian Steel GroupSteel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. Taiyuan Iron and Steel (Group) Co. Ltd. (TISCO) Takasago Tekko K.K. Tang Eng Iron Works Co. Ltd. Thainox Stainless Public Company Limited ThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni S.p.A. ThyssenKrupp Mexinox S.A. de C.V. ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH
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ikorhSteel Development Association (SASSDA), Rivonia, S. Africa; p. 1� (r): Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 1�: Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 1� (l): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 1� (tr): Mac Brothers Catering Equipment, Cape Town, S. Africa; p. 1� (br): Centro Inox and ThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni S.p.A., Italy; p. 1�: Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. �0 (t): BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany; p. �0 (b): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. �1 (l): Valtimet, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; p. �1 (c): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. �1 (r): Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. �� (l): Sander Inox and Nucleo Inox, Brazil; p. �� (r): Ompagrill and Centro Inox, Italy; p. ��: BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany; p. �� (tl & tr): Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. �� (br): Columbus Stainless [Pty] Ltd, S. Africa; p. �� (l): South Korea Iron & Steel Association (KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea; p. �� (tc): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. �� (tr): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. �� (t): Group SEB, Rumilly, France; p. �� (b): LG Electronics, S. Korea; p. �� (l): Columbus Stainless [Pty] Ltd, S. Africa; p. �� (r): Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. �� (l): BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany; p. �� (r): South Korea Iron & Steel Association (KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea; p. ��: Taiyuan Iron & Steel (Group) Company Ltd. (TISCO), Taiyuan, PRC; p. �0 (t): ISSF China, PRC; p. �0 (b): Qingdao Haier International Trading Co. Ltd., PRC; p. �1 (l): SunTank, Pretoria, S. Africa; p. �1 (r): Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. �� (box): POSCO, Pohang, S. Korea; p. �� (all): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. �� (l): Centro Inox, Italy; p. �� (tr): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. �� (b): all 4 photos Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. ��: Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. �� (t): ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Krefeld, Germany; p. �� (b): Macadams Baking Systems (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, S. Africa; p. �� (l): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. �� (r): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. �� (l): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. �� (r): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. �� (l): SunTank, Pretoria, S. Africa; p. �� (tr): Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. �� (br): Solaris Bus & Coach Co., Poland; p. �0 (l): Brandt Edelstahldach GmbH, Cologne, Germany; p. �0 (r): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. �1 (tr): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. �1 (br): ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Krefeld, Germany; p. �� (tl): Willem de Roover, Ghent, Belgium; p. �� (bl): Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. �� (tr): Centro Inox, Milan, Italy; p. �� (br): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. ��: Hanjin, S. Korea; p. �� (t): Groupe SEB, Rumilly, France; p. �� (b): Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. ��: ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Krefeld, Germany; p. ��: Valtimet, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; p. ��: POSCO, Pohang, S. Korea.
vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q ÝkbMjhp VsVksbZM ¼vkbZ lh Mh ,½ dk vkHkkjh gS bl czkspj dks fy[kdj QkjoMZ djus ds fy, vkSj fQfyIi fjpMZ vklZyskj feÙky LVsuysl] Ýkal dk ftUgksus ,d ofdZax xzqi dk leUo; fd;k ftlesa tSDl pkYlZ ¼;wfxu ,.M vYt] Ýkal½ iFkZ gqvkax ;wLd] rkbZoku] phu dokax;wd fde ¼ikslkdks n-dksfj;k½ tksdu dkjkbflVfpd ¼Fkk;Llu Øqi fujksLVk teZuh½ tqvku ,UVh uhvks lkbeu ¼,dVZysDl] Lisu½ vkSj gkbZMsdh ;kekf’krk ¼ts,Q vkbZ] tkiku½] /kU;okn csfuVoku gsd ¼;wjks buksDl csfYt;e½ dks Hkh tkrk gS fock; oLrq dh tkWap djus gsrq vkSj iky LVsuxzkso dks Hkh LorU= lykgdkj vkSj vaxzsth Hkkckk ys[kd ¼isfjl] Ýkal½ dk mudh cgqewY; lgk;rk bl czks’kj ds rS;kj djus esaA
fMcyk;w oh ihvj ¼xsUV csfYt;e½ dks Hkh /kU;okn gS fMtkbu ds fy, vkSj cukus ds ,ech dkWe ¼isfjl] Ýkal½ QksVks ØsfMV~l dWoj dh fMtkbu cukus vkSj LVhosUV fØ,fVo fizfUVax ¼fefjy csd csfYTk;e dks NikbZ gsrq½A
QksVks ØsfMV~lvkbZ ,l ,l ,Q lHkh lHkh dEifu;k vkSj mu lHkh dks /kU;okn nsrk gS ftUgksus bu izdk’ku ds QksVksxzk¶l gsrq viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA mu ekeys esa tgkWa QksVks dk ewy L=ksr Kkr ugha gS ogk vkb ,l ,l ,Q dh dkWihjkbV dk vf/kdkj j[krk gSA
Front cover: MBCOM, Paris, France; p. �-�: Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. �: Columbus Stainless [Pty] Ltd, S. Africa; p. �: Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. �: Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. �: ISSF China, PRC; p. � (tl): BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany; p. � (bl): Whirlpool Corporation, Cassinetta di Biandronno, Italy; p. � (r): Groupe SEB, Rumilly, France; p. 10: Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 11 (tl): IKEA, Aelmhult, Sweden; p. 11 (bl): Yiu Heng International Company Limited, Macao; p. 11 (r): Takara Standard Corporation, Japan; p. 1� (t): Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 1� (b): Tramontina, São Paulo, Brazil; p. 1� (l): Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 1� (r): South Korea Iron & Steel Association (KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea; p. 1�: POSCO, Pohang, S. Korea; p. 1� (l & c): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 1� (tr): Suncue Company Ltd. and Yieh United Steel Corp. (YUSCO), Taiwan, China; p. 1� (br): Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 1� (l): South Africa Stainless
vLohdkj djukizR;sd iz;kl ;g fd;k x;k gSS fd bl izdk’ku esa nh xbZ lwpuk,¡ rduhdh :i ls lgh gSA rFkkfi ikBdks lykg nh tkrh gS fd bldh lkexzh dk mn~ns’; lkekU; tkudkjh nsuk ek= gSA vkbZ ,l ,l ,Q blds lnL;ks dkfeZdks vkSj lykgdkjksa fo’ksck :i ls fdlh mRrjnkf;Ro ;k ftEesnkjh ucV ;k ?kk;y gks tkuk bl tkudkjh dk mi;ksx djus ij fdlh rjg ds mRrjn;h ugh gSA ¼eqnz.k] bysDVksfud ;k vU; :i esa½A
izdk’ku frfr vizSy 2007 LokRokf/kdkjh vkb ,l ch ,u -2&930069&51&1
