lo dot rac-mon xu ly khi thai

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CHÖÔNG T AÙM ÑOÁ T CHAÁT THAÛI Xöû lyù chaát thaûi raén vaø nguy haïi (chaát thaûi y teá, thuoác baûo veä thöïc vaät, chaát thaûi nhieãm daàu …) baèng phöông phaùp ñoát laø moät phöông phaùp hieäu quaû vaø ñöôïc söû duïng khaù phoå bieán hieän nay. Ngoaøi caùc öu ñieåm chính nhö: coù khaû naêng giaûm 90 –95 % troïng löôïng thaønh phaàn höõu cô trong chaát thaûi trong thôøi gian ngaén, chaát thaûi ñöôïc xöû lyù khaù trieät ñeå. Trong nhieàu tröôøng hôïp coù theå xöû lyù taïi choã maø khoâng caàn phaûi vaän chuyeån ñi xa, traùnh ñöôïc caùc ruûi ro vaø chi phí vaän chuyeån. Song phöông phaùp ñoát cuõng coù nhöõng haïn cheá nhö: ñoøi hoûi chi phí ñaàu tö ban ñaàu cho xaây döïng loø ñoát chi phí vaän haønh vaø xöû lyù khí thaûi l ôùn. Vieäc thieát keá, vaän haønh loø ñoát phöùc taïp, ngöôøi vaän haønh loø ñoát ñoøi hoûi phaûi coù trình ñoä, kieán thöùc vaø tay ngheà nhaát ñònh. Ñaëc bieät quaù trình ñoát chaát thaûi coù theå gaây oâ nhieãm moâi tröôøng neáu caùc bieän phaùp kieåm soaùt quaù trình ñoát, xöû lyù khí thaûi khoâng ñaûm baûo. 8.1. TÌ NH HÌNH XÖÛ L YÙ CHAÁ T THAÛI BAÈNG PHÖÔNG PHAÙP ÑOÁT 8.1.1. Tình hình ñoát chaát thaûi ôû nöôùc ngoaøi Taïi nhieàu nöôùc Chaâu AÂu do quõy ñaát haïn heïp, caàn phaûi baûo veä taàng nöôùc ngaàm nghieâm ngaët, neân löôïng chaát thaûi nguy haïi ñöôï c xöû lyù baèng phöông phaùp ñoát chieám öu theá: ôû Ñöùc tôùi treân 60% chaát thaûi nguy haïi ñöôïc ñoát, ôû Ñan maïch chaát thaûi nguy haïi ñöôïc ñoát gaàn 100% (ñoát coù thu hoài naêng löôïng) Traùi ngöôïc vôùi caùc nöôùc Chaâu AÂu thì ôû Myõ löôïng chaát thaûi ñem ñoát chæ chieám khoaûng 20% toång löôïng chaát thaûi nguy haïi, phaàn lôùn coøn laïi chuû yeáu ñöôïc xöû lyù baèng phöông phaùp choân laáp thoâng thöôøng hoaëc ñöa xuoáng caùc gieáng saâu. Tuy nhieân vôùi tæ leä 20% (töông ñöông 4 trieäu taán/naêm) toång löôïng chaát thaûi nguy haïi ôû Myõ ñöôïc ñem ñoát th ì cuõng ña õ lôùn hôn nhieàu so vôùi nhieàu nöôùc Chaâu AÂu coäng laïi. Baûng 8.1. laø löôïng chaát thaûi nguy haïi phaùt sinh trung bình haøng naêm taïi moät soá nöôùc Chaâu AÂu vaø Myõ. Baûng 8.1. Löôïng chaát thaûi nguy haïi phaùt sinh trung bình haøng naêm taïi moät soá nöôùc Chaâu AÂu vaø Myõ STT Nöôùc Löôïng chaát thaûi (taán/naêm) Daân soá (ngöôøi) 1 2 3 AÙo Ñan Maïch Phaàn Lan 300.000 100.000 71.000 7.600.000 5.100.000 4.800.000 1

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